_______________ _______________________ ________________ ______________ ______ _______________ ____________________ _____
CROP SCIENCE 2 EXERCISE 2: Tillage and Planting Equipment
________________ _______________________ __________ ___ ________________ _______________________ __________ ___ ________________ _______________________ __________ ___
I.
Worksheet 1.1
Instructions:
Descrie t!e "unction#s$ and lael t!e parts o" tillage and planting equipment s!o%n&
'& (nimal)dra%n moldoard plo% *unction#s$: It is used "or primar+ tillage operation and is pulled + an animal, usuall+ a caraao&
!ttp:--%%%&mot!ereart!ne%s&com-.-media-Images-/EN-Editorial-(rticles-/a ga0ine12(rticles-'345-6)'-7al8ing12Plo%s12T+pes12o"12Plo%s 12and12C!oosing12Equipment-24)49)')common)%al8ing)plo%&pg
2& Tractor)dra%n moldoard plo% *unction#s$: $: It is used "or primar+ tillage operation and is pulled + a tractor&
!ttp:--mrtractors&com-+a!oo_site_admin'-assets-images-5'6_integral_2_ot tom_plo%&46'3;65'_large&pg
;& Disc plo%
*unction#s$: *or primar+ tillage and is especiall+ use"ul in !ard and dr+, tras!+, ston+ or stump+ land conditions and in soil %!ere scouring is a maor prolem&
!ttps:--sc'&alicdn&com-8"-
*XXXXa5aXXXq9?X*XXXs-22@ 4;392-*XXXXa5aXXXq9?X*XXXs&pg 5& Disc !arro% *unction#s$: It is used to till t!e soil %!ere crops are to e planted& It is also used to c!op up un%anted %eeds or crop remainders&
!ttp:--%%%&rural8ing&com-media-%+si%+g-angle_"rame_disc_diagram&pg
6& Spi8e)toot! !arro% *unction#s across t$: It cuts t!roug! clods, manure, and grasses to rea8 up material into Aner pieces so t!at it can e spread eBenl+ !e ground&
!ttp:--ecoursesonline&iasri&res&in-pluginAle&p!p-';';';-mod_page-content-'Ag_'&pg
9& Com)toot! !arro% *unction#s$: It is used "or rea8ing clods a"ter initial plo%ing, %it! susequent operations prior to transplanting and "or puddling and leBeling&
4& RotaBator *unction#s$:
@& *urro%er *unction#s$: It is used to turn oBer t!e upper la+er o" t!e soil, ringing "res! nutrients to t!e sur"ace, %!ile ur+ing %eeds&
3& it!ao *unction#s$: It is an implement used "or ma8ing small parallel "urro%s&
'& Planting !ole digger *unction#s$: ( tool "or digging a planting !ole "or planting a rooted plant in a garden or landscape area, includes cutting edges t!at ma+ e pressed into t!e planting area + a user standing in an uprig!t position&
II.
Study Questions
(& 7!+ is su)soiling needed in soils %it! !ard pans Su)soiling is Ber+ deep tillage& It e?tends to aout '2 to '@ inc!es •
elo% t!e soil sur"ace to rea8 up t!e !ard pan& Su)soiling proBides soil aeration and improBed soil drainage& Standing %ater, ooding, run) oF, and topsoil erosion is reduced or possil+ eBen eliminated& ("ter t!e !ard pan is ro8en, seed germination %ill increase, plant root gro%t! %ill improBe, and t!e crops %ill e muc! !ealt!ier& =& S!o% t!at a triangular s+stem !as '61 more plants t!an a square s+stem using t!e same distance o" planting + computing t!e numer o" plants in eac! s+stem&
•
I" %e giBe speciAc Balues "or t!e (rea #($ and planting distance #s$ as ( G ' m2 and s G 6 m 2 t!en sustituting t!ese Balues to t!e giBen "ormulas "or numer o" plants in eac! s+stem %e %ill oserBe t!e F: *or Triangular S+stem: Triangular S+stemG S-d2 ? &@99 SG Hnit sur"ace dG lengt! o" t!e triangle side No& o" plants #Np$ G (-#s 2? &@99$ G ' m2-#6 m2? &@99$ G ' m 2-5&;; m 2 2;' plants *or Square S+stem: S-2 No& o" plants #Np$ G (-s2 G ' m2-6 m2 G2 plants2;' plants J2 plants G ;' plants#;' plants- 2 plants$ ? '1 '61 =ased on t!e result o" t!e computation, t!ere %ere '61 more plants in t!e triangular s+stem t!an t!e square s+stem&
C& 7!+ s!ould %e add %ell)deca+ed organic matter and asal "ertili0er to t!e soil e"ore transplanting seedlings or gra"ted plants o" perennial •
crop species Organic matter !elps produce stale soil structures and adds nutrients to t!e soil& I" t!e soil does not contain enoug! nutrients "or optimum crop gro%t! +ou need to add "ertili0er& It is al%a+s %ort!%!ile to c!ec8 t!e nutrient content o" +our soil + anal+sis e"ore adding e?tra nutrients& I" leBels are not suKcient t!e crop does not gro% as "ast and returns %ill e reduced&
D& 7!at are t!e diFerent adaptiBe tillage operations C!aracteri0e eac!& Deep tillage) turns out large si0ed clods, %!ic! are a8ed + t!e !ot •
sun %!en it is done in summer& T!ese clods crumle due to alternate !eating and cooling and due to occasional summer s!o%ers& T!is •
process o" gradual disintegration o" clods improBes soil structure& Su soiling) !ard pans ma+ e present in t!e soil %!ic! restrict root gro%t! o" crops& T!ese ma+ e silt pans, iron or aluminum pans, cla+
pans or )man)made pans& /an)made pans are tillage pans induced + repeated tillage at t!e same dept!& Root gro%t! o" crops is conAned to top "e% centimeters o" soil %!ere deep penetration o" roots is in!iited • •
+ !ard pans& Lear)round Tillage) tillage operations carried out t!roug!out t!e +ear& Secondar+ Tillage) lig!ter or Aner operations per"ormed on t!e soil a"ter primar+ tillage are 8no%n as secondar+ tillage& ("ter plo%ing, t!e Aelds are le"t %it! large clods %it! some %eeds and stules partiall+
•
uprooted& a+out o" Seeded and So%ing) a"ter t!e seeded preparation, t!e Aeld is laid out properl+ "or irrigation and so%ing or planting seedlings&
•
T!ese operations are crop speciAc& a+out o" Seeded) tillage operations t!at are carried out in t!e standing crop are called a"ter tillage& It includes drilling or side dressing o" "ertilisers, eart!ing up and intercultiBation&
E& DiFerentiate et%een minimum and 0ero tillage& /inimum tillage is a soil conserBation s+stem %it! t!e goal o" •
minimum soil management necessar+ "or a success"ul crop production& It is a tillage met!od t!at does not turn t!e soil oBer& It is contrar+ to •
intensiBe tillage, %!ic! c!anges t!e soil structure using plo%sM %!ile No)till "arming mimics t!e natural soil conditions compared to ot!er met!ods o" "arming& T!e soil is le"t in peace apart "rom %!ere t!e seeds are placed %!ic! preserBes t!e soil&
III.
Each student will submit a (1) narrative report of their eperience on transplantin! of rice and direct"seedin! of corn. Students should also prepare a (#) written report of the $eld practices conducted durin! the di%erent !rowth sta!es of lowland rice.
'& NarratiBe Report
ast 7ednesda+ morning, (ugust 25, 2'9 our class o" CRSC 2 H); did our Arst planting actiBit+, %e le"t our room a"ter aout an !our)long pre)laorator+ discussion and t!en proceeded to t!e Aeld near t!e (SC uilding& T!oug! it rained a little e"ore %e %ent out, t!e %eat!er seemed to clear out a it %!en %e got to t!e Aelds& 7!en %e got t!ere %e %ere alread+ on our %or8ing clot!es& EBer+ one o" us opted to %ear slippers and s!orts "or t!e actiBit+& I %ore a sports s!ort and c!anged into slippers too ecause I %as originall+ %earing s!oes since I droBe m+ motorc+cle to class& T!e Arst instruction %e got %!en %e arriBed %as to put our ags on t!e tale& (nd t!en %e %al8ed to t!e actuall+ planting area and %!ere instructed to ta8e oF our slippers, as to aBoid losing t!em& *inall+, %e t!en %al8ed are"ooted to t!e rice Aeld& One o" t!e Arst t!ings I noticed t!ere %as t!at t!e Aeld %as mar8ed %it! dra%n squares %it! speciAc distances& u+a Dar%in, our instructor, instructed t!at all t!ose t!at !ad inuries and %ounds near t!e leg and "oot area s!ould not diBe into t!e mud so t!at t!e+ %ould aBoid in"ection, instead, t!e+ %ould ust serBe as t!ro%ers o" t!e DapogQ, rice t!at %e %ould e transplanting&
ecause t!at near %!ere m+ class doBe in, t!e mud "elt cool ut as %e graduall+ stepped ac8 it got %armer& T!e mud "elt %eird ecause it "elt uneBen and mus!+ +et it still !ad some !ard oects mi?ed in, and t!e smell %asnt all t!at pleasing& ("ter I Anis!ed m+ assigned area, m+ "riend %!o %as positioned ne?t to me as8ed "or !elp since !e said !e could moBe an+more so I !elped !im Anis! t!e ac8 o" !is assigned area& 7!en I Anall+ got o" t!e mud I immediatel+ %ent to go %as! m+ !ands and "eet& I Arst %al8ed are"oot to t!e area %!ere most o" m+ Anis!ed classmates %!ere %as!ing oF ut since t!e area %as "ull, I %ent to go %as! some%!ere else, luc8il+, t!e area ne?t to %!ere m+ classmates %!ere %as empt+ so I ust %ent a!ead and cleaned m+sel" t!ere& ("ter t!at I came ac8 to t!e rice Aeld to see %!at %as going on and to retrieBe m+ slippers& I !onestl+ didnt t!in8 t!at I %ould !aBe "un ut I did, a ig part o" it %as proal+ ecause I %as ale to o8e around and !aBe "un %it! m+ classmates %!ile %or8ing& (ll in all it %as a great e?perience t!at I %ouldnt "orget an+time soon& 2& 7ritten Report *rom seedling stage to t!e ma?imum tillering stage, t!ese are t!e BegetatiBe p!ase o" t!e rice& T!ere are t%o t+pes o" seedling stage& Hsuall+ in t!e Sout!ern Tagalog or in C((=(RON t!e+ usuall+ use t!e dapogM t!e+ are 3)'5 da+s o" age e"ore t!e+ are read+ "or transplanting& Dapog seedlings are not prone to transplanting s!oc8 ut t!e+ are susceptile to golden snail ecause t!e+ are small, so"t and +oung& T!e second t+pe is t!e %et ed seedling or punla, t!e age o" t!e seedling "or transplanting is 2)26 da+s& It is not eaten + 8u!ol or snails ecause it is quite ig and tall ut it !as a transplanting s!oc8 o" ' %ee8& It is usually cut to preBent lodging ecause it usuall+ "alls during t!e %ind+ da+s and to also preBent transpiration& T!e ne?t stage is t!e tillering stage %!erein t!e pala+ is 56)6 da+s old, ; %ee8s a"ter transplanting the operation is started like weeding and
cleaning the feld& Ot!ers put "ertili0er at t!e last !arro%ing during land
preparation, t!e next application o ertilizers is usuall+ at t!e tillering stage and they side-dress nitrogen & I" necessar+, third application o ertilizer can e done until panicle initiation& *rom panicle initiation to t!e o%ering stage, t!ese are t!e reproductiBe p!ase o" t!e rice& In panicle initiation, t!e plant is alread+ t!ic8 and t!e oBerlapping o" leaBes can e oserBed %!ic! cause t!e ottom part o" t!e plant to e s!aded and t!e %eeds do not gro%& T!e leaBes are alread+ t!ic8 and t!ere is stem)elongation, t!is is t!e stage %!erein t!e plant egins to s!o% signs o" reproduction& ("ter ' da+s, t!ere is t!e ooting stage, %!erein t!e leaBes o" t!e plant ecome rittle so t!e armers cannot enter the feld to preBent t!e rea8age o" t!e leaBes& T!is is t!e stage %!erein t!e plant is alread+ pregnant and t!e stems are more round and t!e plug lea" !as emerged& ("ter t!e ooting stage, t!ere is t!e o%ering stage %!ere pollination and "ertili0ation ta8es place, t!e pollens are alread+ e?posed t!ere"ore anot!er reason %!+ t!e "armers s!ould not enter t!e Aeld& Hsuall+ the pest management is applied at t!is stageM the feld is monitored ecause a"ter t!e o%ers loom, insects and pest
are attracted to it li8e t!e rice ug and ratsM %!ic! attac8 during t!e nig!t& T!e ne?t stage is t!e mil8ing stage or t!e so"t)doug! stage& *rom so"t doug! stage to matured stage is called t!e ripening p!ase, t!is is %!ere t!e "armers %ait "or t!e rice to ripen and "or !arBest& T!e mil8ing stage is critical in pest management wherein they spray pesticides until t!is stage ecause t!is is %!ere a lot o" rice ugs or
atang+a attac8sM t!e+ sip on-suc8 at t!e rice ecause it is still liquid and loo8s li8e mil8& T!e ne?t stage is t!e !ard doug! stage, t!e panicle is alread+ ent %!ic! means t!at it is alread+ Alled and %aiting to ripen& T!is is t!e stage %!ere usuall+ the feld is drained so t!e %or8ing condition %ould e good "or !arBesting, and t!e soil %ould e
!ard& ("ter a "e% da+s t!e rice is in its maturit+ stage %!erein it is ready or harvest and @1 o" t!e grain is ripe& T!e !arBested grains are soa8ed into running %ater "or ;9)5@
!ours so it %ill not "erment and ecome sour or deca+& ("ter 5@ !ours it is t!en read+ "or incuation toget!er %it! 8a8a%ate %!ic! is used to !asten t!e ripening o" mangoes ecause it contains et!+lene so it ecomes !ot, it is t!e incuated "or 25 !ours& T!en it %ill e read+ "or so%ingM t!e maturit+ o" t!e pala+ egins at t!e date o" so%ing& T!e distriution o" t!e seeds in t!e punlaan is 5)6 seeds t!ic8 %!erein t!e ed is not Bisile& T!e preparation "or dapog is ' to '&6 meter %ide o" ed it still depends on !o% muc! +ou need& I" +ou %ill plant in ' !ectare o" land, +ou !aBe to prepare '6)26 square meter o" ed& T!e seed requirement is 5)6 8ilograms o" seeds per !ectare& 7!ile in %et) ed, t!e same procedure is also done and %e need ;)6 square meter o" ed per !ectare and t!e seed requirement is ;6)56 8ilograms o" seeds per !ectare& T!ere is plastic on t!e ed so t!ere %ill e no direct contact o" roots to t!e soil and %e can easil+ roll t!e dapog and %ill e eas+ "or transplanting& 7!ile in direct)seeding, t!e seedsling is uprooted a da+ e"ore transplanting, it is t!en undled and t!e upper part is cut and t!en it is read+ "or transplanting&
