2
Ethical Considerations in Research
Veracity/Accurate Analysis and Reporting (obligation to tell the truth, notto lie or deceive others)
Privacy (obligation (obligation to maintain the state or condition of limited access toa person)
Anonymity and Condentiality (obligation not to divulge informationdiscovered informationdiscovered !ithout the permission of the sub"ect)
#idelity (obligation to remain faithful to one$s commitments, !hich includes %eeping promises and maintaining condentiality)
&nformed consent (see%ing permission to the person/guardian)
'o arm (obligation not to inict harm/endanger harm/endanger either physical orpsychological or socially)
Voluntary Participation
Avoiding *eception ( reveal real purpose of the research)
B.
RESEARCH METHODSMethods in Criminological Research +
*escriptive method (to describe systematically a situation or area of interestfactually and accurately)2
istorical method (to reconstruct the past ob"ectively and accurately, oftenin relation to the tenability of a hypothesis)-
Case and #ield method (to study intensively the bac%ground, current status,and environmental interactions of a given social unit).
Correlational method (to investigate the etent to !hich variations in onefactor correlate !ith variations in one or more other factors based oncorrelation coe0cient)1
Causal comparative or 34 post facto5 method (to investigate possible cause and e6ect relationships by observing some eisting conse7uences andloo%ing bac% through the data for plausible causal factors) 8
4perimental method (to investigate possible causeande6ect relationshipbet!een t!o or more treatment conditions and comparing the results to a control group(s) not receiving the treatment9 3:hat !ill happe n5)
Types of Criminological Research +
Action Research (to develop ne! s%ills or ne! approaches and to solveproblems !ith direct application to the !or%place or other applied setting)2
;urvey (descriptive) Research (to %no! of interest 3!hat is59 typically employs 7uestionnaires and intervie!s to determine attitudes, opinions,preferences, and perceptions of interest to the researcher)
Closeended
>pen ended
>bservational Research (collecting direct information about human behavior).
istorical Research (investigating documents and other sources that contains facts that eisted in the past9 3:hat !as5) 1
4valuation Research (to study processes and procedures for theimprovement of a system)
Types of Criminological Research According to Prpose +
4ploration (to develop an initial, rough understanding of a phenomenon)
?ethods@ literature revie!s, intervie!s, case studies, %ey informants
2
*escription (precise measurement and reporting of the characteristics of thepopulation or phenomenon)
?ethods@ census, surveys, 7ualitative studies-
4planation (!hy 3&s the case5 or 3&s the relationship5)
?ethods@ eperimental
!aria"les are the conditions or characteristics that the researchermaniplates# controls# or o"ser$es. %&ndependent !aria"le# Dependent!aria"le# Moderator !aria"le'
Hypothesis %()ise gess*' +ll hypothesis, alternati$e hypothesis %operational hypothesis' Sorces of information +
Related Biterature (boo%s, maga=ine)2
Related Reading (legal documents, memos)-
Related ;tudies ("ournals, thesis, dissertation).
ey informants1
Artifacts8
>ther material evidences
C.
-R&T&+ THE RESEARCH REPORT
APA format ma/es se of parenthetical citation %old format se latincitations D
i"id, op. cit , or loc cit and endnotes or footnotes'PARTS O0 A RESEARCH PAPER %THES&S'A.
Preliminary Pages
Co$er page
Appro$al Sheet
A"stract
Ta"le of Contents
1ist of Ta"lesChapter 2 &ntrodction
Eac%ground of the ;tudy (includes signicance of thestudy)
Conceptual frame!or%
Fhe Problem and hypotheses)
Chapter 3 Method and Procedres
Research design
Population (includes scope and delimitation of the study)
*atagathering procedures
*ata gathering tools (includes the description of theresearch instruments, Validity and Reliability of theinstruments)
;tatistical tools
Chapter 4 &nterpretation and Analysis of 0indings
Presentation of data
Analysis and &nterpretation
*ra!ing implications out of the research ndings
Corroboration from related sources of information
Chapter 5 Conclsions and RecommendationsB.
Appendices %References# forms6tools. Crriclm !itae'
.
D.
STAT&ST&CSSampling refers to the method of choosing s"7ects in a particlar stdy.
There are t)o "asic approaches to sampling8 Pro"a"ility %systematic,randomi9ed' and +on pro"a"ility sampling' +
Probability sampling (simple random, stratied random, cluster,systematic intervals)2
'onprobability (convenience, 7uota, purposive or "udgmental, sno!ball)
1e$els of Measrement %a process that employs rles to assign nm"ers tophenomena'
'ominal (observations are categori=ed or sorted based on denedproperties9 each category is distinct, mutually eclusive, and ehaustive4 Gender, Religious A0liation, College ma"or, hair color, birthplace,nationality, tribe)
>rdinal (scores or observations are ran%ed in order !ithout distancebet!een individuals 4 Age group !hen ran%ed, ;ocio4conomic;tatus,Bevel of Conict)
&nterval (!ith e7ual intervals bet!een numbers !here there is noabsolute absence of the attribute because =ero is assigned andrepresents an arbitrary point 4 Femperature, &< score)
Ratio (this is in contrast to interval !here there eist an absolute absenceof the attribute or rational =ero 4 Age, height, !eight, length of time)
Common Statistical Tools
#or sample si=e, ;lovin$s 9 Parten$s #ormula
#or reliability test, splithalf method9 ;pearmanbro!n prophesy Cronbach$s coe0cient alpha
#or the test of validity@ standardi=ed tool9 pass through the panel ofeperts9 used in other studies
Sorces of Measrement Errors
4nvironmental factors
Researcher factors
&nstrumentation factors
;ub"ect factors
T)o categories of :antitati$e Data Analysis
*escriptive ;tatistics Fhese ;tatistical methods !hich summari=e,organi=e, and describe data, providing an organi=ed visual presentation ofthe data collected 4 ?easures of central tendencies (?ean, medianmode) and measures of variability (range, inter7uartile range, variance,semi7uartile range, and standard deviation)
&nferential ;tatistics Fhese are statistical techni7ues used to estimate orpredict a population parameter from a sample statistic
