Cranes
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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Major Causes of Crane Accidents • Contact with power lines • Overturns • Falls • Mechanical failures OSHA Office of Training & Education
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Major Causes of Crane Accidents • Contact with power lines • Overturns • Falls • Mechanical failures OSHA Office of Training & Education
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ow !o Accidents Occur" – unsecured load, load, load • Instability – capacity exceeded, or ground not level or too soft communication - the point of • Lack of communication operation is a distance from the crane operator or not in full view of the operator • Lack of training • Inadequate maintenance or inspection
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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#ho is at $is% • Operators • &ersons at Crane 'ite
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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!efinitions • Crane – Consists of a rotating structure for lifting and • • • • • •
lowering horizontally on rubber tires or crawler treads oist - Used to lift and lower load. (oom – An inclined spar, strut, or other long member supporting the hoisting tackle (oom stops – A deice used to limit the angle of the boom at its highest position (ra%e – !o slow or stop motion by friction or power (loc% – "heaes or grooed pulleys in a frame with hook, eye and strap )i* – #$tension attached to the boom point to proide added boom length for lifting specified loads.
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Crane &arts
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+ypes of Cranes • • • • •
Mo*ile ydraulic Overhead antry +ower
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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Crane a2ards • mproper load • • • • •
• #or%ing too close to
rating .xcessive speeds /o hand signals nade0uate inspection and maintenance 1nguarded parts 1nguarded swing radius
• • • • •
power lines mproper exhaust system 'hattered windows /o steps3guardrails wal%ways /o *oom angle indicator /ot using outriggers
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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&lanning (efore 'tart-1p • 4evel the crane and ensure support surface is firm and a*le to support the load
• Contact power line owners and determine precautions5 6now the location and voltage of overhead power lines5
• 6now the *asic crane capacities, limitations, and jo* site restrictions, such as the location of power lines, unsta*le soil, or high winds5
• • • •
Ma%e other personnel aware of hoisting activities5 (arricade areas within swing radius5 .nsure proper maintenance and inspections5 !etermine safe areas to store materials and place machinery5
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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Competent &erson +he competent person must inspect all machinery and e0uipment prior to each use, and during use, to ma%e sure it is in safe operating condition5 f it needs fixing, ta%e it out of service and don7t use it until it is fixed
OSHA Office of Training & Education
%roken !rack
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4oad Capacity - 'peed - #arnings • Ma%e sure the crane operator can see the8 $ated
4oad Capacities
Operating
'peeds
'pecial
a2ard #arning or nstruction 4oad $ating Chart OSHA Office of Training & Education
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6now the #eight of the 4oad • $efer to shipping tic%et or other documentation
• .nsure lift calculations are correct • .nsure load is within load chart rating for *oom length and load radius of crane
• Crane is rated *y the maximum weight it
will lift at a minimum radius and minimum *oom length – the further from its centerpoint, the less it will lift OSHA Office of Training & Education
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4oad 4imiting Factors • • • • • • •
/ot level #ind 'ide loads On its wheels 4ifting over the side 1se of extensions, ji*s and other attachments 4imits of wire rope, slings and lifting devices OSHA Office of Training & Education
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Mo*ile Cranes – 4ifting &rinciples • • • •
Center of ravity 4everage 'ta*ility 'tructural ntegrity
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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4oad .xample – 9: ton crane • #ill lift ;:,::: pounds at <: feet from the center pin of the crane
• (ased on level surface, no wind, and outriggers fully extended
• At => feet from the center pin with an ?: foot *oom, the capacity is only <@,>: pounds
• At B@ feet from the center pin, the capacity is only @,?:: pounds
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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mproper 4oad
mproper loads or speeds can result in the tipping of the crane OSHA Office of Training & Education
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mproper 4oad
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mproper 4oad
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&ower 4ines
'tay clear from power lines at least <: feet
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and 'ignals An illustration of the signals must *e posted at the jo* site
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uard Moving &arts
1nguarded Chain !rive
uard moving parts such as gears or *elts OSHA Office of Training & Education
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'wing $adius
'tay out of the swing radius of the crane – Ma%e sure there are *arrier guards showing swing radius OSHA Office of Training & Education
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Operator isi*ility (ro%en #indow
Ma%e sure *ro%en windows or other o*structions do not prevent the operator from seeing OSHA Office of Training & Education
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4adders
4adder
1se ladders to get to the upper portion of the ca* OSHA Office of Training & Education
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uardrails
$unways and steps need to have guardrails, handholds and slip resistant surfaces OSHA Office of Training & Education
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'uspended 4oads
!on7t stand under suspended loads OSHA Office of Training & Education
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(oom Angle ndicator
A *oom angle indicator must *e on the crane OSHA Office of Training & Education
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'upporting 'urface
Cranes must *e on a firm supporting surface and level within < percent OSHA Office of Training & Education
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'heaves
+he grooves must *e smooth and free from surface defects which could cause rope damage OSHA Office of Training & Education
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$igging .0uipment 'lings +ypes of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fi*er rope, and synthetic we*5
Chain
#ire rope
Metal mesh
OSHA Office of Training & Education
'ynthetic 30
Annual nspections nspection of the hoisting machinery must *e made *y a competent person +he employer must maintain a record of these inspections
Crane wasn7t inspected and tipped over
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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#hat to nspect • • • • • • •
Correct air pressure and no lea%s +ires properly inflated Clearance for tail swing #ire rope wear &hysical damage to crane 4oose or missing hardware, nuts, or *olts Fluid lea%s OSHA Office of Training & Education
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$emove From 'ervice
mmediately remove damaged or defective slings from service OSHA Office of Training & Education
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!amaged wire rope
Crushed $ope (ro%en 'trands
!amaged wire rope must *e ta%en out of service
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#orn &art
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+ire nspections Conduct regular inspections of tires for excessive wear or damage
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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+raining • Operators8 must
0ualify on specific crane type
Must
include on-the-jo* training
• 'upervisor 3 competent person
OSHA Office of Training & Education
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