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NOTES ON CRIMINALISTICS PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
Criminalistics = Is the application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in conn the administration of justice. = Also referred to as Forensic Science or Police Science. The word forensic was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a “mar a place where people gathered for “public discussion” . When it is used in conjunction sciences it simply connotes the idea of application to law or for the administration Sometimes it is also referred to as “legal”.
Dr. Hans Gross = An Australian magistrate to described Search for Truth as the ultimate investigative and detective works. He is known as the Father of Modern Criminalistics
A. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION “Law of Multiplicity of Evidence” The greater number of similarities or dissimilariti greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct. A lphons e Berti B ertillion llion = Father of Personal Identification. The first to devise a scientif of identification called Anthropometry. A fingerprint fingerprint was first used in in China before the the birth of of Christianity. Christianity. They called called it
I. Personalities in Fingerprints: 1. Nehemiah Grew (1684) – (1684) – describes describes the ridges and pores of the hands and feet (Philoso Transaction) presented in Royal Society of London, England. 2. Govard . Bibloo – Bibloo – works works on the sweat pores and ridges. 3. Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694) – Professor – Professor at the University of Bolognia, Italy, known fo discovery of the Epidermis and Dermis layer. Written the book entitled “De Exte rno Tac Organo” Father of Dactyloscopy. Sign never up to vote on this titlein two pers 4. J.C.A. Mayer (1788) – (1788) – the the first to state that fingerprints are duplicated Anatomiche Anatomiche Kuphertafeln). Kuphertafeln). Useful Not useful 5. Johannes Purkenjie (1823) – Professor – Professor at the University of Breslau, Germany. Establis certain role for classification and be able to identify nine (9) types of pattern although ne
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Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose – the – the two Hindu po who have help Henry in attaining his goal. 11. Juan Vucetich – Vucetich – A A Spanish counterpart of Henry who developed his own system of clas in Argentina and was accepted in almost all Spanish Speaking country.
IN AMERICA Gilbert Thompson = a geologist in New Mexico, adopted the first individual use of fin august 8, 1882 as a protection to prevent tampering with the pay order. Isaiah West Tabor = Photographer in San Francisco who advocated the use of the sy the registration of the immigrant Chinese. Samuel Langhorne Clemens = An Englishman who informally introduced Dactylosco United States in his book “ Life in the Mississippi” and “ Pupp n Head Wilson”. Francis Galton Dr. Henry p De Forest = Utilized the first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for Crimina Registration on December 1902 (Mun. Civil Service Comm., New York). Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate the first state and penal use of fingerprint adopted SingSing prison on June 5, 1903 later on Auburn Napanoch and Clinton Penitentiaries. Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier = First fingerprint instructor at St. Louis Police Dept. Misso Maj. R. Mc Cloughry = warden of the Federal Penitentiaries of Leaven Worth. Estab first official National Government use of fingerpprint. Mary K. Holand = first American instructress in dactyloscopy. FBI = identification unit herein was officially established by an act of congress in 192 Institute of Applied Science = First private school to install laboratories for instruction in dactyloscopy. People vs. Jennings, Dec. 21, 1911 = United States leading case wherein the first co based on fingerprint was recognized by the judicial authorities (14 points).
IN THE PHILIPPINES Mr. Jones = one who first taught FP in the Phils. (1900) Bureau of Prison = (1968) CARPETAS fingerprint was used. Generoso Reyes – Reyes – First First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by P.C. Isabela Bernales – Bernales – first first Filipina Fingerprint Technician Capt. Thomas Dugan, New York Police Dept. and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI Washingto Sign up votePhils. on this title the first examination in FP in 1927 and Agustin Patricio oftothe Top the Exam People of the Phils. Vs. Medina- First conviction base Fingerprint and leading cas Useful on Not useful in the Phil. Jurisprudence (10 points). Plaridel Education Institute (PEI) now known as Phil. College of Criminology, first gov
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Dermatoglyphics = is the science which deals with the study of skin pattern. It is derived Greek words, Derma which means Skin and Glype which means Carve.
Basic Principles of Fingerprint 1. Individuality No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on Statistic Probability) 2. Infallibility That fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of identification. It cannot be be easily 3. Constancy or permanency That the friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement will remains the same thr man’s life.
Fingerprints Is an impression design by the first joint of the fingers and thumb on smooth surface the media of ink, sweat or any substance capable of producing visibility.
Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint: 1. Chiroscopy – Chiroscopy – ( Greek word “ Cheir” – a hand, “Skopien” –to – to examine) is the science wh with the study of the prints of the palms of the hand. 2. Podoscopy – Podoscopy – ( Greek word “Podo” – the – the foot, and Skopien – to – to examine)is the science w deals with the study of the footprints. 3. Poroscopy – Poroscopy – (Greek word “poros” – a pare, and “Skopien” – to examine) is the scientific the arrangement of the sweat pores. (Edmond Locard- Father of Poroscopy)
Phalange = is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. It is made up of three bones. a. Basal or proximal phalange – it – it is located at the base of the finger nearest the pa b. Middle phalange = the next and above the basal done. c. Terminal phalange = the particular bone covered with friction skin, having all types of fingerprint patterns and it is located near the tip of the finger. – is an epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of the Friction Skin – is feet covered with ridges and furrows.(Also called as Papillary skin ). Components of the Friction Skin Sign up to vote on this title 1. Ridge surface a. Ridge – Ridge – the the elevated or hill like structure/ the black white dots. Useful with Not useful lines tiny b. Furrow – Furrow – the the depressed or canal like structure/ the white space between ridges.
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– destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary or perm Ridge Destruction – destruction Generally temporary destruction occur when only the epidermis layer of the friction skin has damage, while permanent damage can be injected to the friction skin due to damage to the layer.
General Rules on Ridge Destruction a. Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary, – temporary, dermis – dermis – permanent permanent damage. b. Cut == a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute permanent scar. The Fingerprint Patterns 1. The Arch (5%) a. Plain Arch (A) – (A) – is is a pattern in which the ridges flows from one side to the other side slight raise at the center. b. Tented Arch (T) – (T) – is is a type of pattern having either an angle, uptrust or an incomplet form. 2. The Loop (60%) Elements of loop 1. A core 2. A delta 3. A sufficient Recurve 4. At least one Ridge count a. Radial Loop (RH=/. LH=\) is a type of loop pattern in which which the slanting or looping rid towards the thumb finger. b. Ulnar Loop (RH=\, LH=/) is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridg towards the little finger. 3. The Whorl (35%) Basic Elements of Whorl 1. Two or more Deltas 2. At least one complete circuiting ridge a. Plain Whorl (W) At least one circuiting circuiting ridge ridge is touched or crossed by the imaginary line trav between the two deltas. b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl No circuiting ridge ridge within the pattern area is touched or cross by an ima Sign up to vote on this title drawn between the two deltas. c. Double Loop Whorl Useful Not useful 1. Two separate loop formation 2. Two Separate and distinct shoulder
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5. Enclosure or Lake ridge – ridge – a a single ridge that divides into two but does not remain open at a certain point to form the original single ridge. 6. Ending ridge – ridge – it it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge
7. Type lines – lines – is is a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves as a boundary of fingerprint impression.
8. Pattern Area – Area – is is a part of a loop of whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines and cons the delta, the core and other ridges. 9. Recurving ridge – ridge – a a single ridges that curves back to the direction where it started.
10. Sufficient Recurve – Recurve – a a recurving ridge which is complete with its should and free from an appendage. 11. Appendage – Appendage – is is a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve
12. Rod or Bar – is – is a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards the c
13. Obstruction ridge – ridge – is is a short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the inner line o towards the core.
The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points) 1. The Delta (also called the outer terminus ) is a point along a ridge formation found at or near the center of the diverging type lines. 2. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner terminus) usually found at the cente innermost recurve.
Types of fingerprint impression 1. Rolled Impression – Impression – are are fingerprint impression taken individually by rolling each finger fr side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint. 2. Plain Impression – Impression – are are impression made by simultaneously pressing the finger to the ca Sign up to vote on this title a reference to classification.
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Basic Instrument in taking prints: 1. Ink Slab – Slab – is is a metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for purpose
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2. Blocking-out – is – is the process if placing under each pattern the letter symbols re their pattern interpretation prior to the actual classification formula. 3. CLASSIFICATION FORMULA a. Primary Division. Always represented by a numerical value assigned patterns depending on what finger they appear. Arch and and Loop are are non-numerical non-numerical patterns. patterns. A, T, / \ = Zero Zero (0) Whorl patterns.(WCDX) Finger 1 and 2 Right Thumb and Right Index (16) Finger 3 and 4 Right middle and Right Ring (8) Finger 5 and 6 Right little and Left Thumb (4) Finger 7 and 8 Left Index and Left middle (2) Finger 9 and 10 Left Ring and Left Little (1)
The sum of the numerical value assigned to even number of finger represent the and the sum of the assigned value to odd number represent the denominator Plus the pre-e fraction of l/1 to complete the primary. b. Secondary – Represented – Represented by Capital and small letter combination based interpretation made during the blocking. Capital letter – letter – derived derived from the index fingers which can be (A, T, U, R, W, C, D or X). Small letter – letter – derived derived from the thumb, middle, ring and little fingers. It only includes the radial loop (r), plain arch (a) and tented arch (t). c. Sub-secondary Division – derived – derived by ridge counting of loop and ridge Tracing of whorl found at the index, middle ring fingers only. c.1 Ridge Counting of Loop Index Finger 1 to 9 Ridge Count 10 or more =0 Middle Finger 1 to 10 Ridge Count 11 or more Ring Finger 1 to 13 Ridge Count 14 or more =0
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c.2 Ridge Tracing of Whorl Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing goes above or inside the right delta and
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17 or more = L d.3 Arch = dash (-)
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23 or more = L
e. Final Division (derived from the little fingers only). e.1 Loop and Whorl are both subject subject to ridge counting. Radial or Ulnar Plain or Central pocket loop Whorl = will be treated as an ulnar loop. Double loop Whorl – Whorl – get get the ridge count of the top loop Accidental Accidental Whorl = get the least least ridge ridge count. e.2 Arch = dash (-)
f. Key Division = derived by getting the ridge count of the first (l) loop except fingers. In the absence of the loop, the first whorl will will be ridge counted for the
Reference Classification Formula = is an additional formula serve as a reference in case of prints. Place the bottom of the classification formula. Latent Prints = prints found at the scene of the crime. Types of latent prints 1. Visible prints = are those prints which are readily visible to the naked eye. It can either Molded prints or Prints made by contamination with colored substance. 2. Invisible prints = prints that are generally made by sweat sweat or perspiration that requires for visibility.
Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at the Crime Scene a. Subject Factor b. Nature of the surface c. Climatic Condition
Methods of Developing Prints: 1. Dusting Method = considered as the simplest and traditional methods used in de prints at the scene of the crime. (Use of Powder and Brush) 2. Rolling Method = basically used in developing prints in paper done by by simply rolli Sign up to vote on this title paper with powder spreading in its surface. 3. Fuming Methods = done by using chemical fumes Iodine and Ammonium Usefulas Not useful such 4. Silver Nitrate method – method – done done by spraying a 5 percent solution of silver nitrate to t of the paper.
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