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c ! "" #! $! "" !" $ %" & %' !& $ $ $ ! % ( Two Theories in Criminal Law 1. The classical theory 2. Positivist theory Characteristics of CT 1. The basis of CL is human free will and the purpose of the penalty is retribution. 2. The man is essentially a moral creature with an absolutely free will to choose between god and evil, thereby placing more stress upon the effect or result of the felonious act that upon the man, the criminal himself. 3. It has endeavored to establish a mechanical and direct proportion between crime and penalty. 4. There is a scant regard to the human element. ) ` # * + + $$ ! $ " + " ++ ' ! + " !
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$ -rench rule - Such crimes are not triable in the courts of that country, unless their commission affects the peace and security of the territory or the safety of the state is endangered. English rule - Such crimes are triable in that country, unless they merely affect things within the vessel or they refer to the internal management thereof. - ` ` `-- `` 4 # $ +& ! , ,% " 7 8 9 $ %, "$ 7 8,& ,% "" & 7 8 ! $ ! ! + " $ ! $, $ ! " & ! ! ."& & " + &$ ' .. ' "" .! ' " -elonies ð Are acts and omissions punishable by the revised penal code. Elements of felonies: 1. That there must be an act or omission. 2. That the act or omission must be punishable by the Revised Penal Code. 3. That the act is performed or the omission incurred by means of Dolo or Culpa. Act ð
Any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the external world, it being unnecessary that the same be actually produced, as the possibility of its production is sufficient.
Omission
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Is meant inaction, the failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
Classification of felonies: 1. Intentional -elonies ð The act or omission of the offender is malicious. 2. Culpable -elonies ð The act or omission of the offender is not malicious. ð Unintentional. Imprudence- indicates a deficiency of action. Negligence ð indicates a deficiency in perception. Requisites of dolo 1. -REEDOM ± without this, he is no longer a human being but a tool 2. INTELLIGENCE ± necessary to determine morality of human acts 3. INTENT ± to commit the act with malice Mistake of fact ( ? ?? ð Misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused injury to another. Requisites: 1. Act done would have been lawful had the facts been accused believed them to be 2. Intention should be lawful 3. Mistake should be without fault or carel essness on the part of the accused. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea ³ the act itself does not make a man guilty unless his intention were so´ Actus me invite factus non est meus actus ³an act done by me against my will is not my act´
Requisites of culpable -aelonies: 1. -REEDOM ± without this, he is no longer a human being but a tool 2. INTELLIGENCE ± necessary to determine morality of human acts 3. He is IMPRUDENCE, NEGLIGENCE, LACK O- -ORESIGHT OR SKILL while doing the act or omitting to do an the act.
[ ? [ ?? ° Mala in se ± wrongful in nature; inherently immoral (i.e. rape, theft, murder There must be criminal intent Mala Prohibita ± wrong merely because prohibited by statute; punished by special law (i.e. illegal possession of firearm s it is sufficient if the prohibited act was intentionally done Good faith and absence of criminal intent are not valid defenses in crimes punished by special laws Motive and Intent ° Motive ± moving power which impels one to action for a definite result Relevant if identity of accused is in dispute Existence however is not sufficient proof of guilt ° Intent ± purpose to use a particular means to effect such result °
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. + + + %' " ! ! +, % " +! & " ! +% " $:& "" & @ ± he who is the cause of the cause is the cause of the evil caused. Error in personae -a mistake in the identity of the victim
Means that there is a rational connection between the act of the accused and the resulting injury or damage.
Impossible Crimes ± commission is indicative of a criminal propensity or tendency on the part of the actor. Requisites of IC 1. Act is an offense against persons/property 2. With evil intent 3. Accomplishment is inherently impossible or means employed is either inadequate or ineffectual. 4. Act should not constitute a violation of another provision of the RPC
Aberratio ictus - misateke in the blow Praeter intentionem - injuries result in greater than that intended. Requisites of PAR 1: 1. Intentional felony has been commmited. 2. Wrong done to the aggrieved party be the direct, natural and logical consequence of the felony committed by the offender. Proximate cause that cause, which, in natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause produces the injury, and without which the result wo uld not have occurred Natural ð Refers to an occurrence on the ordinary course of human life or events Logical
-elonies against persons are: a. Parricide b. Murder c. Homicide d. Infanticide e. Abortion f. Duel g. Physical Injuries h. Rape -elonies against property: a. Robbery b. Brigandage c. Theft d. Usurpation e. Culpable insolvency f. Swindling and other deceits g. Chattel mortgage
h. Arson and other crimes involving destruction i. Malicious mischief. 6
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3. The court should not suspend the execution of the sentence 4. The judge should submit a statement to the CE, through the secretary of justice, recommending executive clemency. ;
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" % $ % ' $ $ + " ! " * & ! !!&$+ $& !" %,% " & $ ! ! ! + &$ Stages of execution: Consummated felony ð When all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present. -rustrated felony ð The offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the wil of the perpetrator. Elements: 1. Offender performs all acts of execution 2. All the acts would produce the felony as consequence 3. But felony is not produced 4. By reason or cause independent of his will Attempted felony ð When the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other that his own spontaneous desistance.
Elements: 1. The offender commences the commission of the felony directly by overt acts. 2. He does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony 3. The offender¶s act is not stopped by his own spontaneous desistance 4. The non performance of all acts of execution was due to cause or accident other than his spontaneous desista nce. Overt acts ð Some physical activity or deed, indicating the intention to commit a particular crime, more than a mere planning or preparation, which if carried to its complete termination following its natural course, without being frustrated by external obstacles nor by the voluntary desistance of the perpetrator, will logically and necessarily ripen into a concrete offense Indeterminate offense ð Where the purpose of the offender in performing an act is not certain. Subjective phase ð The proportion of the acts constituting the crime, starting from the point where the offender begins the commission of the crime to the point where he has till control over his acts, including their natural course.
the felony consequence.
a and does not perform all the acts of execution.
+ $<9 & $ +, The evil intent of the offender is not accomplished. The evil intent is It cannot be possible of accomplished accomplishment Prevented by the The means employed by intervention of certain the offender is cause or accident in inadequate or which the offender had ineffectual. no part. How to determine whether it is A, - or C? 1. The nature of the offense 2. The elements constituting the felony 3. The manner of committing. =
# .! " +& ! , % ! !% ! , & $' ! ! * + " ! $ . + + + % Light -elonies ð Those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both, is provided.
Development of crime: 1. Internal acts ±mere ideas in the mind of a person 2. External acts a. Preparatory acts b. Acts of execution. 9 & $" % + $9 % Offender has not accomplished his criminal purpose The offender performed Merely commences the all the acts of execution commission of a felony which would produce directly by overt acts
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L- punished by RPC 1. Slight physical injuries 2. Theft 3. Alteration of boundary remarks 4. Malicious mischief 5. Intriguing against honor.
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Requisites of conspiracy: 1. That 2 or more persons came to an agreement. 2. That the agreement concerned the commission of a felony 3. The execution of the felony be decided upon. Conspiracy punished by law: 1. to commit treason (also proposal 2. to commit coup d¶état, rebellion or insurrection (also proposal 3. to commit sedition 4. in monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade Requisites of proposal: 1. A person has decided to commit a felony. 2. That he proposes its execution to some other person/persons. ? è
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Classification of felonies acc to their gravity 1. Grave felonies 2. Less grave felonies 3. Light felonies Afflictive Penalties o o o o o
Reclusion perpetua Reclusion temporal Perpetual/temporary absolute disqualification Perpetual/temporary special disqualification Prison mayor
Correctional penalties o o o o
Prison correccional Arresto mayor Suspension Destierro
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! + A 9 c2 ABc c ABc C CDB-9B B c Imputability ð Is the quality by which an act may be ascribed to a person as its author or owner. Responsibility ð The obligation of suffering the consequences of crime. Imputability Implies a deed may be imputed to a person
Responsibility Implies that the person must take the consequence of such a deed.
Guilt - an element of responsibility, for a man cannot be made to answer for the consequences of a crime unless he is guilty.
Justifying circumstances - are those where the act of a person is said to be in accordance with law, so that such perosin is deemed not have transgressed the law and is free from both criminal and civil liability.
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-? ? ! ? ? "? #$ ?? ? ? ? Requisites of self-defense 1. Unlawful aggression 2. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it. 3. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself. 2 kinds of aggression 1. Lawful 2. Unlawful Unlawful aggression ð Equivalent to assault or at least threatened assault of an immediate and imminent kind. Perils to one¶s life 1. Actual - that the danger must be present, that is, actually in existence. 2. Imminent - that the danger is on the point of happening. The reasonableness of the ne cessity depends upon: 1. Necessity of the course of action taken. a. Place and occasion of the assault considered. 2. Necessity of the means used. The test of reasonableness of the means used: 1. The nature and quality of the weapons 2. Physical condition, character and size. 3. Other circumstances considered. 3RD requisite considered present: 1. When no provocation at all was given to the aggressor by the person defending himself. 2. When, even if a provocation was given, it was not sufficient
3. When, even if the provocation was sufficient, it was not given by the person defending himself.
Sufficiency of provocation 1. Means should be proportionate to the act of aggression 2. Adequate to stir the aggressor to its commission. Battered woman ð Who is repeatedly subjected to any forceful physical or psychological behavior by a man in order to coerce her to do something he wants her to do without concern for her rights. Cycle of violence 1. The tension-building phase ð Verbal or slight physical abuse or another form of hostile behavior. 2. The acute battering incident ð Brutality, destructiveness and sometimes, death. 3. The tranquil, loving phase.
% ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? $ $? ? Relatives that can be defended 1. Spouse 2. Ascendants 3. Descendants 4. Legitimate, natural or adopted brothers and sisters or relatives by affinity in the same degrees. 5. Relatives by consanguinity within the 4 th civil degree. Requisites of defense of relatives:
1. Unlawful aggression 2. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it. 3. In case the provocation was given by the person attacked, the one making a defense had no part therein.
& ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Unlawful aggression 2. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it. 3. The person defending be not induced by revenge, resentment, or other evil motive. Strangers ð Any person not included in the enumeration of relatives mentioned in par2 of this article.
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? ! " ?( ?? "? " ? ? ? Requisites: 1. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists. 2. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it. 3. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
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? ? ? ? Requisites: 1. That the accused acted in performance of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office. 2. That the injury caused or the offense committed be the necessary consequence of the due performance of duty or lawful exercise of such right or office. Doctrine of self help Art. 429. The owner or lawful possessor of a thing has the right to exclude any person from the enjoyment and disposal thereof. -or this purpose, he may use such force as may be reaso nably necessary to repel or prevent an actual or threatened unlawful physical invasion or usurpation of his property.
* ? ? ? ? Requisites: 1. That an order has been issued by a superior 2. That such order must be for some lawful purpose. 3. That the means used by the subordinate to carry out said order is lawful.
Exempting circumstances ð Are those grounds for exemption from punishment because there is wanting in the agent of the crime of the conditions which make the act are voluntary or negligent.
Basis: ° on complete absence of intelligence, freedom of action, or intent, or on the absence of negligence on the part of the accused. )
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? ? ? ?? ? ? , Exempt in all cases from criminal liability
% Not so exempt if it can be shown that he acted during lucid interval.
Imbecile ð one who, while advanced in age, has a mental development comparable to that of children between 2 and 7 years of age. ð Within Art 12 one who is deprived completely of reason or discernment and freedom of the will at the time of committing the crime. Insanity ð There is a complete deprivation of intelligence in committing the act, that is, the accused is deprived of reason, he acts without the least discernment because there is a complete absence of the power to discern or that is total deprivation o f freedom of the will.
Insanity at the time of the commission of the felony Exempt from criminal liability
Insanity at the time of trial. Criminal liable.
Basis: Complete absence of intelligence ð
% ? RA 9344 ³Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006´ Raised the age of absolute irresponsibility from 9 to 15 years of age. Basis: absence of intelligence. & ? ? ?? ?? ?
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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ./ Periods of criminal responsibility 1. Absolute irresponsibility 2. Conditional responsibility 3. -ull responsibility 4. Mitigated responsibility Discernment ð Who commits an act prohibited by law, is his mental capacity to understand the difference between right and wrong And ð Such capacity may be known and should be determined by taking into consideration all the facts and circumstances afforded by the records ° In each case ° The very appearance
° The very attitude ° The very comportment ° And behavior of said minor Not only before and during the commission of the act, but also after and even during the trial
Intent Desired act of the person
Discernment Relates to the moral significance that a person ascribes to the said act.
Discernment may be shown: 1. Manner of committing the crime 2. Conduct of offender Basis: absence of intelligence
' ? ? ? ?( ? ? ? ? ? ? Elements: 1. A person is performing a lawful act 2. With due care 3. He causes an injury to another by mere accident 4. Without fault or intention of causing it.
Accident ð Something that happen outside the sway of our will, and although it comes about through some act of our will, lies beyond the bounds of humanly foreseeable consequences. Negligence ð The failure to observe, for the protection of the interest of another person, that degree of care, precaution and vigilance which circumstances justly demand without which such other person suffers injury. Basis: lack of negligence and intent.
Basis: complete absence of freedom
) ?? ? ? . Basis: complete absence of freedom. Elements: 1. The compulsion is by means of physical force 2. The physical force must be irresistible 3. Physical force must come from a third person.
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?( Elements: The threat which causes the fear is of greater than or at least equal to, that which is required to commit. ) That it promises an evil of such gravity and imminence that the ordinary man would have succumbed it. Requisites of uncontrollable fear: 1. Existence of an uncontrollable fear 2. The fear must be real and real i mminent 3. -ear of an injury is greater than or at least equal to that committed.
Irresistible force The offender uses violence or physical force to compel another person to commit a crime.
Uncontrollable fear The offender employs intimidation or threat in compelling another to commit a crime.
1 ? ? ? Elements: 1. That an act is required by law to be done. 2. That a person fails to perform such act 3. That his failure to perform such act was due to some lawful or insuperable cause. Basis: he acts without intent. Absolutory causes ð Those where the act committed is a crime but for reasons of public policy and senti ment there is no penalty imposed. Instigation The instigator practically induces the would be accused into the commission of the offense and himself becomes co principal. The accused must be acquitted
The law enforcer conceives the commission of the crime and suggest to the accused who adopts the idea and carries it into execution
Entrapment Ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of trapping and capturing the lawbreaker in the execution of criminal plan No bar to the prosecution and conviction of the lawbreaker. The means originates from the mind of the criminal
the period which may be deemed proper, in view of the number and nature of the conditions of exemption present or lacking.
Mitigating circumstances ð Are those which, if present in the commission of the crime, do not entirely free the actor from criminal liability, but serve only to reduce the penalty. Classes of Mitigating 1. Ordinary mitigating ± those enumerated in subsections 1 to 10 of Article 13 2. Privileged mitigating Article 68. ? ? 2 When the offender is a minor under eighteen years and his case is one coming under the provisions of the paragraph next to the last of article 80 of this Code, the following rules shall be observed: 1. Upon a person under fifteen but over nine years of age, who is not exempted from liability by reason of the co urt having declared that he acted with discernment, a discretionary penalty shall be imposed, but always lower by two degrees at least than that prescribed by law for the crime which he committed. 2. Upon a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of a ge the penalty next lower than that prescribed by law shall be imposed, but always in the proper period. Article 69. ? ? ? ?
2 A penalty lower by one or two degrees than that prescribed by law shall be imposed if the deed is not wholly excusable by reason of the lack of some of the conditions required to justify the same or to exempt from criminal liability in the several cases mentioned in article 11 and 12, provided that the majority of such conditions be present. The courts shall impose the penalty in
Article 64. ?? ? ?? ? 2 In cases in which the penalties prescribed by law contain three periods, whether it be a single divisible penalty or composed of three different penalties, each one of which forms a period in accordance with the provisions of articles 76 and 77, the courts shall observe for the application of the penalty the following rules, according to whether there are or are no mitigating or aggravating circumstances: 5. When there are two or more mitigating circumstances and no aggravating circumstances are present, the court shall impose the penalty next lower to that prescribed by law, in the period that it may deem applicable, according to the number and nature of such circumstances.
Ordinary Mitigating Susceptible of being offset by any aggravating Produces only the effect of applying the penalty provided by law for the crime in its minimum period, in case of divisible penalty
Privileged Mitigating Cannot be offset by aggravating circumstance. Produces the effect of imposing upon the offender the penal ty lower by one or two degrees than that provided by law for the crime
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? ? ? ? ? ./ Diversion ð Refers to an alternative, child - appropriate process of determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict with the law on the bases of his/her social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational background without resulting to formal court proceedings. Diversion program ð Refers to the program that the child in conflict wit h the law is required to undergo after he/she is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings. ð Basis: diminution of intelligence
& " ? ? ? ? Things to be considered to show that the accused intended the wrong committed: 1. Weapon used
2. The part of the body injured 3. The inflicted 4. The manner it is inflicted
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Unintentional abortion Committed by any person who, by violence, shall cause the killing of the foetus in the uterus or the violent expulsion of the foetus from the maternal womb, causing its death, but unintentionally.
' " ?? ? ? ? Provocation ð Any unjust or improper conduct or act of the offended party, capable of exciting, inciting or irritating any one. Requisites: 1. Provocation must be sufficient 2. The act constituting the provocation 3. The social standing of the person provoked 4. The place and time when the provocation is made a. It must originate from the offended party b. The provocation must be personal and directed to the accused c. The provocation must be immediate to the commissio n of the crime by the person who is provoked. Sufficient ð To excite a person to commit wrong and must accordingly be proportionate to its gravity. Sufficient provocation as requisite of incomplete self-defense It pertains to its absence on the part of the person defending himself
As a mitigating circumstance It pertains to its presence on the part of the offended party.
Basis: diminution of intelligence and intent
) " ? ? ? ? ??? ?? , ?- ? ? ???? Requisites: 1. That there be a grave offense done to the one committing the felony, his spouse, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters, or relatives by affinity within the same degrees. 2. That the felony is committed in vindication of such grave offense. A lapse of time is allowed between the vindication and the doing of the grave offense. Grave offense ð Includes any act that is offensive to the offender or his relatives and the same need not be unlawful. Provocation Vindication It is made directly only The grave offense may to the person committing be committed also the felony against the offender¶s relatives mentioned by law The case that brought The offended party must about the provocation have done a grave need not be a grave offense to the offender offense or his relatives mentioned by law It is necessary that the The vindication of the provocation or threat grave offense may be immediately preceded proximate which admits the act of an interval of time It is mere spite against It concerns the honor of the one giving the a person.
provocation or threat Basis to determine gravity of offense in vindication: 1. .Social standing of the person 2. Place 3. Time when the insult was made Basis: diminution of the conditions of voluntariness.
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? ? Requisites: 1. That there be an act, both unlawful and sufficient to produce such condition of mind. 2. That said act which produces the obfuscation was not far removed from the commission of the crime by a considerable length of time, during which the perpetrat or might recover his normal equanimity 3. The act causing such obfuscation was committed by the victim himself. Excitement ð Is the natural feeling of all persons engaged in a fight, especially those who had received a beating, and the impulse in that state is not considered in law so powerful as to produce obfuscation sufficient to mitigate liability.
Passion or obfuscation Produced by an impulse which may be caused by provocation The offense need not be immediate
Provocation Comes from the injured party Immediately precede the commission of the crime
1 " ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 mitigating circumstances: 1. Voluntary surrender to a person in authority or his agents 2. Voluntary confession of guilt before the court prior to presentation of evidence for the prosecution
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Requisites of voluntary surrender: 1. That the offender had not been actually arrested 2. That the offender surrendered himself to a person in authority or to the latter¶s agent 3. That the surrender was voluntary.
Basis: diminution of intelligence and intent. Passion or obfuscation Irresistible force Mitigating circumstance Exempting circumstance Cannot give rise to an irresistible force because irresistible force requires physical force. Is in the offender himself Must come from a third person Must arise from lawful unlawful sentiments
Person in authority ð Is one who directly vested with jurisdiction, that is, a public officer who has the power to govern and execute the laws whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental corporation or board or commission. Agent of a person in authority ð Is a person, who, by direct provision of the law, or by election or by appointment by competent authority, is charged with maintenance
of public order and the protection and security if life and property and any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority. When surrender is voluntary? 1. Must be spontaneous 2. Intent of the accused to submit himself unconditionally to the authorities must either because ° He acknowledges his guilt ° He wishes to save them the trouble and expense neces sarily incurred in his search and capture. Requisites of plea of guilty: 1. That the offender spontaneously confessed his guilt 2. That the confession of guilt was made in open court that is, before the competent court that is to try the case. 3. That the confession of guilt was made prior to the presentation of evidence for the prosecution.
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2 ? ? ? ? ? ? Requisites: 1. That the illness of the offender must diminish the exerc ise of his will-power 2. That such illness should not deprive the offender of consciousness of his acts.
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