Drotodhl Njrtuaf jn Erhzoloha `jcfra hrdmotfdturf 8?34-8?66 Hrdmotfdturhl CfsokaZTdujlh co Hrdmotftturh DovolfZYjlotfdaodj co @olhajZH.H. 5983/5986 5983/5986 Mostjry jn Djatf`pjrhry Djatf`pjrhry HrdmotfdturfZprjnfssjr Nfcfrodj Cfh`erjsos. Luoao Ludh (=38845) (=38845) @faodo Nlhvoj (=43=84)
Drotodhl Njrtuaf jn Erhzoloha `jcfra hrdmotfdturf 8?34-8?66 Luoao Ludh (=38845) @faodo Nlhvoj (=43=84) OASUJCVDSOJA7 FHUL_ @JCFUA F]YFUO@FAST OA EUHWOL
“Valobf jtmfr "Smorc [jrlc" rfkojas, Lhtoa H`frodh hppfhrs tj mhvf `udm oa dj``ja wotm tmf "Norst [jrlc"7 ot cjfs ajt efljak tj tmf dfatrf, eut ot os dfrthoaly jaf jn tmf dfatrf's jutfr rfkojas, tmf nroakfs jn h tfrrotjry wmodm mhs tmf Htlhatod Jdfha os ots oalhac sfh. Smos "Nhr [fst" hlsj mhs tmf httrhdtoja jn t mf theulh rhsh. Ot lhdbs tmf oatfasf "woscj`" jn tmf Jrofat, eut tmf "rflhxhtoja" jn ots jpfaafss os mokmly sfcudtovf. Njur dfaturofs ja, tmf lhac jn `hss kfajdocf whs gust ha fajr`jus elhab ja tmf `hp7 ot whs so`ply tmfrf, lobf h ahturhl trutm.‐ 8 Gjrkf Nrhadosdj Lofraur, “H Afw [jrlc njr tmf Afw Tporot7 Swfatoftm-Dfatury Hrdmotfdturf‟s Cosdjvfry jn Lhtoa H`frodh‐, oa “Wjcohd‐, a. =, 8??5.
Dydlodhlly, tmf [fst mhs tmf tfacfady jn dljsoak otsfln jr ljjb efyjac ots ejuachrofs. Smos mhppfas oa djaguadtoja wotm drosos pfrojcs jr oatfrahl njrtuaf. Smf pfrojc jn hpprjxo`htfly tfa yfhrs tmht wf hahlysf os sokaonodhat njr spfdonod hahlysos ja Erhzol, h kljehl pmfaj`faja oa @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf, hntfr [jrlc [hr OO. Curoak tmf rfdjastrudtoja, tmf @jcfra @jvf`fat cfdlhrfs otsfln hs woaafr, `fhawmolf hrosfs tmf cfehtf oasocf jn ot. Erhzol, wotmjut hay cjuet, os phrt jn tmos cfehtf, oa h pfrojc oa wmodm mos pjwfr ja tmf oatfrahtojahl sdfaf os f`frkoak. Smf krfht httfatoja jn tmf wjrlc ja Erhzol hrjsf oa tmf 8?39s. Hs oa t mf VTH, tmf 8?49s hac 8?39s hrf drudohl yfhrs oa tmf prjdfss jn `hboak h ahtojahl stylf. Smf djatf`pjrhry Furjpfha drosos pusmfs `hay hrdmotfdts tj `jvf tjwhrcs afw mjrozjas. Cfspotf oa Tjutm H`frodh tmos fxjcus os s`hllfr tmha oa Ajrtm H`frodh (@ofs, Erfufr, Afutrh hrf sj`f jn tmfsf f`okrhats), @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf ocfhs thbf rjjt oa Lhtoa H`frodh. Njr wmht djadfra Erhzol tmf “pojaffrs‐ tmht whatfc tj lfhvf h `hrb ja ot hrf h ljt. Nrhab Lljyc [rokmt vosotfc Uoj cf Ghaforj oa 8?49, mhvoak hkrffc tj sot ja tmf gury njr tmf Djlj`ej Lokmtmjusf dj`pftotoja .5Smos fposjcf os dfrthoaly cjwaplhyfc oa mos hutjeojkrhpmy. [rokmt rfdhlls tmf dlo`htf hac tmf lhacsdhpf, eut `jst jn hll h pjlotodhl fvfat wmodm mf cfsdroefs norst-mhac7 tmf stucfat rfeflloja hkhoast jutchtfc tfhdmoak `ftmjcs ht tmf Tdmjjl jn Noaf Hrts. Ot whs efdhusf jn mos suppjrt oa jppjsoak tmf hutmjrotofs, fvfa ht tmf rosb jn efoak hrrfstfc, tmht tmf stucfats wfrf helf tj upmjlc tmfor dlho`s4. Smf `hoa dmhrhdtfrs jn tmf Ttucfat @jcfra @jvf`fat wfrf Ludoj Djsth, Jsdhr Aof`fyfr hac Ujefrtj erjtmfrs, tmht njrwhrc woll efdj`f phrt jn tmf `ytmjljky jn @jcfra Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf. @ofs ^ha Cfr Ujmf rfhlozfc ht lfhst tmrff prjgfdt njr Lhtoa H`frodh, jaf jn tmos whs tmf VT f`ehssy oa Täj Yhjlj, Erhzol. “Lf Djreusofr's trop tj Lhtoa H`frodh oa 8?5? mhc h `jrf oatfasf, trhasdfacfathl sokaonodhadf njr mo`. Smos trop hlljwfc tmf Twoss hrdmotfdt tj `hbf ht lfhst twj nuach`fathl cosdjvfrofs7 hrdmotfdturf hs lhacsdhpf hac loafhr jrkhaozhtoja oa tmf ureha plhaaoak.‐ Gjrkf Nrhadosdj Lofraur, “H Afw [jrlc njr tmf Afw Tporot7 Swfatoftm-Dfatury Hrdmotfdturf‟s Cosdjvfry jn Lhtoa H`frodh‐, oa “Wjcohd‐, a. =, 8??5.
Uffloak uacfr tmf o`phdt jn mos norst nlokmt jvfr tmf ph`phs hac tmf Tflvh, Lf Djreusofr wfat ja tj fxpljrf, fspfdohlly oa mos prjgfdt njr Uoj cf Ghaforj, tmf pjssoeoloty jn ha fadjuatfr eftwffa `ha hac ahturf ja ha fquhl njjtoak. Smf `jst oanlufatohl jn tmfsf `hstfrs njr tmf Erhzoloha dulturf whs Lf Djreusofr. Smf pjftod jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf cfrovfs nrj` Lf Djreusofr hrdmotfdturhl ocfh jn “`hdmoaf é f`jufr‐, cuf hlsj tj tmf pfrsjahl
loabs tmht mf bffps njr h ljak to`f wotm Erhzolohas, oa phrtodulhr Ludoj Djsth hac Aof`fyfr (cfnoafc ey Lf Djreusofr hs h “prjcoky kuy‐).Smf norst Erhzoloha euolcoak dlfhrly `jcfra os chtfc 8?5=.3 Smf @jcfra @jvf`fat oa Erhzol thbfs plhdf oa Täj Yhjlj, wmfrf hrdmotfdt Krfkjro [hrdmhvdmob [hrdmhvdmob cfsokas mos jwa mjusf. Ejra oa Jcfssh, [hrdmhvdmob os sdmjlhr jn Yohdfatoao oa Uj`f, hac puelosmfc oa Erhzol (wmfa mf hrrovfc oa 8?54) h `haonfstj oa wmodm mf gjoas Lf Djreusofr‟s ocfhs. Oa mos Erhzoloha Mjusf hppfhr tmf norst to`oc hpplodhtoja jn `jcfra flf`fats hac afw strudturhl nfhturfs. Smf 8?49s rfprfsfat h nljurosmoak fdjaj`odhl `j`fat, tmht drfhtf h lhrkf h`juat jn prjgfdts oa tmf puelod spmfrf. Oa Uoj, uacfr Kïtuloj ^hrkhs kjvfra`fat 6, tmf rfsult woll ef tmf djastrudtoja jn tmf `oaostry mjusfs hac puelod hc`oaostrhtoja hc`oaostrhtoja euolcoaks. Smf `jst odjaod wjrb jn tmos pfrojc woll ef tmf @oaostry jn Fcudhtoja hac Mfhltm ey Ludoj Djsth hac Jsdhr Jsdhr > Aof`fyfr , tmf euolcoak tmht rfprfsfats tmf vodtjry jn @jcfra stylf jvfr tmf hdhcf`od hac afj-djljaohl stylfs. Smos wjrb whs, hac rf`hoas ajwhchys, ha fssfatohl efadm`hrb efadm`hrb njr tmf stucy jn Erhzoloha mostjry jn hrdmotfdturf. [molf tmf @oaostry djastrudtoja whs gust efkoaaoak, tmf Erhzoloha Yhvoloja ht [jrlc‟s Nhor oa Nlusmoak @fhcjws, Afw _jrb oa 8?4? whs noaosmfc. Smf Yhvoloja rfhlozfc ey Ludoj Djsth hac Aof`fyfr nhsdoahtfc tmf puelod njr ots plhy jn mjrozjathl plhafs drfhtfc ey tmf durvfc prjnolf jn tmf slhes, ots rflhtoja eftwffa oatfrojr hac fxtfrojr sphdf hac tmf rfoatfrprfthtoja jn Lf Djreusofr‟s `jcfraos`;. Erhzol whs rfhcy tj smjw tmf wjrlc ots afw durrfady oa hrdmotfdturf.
Lf Djreusofr‟s sbftdm jn mos plha njr Uoj cf Ghaforj (8?5?).
Krfkjro [hrdmhvdmob mjusf oa Täj Yhjlj (8?5=).
SMF 8?39s7 EUHWOL‟T OASFUAHSOJAHL F]YLJOS
Oa 8?34 mhppfas tmf norst cfdosovf `j`fat jn djasdojusafss djasdojusafss hejut vortufs hac pjssoeolotofs jn Erhzoloha Hrdmotfdturf. Oa tmos yfhr os oahukurhtfc oa Afw _jrb tmf @usfu` Jn @jcfra Hrt‟s fxmoeotoja dhllfc “Erhzol Euolcs, Hrdmotfdturf Afw hac Jlc 8>65-8?35‐, ey Ymolop Kjjcwoa, wotm tmf pmjtjkrhpmy jn Boccfr-T`otm. Hs tmf prfvojus @j@H‟s fxmoeotoja=, ot djasosts oa h survfy jn sokaonodhat wjrbs, rfhlozfc curoak h trop jn nfw wffbs oa Erhzol, sfhrdmoak njr tmos t mos afw Hrdmotfdturf, tj fxpjsf oa Afw _jrb norst, hac oa `hay H`frodha dotofs lhtfr ja. Smf fxmoeotoja nots pfrnfdtly oa tmf surrjuacoak pjlotodhl djatfxt. Curoak tmf Ujjsfvflt‟s prfsocfady mf hpplofc tmf sj dhllfc “Kjjc Afokmejur‐ pjlody? tjwhrc Lhtoa H`frodh. Kjjcwoa cfnoafs Erhzol hs7 “..h djuatry wmodm whs tj ef jur nuturf hlly‐ Ymolop Kjjcwoa, @j@H Jpfaoak, 8?34.
[mfa Ymolop Kjjcwoa hrrovfc oa Uoj cf Ghaforj oa 8?35, mf njuac h krjup jn @jcfra euolcoaks, hl`jst hll wotmoa sokmt jaf hajtmfr, wmodm djavoadfc mo` tmht h @jcfra `jvf`fat, hac jaf, `jrfjvfr, wotm h uaoquf hac ocfatonohelf ahtojahl dmhrhdtfr, mhc thbfa rjjt oa Erhzol. Kjjcwoa‟s hahlysos ho`fc tj noac tmf rjjts jn Erhzoloha djatf`pjrhry djatf`pjrhry hrdmotfdturf dmhrhdtfrozfc ey nrffcj` jn njr` oa tmf Yjrtukufsf Ehrjquf pfrojc. Yjrtukufsf ehrjquf stylf prfcolfdtoja njr “hzulfgjs‐ (cfdjrhtfc tolfs) os h trhcotoja tmht djatoaufs hlsj oa tmf `jcfra `jvf`fat89. Mos jegfdtovf whs ht norst tj dflferhtf tmf euolcoaks jn tmf hadofat dovolozhtojas hac tmf djljaohl phst, hac oa h sfdjac to`f tj djaafdt phst trhcotojas tj nuadtojahl proadoplfs, lobf tmf “hzulfgjs‐ wotm dlo`htf hac mu`ocoty djatrjl. Hlsj njr djatf`pjrhry hrdmotfdturf `hoa `hoa oatfrfst oa Kjjcwoa‟s rfsfhrdm os rfnfrrfc tj tmf tfdmaodhl hspfdt. Smf “erosf-sjlfol‐ os tmf nuach`fathl nuach`fathl nfhturf jn tmos afw hrdmotfdturf. Njr Kjjcwoa, ot dha sjlvf nuadtojahl afdfssotofs hac efdj`fs ht tmf sh`f to`f h njr`hl flf`fat. Oa tmf dlo`htf jn Erhzoloha djhstloaf, tmos os ha haswfr tj tmf strjak sua. usfc `jvhelf jutsocf suasmhcfs oa mos uafxfdutfc prjgfdt njr “ Hs fhrly hs 8?44, Lf Djreusofr mhc usfc Ehrdfljah, eut ot whs tmf Erhzolohas wmj norst put tmfjry oatj prhdtodf. Hs cfvfljpfc ey tmf `jcfra hrdmotfdts jn Erhzol, tmfsf fxtfrahl eloacs hrf sj`fto`fs mjrozjathl, sj`fto`fs vfrtodhl, sj`fto`fs `jvhelf, sj`fto`fs noxfc. Smfy hrf dhllfc quferh sjl oa Yjrtukufsf, eut tmf Nrfadm tfr` erosf-sjlfol os `jrf kfafrhlly usfc .‐ .‐ Ymolop Kjjcwoa, “Erhzol Euolcs Hrdmotfdturf Afw hac Jlc 8>65-8?35‐, 8?34.
Smf “erosf-sjlfol‐ os hlsj djasocfrfc tmf flf`fat tmht wjulc surphss tmf H`frodha sbysdrhpfr, rf`hoaoak tmf `jcfl njr hor djacotojaoak systf`s hac flfvhtjrs. "Smf djastrudtoja jn o`prfssovf afw euolcoaks tj mjusf hll kjvfra`fat hac puelod sfrvodf cfphrt`fats os fvocfadf jn tmf rfhlozhtoja jn tmf Erhzoloha Kjvfra`fat hac ots njrty `olloja dotozfas jn tmf krfht o`pjrthadf jn tmfor djuatry, tmorc oa hrfh oa tmf wjrlc. Uoj cf Ghaforj mhs tmf `jst efhutonul kjvfra`fat euolcoak oa tmf [fstfra Mf`ospmfrf, tmf afw @oaostry jn Fcudhtoja hac Mfhltm.‐ Ymolop Kjjcwoa, @j@H Jpfaoak, 8?34.
Smf mokmfst `j`fat jn tmos prjdfss, tmf `hxo`u` syatmfsos, os rfprfsfatfc ey @oaostfr jn Mfhltmy oa Uoj cf Ghaforj. Smos wjrb os h rfcfsoka jn ha jrokoahl prjgfdt ey Lf Djreusofr, ey mos pupols Djsth f Aof`fyfr. Oa tmf prjgfdt hrf prfsfatfc wotm fatmusohstod tjafs tmf `hoa nfhturfs jn Erhzoloha afw sdmjjl7 “erosf-sjlfol‐ hac “hzulfgjs‐ ey Yjrtoahro88.
“Oa aj dhsf mhs tmf suasmhcf `jrf suddfssnully effa oatfkrhtfc wotm tmf hrdmotfdturf tmha oa tmf @oaostry jn Fcudhtoja hac Mfhltm‐ Ymolop Kjjcwoa, Erhzol Euolcs Hrdmotfdturf Afw hac Jlc 8>65-8?35, 8?34.
Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf oa tmos mostjrodhl `j`fat, cjfsa‟t rfprfsfat gust ha fxjtod hac trfacy hrdmotfdturf tj ljjb ht. Ot whs rfhlly djasocfrfc hs h pjssoelf why njr nuturf hrdmotfdturf hll jvfr tmf wjrlc. On wf ljjb ehdb ht 8?4? [jrlc Nhor, tmf Erhzoloha Yhvoloja oasporfc ha ocfh jn `jcfraoty loabfc tj lokmtafss lo kmtafss hac mhr`jay, fspfdohlly on dj`phrfc tj Kfr`ha jr Tjvoft phvolojas. Kjjcwoa eflofvfc oa tmos pjtfatohloty jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf jvfr jtmfr ahtojahl stylfs wfokmt cjwa ey tmos jvfrdj`f rmftjrod. "Jtmfr dhpothl dotofs jn tmf wjrlc lhk nhr efmoac Uoj cf Ghaforj Oa hrdmotfdturhl cfsoka. [molf Nfcfrhl dlhssod oa [hsmoaktja, Ujyhl Hdhcf`y hrdmhfjljky oa Ljacja, Ahzo dlhssod oa @uaodm, hac afj-o`pfrohl oa @jsdjw hrf stoll trou`pmhat, Erhzol mhs mhc tmf djurhkf tj erfhb hwhy nrj` shnf hac fhsy djasfrvhtos`. Ots nfhrlfss cfphrturf nrj` tmf slhvfry jn trhcotojahlos` mhs put h cfptm dmhrkf uacfr tmf hatoquhtfc rjutoaf jn kjvfra`fathl tmjukmt hac mhs sft nrff tmf sporot jn drfhtovf cfsoka. Smf dhpothls jn tmf wjrlc tmht woll affc rfeuolcoak hntfr tmf whr dha ljjb tj aj noafr `jcfls tmha tmf `jcfra euolcoaks jn tmf dhpothl doty jn Erhzol." Ymolop Kjjcwoa, @j@H Jpfaoak, 8?34.
Oa 8?33, oa Faklhac, h so`olhr rfvofw tjjb plhdf. Smf ossuf 6>; jn “Smf Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw7 Njr Smf Hrtost & Drhnts`fa‐ os fatorfly cfcodhtfc tj Erhzol, cfnoafc hs tmf pjssoelf tmorc pjwfr jn [fstfra Mf`ospmfrf. Oa tmos hspfdt, tmf gjurahl njlljws @j@H‟s fxmoeotoja jpoaoja. Boccfr-T`otm hppfhrs hs wrotfr jn jaf jn tmf hrtodlfs85. Oa tmos pfrojc wf hssost tj tmf drfhtoja jn h djasjlochtfc rfpfrtjorf jn `hstfrpofdfs, hlwhys puelosmfc oa 8?39s `hkhzoafs. Smos krjup jn wjrbs os oatfrprftfc hs sf`oahl jn tmf fatorf `jvf`fat. Tj`f fxh`plf hrf tmf Erhzoloha Yhvoloja oa Afw _jrb Fxpjsotoja hac tmf dj`plfx jn euolcoak hrjuac Yh`pulmh Lhbf. Oa 8?3;, Erhzoloha Hrdmotfdturf hrrovfc oa Nrhadf. Smf puelodhtoja jn tmf spfdohl ossuf jn “L‟Hrdmotfdturf c‟hugjurc‟muo‐ (84-83) sthrts nrj` so`olhr prf`osfs (tmf @j@H fxmoeotoja os thbfa hs rfnfrfadf njr tmf ehdbkrjuac). Oa tmf Nrfadm gjurahl oastfhc, sff`s tj prfvhol tmf woll tj uacfrloaf tmf djaafdtojas eftwffa Nrhadf hac Erhzol, djasocfroak tmf`sflvfs hs nhtmfrs jn tmos hrdmotfdturf. Smf prfvholoak dmhrhdtfr oa tmf gjurahl os Lf Djreusofr. Mf wrotfs wotm fatmusohstod tjafs hejut tmf “Dochcf cf @jtjrfs‐, h `jtjr dothcfl wotm hspfdts jn Lf Djreusofroha ureha cfsoka hac ot os hlsj prjpjsfc tmf djrrfspjacfadf djrrfspjacfadf eftwffa mo` hac Ludoj Djsth. Oa ha hrtodlf ey Aof`fyfr84, Lf Djreusofr os cfnoafc “lf krhac kíaof cf l‟hrdmotfdturf djatf`pjrhoaf‐ djatf`pjrhoaf‐ hac djasocfrfc hs tmf nhtmfr jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf wotmoa Ludoj Djsth, ajt jaly njr mos djllhejrhtoja djllhejrhtoja oa @oaostry jn Mfhltm, eut `jstly njr mos tfhdmoak jn hrdmotfdturhl ocfhs. Lhst, tmf gjurahl prjpjsfc h mostjry jn tmf “erosf-sjlfol‐ nrj` tmf fhrly prjgfdt jn Lf Djreusofr tj tmf Erhzoloha @oaostry jn Mfhltm83. Ujefrtj Eurlf @hrx‟s khrcfas86 hrf cfnoafc “Ghrcoafs cf l‟Fsprot Ajuvfhu‐. Os fvocfat hs oa tmos Nrfadm rfvofw, Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf os null jn Lf Djreusofr‟s rmftjrod hac nokurhtovf wjrlc. Nrj` tmfsf norst puelodhtojas, os dlfhr tmht Erhzoloha wjrlc sff`s tj httrhdt Furjpf hac VTH njr mos lovfloafss hac hrdmotfdturhl fxuefrhadf, eut fvfry ahtoja trofs tj noac so`olhr hspfdt. Nrj` tmf H`frodha pfrspfdtovf hrf hpprfdohtfc `jrf tmf tfdmajljkodhl hspfdts, oa Nrhadf tmf hfstmftod hspfdt. Oa h pfrojc wmfrf `hay djuatrofs wfrf rfdjastrudtoak tmfor hrdmotfdturhl mfrothkf, Erhzol prfnokurfs trjukm mos hrdmotfdturfs, pjssoelf trfacs njr wjrlc‟s hrdmotfdturf. Oa hay dhsf oa tmos mostjrodhl pfrojc h djasjlochtfc kljehl o`hkf jn Erhzoloha Hrdmotfdturf tjjb smhpf. Hrdmotfdts lobf Aof`fyfr hac Djsth, eut hlsj Ujefrtj erjtmfrs8>, efdh`f oatfrahtojahl odjas, puelosmfc oa hll 8?39s hrdmotfdturf `hkhzoafs. Oa 8?3= oa Othly, "Cj`us" os tmf gjurahl tmht dflferhtfc tmf Erhzoloha `jvf`fat. Ufnfrroak tj tmf prfvojus puelodhtoja, h ehdbkrjuac hac h pjlotodhl hahlysos os oatrjcudfc, hac hll tmf krjup jn nh`jus hrdmotfdts os
prfsfat. Njr mos Othloha jrokoa hac @olhafsf njr`htoja, dj`phrfc dj`phrfc njr tmf norst to`f Uoaj Lfvo, tmht lhtfr efdh`f jaf jn tmf `jst hpprfdohtfc hrdmotfdt jn tmos Othloha rfvofw.
“Erhzol Euolcs‐ dhthljkuf jn tmf f xmoeotoja oa 8?34.
“Smf Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw‐ (8?33) hac “L‟hrdmotfdturf C‟Hugjurc‟muo‐ (8?3;) dj vfrs hejut Erhzol.
SMF 8?69s7 NUJ@ FHUL_ DUOSDT SJ “UFYJUS JA EUHWOL‐
Fxhdtly “Cj`us‐, oa 8?68, prjpjsfc ha hrtodlf tmht smjwfc tmf norst soka jn h strudturhl drosos oa tmf Erhzoloha fxpfrofadf. Oa tmf hrtodlf ey Dhrlj Thato, dhllfc “Jsdhr Aof`fyfr, uaj cfo pro`o krhaco hrdmotftto cfll‟Hddhcf`oh cfll‟Hddhcf`oh @jcfrah‐, os dflferhtfc tmf 39tm eortmchy jn tmf Erhzoloha `hstfr. Hs rfpjrtfc oa tmf hrtodlf, oa tmortffa yfhrs jn hdtovoty, mf mhc tmf dmhadf tj wjrb ja ha fajr`jus h`juat jn prjgfdts, connfrfat oa smhpf hac sozf. Smos mhs effa h rhrf pjssoeoloty njr ha hrdmotfdt, eut Aof`fyfr lovfc oa ha mostjrodhl pfrojc jn dj`plftf syafrky eftwffa pjlotods hac hrdmotfdturf. Smf hrtodlf rfdjkaozfs tmf krfhtafss jn tmf hrdmotfdt, eut strfss oa `hay jddhsojas h vulkhroty oa mos hrdmotfdturf, dhusfc ey tmf hreotrhry smhpfs tmht rfdhll tmf Ehrjquf hkf oa h afkhtovf pfrdfptoja8;. Thato cfdlhrfs mos drfcot hs hrtost, eut mos oatfrahtojahl vhluf os lfssfa. Oa tmos hrtodlf, tmf Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf os rfprfsfatfc hs h pmfaj`faja tmht nots gust oa tmos yjuak hac o``hturf ahtoja8=, nhr nrj` tmf Furjpfha sfasoeoloty. Aof`fyfr pjlotodhl colokfadf os `jrf hpprfdohtfc oa dj`phrosja tj mos djatroeutoja tj tmf oatfrahtojahl cfehtf hejut Hrdmotfdturf8?. Oa tmf njlljwoak yfhrs, "Cj`us" cfajuadfs h djasthat httfatoja jvfr Erhzol, eut tmf httfatoja njdusfs `jstly ja connfrfat hutmjrs nrj` tmf mfrjfs jn Kjjcwoa‟s Fxmoeotoja. Jaf hspfdt os tmf httfatoja ja tmf f`frkoak pjlf jn Täj Yhulj, Yhulj, ajt jaly oa tmf hrdmotfdturhl noflc, eut hlsj oa phrhllfl tj hrt hac cfsoka. Oa tmht pfrojc tmf doty whs prj`jtoak otsfln hs h pro`hry dulturhl dfatrf, ha hltfrahtovf tj Uoj, mj`f jn tmf `hgjr au`efr jn hrdmotfdts oa 8?34 Fxmoeotoja7 tmf sj dhllfc “Dhrojdha Tdmjjl‐ Tdmjjl‐59. Oa tmf dulturhl noflc, Täj Yhulj os ha hdtovf doty curoak tmf 8?69s. Oa tmf 8?68 tmfrf‟s tmf oastotutoja jn tmf norst Täj Yhulj Eofaaohl, prj`jtfc ey tmf oacustrohl fatrfprfafur Doddollj @hthrhzzj. Smos wjrlcwocf hrt fvfat whatfc tj ef tmf djuatfrphrt jn ^faodf Eofaahlf oa tmf fvfa yfhrs. Oa Täj Yhulj os hlsj prfsfat oa tmfsf yfhrs Yoftrj @hroh Ehrco58, `jvfc oa Erhzol, hntfr tmf nhll jn tmf Ufko`f oa Othly wotm mos wonf, Hdmolloah Ej55 (Loah Ej Ehrco), tmht woll ef ha hnnor`fc hrdmotfdt hrdmotfdt oa tmf Erhzoloha sdfaf nrj` tmf sfdjac mhln jn tmf 8?69s. Oa Täj Yhulj Yoftrj @hroh Ehrco os dj-njuacfr wotm Hssos-Dmhtfhuerohac Hssos-Dmhtfhuerohac jn tmf Täj Yhulj @usfu` jn 54 Hrt (tmf afw strudturf os cfsokafc ey Loah oa 8?>=) hac nrj` 8?69 mf os njuacfr hac corfdtjr jn “Mheotht‐53 gjurahl. Ot‟s ajt h djoadocfadf tmht "Cj`us", nrj` tmfsf yfhrs, cfdocfs tj puelosm `jstly prjgfdts ljdhtfc oa Täj Yhulj, hac `hoaly ey hrdmotfdts lfss puelosmfc oa Furjpf. Oa phrtodulhr "Cj`us" sff`s tj hpprfdohtf h ljt tmf wjrb jn Uoaj Lfvo, ha Othloha hrdmotfdt ehsfc oa Täj Yhulj. Nrj` 8?68 `hay jn mos prjgfdts oa Täj Yhulj wfrf puelosmfc ey tmf @olhafsf gjurahl (tmf hrtodlfs wfrf ah`fc “Vah Dhsh‐, “Va Sfhtrj‐, “Va fconodoj f uah vollh‐ njlljwfc ey “Oa Tha Yhjlj‐). Smf hpprfdohtoja prfsfat oa tmfsf t mfsf hrtodlfs djadfras Lfvo‟s costhadf nrj` Erhzoloha `jcfraozoak njr`hlos`s, mos `jcfraoty oa tmf plhao`ftrod jrkhaozhtoja jrkhaozhtoja hac mos heoloty oa tmf usf jn `htfrohls56. Oa tmf njlljwoak yfhrs prjgfdts ey Tfrkoj Efrahrcfs jr ey Loah Ej Ehrco (hs “Dhsh cf ^ocrj‐ 5> ), strodtly loabfc tj "Cj`us" hac Othloha dulturf wfrf puelosmfc hs prjjn jn h smont oa tmf dmjodf hejut tmf puelodhtoja jn Erhzoloha prjgfdts, prjehely lfss spfdonodhlly Erhzolohas. Oa nhdt, ejtm t mfsf hrdmotfdts woll cfvfljp h connfrfat corfdtoja njr Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf soadf tmfsf yfhrs.Smfsf tmf`fs djavfrkf oa ha f`elf`htod hrtodlf oa 8?63. Smf puelodhtoja os prjvocfc ey Faklosm gjurahl “Smf Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw‐ hac os dhllfc “Ufpjrt ja Erhzol‐7 ot‟s tmf httf`pt hntfr h cfdhcf5; tj mhvf h dj`plftf ocfh jn tmf sotuhtoja jvfr Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturhl dulturf. Smrjukm djatroeutojas ey connfrfat hrdmotfdts, mfrf wf dha ajtodf hac jesfrvf h suesthatohl dmhakf oa tmf pjoat jn vofw, v ofw, strodtly djaafdtfc tj tmf afw tfacfadofs fvjlvoak oa Furjpf. Oa djaguadtoja tj tmf sfdjac Täj Yhulj Eofaaohl, tmf Faklosm gjurahl smjws tmf Erhzoloha prjgfdt fxpjsfc oa tmf fxmoeotoja, hac hsbs novf pfrsjahlotofs oa tmf hrdmotfdturf noflc tj fxprfss tmfor jpoaoja ja tmf prjgfdts hac `jrf oa kfafrhl ja tmf Erhzoloha sthtf jn hrdmotfdturf. Dj``fats ey [hltfr Krjpous, Frafstj Ahtmha Ujkfrs hac @hx Eoll, wotm connfrfat hrku`fathtojas, hddj`plosm h suesthatohl dmhakf oa Erhzoloha pfrdfptoja, sjntfaoak tmf jlc fatmusohstod vosoja jn Erhzol hs h prj`osf lhac njr `jcfra hrdmotfdturf.
Oa tmf prfvojus cfdhcf cfehtf tmf f`elf`htod wjrb whs tmf @oaostry jn Mfhltm, oa tmos hrtodlf tmf `jst cosdussfc euolcoak djulc ef tmf mjusf tmht Aof`fyfr euolcs njr mo`sfln 5=, oa h wjacfrnul vhllfy ajt nhr nrj` Uoj. Mfrf prjehely Aof`fyfr rfhdm tmf `hxo`u` nrffcj` oa tmf smhpfs hac noac mos `hxo`u` fxuefrhadf oa tmos trjpodhl rhoanjrfst djatfxt. Smf `jst drotodhl jn tmf pfrsjahlotofs dhllfc ja oatfrvfatoja os surfly @hx Eoll. Smf Twoss drfhtf wotm mos oatfrvfatoja h rfhl `fss oa Erhzol (eut hlsj wjrlcwocf) njr mos hrku`fathtojas. hrku`fathtojas. Njr Eoll, os o`pjrthat tj ef nrhab oa mos tjafs, hac prjpjsfs tj Erhzol, oa mos oatfatojas, h djastrudtovf drotod. Smos fxtrhdt nrj` tmf hrtodlf os usfnul tj uacfrsthac Eoll‟s lhakuhkf, oa tmos dhsf rfnfrroak tj “Dhlonjraoh Euolcoak‐ (8?68) ey Aof`fyfr, tmht mf shw oa Täj Yhulj jadf mf hrrovfc. “ O shw sj`f smjdboak tmoaks, ` jcfra hrdmotfdturf suab tj tmf cfptm, h ro jt jn hato-sjdohl whstf, lhdboak hay sfasf jn rfspjasoeoloty tjwhrcs fotmfr tmf eusoafss jdduphat jr nots dustj`frs. R...P Mfrf os uttfr hahrdmy oa h euolcoak, guaklf krjwtm oa tmf wjrsf sfasf. O``fcohtfly yju fatfr tmf euolcoak sotf yju hrf strudb ey ha hwfsj`f `ucclf jn djastrudtojahl systf`s. Smodb poljtos, tmoa poljtos, poljtos jn wmo`sodhl smhpfs lhdboak hay strudturhl rmy`f jr rfhsja, cospjsfc hll jvfr t mf plhdf2 hlsj whlls fatorfly jn rfoanjrdfc djadrftf pjoatlfssly djanusfc wotm tmf djlu`as, duttoak up hac cfstrjyoak hll njr` hac purpjsf. Ot os tmf `jst kokhatod cosjrcfr O mhvf fvfr sffa ja h gje. Jaf os ehnnlfc tj hddjuat njr sudm ehrehros`.‐ @hx Eoll, “Ufpjrt Ja Erhzol‐, oa “Smf Hrd motfdturhl Ufvofw 7 Njr tmf Hrtost & Drhnts`ha ‐, 8?66.
Mos hvfrsoja os ajt rfnfrrfc jaly tj tmos euolcoak jr tj Aof`fyfr7 Eoll flhejrhtfs njur drotodhl pjoats kfafrhlly prfsfat oa tmf Erhzoloha pmfaj`faja. Smf nrffcj` jn smhpf, jn Lf Djreusfroha lfkhdy hac gust cfdjrhtovf, tmf durthoa-whll, usfc wotmjut hor djacotojaoak systf`s tj suppjrt ot, tmf “erosf sjlfol‐, usfc oa ha fxdfssovf hac uaafdfsshry why, hac poljtos, hs wf dha uacfrsthac oa tmf prfvojus cfsdroptoja. Oa tmf oatfrvfatoja Eoll fxprfssfs mos hpprfdohtoja njr Ufocy‟s Yfcrfkulmj5? quhrtfr oa Uoj hac djasocfrs Täj Yhjlj Eofaaohl hac “Mheotht‐ gjurahl hs pjsotovf fxpfrofadfs njr tmos djuatry. Oa Yfcrfkulmj cfvfljp`fat cfvfljp`fat @hx Eoll whs vfry oatfrfstfc oa tmf euolcoaks, oa mos jpoaoja tmfy gjoafc vosuhl sjpmostodhtoja hac sjdohl jegfdtovfs. Dj`oak ehdb tj Eoll‟s tmfsos, wf mhvf tj ajtodf mjw, oa tmht t mht prfdosf mostjrodhl pfrojc tmfsf sfatfadfs wfrf helf tj drfhtf h cffp rfnlfdtoja oa Erhzol‟s dulturf. Furjpfhas djasocfrfc tmht pmjtjkfaod hac spfdthdulhr hrdmotfdturf, aj `jrf `jcfra. Jtmfrwosf, wf mhvf hlsj tj strfss tmf nhdt tmht @hx Eoll‟s vosoja os vfry nhr nrj` h pjftod vosoja (hs oa Erhzol)7 hrt os djasocfrfc tmf hpfx jn h pfrnfdt fquoloerou` eftwffa njr`, djastrudtoja hac nuadtoja. Hrdmotfdturf os h sjdohl hrt, tmht mhs tj rfnfr jaly tj mu`ha affcs. Smf puelodhtoja whs njlljwfc ey rfhdtojas oa Erhzol. Ludoj Djsth hddusfs @hx Eoll jn hsporoak tj uacfrsthac Erhzol hntfr h vosot jn nfw chys. Mf strjakly cfnfacs tmf oatfrvfatoja oa Yh`pulmh hs h afdfsshry stfp njr Erhzoloha `jcfraoty oa hrdmotfdturf, cfspotf mos ejurkfjos fssfadf.49 @hx Eoll os dmhrhdtfrosfc ey ha Furjdfatrod vosoja, oa h `j`fat jn pfrdfptoja jn Erhzol hs h pmfropfrodhl pmfaj`faja pmfaj`faja oa dj`phrosja tj tmf `jrf hcvhadfc tfacfadofs. tfacfadofs. Oa Furjpf aj so`olhr pmfaj`fah dha ef dj`phrfc tj Erhzol. [hltfr Krjpous os hajtmfr Furjpfha Hrdmotfdt tmht coc ajt uacfrsthac ht hll tmf oaafr rfhsjas jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf. Oa mos “Ufpjrt ja Erhzol‐, wrotfs hejut mos vosot tj Aof`fyfr mjusf oa Fstrhch cf Dhajhs. Smf pfro`ftfr jn tmf mjusf os dj`plftfly klhssfc hac ha fafrkftod hac soaujus rjjn nljhts ja ejtm oatfrojrs hac fxtfrojrs. Oa tmos mjusf tmfrf hrf rfnfrfadfs oa @ofs (Sukfachmt Mjusf, Eraj) hac [rokmt (Nhlloakwhtfr (Nhlloakwhtfr 48 Mjusf, Efhr Uua) , eut rfsmhpfc uacfr Aof`fyfr‟s vosoja. Oa Krjpous‟ jpoaoja tmos mjusf cjfsa‟t jvfrdj`f tmf prjelf` jn efoak “ajt rfprjcudoelf‐. Hntfr `hay yfhrs Aof`fyfr cfdlhrfc oa ha oatfrvofw tmht Krjpous whs ha ocojt njr tmos sfatfadf45, eut ht tmht to`f t o`f tmf tfasoja hejut hrdmotfdturf whs vfry mjt tj drfhtf h pjlf`od lobf tmos. Hlsj Krjpous prfnfrrfc djatf`pjrhry Ufocy‟s wjrb, eut mos guckf ja Aof`fyfr dha ef djasocfrfc surfly lfss drotod.
Frafstj Ahtmha Ujkfrs rfprfsfatfc tmf `jcfrhtf socf oa tmos drotod, rfsult jn h connfrfat httotucf jn Othloha hrdmotfdturf jn tmjsf yfhrs. Oa phrtodulhr tmjukmt tmht @hx Eoll‟s guckf`fat mhs effa tjj `udm oatrhasokfat, hac rfprfsfat h spfdonod dulturf hac hrtostod ocfh. Smos os tmf jpoaoja ey Othloha corfdtjr jn “Dhshefllh‐7 “Eut hajtmfr Twoss, @hx Eoll, ha hrtost jn krfht sfvfroty jn stylf wmj mhs hlwhys trofc tj ocfatony mos wjrbs wotm tmf jegfdtovf lhws jn `htmf`htods hac kfj`ftry, whs uahelf tj hpprfdohtf tmf `fhaoak jn ha hrt sj connfrfat nrj` mos jwa, fvfa oa tmjsf dhsfs wmfrf tmht njrfoka hrt whs pfrnfdtly sfln-sunnodofat hac djmfrfat hac prjcudfc wjrbs jn uacjuetfc vhluf. Eut ljjboak ht Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf nrj` h phrtodulhr haklf (tmf Twoss, njr fxh`plf) os, oa hay dhsf, tj nhll oatj tmf frrjr jn hestrhdtoja, wmodm lfhcs nhthlly tj tmf fxtrf`f pjlhrotofs jn njr`hlost drotodos`.‐ drotodos`.‐ Frafstj Ahtmha Ujkfrs, “Ufpjrt Ja Erhzol‐, oa “ Smf Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw 7 Njr tmf Hrtost & D rhnts`ha‐, 8?66.
Oa Eoll‟s guckf`fat `hay prfdjadfptojas hac prfgucodfs ja Lhtoa H`frodh hrf fxprfssfc. Ujkfrs jtmfrwosf jtmfrwosf uacfrloafs tmf afdfssoty tj try tj ocfatony wotm Erhzoloha djatfst hac httotucf. Ha hrdmotfdturf tmht oa ha Furjpfha djatfxt wjulc hppfhr oahpprjprohtf nots pfrnfdtly oa tmf dlo`htf hac oa tmf ahturhl djatfxt jn Erhzol44. Hlsj Ujkfrs hc`ots `hay frrjrs oa Aof`fyfr‟s wjrb, eut mf dha‟t cfay mos fxtrhjrcoahry djatroeutoja tj mos djuatry, oa h prfdosf mostjrodhl `j`fat. Njr Ujkfrs, tmf afkhtovf guckf`fat jn h pjftod costhat nrj` Furjpfha hpprjhdm, ot‟s ajt h djrrfdt jpfrhtoja. Ujkfrs tjj vosotfc Aof`fyfr‟s mjusf, hddj`phaofc ey Ludoj Djsth. Jvfrphssoak sj`f tfdmaodhl hac njr`hl `osthbfs, Ujkfrs cfsdroefc h strjak pjftod o`prfssoja jn tmf mjusf jvfrljjboak tmf suasmoaf ja tmf Jdfha 43. Ujkfrs djasocfrfc nuach`fathl tmf rfspfdt tjwhrc h connfrfat pjoat jn vofw oa hrdmotfdturf. Connfrfat, eut ajt lfss rfspfdthelf. Noahlly, ot‟s afdfsshry tj pjoat up Ujkfr‟s hpprfdohtoja njr Ufocy‟s wjrb ht Yfcrfkulmj. Tj`f mostjrohas, hs [olloh` Durtos46, mhvf tmf pfrdfptoja jn h torfcafss tjwhrc Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf oa djaguadtoja wotm tmf djastrudtoja jn Erhsoloh. Oa tmfsf puelodhtojas, tmos sfashtoja os sj`fmjw sj`fmjw hatodophtfc.
Yoftrj @hroh Ehrco‟s norst ossuf jn Mheotht hac Aof`fyfr‟s mjusf oa Uoj (8?64).
@j@H‟T F]MOEOSJA OA 8?667 NUJ@ EUHWOLOHA YFDVLOHUOS_ SJ[HUC H LHSOA DJ@@JA LHAKVHKF
Smf hrdmotfdturhl `jvf`fat `jvf`fat krjwtm oa Lhtoa H`frodh dh`f ehdb tj ef h njdus pjoat njr tmf puelod vofw tmhabs tj tmf httfatoja jn tmf tmf V.T. dulturhl systf` tmht shw oa tmf lhtoa fxpfrofadf fxpfrofadf h pjssoeoloty tj drfhtf h afw dulturhl `jvf`fat njr hll tmf H`frodha wjrlc , dhphelf tj stjp tmf o`prjvf jn tmf sjdohlost dulturf hac sjdofty. Smf pfhb jn tmos rfafwfc oatfrfst dha ef ocfatonofc wotm @j@H‟s fxmoeotoja oa 8?66 ah`fc “Lhtoa H`frodh Hrdmotfdturf soadf 8?36‐, dj``ossojafc ey @jcfra‟s Oatfrahtojahl Yrjkrh` hac jrkhaozfc ey Hrtmur Crfxlfr hac Mfary-Uussfl Motdmdjdb. Smf fxmoeotoja mhc tmf purpjsf tj hahlysf tmf fatorf rfkoja hac ots vhrojus hrdmotfdturhl durrfats, oa h uaoquf fxmoeotoja. Smf uaothry vosoja mhc tmf ho` tj tmfjrozf h dj`phdt `jvf`fat `jvf`fat wotm dj``ja dj``ja rjjts hac so`olhr nfhturfs. Oa tmos jpfrhtoja tmfrf‟s hlsj h cfloefrhtf woll jn okajroak phrt jn tmf dulturhl hac sjdohl dj`plfxoty jn tmos mukf hac nrhk`fatfc djatoafat, efdhusf tmf ho` jn tmf fxmoeotoja whs ajt tj mhvf h dj`plftf vosoja jn hll Lhtoa H`frodh pmfaj`fah, pmfaj`fah, eut tj smjw h prfdosf pfrspfdtovf jvfr ot. Erhzol oa tmos djatfxt os f`elf`htod7 mos mostjry hac mos fvjlutoja jn h ahtojahl hrdmotfdturf dha ef dj`phrfc oa sudm rjukm why tj t j jtmfr djuatrofs. Erhzol rfprfsfats h pfdulohroty oa Lhtoa H`frodh phajrh`h oa phrtodulhr njr mos uaoquf loab tj Lf Djreusofr. Smos hpprjxo`htoja jn h Lhtoa H`frodh vosoja mhs h strjak pjlotodhl rfhsja. VTH oa tmht pfrojc whatfc tj rfoanjrdf tmfor dulturhl mfkf`jay oa tmf H`frodha wjrlc4>. Nrj` tmos oatfatoja cfrovfs tmf cfdosoja tj hahlysf tmf Lhtoa H`frodh tmrjukm h uaonyoak vosoja, v osoja, sfhrdmoak njr dj``ja hspfdts. Motdmdjdb hac Crfxlfr wjrb oa tmos pjlotodhl ehdbkrjuac. ehdbkrjuac. Lhtoa H`frodh hrdmotfdturf mhs ajt tj ef djasocfrfc hs h uaoquf fvfat oa @j@H‟s phajrh`h jn fxmoeotojas. Smf rfsult jn h wjrb jn h cfdhcf oa hahlysoak tmfsf connfrfat hrdmotfdturhl hrdmotfdturhl pmfaj`fah os h twoa fxmoeotoja7 “Euolt oa tmf t mf VTH7 Yjst-[hr Hrdmotfdturf‐ oa 8?654;. Oa tmfsf twj fxmoeotojas wf dha jesfrvf tmf sh`f httotucf oa rfsfhrdmoak uaothry hac dj`phdt `jvf`fat ejtm oa Ajrtmfra tmht oa Tjutmfra H`frodh. Smos httotucf dha ef djasocfrfc ajwhchys h strftdmoak jn tmf rfhloty, eut ht tmht to`f whs usfnul oa tmf prjdfss jn ocfhlozhtoja jn tmf H`frodha dulturhl eljdb. Efdj`f ha oatfrfstoak prjdfss tj hahlysf tmf dmjodf jn fxpjsfc prjgfdts, fspfdohlly on dj`phrfc tj prfvojus fxmoeotoja ey Kjjcwoa. Smf fxmoeotoja sthrts wotm Erhzoloha mostjry, djasocfrfc hs tmf `jst o`pjrthat Tjutm H`frodha ahtoja hac nhtmfr jn Lhtoa H`frodha hrdmotfdturf. Hll suesfqufat fxpfrofadf tmht tjjb plhdf oa tmf surrjuacoaks djuatrofs hrf djasocfrfc hs cfrovfc nrj` Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf, ht lfhst oa tmf efkoaaoak. Smos ocfh os oa phrt djaafdtfc tj Kjjcwoa‟s vosoja, hac ot whs h dj``ja dj``ja hac djanor`fc tmfjry ht tmht to`f. Haywhy tmf twj fxmoeotoja cja‟t mhvf tmf sh`f ho`7 oa tmf jlcfst jaf tmf httfatoja os njdusfc ja tmf njr`hl hac djastrudtovf hahlysos jn tmf Erhzoloha pmfaj`faja, oa Motdmdjdb‟s jaf tmf njdus os tmf rfsfhrdm jn tmf hrdmotfdturf jn h djatoafat. Kjjcwoa, oa Motdmdjdb‟s ocfh, loakfrs ja tmf podturfsquf hac tmf rfdurroak hspfdt jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf (“erosf-sjlfol‐, “hzulfgjs‐). Njr Motdmdjdb tmfsf hrf dlodmï7 “Lhtoa H`frodh Hrdmotfdturf, hpprfmfacfc hs h wmjlf, `hy wfll mhvf sj`ftmoak `jrf tmha h nfw dlodmï jn erosf-sjlfol, smfll vhults hac hzulfgjs tj jnnfr tj tmf rfst jn tmf wjrlc.‐ Motdmdjdb, Mfary-Uussfl. @j@H Lhtoa H`frodh soadf 8?36. @usfu` jn Afw _j rb. 8?66.
Cfspotf tmf fhrlofr o`pjrthadf hnnjrcfc ey Kjjcwoa, Motdmdjdb mhs lottlf tj shy hejut tmf “erosf-sjlfol‐2 mf `fatojas ot jaly twodf. Njr mo` ot os gust h cfvodf, jaf jn `hay tjjls — lobf djljur — tj djatrjl dlo`htod djacotojas. Oa nhdt, mf os helf tj thlb hejut tmf @oaostry jn Fcudhtoja oa Uoj wotmjut `fatojaoak ots nh`jus “erosf-sjlfol‐. Smos wjulc ef o`pjssoelf oa 8?34.
H afw tfacfady dj`plftfly hesjrefc oa tmf fxmoeotoja os tmf cuhloty eftwffa Täj Yhulj hac Uoj. @jcfra hrdmotfdturf oa Erhzol os ajt dordu`sdroefc oa Uoj. Oa Täj Yhulj tmf t mf efttfr dlo`htf jnnfrs lfss `hoatfahadf prjelf` jn surnhdfs (oa `hay dhsf sjlvfc tmrjukm “hzulfgjs‐) hac kfafrhlly Motdmdjdb fvocfadfs h efttfr sthachrc oa tmf quhloty jn tmf noaosmoak.4=Njr Motdmdjdb Yhulosth hrdmotfdturf mhs tmf tfacfady jn efoak lfss Erhzoloha tmha Dhrojdha, `jrf sjefr. Erhzol mhs tmf krfhtfst prfsfadf jn sjlhr-sdrffaoak cfvodfs nrj` djadrftf pfr`hafat “erosf-sjlfol‐ tj `jvhelf wjjcfa ghljusofs tj jpfawjrb sdrffas jn tolfs hac prfdhst djadrftf. Eut oa Täj Yhulj hrdmotfdturf hppfhrs h tfacfady tmht dha ef hsso`olhtfc `jrf tj jtmfr Lhtoa djuatrofs, wmfrf tmfsf flf`fats hrf lfss usfc hac f`pmhsozfc. Oa nhdt, on tmfrf os hay moccfa hkfach oa Lhtoa H`frodha hrdmotfdturf soadf 8?36 ot os prfdosfly tmf cf`jtoja jn tmf Dhrojdha Tdmjjl. Smos os h trodby sotuhtoja njr sudm cjwakrhcoak wjulc hlljw “jtmfr‐ trhcotojas tj dj`f tj tmf njrfkrjuac, eut tmos os ajt Motdmdjdb‟s oatfatoja. Motdmdjdb os ajt djatrhry tj ahtojahl ocoj`s, rhtmfr, mf os ljjboak njr h Vaovfrshl Lhtoa H`frodha ocoj`. Djatrhry tj Aof`fyfr‟s lyrodos`, lyrodos`, njr Motdmdjdb, tmf rfhdtoja mhs ajt effa strjak fajukm. fajukm. Smf httf`pts ja ha haswfr rfkhrcoak tmf huchdoty oa tmf cfsoka jn tmf euolcoak hrf ehlhadfc ey jtmfr quhlotofs hs tmf tfdmaodhl vhluf jn sj`f wjrb. Yrjgfdts ey @jrforh, Erhtbfs hac Efrahrcfs hrf tmf jaf tmht rfnlfdt `jrf h sjntfr hac `jrf cosdoploafc flfkhadf, loabfc `jrf tj @ofs ^ha Cfr Ujmf tmha tj Lf Djreusofr. Smf dmjodf njr Erhzoloha wjrb prfsfatfc ht tmf fxmoeotoja, os jrofatfc (wotm nfw fxdfptojas) tjwhrc wjrb lfss spfdonodhlly Erhzolohas, wotm h phrtodulhr rfkhrc tj strudturhl tfacfadofs (jaf jn tmf nfw Erhzoloha wjrb jn tmos boac os Dhstrj @fllj‟s spjrt dfatrf oa Täj Yhulj, tmht dj`eoafs tmos tfacfadofs tj tmf Erhzoloha djadrftf smflls). Smf rfstrhoafc lyrodhl fxprfssoja jn njr` tmht Motdmdjdb njuac oa tmf smfll vhult wjrbs oa ahtoja lobf @fxodj hac Dueh 4? sfrvfc tj prj`jtf h suetlf eut o`pjrthat hrku`fat oa Motdmdjdb‟s prfsfathtoja7 prfsfathtoja7 tmf Lhtoa H`frodha f`hadophtoja nrj` tmf Dhrojdha (Uoj cf Ghaforj) sdmjjl. Smf guxthpjsotoja jn h `jrf kfj`ftrod hac djatrjllfc smfll fxprfssoja wotm tmf `jrf nluoc hac fxprfssovf njr`s jn wmht mhs effa rfdjkaozfc hs tmf Erhzoloha sdmjjl whs usfnul tj `hrb afw cfvfljp`fats oa Lhtoa H`frodh. Oa tmfsf yfhrs tmf tmf`f jn tmf strudturfs (oa phrtodulhr djadrftf) os oa tmf dfatrf jn tmf oatfrahtojahl cfehtf. Dha ef oatfrfstoak tj rfdhll tmht Yofr Luoko Afrvo, tmf krfht dmhrhdtfr jn tmos pfrojc, whs strjakly oa djathdt wotm Erhzoloha dulturf. Loabfc tj Ehrco, mf vosotfc Täj Yhulj oa 8?69 hac 8?68 (wmfrf mf tjjb h dydlf jn lfssjas hejut strudturfs) hac whs hlsj strudturhl djasulthat njr “Dhsh cf ^ocrj‐ hac tmf @HTY (@usfu` jn hrt jn Täj Yhulj) ey Loah Ej Ehrco. Oa tmf 8?69s nrj` Ehrco hac Afrvo djrrfspjacfadf tmf pjssoeoloty tj jpfa h afw stucoj oa Täj Yhulj ey Afrvo whs sukkfstfc, eut ajt rfhlozfc.39 Motdmdjdb, njr wmht djadfra tmf hrdmotfdtjaod nokurhtoja, coca‟t djasocfr tmf sjlhr fxpjsotoja hs h cftfr`oahat nhdtjr njr tmf eortm jn h Lhtoa hfstmftods. Hddjrcoak tj Motdmdjdb, ot‟s tmf hfrjplhaf, ajt tmf sua hac ots plhstod fxprfssoja oa tmf “erosf-sjlfol‐, tmht usmfrs oa `jcfraoty njr Lhtoa H`frodh. Smf horplhaf, whs ajt sffa hs h `fdmhaodhl jrkhaos`, eut hs ha flf`fat dhphelf tj djaafdt h wmjlf djatoafat hac `jcony mos hrdmotfdturhl lhakuhkf. lhakuhkf. Oa Tjutm H`frodh tmf plhaf whs h vfry usfc trhaspjrthtoja trhaspjrthtoja systf`, efdhusf jn tmf lhdb jn oanrhstrudturfs, hac djasfqufatly tmf connfrfat pfrdfptoja jn tmf tfrrotjry os rfnlfdtfc ja tmf hrdmotfdturf. Smos tmf`f dha ef djasocfr hs h tjpjs jn Tjutm H`frodha hrdmotfdturf, soadf Lf Djreusofr trop oa 8?5>, wmfa mf whs nhsdoahtfc ey tmf nlokmt. Ot os ajt h djoadocfadf tmht Erhsoloh oa mos smhpf rfdhlls h plhaf7 oa tmos rmftjrod tmfrf‟s mos djadfptoja jn tfrrotjrohl jutpjst oa h djuatry oa phrt uacosdjvfrfc38. Smf nhsdoahtoja tj tmf horplhaf os fxplhoafc ey Motdmdjdb, uacfrloaoak ha mostjrodhl connfrfadf eftwffa Erhzol hac jtmfr “wfstfraosfc‐ ahtojas. Oa `hay hspfdt Erhzoloha mostjry cjfsa‟t prfsfat sj`f nuach`fathl nuach`fathl stfps njr jtmfr ahtojas hs tmf dovol whr, tmf drfhtoja jn ha oanrhstrudturf systf` hac tmf oacustrohlozhtoja. Djasfqufatly tmf `jcfraoty mhs ajt tmf sh`f Furjpfha djaajthtojas, h sfco`fathtoja jn fxpfrofadf, jtmfrwosf os oatfrprftfc hs h kfafrhtojahl dmhakf jn rfafwhl jn @jcfra @jvf`fat‟s @jvf`fat‟s tmf`fs. Mostjry hac `jcfraoty hrf covocfc ey Motdmdjdb.
Oa tmf stucy hejut `htfrohls tmht `hbf up tmf prjgfdts, tmf hpprjhdm ey Motdmdjdb os sj`fto`f supfrnodohl7 tmf usf jn rfoanjrdfc djadrftf os fssfatohlly cuf tj tmf hesfadf jn `fthls oa Tjutm H`frodh, eut oa Erhzol tmos nhdt osa‟t truf ht hll. 35 Smf fxmoeotoja mhc h strjak o`phdt oa tmf Afw _jrbfr dulturhl fsthelosm`fat hac drfhtfc h nfrvoc cfehtf rfkhrcoak tmf vhluf jn tmf fxmoeotoja ja h cochdtod hac fcudhtovf hspfdt. Oa tmf hrtodlf puelosmfc ey “Afw _jrb So`fs‐ tmf 5;tm Ajvf`efr 8?66, Hloaf Thhroafa fxprfssfc h strjak oatfrfst ja Motdmdjdb‟s wjrb. Tmf whs nhsdoahtfc ey tmf fxmoeotoja otsfln hac ey tmf efhuty jn Lhtoa H`frodha hrdmotfdturf. Smf wjrbs wfrf fxpjsfc tmrjukm h prfdosf pmjtjkrhpmod survfy tmht ho`fc tj f`pmhsozf tmf fxprfssovf dmhrhdtfr jn hrdmotfdturf. Thhroafa Thhroafa hpprfdohtfc hlsj tmf sft-up jn tmf fxmoeotoja 34 eut drotodozfc tmf lhdb jn fakoaffroak wjrbs , nuach`fathl oa mfr jpoaoja tj tmf dj``ja lhakuhkf jn Tjutmfra H`frodh. Smos drotod os djanor`fc ey Lfwos @u`njrc, tmht wrjtf ja tmf “Afw _jrbfr‐ hejut tmf fxmoeotoja. Mf hlsj drotodozfc tmf supfrnodohl nhsdoahtoja njr soaujus loafs oa Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf. Tpfdonodhlly Tpfdonodhlly mf djasocfrfc Aof`fyfr‟s plhstod vortujsoty hs hreotrhry njr`hl woll, loabfc tj tmf soaklf‟s fxprfssoja hac ajt tmf fvjlutoja jn h djllfdtovf ocfh. Smf jppjsotoja tjwhrc tmf fxmoeotoja njuac nfrtolf krjuac oa tmf lhdb jn djatfxt oa wmodm tmf fxpjsfc prjgfdts wfrf oasfrtfc ey Motmdjdb. Smf prjelf` jn djatfxt os pfrmhps jaf jn tmf `jst ajtodfhelf cfnodofadofs, efdhusf efdhusf hl`jst aj euolcoak whs hddj`phaofc hddj`phaofc ey h djatfxtuhl sotf plha. Smf djllfdtoja jn ureha nhdhcfs ljdhtfc ht tmf fac jn tmf dhthljkuf mhs tmf sh`f cosquoftoak fnnfdt, drfhtoak h djatoaujus nhdhcf tmht kjfs hkhoast tmf jegfdt quhloty jn `jst jn tmfsf euolcoaks hac drfhtfs ha ocfhl Lhtoa H`frodha doty, tmht cjfsa‟t fxost.
Yjstfr jn tmf otoafrhat Fxmoeotoja Lhtoa H`frodha Hrdmotfdturf (lfnt) hac pmjtj jn Dhstrj cf @fllj‟s smfll vhult njr h spjrt nhdoloty (lfnt).
DJADLVTOJAT
" Smf nlorthtoja wotm Lhtoa H`frodha "vothlost" hrdmotfdturf lhstfc tmf curhtoja jn Furjpfha fxpohtoja njr mhvoak dhusfc tmf ljss jn twfaty `olloja mu`ha lovfs. [otm fhrlofr jpto`os` ajw rfstjrfc, ha uausuhl djurt whs sft up oa tmf prfstokojus jnnodfs oa 8?63 jn Smf Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw tj phss ''guckf`fat" (jegfdtovfly, jn djursf) ja Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf.‐ Gjrkf Nrhadosdj Lofraur, “H Afw [jrlc njr tmf Afw T porot7 Swfatoftm-Dfatury Hrdmotfdturf‟s Cosdjvfry jn Lhtoa H`frodh‐, oa “Wjcohd‐, a. =, 8??5.
“Lhtoa H`frodha Hrdmotfdturf fxmoeotoja‐ on ajt rfprfsfats tmf facoak pjoat jn tmos fxpfrofadf jn tmf Erhzoloha `jvf`fat, os ht lfhst njr h ljak to`f jaf jn tmf lhst httf`pts tj hahlysf tmf hrdmotfdturf jn tmf afw wjrlc trjukm h drotod pjoat jn vofw. Lobf wf mhvf gust sffa oa tmf drotoquf jn @u`njrc, oa tmf pfrojc hntfr tmf fxpjsotoja wf dha ajtodf h rosoak krjwtm jn tmf oatfllfdtuhl pjsotojas hkhoast Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf hac ots `hgjr fxpjafats, hlrfhcy prfsfats curoak tmf norst yfhrs jn tmf 69s oa tmf Furjpfha dulturhl cfehtf. Smos afw vosoja hkhoast-fxprfssojaos` jn tmf hrdmotfdturf hac jn hrt oa kfafrhl os kovfa ey h rhcodhl dmhakoak oa tmf why jn tmoaboak hntfr tmf sfdjac wjrlc whr, dmhrhdtfrozfc dmhrhdtfrozfc ey tmf ocfh jn rhtojahloty rflhtfc tj tmf hrt prjdfss, tjthlly hkhoast ha orrhtojahl (jr haywhy `jrf o`pulsovf) hpprjhdm typodhl jn tmf Lhtoa H`frodha hrdmotfdturf. Smf dmhakoak jn guckf`fat prjvjbfc connfrfat rfhdtojas ey tmf hrdmotfdts oatfrfstfc ey tmjsf drotoqufs. Ludoj Djsth oa ha oatfrvofw oa 8?63 hddusfc nor`ly @hx Eoll njr mhvoak h supfrnodohl pjoat jn vofw jn tmf Erhzoloha pmfaj`faja, suppjrtfc suppjrtfc ey tmf nhdt tmht tmf gjurafy jn tmf Twoss wfat ja jaly njr tmrff chys oa tmf doty jn Yh`pulmh. Smf njlljwoak yfhr, Fcjhrcj Kro`hrtfs, Kro`hrtfs, Corfdtjr jn tmf hrdmotfdturhl sdmjjl sdmjjl jn Eflj Mjrozjatf, haswfrfc tj tmf drotoqufs jn Eoll susthoaoak tmht Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf whs `jvoak ja oa hddjrcoak tj rfhdm h dlho` jn h ahtojahl stolf trjukm ha jwa njr`hl rfsfhrdm. 33 Smf `jst oatfrfstoak rfhdtoja tj tmfsf dmhakoak jn tmf kljehl hrdmotfdturhl tmjukmt dha ef ocfatonofc oa tmf t mf `jst nh`jus Erhzoloha hrdmotfdt jn tmht to`f, Jsdhr Aof`fyfr. Oa ha hrtodlf puelosmfc oa 8?6= fatotlfc “Smf sjdohl qufstoja oa hrdmotfdturf‐ mf `hcf h drotoquf jn mos jwa wjrb oa tmf 39s, oa wmodm mf hkrffc wmot `jst jn tmf Furjpfha drotods, sudm hs @hx Eoll jr Ujkfrs. Oa tmht pfrojc Aof`fyfr whs wjrboak ja tmf djastrudtoja jn Erhsoloh, djasocfrfc tmf mokmfst hac `jrf shdrhl `j`fat jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf. Oa tmf cfsoka jn tmf puelod euolcoaks36 tmf proadophl hac afdfsshry oaajvhtoja whs ha fxhspfrhtfc rfsfhrdm jn `jau`fathloty `jau`fathloty tmht ot whs afvfr sffa efnjrf oa Erhzol, oanlufadfc ey plhtjaod sjlocs hac ey surrfhlostod hvhat-khrcf hvhat-khrcf ocfh jn mukf jegfdts oa tmf sphdf jn tmf doty. Oa tmht mostjrodhl `j`fat, mf susthoafc tmht tmf njrdfs jn tmf trhcf sj`fto`fs mhvf pusmfc mo` tj ha fxdfss jn jrokoahloty 3>. Mf cfdlhrfc mo`sfln kuolty jn ha jesfssovf rfsfhrdm oa rfhdmoak ha jrokoahl smhpf, eut mf hlsj uacfrloafc tmf fxpfro`fathl vhluf, kfttoak fakhkfc tj usf tmf prfvojus fxpfrofadfs oa tmf cfsoka jn tmf afw dhpothl. H nuach`fathl fvfat njr tmf fvjlutoja jn tmf t mf hrdmotfdturhl hac ureha Erhzoloha fxpfro`fathtoja whs tmf flfdtoja jn tmf kjvfrajr jn @oahs Kfrhos sthtf Gusdfloaj Bueosdmfb hs pro`f `oaostfr oa 8?66. Smhabs tj mos woll tj rfajvhtf tmf ureha mfrothkf mf khvf tmf pjssoeoloty tj tmf krjwtm jn tmf afw doty jn Erhsoloh, tmht wotmjut hay cjuet rfprfsfats jaf jn tmf `jst o`pjrthat hrdmotfdturhl fxpfro`fat fxpfro`fat oa tmf aoaftffa dfatury7 h njuachtoja jn h afw doty ehsfc ja tmf `jcfra `jvf`fat ocfhs. Bueosdmfb ah`fc Aof`fyfr hs cfphrt`fat mfhc jn ureha hac hrdmotfdturhl cfvfljp`fats, lfhvoak tj mo` tmf rfspjasoeoloty tj djatrjl tmf ureha krjwtm jn tmf doty hac tmf cfsoka jn tmf puelod euolcoaks. Oa jrcfr tj drfhtf tmf ureha plhaaoak mf jrkhaozfc h dj`pftotoja oa 8?6> wmfrf tmf prjgfdts httfacffs wfrf sue`ottfc ey h gury dj`pjsfc ey Erhzoloha hrdmotfdts hac fakoaffrs. Smf woaafr jn tmos dj`pftotoja whs Ludoj Djsth wotm mos prjpjshl tj euolc h doty njlljwoak h `hoa hxf ajrtm-sjutm trjukm h djastrudtoja jn ha ureha mokmwhy tmht loabfc tmf
rfsocfatohl supfreljdbs plhdfc hljak ot. Smfsf corfdtojahloty whs erjbfa ey hajtmfr jaf kjfs nrj` fhst tj wfst, hljak tmht wmfrf ljdhtfc tmf puelod euolcoaks. “Ot os ejra ey tmf norst hdtoja tmht fvfryjaf cj wmfa ljdhtfs h plhdf hac thbf ots djatrjl7 twj hxfs tmht drjss tmf`sflvfs wotm h rokmt haklf, drfhtoak tmf drjss sy`ejl . Smos whs hchptfc tj tmf tjpjkrhpmy, tj tmf ahturhl sljpf jn tmf krjuac hac tj tmf efst jrofathtoja7 tmf fxtrf`otofs jn jaf jn tmfsf hxfs wmfrf efacfc, drfhtoak h `hrb tmht dha ef wrottfa oa h trohaklf fquolhtfrhl tmht cfnoafs hrfh tmht mhs tj ef urehaozfc.‐ [. Mjlnjrc, “Erhsoloh‐, oa “Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw‐, vjl.855, 8?6;, p. 4?3
Jevojusly Erhzoloh rhosfc h krfht cfehtf hejut tmf rjlf jn tmf eok dotofs hac djatf`pjrhry hrdmotfdturf, so`olhr tj tmf Mhuss`haa jaf wmfa mf drfhtfc tmf afw Yhros ht tmf fac jn aoaftffa dfatury, efdhusf jn tmf uaahturhl `ftmjc jn plhaaoak tmht whs hcjptfc hac njr h vosoja jn tmf nuturf tmht dotofs jn `jcfra njuachtoja lobf Erhzoloh djulc mhvf. Efnjrf h pfrojc oa wmodm wjrlc mhs sff`fc tj ljjb oa jtmfr corfdtojas rfspfdt tmha oa Tjutm H`frodh, Erhsoloh mhs effa tmf lhst `j`fat jn Erhzoloha kljry hntfr tmf whr. Ot os sokaonodhat tmht oa Othly (hltmjukm tmf trfac wjulc fvfatuhlly prjvf mokmly oanlufatohl oatfrahtojahlly), Lfjahrcj Efafvjlj cfvjtfc cfvjtfc h wmjlf dmhptfr tj Lhtoa H`frodh, dj`plftfc wotm tmf usuhl prhosf njr Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf, oa mos “Ttjroh cfll'Hrdmotftturh @jcfrah‐ puelosmfc oa 8?>9. Smf wjrc prjajuadfc ey @hx Eoll mhc effa haswfrfc, lobf wf mhvf gust shoc, ey Djsth, Aof`fyfr hac hll tmf Erhzoloha `jvf`fat trjukm tmfor jwa wjrcs. Eut fvfa `jrf o`pjrthat os tmf nhdt tmht t mht h kfafrhtoja jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdts (njr fxh`plf Tfrkoj Efrahrcfs hac Gjhj Nolkuforhs) afvfr thlbfc corfdtly hejut tmf drotoquf jn Eoll, eut tmfy wjrbfc curoak tmfor dhrrofrs mhvoak oa `oac tmf njdus pjoats uacfrloafc ey tmf Twoss. Oa 8?6=, h drudohl yfhr njr tmf Erhzol ahtoja, Tfrkoj Efrahrcfs whs oa dmhrkf tj cfsoka tmf Erhzol Yhvoloja oa tmf wjrlc fxpjsotoja jn Eruxfllfs. Ot‟s ajt jn sfdjachry o`pjrthadf tmf nhdt tmht Aof`fyfr whs wjrboak oa Erhsoloh, hac tmos dj``ot`fat dj``ot`fat coca‟t pfr`ot mo` tj cfsoka Erhzoloha Yhvoloja oa Eflkou`. Haywhy prjehely njr tmf norst to`f tmf jtmfr trfac oasocf Erhzoloha rfhloty whs fquhlozfc tj tmf “hdhcf`od‐ jlc jaf, pusmfc hlsj ey oatfrahtojahl tfacfadofs. Eruxfllfs‟ Fxpjsotoja smjwfc h vodtjry jn Yhvolojas dmhrhdtfrozfc ey h strjak strudturhl vhluf. Oa tmfsf pfrspfdtovf tmf Erhzoloha jaf whs cfdosovfly hlokafc wotm tmf oatfrahtojahl trfac, ajt rfprfsfatoak h phrtodulhr oaajvhtoja, eut afotmfr ha jutchtfc stylf euolcoak3;. [mot tmos lhst sokaonodhat fxpfrofadf wf dha cfdlhrf noaosmfc tmf “dlhssod hkf‐3= jn tmf Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf. Hll tmf Lhtoa `jvf`fat cuf tj tmf efacoak jn tmf pjlotodhl sotuhtoja oa tmf djatoafat curoak tmf >9s, suspfacoak tmf cfehtf hejut tmf fxpfrofadf jn tmf hrdmotfdturf hac wotm tmf djasfqufadf cosdussoja hejut tmf nuturf rjlf tmht hrdmotfdturf smjulc mhvf oasocf tmf tjthlothroha rfko`fs tmht wfrf rosoak. Njr hrdmotfdturhl mostjrohas, Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf whs tmf pfrojc nrj` tmf @oaostry jn Mfhltm hac Fcudhtoja tj Erhsoloh. Hltmjukm tmf pfrojc jn cosdussoja wfat nhr efyjac tmf 8?>9 tmfy t mfy okajrfc nurtmfr cfvfljp`fats oa Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf hntfr tmf djastrudtoja jn tmf afw dhpothl. [mfa “Erhzol Euolcs‐ mhc jpfafc oa 8?34, tmf jpto`os` tjwhrcs tmf rjlf tmht Erhzoloha hrdmotfdturf whs kjoak tj plhy oa tmf t mf pjst-whr pfrojc whs phrt jn tmf kfafrhl jpto`os` tjwhrcs wmht whs rfkhrcfc hs h afw pjwfr. Hntfr nfw yfhrs, sff`fc tmht Erhzol coca‟t dmjjsf (jr rfhlozf) tj ef h wjrlc pjwfr, pfrmhps efdhusf oatfrahtojahl djacotoja coc ajt hlljw njr afw ahtoja tj fatfr oa tmf rhab jn wjrlc pjwfr ahtojas. Hs Erhzol‟s prj`oafadf oa tmf wjrlc co`oaosmfc, sj coc ots hrdmotfdturf oa tmf oatfrahtojahl sdfaf. Djlc whr wjrlc dfhsfc tj ljjb ht Erhzoloha pmfaj`faja njr `hay yfhrs. 3?
YoljtYlhanjrErhsolohoa8?6=hacotsdjatf`pjrhryEfrah YoljtYlhanjrErhsolohoa8?6=hac otsdjatf`pjrhryEfrahrcfs‟phvolojahtEruxfllfs‟Fxpj rcfs‟phvolojahtEruxfllfs‟Fxpjsotoja. sotoja.
Hakjtto-shlkuforj, Mflohah. “@hrdfl KhutmfrjtAhUfvosth@ôculj—FashojsNjtjkrènodjs,O`hkfas KhutmfrjtAhUfvosth@ôculj—FashojsNjtjkrènodjs,O`hkfasCj Erhsol 7 Ch Dulturh @htfrohl F O`htfrohl É Hrquotfturh 8.‐ (5983) L‟Hrdmotfdturfc'Hugjurc'muo 84-83.8 84-83.8 (8?3;) Eljd, Hacrí 2 ft hl. “Erísol.‐ L‟Hrdmotfdturfc'Hugjurc'muo Dhrrhazh, Luos F., hac Nfrahacj Luoz Lhrh. “@hxEollDrotoqufjntmfTäjYhuljEofahl. “@hxEollDrotoqufjntmfTäjYhuljEofahl.‐‐ @jcfraHrdmotfdturfoa LhtoaH`frodh7Hrt,Sfdmajljky,hacVtjpoh.. Vaovfrsoty jn Sfxhs Yrfss, 5986. LhtoaH`frodh7Hrt,Sfdmajljky,hacVtjpoh Dhvhldhato, Kuocj. [mfaErhzol[hs@jcfra,KuocftjHrdmotfdturf8?5=-8?>9 [mfaErhzol[hs@jcfra,KuocftjHrdmotfdturf8?5=-8?>9.. Fc. Yroadftja Hrdmotfdturhl Yrfss. Afw _jrb., 5994. Djacfllj, Haafttf. “YOFSUJ @HUOH EHUCO - SMF ^ODHUOJVT HUDMOSFDS 7 SMF O@YJUSHSOJA JN OSHLOHA NVSVUOT@ SJ EUHWOL.‐., 5993. Durtos, [olloh` G. U. L‟hrdmotftturh@jcfrahChl8?99.,599>. Cf Tjush-Lfäj, G. “Erhzol7SmfEhdbkrjuac.‐Smfhrdmotfdturhlrfvofw 7njrtmfhrtost&drhnts`ha 6>; (8?33)7 Cfh`erjsos, Nfcfrodj.“LFDJUEVTOFU,EVFAJTHOUFTFLH^ODFACHCFLYLHACOUFDSFV Nfcfrodj.“LFDJUEVTOFU,EVFAJTHOUFTFLH^ODFACHCFLYLHACOUFDSFVU U F CFLL‟FYEH.‐ Lf DulturfcfllhSfdaodh 5> DulturfcfllhSfdaodh 5> (5986) Cfl Ufhl, Yhtrodoj. -“Euolcoak hDjatoafat.‐ hDjatoafat.‐ GjurahljnLhtoaH`frodhaDulturhlTtu GjurahljnLhtoaH`frodhaDulturhlTtucofs cofs 8>.8 (599;)7 ?6 —889. [fe. -. “Oatrjcudtoja hac Eoelojkrh Eoelojkrhpmy pmy Lhtoa H`frodh Vacfr Djastrudtoja soadf 8?36.‐ (5986)7 5?>—484. Yroat. Kjjcwoa, Ymolop. “@j@H Jpfaoak.‐ (8?34) Kjjcwoa, Ymolop, hac K. Boccfr-T`otm. ErhzolEuolcsHrdmotfdturfAfwhacJlc8>65-8?35 ErhzolEuolcsHrdmotfdturfAfwhacJlc8>65-8?35.. 8?34. Motdmdjdb, Mfary-Uussfl. @j@HLhtoaH`frodhsoadf8?36 @j@HLhtoaH`frodhsoadf8?36.. @usfu` jn Afw _jrb. 8?66. Lf Djreusofr. YrïdosojasTurVaÏthtYrïsfatcfL‟hrdmotfdturfftcfL'urehaos`f YrïdosojasTurVaÏthtYrïsfatcfL‟hrdmotfdturfftcfL'urehaos`f.. Ïcotojas D. Yhros8?49. Lfvo, Uoaj. “Dhsh Tha Yhjlj.‐ "Cj`us" 56= 56= (8?68) ---. “Sfhtrj h Tha Yhjlj.‐ "Cj`us" 56? 56? (8?68) Lofraur, Gjrkf Nrhadosdj. “H Afw [jrlc njr tmf Afw Tporot7 Swfatoftm-Dfatury Hrdmotfdturf‟s Cosdjvfry jn Lhtoa H`frodh.‐ Wjcohd H`frodh.‐ Wjcohd = = (8??5) Lofraur, Gjrkf Nrhadosdj, hac Dhrljs Fcuhrcj Dj`hs. “Fatrhadf C Yrflucf7 H Ufkoja oa @jtoja.‐ (5986)
@hrtoaos, Ujefrth. “Yofr Luoko Afrvo F Yoftrj @hroh Ehrco 7 Va ‟ H`odozoh , Cuf Djatoafato.‐ (599=) Xufzhcj Cfddbfr, Wolhm. “Erhzol Euolt. Smf Hrdmotfdturf jn tmf @jcfra @jvf`fat oa Erhzol‐(5998) Ufocy, Hnnjasj Fcuhrcj. “Ol Xuhrtofrf Yfcrfkulmj h Uoj cf Ghaforj.‐ "Cj`us" 563 563 (8?68) Ujkfrs, Frafstj Ahtmha ft hl. “Ufpjrt Ja Erhzol.‐ Smfhrdmotfdturhlrfvofw 7njrtmfhrtost&drhnts`ha (8?66) Thato, Dhrlj. “Jsdhr Aof`fyfr, Vaj Srh O Yro`o Hrdmotftto Cfllh Krhacf Hddhcf`oh @jcfrah.‐ "Cj`us" 566 566 (8?68)
Njjtajtfs 8
Gjrkf Nrhadosdj Lofraur oa “H Afw [jrlc njr tmf Afw Tporot7 Swfatoftm-Dfatury Hrdmotfdturf‟s Cosdjvfry jn Lhtoa H`frodh.‐ Wjcohd = (8??5)
5
Smf ocfh jn frfdtoak h `jau`fat oa mjajur jn Djlu`eus oa Thatj Cj`oakj efdj`fs uaovfrshlly hddfptfc curoak tmf 8?54 dflferhtoja jn tmf Nontm Oatfrahtojahl Djanfrfadf jn H`frodha Tthtfs oa Dmolf, wmfa ot os cfdrffc tmht tmos `jau`fat smjulc ef euolt oa djjpfrhtoja ey hll kjvfra`fats hac pfjplfs jn H`frodh. Smos rfprfsfat h rhrf `j`fat jn Yhah`frodhaos` jn tmf mostjry. Tdjttosm hrdmotfdt Gjsfpm Lfh Klfhvf wja tmf dj`pftotoja wotm h Afj-@hyh stylf prjgfdt h`jak 366 phrtodophats nrj` 3= djuatrofs. Smf dfrf`jay whs mflc oa Erhzol oa 8?48, hac tmf guckfs oadlucfc costoakuosmfc hrdmotfdts sudm hs Mjrhdoj Hdjsth y Lhrh (Vrukuhy), Flofl Thhroafa (Noalhac), hac Nrhab Lljyc [rokmt (VTH). Eut, ey 8?69 jaly fokmt djuatrofs mhc `hcf djatroeutojas tjthloak lfss tmha $86,999, yft tmf Cj`oaodha kjvfra`fat njrkfc hmfhc wotm tmf prjgfdt, hac oa 8?3= tmf njuachtojas jn tmf `jau`fat wfrf oahukurhtfc. Hntfr 8?3= tmfrf whs krjwoak oastheoloty oa tmf djuatry hac tmf pjlotodhl sotuhtoja `hcf ot o`pjssoelf tj rfsu`f djastrudtoja uatol 8?=>. 4
Gjrkf Nrhadosdj Lofraur oa “H Afw [jrlc njr tmf Afw Tporot7 Swfatoftm-Dfatury Hrdmotfdturf‟s Cosdjvfry jn Lhtoa H`frodh.‐ Wjcohd = (8??5)
3
Kuocj Dhvhldhato oa [mfaErhzol[hs@jcfra,KuocftjHrdmotfdturf8?5=-8?>9.Fc.YroadftjaHrdmotfdturhlYrfss.
Afw_jrb.,5994. 6
Smf sj dhllfc ^hrkhs Frh (Frh ^hrkhs) os tmf pfrojc oa tmf mostjry jn Erhzol eftwffa 8?49 hac 8?36, wmfa tmf djuatry whs uacfr tmf lfhcfrsmop jn Kft÷loj Cjrafllfs ^hrkhs. ^hrkhs sjukmt tj eroak Erhzol jut jn tmf Krfht Cfprfssoja tmrjukm sthtost-oatfrvfatojaost pjlodofs. Mf shtosnofc tmf cf`hacs jn tmf rhpocly krjwoak ureha ejurkfjos krjups, vjodfc ey tmf afw (tj Erhzol) `hss-ocfjljkofs jn pjpulos` hac ahtojahlos`. Lobf Ujjsfvflt, mos norst stfps njdusfc ja fdjaj`od sto`ulus. >
Jrokoahlly ey Lf Djreusofr hntfr tmf dhll ey tmf Erhzoloha `oaostfr Dhphaf`h oa djjpfrhtoja wotm h krjup jn ljdhl hrdmotfdturf, tmha cfvfljpfc ey Djsth hac Aof`fyfr.
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Kuocj Dhvhldhato oa [mfa Erhzol [hs @jcfra, Kuocf tj Hrdmotfdturf 8?5=-8?>9. Fc. Yroadftja Hrdmotfdturhl Yrfss. Afw _jrb., 5994. =
Oa tmf fhrly 8?49s, ht tmf rfqufst jn Hlnrfc Ehrr, Motdmdjdb djllhejrhtfc wotm Ymolop Gjmasja hac Lfwos @u`njrc ja "@jcfra Hrdmotfdturf7 Oatfrahtojahl Fxmoeotoja" ht tmf @usfu` jn @jcfra Hrt (8?45), tmf fxmoeotoja tmht prfsfatfc tmf afw "Oatfrahtojahl Ttylf" hrdmotfdturf jn Furjpf tj ha H`frodha hucofadf. Motdmdjdb hac Gjmasja's dj-hutmjrfc ejjb “Smf Oatfrahtojahl Ttylf7 Hrdmotfdturf Toadf 8?55‐ whs puelosmfc so`ulthafjusly wotm tmf @j@H fxmoeot.
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Yrfsocfat Nrhabloa Cflhaj Ujjsfvflt tjjb jnnodf cftfr`oafc tj o`prjvf rflhtojas wotm tmf ahtojas jn Dfatrhl hac Tjutm H`frodh. Vacfr mos lfhcfrsmop tmf Vaotfc Tthtfs f`pmhsozfc djjpfrhtoja hac trhcf rhtmfr tmha `olothry njrdf tj `hoathoa stheoloty oa tmf mf`ospmfrf.
89
Ymolop Kjjcwoa hac K. Boccfr-T`otm. Erhzol Euolcs Hrdmotfdturf Afw hac Jlc 8>65-8?35. 8?34. Yp.59
88
Dhacocj Yjrtoahro (8?94-8?>5) mhs effa jaf jn tmf `jst o`pjrthat hac oanlufatohl Erhzoloha hrtost. Oanlufadfc ey Yodhssj hac ey Cofkj Uovfrh‟s @urhlos`, efkua h ljak djllhejrhtoja wotm Jsdhr Aof`fyfr nrj` tmf 49s.
85
Smf hrtodlf ey Boccfr-T`otm os ah`fc “Smf Hrdmotfdts hac tmf @jcfra sdfaf‐.
84
Smf hrtodlf ey Jsdhr Aof`fyfr Tjhrfs os ah`fc “Df quo `haquf h ajtrf hrdmotfdturf‐, pp. 89
83
Smos sfdtoja jn tmf Nrfadm `hkhzoaf `h khzoaf os ha fxtrhdt nrj` Lf Djreusofr‟s “Juvrf Dj`plftf‐. Smf sflfdtfc prjgfdt oa tmos erofn mostjry jn erosf-sjlfol hrf7 ^ollh h Dhrtmhkf 8?5=, Yrjgft cf ljtossf`fat oa Ehrdfljah 8?44, @hosja ljdhtovf (8?44) hac Dotí cfs Hnnhorfs (8?4=-35) oa Hlkfr, Vaotí c‟Mheothtoja oa @hrsfollf 8?36-3;. 86
Ujefrtj Eurlf @hrx (8?9? —8??3) mhs effa h lhacsdhpf hrdmotfdt hac hrtost tmht rfprfsfatfc h afw trfac oa tmf cfsoka jn khrcfas hac puelod sphdfs oa tmf Erhzoloha @jcfra @jvf`fat. Oa tmos hrtodlf ey L‟Hrdmotfdturf c‟Hjugjurc‟muo os dflferhtfc mos wjrb oa khrcfa cfsoka hs pfrnfdt djuatfrphrt hac ehdbkrjuac jn afw Erhzoloha
`jcfra euolcoaks. Eurlf-@hrx usf mhr`jaojus durvfc loafs, whtfr, hac trjpodhl djljurfc nljrh tj oatrjcudf h sfasf jn rflhxhtoja hrjuac euolcoaks. 8>
@@@ Ujefrtj whs jaf jn tmf `jst o`pjrthat jnnodfs jn tmf Erhzoloha @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf. Smos nor` whs njr`fc ey erjtmfrs @hrdflj Uoj (8?9= - 8?>3), @oltja (8?83-8?64) hac @hurodoj Ujefrtj (8?58-8??>). Smfor HEO euolcoak (Tfcf ch Hssjdohëäj Erhsolforh cf O`prfash) oa Uoj euolt oa 8?46 khvf tmf` oatfrahtojahl nh`f. 8;
“Aof`fyfr puath, ch krhacf hrtosth, corftth`fatf sullh suh nhathsoh pfrdmï drfcf afllh loefrté cfll‟hrtf. Tu qufsth strhch í dfrtj nhdolf sdjanoahrf afll‟hreotrhroj (…). Hllf vjltf l‟fatusohs`j f ol suj oasjccosnhttj eosjkaj co aujvj lj pjrthaj h prjvhrf, dj`f afl prjkfttj pfr ol tfhtrj prfssj ol @oaostfrj co Uoj cf Ghaforj njr`f co uah plhstodoté hreotrhroh f vjlkhrf, hadmf sf hpphojaj thl`fatf j`jkfaff f djasfkufato ch trjvhrf oa sf stfssf ua dfrtj nhsdoaj ehrjddj.‐ Dhrlj Thato oa "Cj`us" 566.
8=
“Aof`fyfr, hnnhsdoahtj chllf oanoaotf pjssoeoloté f chllh `hllfheoloté cfl df`fatj hr`htj, dja ua fatusohs`j hl co nujro ch quhlsohso sdfttodos`j, vfrh`fatf ch pjpjlj kojvhaf, tfath lf poÿ strhjrcoahrof njr`f plhstodmf.‐ Dhrlj Thato oa "Cj`us" 566. 8?
“Yfr rospjacfrf f phrtfdophrf hllh voth cfllh dj`uaoté klo fconodo co Aof`fyfr, noahl`fatf, mhaaj eosjkaj co flf`fato cfdjrhtovo‐ Dhrlj Thato oa "Cj`us" 566.
59
Smf cfnoaotoja jn Dhrojdha Tdmjjl mhs mos jrokoa oa tmos yfhrs. @hroj cf Hacrhcf, Erhzoloha pjft hac drotod shoc tmht “Smf norst sdmjjl, jr wmht dha ef lfkoto`htfly dhllfc "sdmjjl" jn `jcfra hrdmotfdturf oa Erhzol, whs tmf jaf oa Uoj cf Ghaforj, wotm Ludoj Djsth hs ots proadophl rfprfsfathtovf‐. @hroj cf Hacrhcf, 8?34 (8?=9, p. 5>) H sokaonodhat oatfllfdtuhl sudm hs @hroj cf Hacrhcf sff`s tj mhvf effa tmf norst Erhzoloha tj dmhrhdtfrozf tmf krjup jn hrdmotfdts oa hdtovoty oa Uoj cf Ghaforj hs h "sdmjjl," oa tmf sfasf jn ha hrdmotfdturhl djadfptoja tmht pjssfssfs njlljwfrs. "Erhzoloha Tdmjjl' "Dhrojdha Tdmjjl' hac "Norst Ahtojahl Ttylf oa @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf," wfrf sj`f jn tmf lhefls hssokafc tj tmf hrdmotfdturf prhdtosfc oa Erhzol `jrf jr lfss eftwffa tmf cfdhcf jn 8?49 hac tmf yfhr jn 8?>9. (Tfkhwh Mukj. Hrdmotfdturf jn Erhzol7 8?99-8??9).
58
Yoftrj @hroh Ehrco (Lh Tpfzoh, 8?99 — Täj Yhulj, 8???) whs ha Othloha hrt drotod djaafdtfc tj Nhsdost Ufko`f, prfvojusly corfdtjr nrj` 8?44 jn Xuhcrhatf hrdmotfdturf `hkhzoaf. Smos gjurahl rfprfsfatfc tmf hestrhdt rhtojahlost durrfat jn Othloha @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf, drotod hejut Yohdfatoao‟s ocfh jn Uhtojahlost Hrdmotfdturf oa tmf Nhsdost Yfrojc. Oa 8?44 mf norst fadjuatfrfc Lhtoa H`frodh, prjpjsoak tmf Othloha Uhtojahlos` oa tmf fxmoeotoja “Hrdmotftturh Othlohah c‟Jkko‐ oa Eufajs Horfs. Curoak tmht trop, mf vosotfc hlsj Täj Yhulj njr tmf norst to`f.
55
Loah Ej Ehrco (Uj`h 8?83- Täj Yhulj 8??5) prfvojusly wjrbfc nrj` tmf 39s oa Koj Yjato‟s stucoj oa @olha hac oa "Cj`us" `hkhzoaf hs Cfputy Corfdtjr.
54
Smf njuachtoja jn tmf Oastotutf jn Djatf`pjrhry Hrt (OHD) ht @HTY, lfc ey Yoftrj hac Loah Ej Ehrco, whs hlsj h vothl oaotohtovf ja tmf prjdfss jn hrts hac oacustrohl prjcudtoja `jcfraozhtoja oa tmf djuatry, fspfdohlly oa Täj Yhulj. Smfrf, eftwffa 8?68 hac 8?64, Furjpfha tfhdmfrs hac lfdturfrs hs @hx Eoll djllhejrhtfc oa tmf trhoaoak jn prjnfssojahls dhphelf jn cfsokaoak jegfdts dj`phtoelf wotm tmf oacustrohl dulturf.
53
Mheotht whs puelosmfc nrj` 8?69 tj 8?>6 hac ots norst 86 ossufs mhc Yoftrj hac Loah Ehrco‟s fcotjrohl sokahturf. Mheotht‟s fcotjrohl prjgfdt provolfkfc connfrfat hrfhs jn tmf dulturhl noflc. Smf `hkhzoaf trofc tj eroak dljsfr tmf hrts tj tmf jrcoahry lonf, prjpjsoak h afw rjlf tj `jcfra sjdofty. Ht tmht to`f, ot whs o`pjrthat tj uacfrsthac tmf afw Erhzoloha oacustrohl sdfahroj hac ots pjssoeolotofs hac oa nhdf jn tmht Mheotht prfsfatfc hac eflofvfc tmf hrts, hrdmotfdturf hac oacustrohl cfsoka nrj` h rhtojahlostod pfrspfdtovf. (@jcfra cfsoka `ffts Lhtoa H`frodh7 tmf rjlf jn pojaffroak cfsoka/ H`jro` Yhtrodoh, Dhvhldhato ^orkoaoh)
56
“Dhsh h Täj Yhulj‐ "Cj`us" 56=, 8?68.
5>
Loah Ej Ehrco, wrjtf Yjato oa 8?64, os “fhraoak mfrsfln h plhdf oa `jcfra hrdmotfdturf. Hac tmf ”klhss mjusf‟ mhs tj ef rhabfc hs h `hgjr tmf`f jn `jcfra hrdmotfdturf. Tmf os h drfcot ejtm tj Erhzol wmodm mhs `jtovhtfc mfr hac tj Othly wmodm fcudhtfc mfr.‐ "Cj`us", Jdtjefr 8??4.
5; 5=
Smf Hrdmotfdturhl Ufvofw 7 Njr tmf Hrtost & Drhnts`ha, 6>; (8?33).
Dhsh cf Dhajhs, cfsokafc oa 8?68 hac noaosmfc oa 8?64.
5?
Yfcrfkulmj rfsocfatohl dj`plfx os prjehely tmf `jst o`pjrthat Erhzoloha prjgfdts oa tmf fhrly 8?69s. Ljdhtfc ajt nhr nrj` cjwa tjwa Uoj, tmf prjgfdt whs djadfovfc hs mjusoak njr ljw-oadj`f doty wjrbfrs. Ot whs oatfacfc tj prjvocf ajt jaly smfltfr, eut hlsj sfrvodfs hac nhdolotofs tmht wjulc mflp o`prjvf o`prjvf rfsocfats‟ mheots hac dustj`s. Oa tmf smhpf, mf dlfhrly rfdhll Lf Djreusofr‟s prjgfdts njr Hlkofrs hac Uoj. 49
Luos F. Dhrrhazh hac Nfrahacj Luoz Lhrh, ”@hx Eoll Drotoquf jn tmf Täj Yhulj Eofahl‟, oa @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf oa Lhtoa H`frodh7 Hrt, Sfdmajljky, hac Vtjpoh (Vaovfrsoty jn Sfxhs Yrfss, 5986). 48
Kuocj Dhvhldhato, [mfa Erhzol [hs @jcfra, Kuocf tj Hrdmotfdturf 8?5=-8?>9 , fc. ey Yroadftja Hrdmotfdturhl Yrfss (Afw _jrb, 5994). 45
“Va kojraj, `jlto haao nh, pjrtho l‟hrdmotfttj tfcfsdj [hltfr Krjpous h vosothrf lh `oh Dhsh chs Dhajhs, uah dhsh dmf hvfvj prjkftthtj f djstruotj afllh njrfsth dmf cj`oah Uoj cf Ghaforj f dmf so trjvh su ua tfrrfaj sdjsdfsj vfrsj ol `hrf. F Krjpous, cjpj hvfrlh vosth, `o so rovjlsf dja qufstf phrjlf7 “Lh suh dhsh í `jltj efllh, `h aja í `jltoplodheolf‐. @o sf`erõ ua‟oadrfcoeolf stupochkkoaf! “Tf hvfsso vjlutj uah dhsh `jltoplodheolf‐ rospjso “l‟hvrfo djstruoth su ua tfrrfaj pohafkkohatf‐. Uo`hso `jltj stupotj ch qufl puatj co vosth sjprhttuttj pfrdmï dmo lj fspro`fvh frh ua pfrsjahkkoj cfll‟oatfllokfazh co [hltfr Krjpous. @h ol djadfttj frh heehsthazh dmohrj, oa rfhlté. Tpfssj, afl djrsj cfklo haao mhaaj sdrottj dmf ol `oj lhvjrj hachvh poÿ afllh corfzojaf cfllh sdulturh dmf cfll‟hrdmotftturh. Aja `o sjaj `ho jnnfsj. Lf djatfsthzojao aja `o jnnfacjaj, hazo. Tjaj ahturhlo. Shlvjlth, lf drotodmf sjaj koustf. Yfrõ oj lh pfasj covfrsh`fatf. Tf so nhaaj jpfrf oa sfrof, ropftotovf, aja so í hrdmotftto, `h jpfrho7 f qufstj pfrdmï, chl `oj puatj co vosth, l‟hrdmotftturh í oavfazojaf, f, oa quhatj oavfazojaf, í hrtf.‐ Jsdhr Aof`hyfr oa “Ol `jacj í oakoustj‐, @olhaj, 5985. Ufspfdt tmha tmf Othloha trhaslhtoja tmf jrokoahl fxprfssoja os dlfhrly `jrf fxplodot7 “Tuh dhsh ï `uotj ejaoth, `hs aäj ï `ultoplodèvfl‐. Yfasfo7 quf nolmj ch puth!‐ oa Thulj @olfto —“Xuhacj Jsdhr Aof`fyfr `hacju j nuachcjr ch Ehumhus h `frch.‐
44
Ujkfrs oatrjcudf tmf so`olotucf jn h Erhzoloha korl puttfc nrj` Djphdhehah tj ha Hlpoaf klhdofr tj uacfrloaf mos ocfh.
43
“[mfa O vosotfc tmf mjusf O whs wotm Ludoj Djsth, wmj hntfr mhvoak effa djasocfrfc njr `hay yfhrs hs tmf Hllhm jn Erhzoloha hrdmotfdts, cfdocfc (oa (o a h kfsturf jn uamfhrc-jn hac, pfrmhps, fxdfssovf `jcfsty, tj efdj`f Jsdhr‟s @jmh`fc, mos `jst cfvjut hac kfafrjus prjpmft. O cjuet tmht O smhll fvfr njrkft tmht sdfaf7 tmf sua whs gust coppoak efljw tmf mjrozja, lfhvoak us oa h chrb sfh jn jrhakf, vojlft krffa hac oacokj. Smf mjusf rfpfhtfc tmf tmf`fs jn tmht jrkohstod djuatrysocf.‐ Frafstj Ahtmha Ujkfrs oa “Ufpjrt Ja Erhzol.‐- Smf hrdmotfdturhl rfvofw 7 njr tmf hrtost & drhnts`ha (8?66). 46
Shlboak hejut Erhsoloh‟s cfvfljp`fat7 “Lf njr`f dmf afklo haao quhrhath hvfvhaj `jstrhtj uah quhldmf vothloté, sthvhaj dj`oadohacj h rovflhrf sfkao co sthadmfzzh‐. [olloh` Durtos, L‟hrdmotftturh @jcfrah Chl 8?99, 599>. Y.698.
4>
Ot‟s afdfsshry tj rfdhll V.T.H. oatfrvfatoja oa Kuhtf`hlh oa 8?637 oa tmjsf yfhrs tmf httfatoja jn V.T. kjvfra`fat njdusfc ja tmf Tjutm jn tmf djatoafat.
4;
@jrf prfdosfly tmf fxmoeotoja njlljwfc prfvojus hrdmotfdturhl survfys jrkhaozfc ey @j@H sudm hs @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf oa 8?45 ey Motdmdjdb hac Ymolop Gjmasja2 Euolt oa tmf VTH7 8?45— 8?33 jrkhaozfc oa 8?33 ey Flozheftm E. @jdb hac Ymolop Kjjcwoa, hac Euolt oa tmf VTH7 Yjst-whr Hrdmotfdturf jrkhaozfc oa 8?64 ey Crfxlfr hac Motdmdjdb.
4=
Mfary-Uussfl Motdmdjdb, @j@H Lhtoa H`frodh soadf 8?36 , @usfu` jn (Afw _jrb, 8?66). Yp.4>
4?
Oa @fxodj, tmf wjrb jn Nflox Dhacflh os smjwa ey tmf DOEH lhejrhtjrofs jn 8?64, h gjoat prjgfdt wotm Hlfghacrj Yroftj, hac h whrfmjusf prjgfdt (stoll uacfr djastrudtoja — hac oasfrtfc oa tmf oatrjcudtjry fsshy jn tmf dhthljkuf), ejtm oa @fxodj Doty. Smf `udm dflferhtfc Dhacflh dmurdm jn Lh ^orkfa @olhkrjsh jn 8?64 oa @fxodj Doty whs ajt oadlucfc, `udm tj tmf coseflofn jn tmf Afw _jrb So`fs drotod Hloaf Thhroafa. Oa Dueh os prfsfatfc @hx Ejrkfs‟s Srjpodhah Aokmt Dlue jn 8?65, oa Mhvhah. Smf pjwfrnul fxprfssoja jn Ejrkfs‟s smflls rfnfrs tj h nuadtojahl hfstmftods djatrjllfc ey tmf rhtojahloty jn `htmf`htods tmht dmhllfakfs tmf plhstod fxprfssoja jn tmf soakulhr drfhtovf-kfaous hrdmotfdturf jn Aof`fyfr. 39 38
Ujefrth @hrtoaos, @hrtoaos, ”Yofr Luoko Afrvo F Yoftrj @hroh Ehrco 7 Va ‟ H`odozoh , Cuf Djatoafato‟, 599=, 8>3 —>6.
[olloh` G. U. Durtos, L‟hrdmotftturh @jcfrah Chl 8?99, 599>.
35
Yhtrodoj cfl Ufhl, ”Oatrjcudtoja hac Eoelojkrhpmy Lhtoa H`frodh Vacfr Djastrudtoja soadf 8?36‟, 5986, 5?>—484.
34
Oa “^frs Vaf Hrdmotfdturf‐, oa 8?5=, Lf Djreusofr hlrfhcy oasfrtfc ha o`hkf jn fakoaffroak strudturf oa Tjutm H`frodh. Smf o`hkf jn krhoa soljs oa Eufajs Horfs whs rftjudmfc tj rf`jvf tmfor dul`oahtoak trohakulhr pfco`fats. (Gfha Ljos Djmfa oa “Sjwhrc ha Hrdmotfdturf‐‟s oatrjcudtoja.)
33
Dhrrhazh, Luos F., hac Nfrahacj Luoz Lhrh. “@hx Eoll Drotoquf jn tmf Täj Yhulj Eofahl.‐ Oa @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf oa Lhtoa H`frodh7 Hrt, Sfdmajljky, hac Vtjpoh. Vaovfrsoty jn Sfxhs Yrfss, 5986.
36
Oa tmf plhaaoak jn tmf nuturf dhpothl doty, Ludoj Djsth whs fssfatohlly cfsokafr jn tmf `hstfrplha, Aof`fyfr hrdmotfdt jn tmf `hoa puelod euolcoaks hac Ujefrtj Eurlf-@hrx `hoa lhacsdhpf cfsokafr.
3>
Dhrrhazh, Luos F. hac Nfrahacj Luoz Lhrh. “@hx Eoll Drotoquf jn tmf Täj Yhulj Eofahl.‐ Oa @jcfra Hrdmotfdturf oa Lhtoa H`frodh7 Hrt, Sfdmajljky, hac Vtjpoh. Vaovfrsoty jn Sfxhs Yrfss, 5986.
3;
Ljdhtfc oa h vhllfy, Erhzoloha phvoloja‟s sljw rh`p kuocfc tmf vosotjrs cjwa tj h trjpodhl khrcfa cfsokafc ey Ujefrtj Eurlf-@hrx tmht whs djvfrfc ey h tmoa djadrftf `f`erhaf suppjrtfc ey njur `fthllod djlu`as. Smf tmf`f jn tmf phvoloja whs “H afw [fstfra dovolozhtoja oa tmf trjpods‐. Oa tmf `occlf jn tmf rjjn `f`erhaf whs h dordulhr jpfaoak hac h lhrkf hor ehlljja. Ja suaay chys tmf ehlljja whs lfnt tj rosf hejvf tmf phvoloja. Ja rhoay chys tmf ehlljja wjulc ef pullfc cjwa tj noll tmf jpfaoak, tmf whtfr nhlloak ja ots surnhdf tj h whtfr thelf tmht whs phrt jn tmf khrcfa efljw.
3=
Hddjrcoak tj Kuocj Dhvhldhato oa [mfa Erhzol [hs @jcfra, Kuocf tj Hrdmotfdturf 8?5=-8?>9, tmos pfrojc kjfs nrj` tmf sfdjac mhln jn tmf 49s tj tmf djastrudtoja jn Erhsoloh.
3?
Oa 5986, @j@H‟s fxmoeotoja “Lhtoa H`frodh oa Djastrudtoja7 Hrdmotfdturf 8?66—8?=9‐ trofs tj hahlysf tmjsf tmht njr ljak to`fs mhvf effa chrb yfhrs njr tmf Tjutm H`frodha Hrdmotfdturhl pmfaj`fah. Ja tmf >9tm haaovfrshry jn tmht o`pjrthat smjw, tmf @usfu` rfturas tj tmf rfkoja tj jnnfr h dj`plfx jvfrvofw jn tmf pjsotojas, cfehtfs, hac hrdmotfdturhl drfhtovoty eftwffa 8?66 hac tmf fhrly 8?=9s. Lhtoa H`frodh oa Djastrudtoja7 Hrdmotfdturf 8?66—8?=9 eroaks tjkftmfr h wfhltm jn jrokoahl `htfrohls tmht mhvf afvfr efnjrf effa erjukmt tjkftmfr hac, njr tmf `jst phrt, hrf rhrfly fxmoeotfc fvfa oa tmfor mj`f djuatrofs. Smf fxmoeotoja os jrkhaozfc ey Ehrry Efrkcjll, Durhtjr, hac Yhtrodoj cfl Ufhl, Durhtjrohl Hssosthat, Gjrkf Nrhadosdj Lofraur, Dhrljs Fcuhrcj Dj`hs.
