cubicacion de LA-MADERA.docx

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA

SOSTENIMIENTO CON MADERA

FRANCISCO GIL CAHUANA DOCENTE: ING. MILCIADES HUACHO HUACHO ING. DE MINAS

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA DE MINAS

Contenido LA MADERA.................................................................................................................................1 SOSTENIMIENTO CON CUADRO DE MADERA ..............................................................................1 ESTRUCTURAS DE MADERA .....................................................................................................1 DESVENTAJAS...........................................................................................................................2 TRATAMIENTO DE LA MADERA............................................................................................2 ESFUERZOS QUE SOPORTA LA MADERA ..............................................................................3 1.- TIPOS DE MADERA: .................................................................................................................3 EUCALIPTO...........................................................................................................................3 TORNILLO.............................................................................................................................4 LAGARTO CASPI...................................................................................................................4 PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS ......................................................................................................5 UTILIDAD......................................................................................................................................5 OTROS TIPOS DE MADERA:..................................................................................................5

2.- FORMAS DE CUBICAR LA MADERA: .......................................................................................5 MADERA EN TROZAS...............................................................................................................5 FÓRMULA DE DOYLE................................................................................................................6 MADERA ACERRADA................................................................................................................7 ÁRBOL EN PIE ...........................................................................................................................7 CUADROS DE MADERA ................................................................................................................7 ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS: .............................................................................................................8 TIPOS DE CUADROS ...............................................................................................................10 CUADRO RECTO..................................................................................................................10 CUADRO INCLINADO O CONICO........................................................................................10 CUADROS COJOS ................................................................................................................10 ESPACIAMIENTO DE CUADROS ..........................................................................................10 COMPORTAMIENTO DE LAS PRESIONES ....................................................................................11 SEGN PROTODYA!ONOV .....................................................................................................11 SEGN EVERLING...................................................................................................................11








LA MADERA

La mad!a " #$ ma%!&a' $( )(m(*+$(, -($ #$ ma%!&a' d"&*#a' "*$ 'a d&!--&/$ # " a$a'&-, a!a''a ( !$d&-#'a! a 'a" !a". E" #$ ma%!&a' a$&"/%!((  (!%/%!((. S#" !(&dad" "&-a"  m-$&-a" d$d$ d 'a d&!--&/$ d "#!( a'&-ad( $ !'a-&/$ -($ 'a (!&$%a-&/$ d 'a" !a" # 'a -($"9%#$. D m(d( a!9-#'a!, a!9-#'a!, " -($"&d!a$ d(" d 'a" %!" d&!--&($" !&$-&a'", 'a a!a''a  !$d&-#'a! a 'a !a.

SOSTENIMIENTO CON CUADRO DE MADERA E$ '(" %!aa %!aa:(" :(" d m&$!; m&$!;aa S#%! S#%!! !$a $a <&"% <&"%$ $ d(" 9(" 9(" d "("%$ "("%$&m& &m&$% $%( ( -($ mad! mad!aa Em'ada a!a !$%" d a=a$-  'a (%!a m'ada a!a %(" ( Ta:(" d >!(d#--&/$. 

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S("%$&m& S("%$&m&$%( $%( $ !$%" !$%" d a=a$-. a=a$-.?? "% "% -(m!$d&d( -(m!$d&d( (! ' "("%$&m& "("%$&m&$%( $%( $ *a'!;a", -!#-!("  &#". S("%$&m& S("%$&m&$%( $%( a!a C!#-!(" C!#-!(" @O Ga'!;a". Ga'!;a".?? ' "("%$&m& "("%$&m&$%( $%( " &*#a' a!a ama" 'a(!"  "%$ -($"9%#&d(" (! -#ad!(" d mad!a a "a $ (!ma !-%a$*#'a! ( %!a %!a( (&da &da'. '. E$ am(" am(" -a"(" -a"(" d&-)(" d&-)(" -#ad! -#ad!(" (" "% "%$ $ -($"9 -($"9%#& %#&d(" d(" (! 'm$ 'm$%( %("" !&$-&a'"  'm$%(" "-#$da!&(" B( a#<&'&a!".

ESTRUCTURAS DE MADERA >!"$%a #$ a'%( *!ad( d d(!ma&'&dad, '( # !m&%, a "a! d "! -($"%!#-9=am$% !;*&da, a"&m&'a! a'*#$a" d(!ma-&($". E$ *$!a' 9$ a:( -("%(, -(ma!$d('a -($ (%!(" 9(" d (!9-a-&($". La d#!a-&/$ d 'a mad!a $ 'a m&$a " m# =a!&a', #", d$d d 'a" -($d&-&($" $ # %!aa:. >(! :m'( -

La mad!a "-a d#!a m" # 'a =!d. La mad!a d"-(!%ada d#!a m" # a#''a # -($"!=a 'a -(!%a. La mad!a -#!ada B%!a%ada -($ !(d#-%(" #;m&-(" a!a =&%a! "# d"-(m("&-&/$ d#!a m" # 'a # $( )a "&d( %!a%ada. La mad!a $ #$a ($a &$ =$9'ada =$9'ada d#!a m" # $ #$a ($a )mda  -a'&$%. -a'&$%.

>#d "9ma!" # 'a mad!a 9$ #$a =&da md&a, # #-%a $%! #$(  %!" a(" d d#!a-&/$  %(da=;a $ #$a" -($d&-&($", " a "%a! $ ($a" a aa$d($ada" d 'a m&$a.








DESVENTAJAS La" !"&"%$-&a" m-$&-a" B<&/$, %$"&/$, a$d(, -(m!"&/$  -(!%a$% d$d$ d 'a" "%!#-%#!a" !("a"  d '(" d-%(" $a%#!a'" # "($ !(&(" d 'a mad!a. La )#mdad 9$ #$ -%( m# ma!-ad( $ 'a !"&"%$-&a. M#-)(" )($*(" a-%a$ a 'a mad!a -#a$d( )a -($d&-&($" d )#mdad d&"m&$#$d( -($"&d!a'm$% "# !"&"%$-&a, "# !'a !'a-& -&/$ /$ -($ -($ (%!( (%!("" ma% ma%!& !&a' a'" " " (-( (-( d#! d#!ad! ad!aa -(m -(ma! a!$ $d( d('a 'a -($ -($ (%!( (%!("" 9(" 9(" d (!9-a-&/$. S# &$"%a'a-&/$ $ <-a=a-&($" # ("a$ #$a "--&/$ -#!=a " m# -(m':a. La mad!a " #$ ma%!&a' -&'m$% -(m#"9' -(m#"9' B4 000?4 0 00?4 500 -a'(!;a"*!am(. E'=ad( #"( d ma$( d (!a  #$a '&m&%ada d#!a-&/$.

TRATAMIENTO DE LA MADERA C($ C($ a'*#$ a'*#$a" a" <- <--&( &($ $", ", 'a" 'a" -($d -($d&&-&( &($ $"" d )#m )#mda dad d "#% "#%! !! !$ $aa !(m !(m# #= =$ $ 'a d"-(m("&-&/$ d 'a mad!a " (! "%( # "& " #&! a'a!*a! 'a =&da d "%a d! "! %!a%ada a!a d&"m&$#&! ( !=$&! "# d"-(m("&-&/$. E' %!a%am&$%( d 'a mad!a -($"&"% #$dam #$dam$ $%a' %a'm$ m$% % $ ' !m !m'a 'aam& am&$ $%( %( ( ( !(% !(%--& --&/$ /$ d 'a -'#'( -'#'("a "a  'm$ 'm$%(" %(" !($"(" a 'a #%!a--&/$ d 'a mad!a (! 'm$%(" #;m&-(" &$!%". L(" !&$-&a'" a$9"+9-(" #"ad(" "($ 'a -!("(%a  "#" d!&=ad(" -(m( +' -'(!#!( d &$-, ' -'(!#!( "/d&-(  ' a'#&%!$ d )#''a. E"%(" a$9"+9-(" #d$ a'&-a!" d %!" (!ma" -

I$m!"&/$ d 'a mad!a $ %a$#" a&!%(" # -($%$*a$ 'a" "('#-&($". >(! &$%#!a ( #'=!&a-&/$ !-#!&$d( 'a mad!a -($ '(" a$9"+9-(". Im!*$a-&/$ a !"&/$ "(m9$d( 'a mad!a d$%!( d '(" %a$#" "-&a'" a a'%a !"&/$ -($:#$%am$% -($:#$%am$% -($ ' ';#&d( a$9"+9-(. La &$m!"&/$, &$%#!a &$%#!a ( #'=!&a-&/$ "($ m$(" -a-" -a-" #" 'a $%!a-&/$ " "('( "#!-&a'. La mad!a %!a%ada " #"ada *$!a'm$% $ 'a(!" d 'a!*a d#!a-&/$ B!ma$$%" -(m( &#", *a'!;a d =$9'a-&/$ !&$-&a', %-.








ESFUERZOS QUE SOPORTA LA MADERA >a!a -(m!$d! d #$a ma$!a -&' '(" "#!(" a # "%$ "(m9d(" '(" d&!$%" 'm$%(" "%!#-%#!a'" d "("%$&m&$%( -($ mad!a, " da a -($9$#a-&/$ '(" -($-%(" "&-(" d -ada #$( d "%(" -

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T!a--&/$.? T!a--&/$.? S d&- # #$ -#!( "% "(m9d( a %!a--&/$ -#a$d( "(! +' a-%a$ d(" #!a" &*#a'" (#"%a" Ba':$d("  $ 'a m&"ma d&!--&/$. C(m!$"&/$.? S d&- # #$ -#!( "% "(m9d( a -(m!"&/$ -#a$d( "(! +' a-%a$ d(" #!a" &*#a'", (#"%a" ? Ba-!-$d(" ( $ 'a m&"ma d&!--&/$.

F'<&/$.? F'<&/$.? S d&- # #$a a!!a "% "(m9da a <&/$J -#a$d( !$d&-#'a!m$% a "# : ma(! a-%a #$a #!a !(d#-&$d( -#!=a%#!a. >a$d(.? E" 'a d(!ma-&/$ !(d#-&da $ #$a a!!a a$% #$ "#!( d -(m!$"&/$. S !(d#- $ -#!(" -($-&!%( *!ad( d "'% !(d#- -#!=a%#!a $ ' : d 'a a!!a. E"%a !"&"%$-&a !"&"%$-&a " m&d a!a''am$% a!a''am$% a 'a" !a" d 'a mad!a, %$&$d( $ -#$%a 'a !'a-&/$ d "'%. T(!"&/$.? S d&- # #$a a!!a "% "(m9da a %(!"&/$ -#a$d( "(! +' a-%a$ d(" #!a" a!a''a"  !$d&-#'a!" a' : d 'a a!!a.

1.- TIPOS DE MADERA: E$%! '(" m" #"ad(" ' "((!% a!a (!a-&($" "#%!!$a" "#%!!$a" %$m("

EUCALIPTO D$"&dad "&-a  0,57 *!-m3 N(m! -&$K-( E#-a'%#" *'(#'#" 'a&'' E"-& !(=$&$% d O-a$;a  A#"%!a'&a, "%a'-&da "&-am$% $ 'a S&!!a  C("%a >!#a$a. S d"a!!(''a $ ("#" m($%a$( a:( d 2,000 a 3,500 m"$m.

Defeto!: G!&%a" $ '(" !ad&("







UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA DE MINAS adm" "%a 9$d a -('a"a!". -('a"a!". E$ !(*!ama d "-ad( '$%( '$%( B45 d;a" a!a d&"m&$#&! d 77 a 20. D#!a&'&dad E' E#-a'&%( !"$%a !"&"%$-&a )a-&a '(" )($*(", d$d&$d( d' '#*a! d !(-d$-&a #d&$d( ''*a! a "! !"&"%$% a m# !"&"%$%.

U!o!: E$ a" a 'a" !(&dad"  -a!a-%!;"9-a" d 'a mad!a ' E#-a'&%(, #d "! #"ad( a!a ("%", -($"%!#--&/$ -($"%!#--&/$ B#"( "%!#-%#!a', -a!!(-!;a", &"(", -a!&$%!;a $ *$!a', *$!a', (!a" d <%!&(! <%!&(!", ", d#!m&$% d#!m&$%", ", ma$*(" ma$*(" d )!!am&$ )!!am&$%a", %a", %am&+$ " m'a m'a -(m( mad!a mad!a a!a a!a "(-a=($" d m&$a, #'a  a'  -(m( -a!/$ a!a -(m#"9'.

TORNILLO F"#i$i": Faa-a?M&m("(&da N(m!" -(m#$" >! am&'&a, )#a!a -a"&, -d!(!a$a. C('(m&a a-)a(. E-#ad(! "&#. !a"&' -d!(!a$a. S $-#$%!a $ '(" da!%am$%(" d #$;$, Mad! d D&(", L(!%(  U-aa'&, $%! 0  500 m"$m. La "-& <&"% $ -a$9dad" a'%a" $ 'a Ama($;a $(!%  $ -a$9dad" md&a" $ Ama($;a "#! d' >!. -

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D$"&dad "&-a 0.45 *-m3. >!(&dad" M-$&-a" M/d#'( d 'a"9-&dad $ <&/$ ,000 P*-m2 M/d#'( d !(%#!a $ <&/$ 63,00 P*-m2 C(m!"&/$ a!a''a 413,00 P*-m2 C(m!"&/$ !$d&-#'a! 66,00 P*-m2 C(!% a!a''( a 'a" !a" 8700 P*-m2 D#!a $ '(" 'ad(" 373,00 P*-m2 T$a-&dad B!"&"%$-&a a' -)(# 2,88 P*?m R-(m$da-&($" %+-$&-a" E' T(!$&''( " #$a mad!a md&a$am$% "ada, !"$%a -($%! -($%!a-a--&($ &($" " '&$a' '&$a'" " md&a md&a  -($%! -($%!a--& a--&/$ /$ =('#m+ =('#m+%!& %!&-a -a "%a "%a' '.. La !"&" !"&"% %$-&a $-&a m-$&-a " "&%a $ ' ';m&% d 'a -a%*(!;a md&a. La mad!a, " m(d!adam$% -&' d a"!!a! (! "# md&a !"&"%$-&a m-$&-a. S-a $ (!ma !&da, #d "((!%a! )(!a!&( #!% $ "-ad( a!9-&a' dm(!a$d( a!(<&madam$% 55 )(!a", " "%a' -($ a:( !&"*( d a'a(. U9'&da U9'&dad d A-%#a' A-%#a'm$ m$% % " #"ada #"ada $ &"(", &"(", "%!# "%!#-%#! -%#!a" a" d -a"a", -a"a", a!mad# a!mad#!a !a", ", =&*a", =&*a", m&$!;a, -('#m$a", -a!&$%!;a d &$%!&(!", a!%"a$;a  $ 'a a!&-a-&/$ d #!%a", =$%a$a"  -a!!(-!;a".

LA%ARTO CASPI E"-& Ca'()''#m !a"&'&$" Cam. -

N(m! N(m!" " -(m#$ -(m#$"" >! >! ('( ('( a#! a#!,, 'a*a!% 'a*a!%( ( -a"&, -a"&, a'a! a'a!(. (. ('&=& ('&=&a a ('( ('( m(!;a. m(!;a. C('(m&a a-&% ma!;a. E-#ad(! m(!;a. Q$#'a Q$#'a -a#!









UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA DE MINAS -

Ca!a-%!;"9-a" %-$('/*&-a" E' La*a!%( -a"& " #$a mad!a "ada, # !"$%a -($%!a--&($ -($%!a--&($" " '&$a'" '&$a'" a:a"  -($%!a--&/$ -($%!a--&/$ =('#m+%!& =('#m+%!&-a -a "%a'. "%a'. >a!a >a!a 'a !"&"% !"&"%$-&a $-&a m-$&-a " "&%a $ ' ';m&% d 'a -a%*(!;a md&a. D$"&dad "&-a 0.66 *CM3.

PROPIEDADES MEC&NICAS -

M/d#'( d 'a"9-&dad $ <&/$ 0,000 P*-m2 M/d#'( d !(%#!a $ <&/$ 100 P*-m2 P* -m2 C(m!"&/$ a!a''a 80 P*-m2 C(m!"&/$ !$d&-#'a! 15 P*-m2 C(!% a!a''( a 'a" !a" 8 P*-m2 P* -m2

UTILIDAD A-%#a'm$% '(" a"!!ad!(" d 'a S'=a C$%!a' d' >! &$-'#$ "%a "-& $ ' -(m!-&( a!a -($"%!#--&($", "%!#-%#!a", m&$!;a, -a!&$%!;a, m#'!;a $ *$!a', !&$-&a'm$% $ -)aa" -)aa" d-(! d-(!a9= a9=a" a" B-(!% B-(!% !ad&a !ad&a'' $ !a$ !a$ad( ad(!a !a, , ma$*(" ma$*(" d )!! )!!am& am&$% $%a", a", :#*#% :#*#%!; !;aa  &$"%!#m$%(" m#"&-a'". OTROS TIPOS DE MADERA:

Especie Pino California

Fibras te tempranas de de la la Fibras recientes de 2 madera Kg/cm la madera Kg/cm2. 4850

940

!beto del Pacifico Pacifico

82"0

90#0

Pino de $o%a corta

""00

&4#0

!beto 'o(glas 'o(glas

"590

9980

!beto blanco

5"0

#"0

Cedro ro%o

""40

4#80

Pino blanco

4220

4&40








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La!*( d 'a %!(a $ m%!(".

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D&m%!( ma(! d 'a %!(a.

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F)RMULA DE DO*LE







UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA DE MINAS L  La!*( d 'a %!(a %!(a $ &".

MADERA ACERRADA >a!a -a'-#'a! ' =('#m$ d mad!a -#a$d( "%a %#mada  a"!!ada " #9'&a ' "&*#&$% !(-d&m&$%(

D($d J  ""(! d 'a mad!a $ #'*ada". aJ  a$-)( d 'a mad!a $ #'*ada". L  'a!*( d 'a mad!a $ &". E"%a -#&-a-&/$ " 'a # " #"a a-%#a'm$% $ ' >!, "-;-am$% a!a 'a m&$!;a.

&R(OL EN PIE E"% -a"( " da -#a$d( ' !(' a$ " $-#$%!a $ &. E$%($-" " #9'&a 'a "&*#&$% /!m#'a

D($d Q

Q('#m$ d 'a mad!a $ m%!(" -&-("

Da  D&m%!( d' !(' a 'a a'%#!a d' -)( $ m%!(" m%!(" H- 

A'%#!a -(m!-&a' d' !(' $ m%!("








E' d&"( "% $ #$-&/$ d 'a "--&/$ d 'a *a'!;a a"; m&"m( $ #$-&/$ a' 9( d %!!$(. S# d&"( %am&+$ 9$ # =! -($ ' #&( # )a d m'a!". E' -#ad!( d mad!a " #d a!ma! ( -($"%!#&! d mad!a !d($da ( mad!a a-!!ada.

ELEMENTOS (&SICOS:

U$ -#ad!( d "("%$&m&$%( #$-&($a a:( ' !&$-&&( "%!#-%#!a' d #$ /!9-(. U$ -#ad!( "&m' d *a'!;a "% (!mad( (! #$ "(m!!(  d(" ("%". -

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S"#$%&%": E" #$a &a d mad!a # " #"a -(m( =&*a, a!a "((!% d' %-)(. N(!ma'm$% "% "#:%a a "#!( d -(m!"&/$ a!a''( a 'a" !a" (! !-&&! 'a !"&/$ d 'a" -a:a" ( a!d" 'a%!a'" d #$a =%a, "&$ ma!*(, $ %!!$(" m('&d(" ( a!-& a!-&''''(" ("(" (" #d #d  "%a "%a!! "(m "(m9d 9d( ( %am %am&+ &+$ $ a "# "#! !(" (" d <& <&/$ /$,, "&m "&m! !  a-(maad( (! #$ "#!( !$d&-#'a! a 'a" !a" $ 'a" #$&($" -($ '(" ("%" # "($, !-&"am$%, '(" '#*a!" (! d($d " %!a$"m&% 'a -a!*a d' %-)( a d&-)(" ("%". P"'(&: E" #$a &a d mad!a # " #"a -(m( -('#m$a a!a "((!% d 'a -a!*a %!a$"m&9da (! ' %!!$(. %!!$(. D"a!!(''a$ "#!(" "#!(" d -(m!"&/$, a!a''( a!a''( a 'a" !a", d&d( a 'a -a!*a # %(ma$ d' %-)(  a 'a !a--&/$ # !(=(-a$ $ ' &"( d 'a 'a(!.







UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA DE MINAS E"% "(m9da $ "#" <%!m(" a "#!( d -(m!"&/$ !$d&-#'a! a 'a" !a" (! !-&&! 'a !"&/$ d' %-)(, a %!a=+" d '(" ("%"  'a !a--&/$ d' &"(, d&!-%am$%.

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B," B," " $," $,"/0& /0&': ': S($ S($ & &a" a" d mad mad!!a # # " -('( -('(-a -a$ $ $%! $%!  'a "%! "%!#-% #-%#! #!aa d "("%$&m&$%( "("%$&m&$%(  'a !(-a $-a:($a$% a!a %!a$"m&9! 'a" -a!*a" d d&-)( %!!$( )a-&a 'a "%!#-%#!a "# (:9=( !&$-&a' " d ma$%$! 'a "%a&'&dad d 'a "%!#-%#!a )a"%a # "a$ :ada" (! 'a !(&a !"&/$ d' %!!$(. La (!ma -(!!-%a d &$"%a'a! #$ '(-P " a %!a=+" d #$ :  "(! ' a'&$am&$%( d '(" 'm$%(" d 'a "%!#-%#!a

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C0*': S($ #9'&ada" $ %(d( %!aa:( d "("%$&m&$%( -#m'&$d( 'a #$-&/$ d !''$a! !''$a! &!!*#'a!&dad &!!*#'a!&dad" " # " !"$%a !"$%a$ $ $%! '(" 'm$%(" 'm$%(" d 'a "%!#-%#!a "%!#-%#!a  ' %!!$(. E+%)$*": S($ 'a" &a" d mad!a !a:ada" ( !d($da" # " -('(-a$ "(! '










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E+%&3*"' " E+(*$,*"': T&$$ (! (:%( &md&! 'a -a;da d ma%!&a' d 'a" a!d" d 'a *a'!;a, '(" $!:ad(" "%$ -($"9%#&d(" d !d($d(" !a:ad(" m&$%!a" # '(" $%a'ad(" "($ d %a'a" d 2 a 4 #'*ada" d ""(! @ " "a adm" # 'a a!%#!a d' $!:ad(  $%a'ad( "%$ $ #$-&/$ d' 9( d %!!$(. L"+4*%)+*': S($ 'a!*# 'a!*#!( !("" d mad!a" mad!a" d 10J< 10J< 10J ( 8J < 8J d "--&/ "--&/$ $  $%! $%! '($*&%#d" $%! 15  18 &" # " m'a$ "('( $ -a"(" "-&a'".

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