Cover Geology

CHAPTER 1

1.0

TRIP INTRODUCTION The trip to Ayer Hitam and Kampung Minyak Beku is a program that oriented by the

acad academ emic ic unde underr Engi Engine neer erin ing g Geol Geolog ogy y Subj Subjec ectt BF BF !"#$ !"#$#% #% This This &isi &isitt 'as 'as accompanied by the Head o( )epartment o( *n(rastructure and Geomantic+ )r A,iman Bin Madun% This This &isit &isit is &ery bene(icia bene(iciall to studen students ts 'ho participa participate te becaus becausee learni learning ng theory in the classroom can be applied in the (ield% This program 'ill gi&ing the big and e((ecti&ely impact in increasing academic and career -uality in a long term% .earni .earning ng in the (ield (ield can also also impro& impro&ee student students/ s/ underst understand anding ing in Engine Engineeri ering ng Geology%

1.1

OBJECTIVES

The objecti&es (or this &isit are0 a1 *ntroduce *ntroduce student student about about the real real rock and the classi(icatio classi(ication n o( the rock rock at site%  b1 E2plain more detail about the (ormed o( the rock 'ith the occurrence a long time ago in Geology Engineering% c1 Study about the rock rock that 'e (ound (ound and the certain certain place place at Batu Batu 3ahat% 3ahat% d1 To identi( identi(y y the the types types o( soil soil4r 4roc ock k in study study area area o( Ay Ayer Hitam Hitam and Kamp Kampun ung g Minyak Beku% e1 To identi(y identi(y minerals minerals content content in rock (ormatio (ormation n in both both area% area% (1 To dete determin rminee the type type o( de(ormat de(ormation ion in study study area o( Ayer Ayer Hitam and Kampun Kampung g Minyak Beku% g1 To determi determine ne degr degree ee o( hardne hardness ss o( rock sur(ace sur(ace on di(( di((er erent ent types types o( rock  h1 i1  j1 k1

(ormation in Ayer Ayer Hitam and Kampung Minyak Beku% .earn ho' to to collect collect the the data in the the real situation% situation% E2pose E2pose the particip participant ant about about the Geology Geology rock in&esti in&estigation gation in engineerin engineering g (ield% (ield% Achie&e the national leadership &ision (or the social5economy de&elopment% *n&estigate *n&estigate about about the rock structure structure at the slope in Ay Ayer Hitam and Minyak Minyak Beku area%

CHAPTER 2

1

2.0

DIARY

6%$$ A%M%

8%$$ A%M% 8%:$ A%M%

21 NOVEMBER 2015 (SATURDAY) a1 Students gathered at )ataran Anggerik%  b1 7egistration and 'ent to Ay Ayer Hitam% c1 Take brea break( k(as ast% t% a1 9e arri&e at Ayer Hitam%  b1 Mo&e to our location% a1 Brie(ing by .ecturer+ )r% A,iman B% Madun about the

types o( the rock and history o( this place%  b1 9e 'ere instructed by lecturer to identi(y the type o( 8%;$ A%M%

rock+ joint+ slope+ (old+ (racture and etc% a1 9e 'ere gi&en in(ormation by lecturer ab about the step to do a (ield'ork%  b1 *n this location+ 'e 'ere distributing to se&eral team  base on session respecti&ely% c1 9e 'ere pro&id pro&ided ed 'ith 'ith e-uipment e-uipment
""%#$ 3%M%

dip angle% a1 Mo&e to Kampung Minyak Beku%  b1 Brie(ing by .ecturer+ )r% )r% A,iman A,iman B% Madun about the

!%#$ 3%M%

types o( the rock and history o( this place% a1 Take lunch% b) 9e arri&e =THM%

CHAPTER 3

3.0

CONTENT

3.1

INTRODUCTION 3.1. 3.1.1 1

GEOL GE OLOG OGIC ICAL AL ENGI ENGINE NEER ERIN ING G

2

*t is an interdisciplinary (ield+ in 'hich principles o( geosciences are used to sol&e engineering engineering and en&ironmen en&ironmental tal problems% problems% *t connects connects geology geology+ ci&il engineering and other (ields
and and

plan planni ning ng++

Hydr Hydrog ogeo eolo logy gy++

grou ground nd'a 'ate terr

stud studie iess

and engineering engineering%% >atural and manmade manmade ha,ard in&estigation in&estigations% s% E2ploratio E2ploration n and de&elopment de&elopment o( (ossil (uel and mineral mineral deposits% deposits% Engineering Engineering geologic geologic studie studiess are per(orm per(ormed ed by a geolog geologist ist or engine engineerin ering g geolog geologist ist educate educated+ d+  pro(essionally trained and skilled at the recognition and analysis o( geologic ha,ar ha,ards ds and and ad&e ad&erse rse geol geolog ogic ic cond condit itio ions ns%% Thei Theirr o&era o&erall ll objec objecti ti&e &e is the the  protection o( li(e and property against damage and the solution o( geologic  problems% Engineering geologic studies may be be per(ormed0 a1 For residential+ residential+ commercial commercial and and indust industrial rial de&elo de&elopments pments??  b1 For go&ernmental and military installations? c1 For mine mine and -uarry -uarry e2ca&a e2ca&atio tions+ ns+ mine mine tailin tailing g dam+ mine reclama reclamation tion and mine tunnelling? d1 For 'etland 'etland and and habitat habitat restoration restoration programs? programs? e1 For coastal coastal engineering engineering++ sand replenishm replenishment+ ent+ blu(( blu(( or sea cli(( cli(( stability stability++ harbour+ pier and 'ater(ront de&elopment? (1 For o((sh o((shore ore out(all out(all++ drilling drilling plat(orm plat(orm and and sub5sea sub5sea pipelin pipeline+ e+ sub5sea sub5sea cable? and g1 For other other typ types es o( o( (acili (acilities ties%%

3.1. 3.1.2. 2. AYER HIT HITAM Ayer Ayer Hitam Hitam  is a rest town (Bandar persinggahan) in persinggahan) in Johor , Malaysia Malaysia.. Located  just at the junction of route 1 and route 50, it is known for its many outlets selling pott potter ery y and and other other craf crafts ts.. It also also is one one of the the inte interc rcha hange nge for for North-South

3

!pressway.. It is the !pressway the "ord "order er town town "etw "etwee een n #atu #atu $aha $ahatt and and %lua %luang ng dist distri rict ct..  &ppro!imately '( km away from #andar $enggaram,#atu $ahat, $ahat,  capital of  #atu  #atu $ahat district $ahat district and () km away from %luang %luang..

Figure "0 Soil in Ayer Hitam%

3.1. 3.1.3 3

KAMP KAMPUN UNG G MINY MINYA AK BE BEKU KU K!"# K!"#$% $% M&$' M&$'  B B# # is a seas seasid idee &ill &illag agee lyin lying g on the the 'est 'est coas coastt

o( @ohor + Malaysia Malaysia%% Kampung Minyak Beku is 'here the (amous chiseled rock  is located+ a big rock about ten (eet in si,e
4

Figure !0 7ock in Kampung Minyak Beku%

3.2

LITERATURE REVIE* 3.2.1

+AULT

Geologic (aults+ (ault lines or simply (aults are planar rock (ractures+ 'hich sho' e&idence o( relati&e mo&ement% .arge (aults 'ithin the Earth/s crust are the result o( shear motion and acti&e (ault ,ones are the causal locations o(  most most earth-u earth-uake akes% s% EarthEarth-uak uakes es are caused caused by energy energy release release durin during g rapid rapid slippage along (aults% The largest e2amples are at tectonic plate boundaries but many (aults occur (ar (rom acti&e plate boundaries% Since (aults do not usually consist o( a single+ clean (racture+ the term (ault ,one is used 'hen re(erring to the ,one o( comple2 de(ormation that is associated 'ith the (ault plane% The creation and beha&iours o( (aults+ in both an indi&idual small (ault and 'ithin the greater (ault ,ones 'hich de(ine the tectonic plates+ is controlled by the relati&e motion o( rocks on either side o( the (ault sur(ace% Because o( (riction and the rigidity o( the rock+ the rocks cannot simply glide or (lo' past each other% 7ather+ stress builds up in rocks and 'hen it reaches a le&el that e2ceeds e2ce eds the strain threshold+ the accumulated potential energy is released as strain+ 'hich is (ocused into a plane along 'hich relati&e motion is accommodated the (ault% both accumul accumulati& ati&ee and instant instantane aneous ous depend depending ing on the S,- ,-&$ is both archaeo archaeology logy o( the rock? rock? the ductile ductile lo'er lo'er crust crust and mantle mantle accumul accumulates ates de(ormation gradually &ia shearing 'hereas the brittle upper crust reacts by (racture+ or instantaneous stress release to cause motion along the (ault% A (ault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously 'hen the strain rate is too great% The energy released by instantaneous strain release is the cause o(  earth-uakes+ a common phenomenon along trans(orm boundaries%

5

Figure #0 Fault that 3.2.2

occurs on rock%

+OLD

Folds result (rom the plastic de(ormation o( rocks at lo' strain5rates+ usually unde underr ele& ele&ate ated d tempe temperat ratur uree and and press pressur uree cond condit itio ions ns%% Fold Foldss are broa broadly dly subdi& subdi&ide ided d into into anticli anticlines nes
Anticlin

6

Figure :0 Fold that occurs on rock% 3.2.3

JOINT

@oints @oints are discontinuities discontinuities on 'hich there has been little or no displacement displacement in shear
rientation 5 Strike and dip or dip and dip5direction%



Spacing 5 The (re-uency or number o( discontinuities per unit length%



Aperture 5 The mean distance bet'een 'all rock sur(aces%



3ersistence 5 The continuity o( joints or trace length%



Sur(ace 7oughness 5 The property controlling (riction bet'een sur(aces%



*n(ill 5 The The prese presenc ncee or abse absenc ncee o( brec breccia cia++ goug gougee or sur(a sur(ace ce coati coating ngss o( minerals%

  

Strength ompressibility 3ermeability

7

Figure ;0 @oint that occurs on rock%

3.2. .2.

STRIK TRIKE E AND DIP DIP

Strike and dip re(er to the orientation or attitude o( a geologic (eature% The strike o( a stratum or planar (eature is a line representing the intersection o(  that (eature 'ith the hori,ontal% n a geologic map this is represented 'ith a short straight line segment oriented parallel to the compass direction o( the strike% Strike is usually gi&en as a compass bearing <>!;CE (or e2ample1 in terms o( east or 'est o( north+ or as a single three digit number representing the a,imuth+ 'here the lo'er number is usually gi&en% The dip gi&es the angle  belo' the hori,ontal o( a tilted stratum or (eature% The symbol s ymbol is a short line attached and at right angles to the strike symbol pointing in the direction o(  inclination% Typically the angle o( dip is included on a geologic map% Strike and and dip dip are are dete determ rmin ined ed in the the (iel (ield d 'ith 'ith a comp compas asss and and clin clinom omet eter  er  or combination combination kno'n kno'n as a Brunton Brunton compass% compass% Another Another 'ay o( representing representing strik strikee and and dip dip is by dip dip and and dip dip direc directi tion on++ 'here 'here the the

latte latterr

is simply simply the the

a,imuth o( the dip% *t can be obtained (rom strike by simply counting D$C around in the rele&ant direction% Any planar (eature can be described by strike and dip% This includes sedimentary bedding+ geologic (aults and (ractures+ cuestas+ igneous dikes and sills+ metamorphic (oliation and any other planar  (eature in the Earth% .inear (eatures are measured 'ith &ery similar methods+ 'here plunge is the dip angle and trend is analogous to the dip direction &alue%

8

3.3

METHODOLOGY

Be(ore 'e take data in the site+ 'e must to kno' 'hat data that 'e 'ant (irst% The data such as dip direction+ dip angle+ strike+ joint+ (racture+ (ault+ minerals+ physical (eatures+ (eatures+ te2tures and structures structures o( rocks depends depends on the sur&eyor sur&eyor 'ants% The data is taken depends on the types o( rock characteristic like (old (or sedimentary rock or   joint (or igneous rock% As 'e kno'n+ the sedimentary rock has (old oti >otice ce the the (oll (ollo' o'in ing g (eat (eatur ures es o( the the rock rock bedd beddin ing+ g+ orientation

o(

structures+

(racturing

and jointing% The orientation o( these planes controls the resistance o( the rock to gra&itational (orces%

9

3.3.1

APPARATUS

The apparatus that are brought in the study area (or the assessment 'ork are0 "% ompasses sses%%

Figure 0 ompass%

!% Hammer%

Figure 60 Hammer%

#% Schmid Schmidt tss <7ebo <7ebond1 nd1 Hamm Hammer er .5typ .5type% e%

Figure 80 Schmidts <7ebond1 Hammer .5type%

3.3. .3.2

AYER HITA ITAM 10

From this area+ 'e can conclude that area ha&e sandstone and shale% Actually the soil came (rom the magma% That area are located on the seabed in ! million years ago% 9e can see that colour o( soil is black% *t is because the soil content a lot o( acid% The minerals that 'e can see (rom this area are silicate+ iron etc%

3.3. 3.3.3 3

KAMP KAMPUN UNG G MINY MINYA AK BEKU BEKU

*n this site+ 'e (ound igneous rock+ micro granite% Based on the discontinuity sur&ey data sheets belo'/ 'e see all the data that sur&eyor must to (ill in% E&en though the main data are dip direction and dip angle+ another data are also important because the data such as content o( 'ater in joint+ mineral+ joint+ (racture+ (old can be strengthen the theory o( possibility o( (ailure o( the rock%

3.3.3.1 3.3.3.1 PROCEDURE PROCEDURE "% T3E See type such as joint+ (ault and clea&age at the point that 'e

(ound to determine% !%

)*3 A>G.E a1 Takes Takes the the compass compass and put the do'n5sid do'n5sidee compass compass le&el le&el 'ith rock slope to (ind the slope angle or dip angle%  b1 Make sure the &alue o( the bearing dip angle is in the le(t side% 7ead the &alue that 'e achie&e% The bearing that 'e achie&e is the steepness o( the slope% The concept o( the dip angle is the radian or bearing (rom hori,ontal le&el to the gradient o( the slope rock%

11

Figure D0 )etermined dip angle by using the compass%

#%

)*3 )*7ET*> a1 The dip dip directio direction n is the the ma2imum ma2imum angle angle o( o( inclinatio inclination n do'n'ard that a &ein or bed makes 'ith a hori,ontal plane%  b1 To determine the dip direction+ take a small rock or materials then lay the materials to the sur(ace or slope rock% See the direction than the material (all based on gra&ity% So+ So+ the direction is the dip direction% <9e can use 'ater and see the (lo' o( 'ater1 c1 )ra' )ra' the dip direc directio tion n that that 'e achi achie&e e&e%% d1 9ith 9ith compass+ compass+ le&el le&el compass compass to the >orth >orth direction direction and see the &alue o( the bearing dip direction% E&ery strike or dip direction+ the &alue must be determine (rom >orth% e1 The dip dip directi direction on also also can determ determine ined d by (ormula? (ormula?  Dip Direction (DD) = Strike + 90°

(1 That That is the proc procedu edure re to determ determined ined or or measure measure the the dip direction%

12

Figure "$0 )etermined dip direction by using compass%

:%

ST7*KE a1 Strike Strike is he bearing bearing o( a hori,onta hori,ontall line in the the plane plane o( a &ein+ bed+ or (ault 'ith respect to the cardinal points o( the compass%  b1 9ith the dip direction direction &alue+ 'e can get the &alue o( strike% c1 To determined determined strike+ strike+ 'e can use use the (ormula% (ormula% Ia Ialue o( strike is D$Canticlock'ise (rom the &alue o( dip direction% d1 The The (or (ormu mula la is 0  Strike (s) = Dip Direction Direction - 90° e1 Same as as )ip )irection+ )irection+ strike direction direction can can be dra'ing dra'ing on the rock and take the compass to get the &alue or bearing o( strike (rom >orth direction%

;%

7EB=>) HAMME7 TEST a1 )ra' )ra' the the grid grid on the the soil soil%%  b1 Make impact on the grid (or each bo2 by using using Schmidts hammer <.5type1 c1 Take the the resu result lts% s%

13

Figure ""0 =sing the

rebound hammer to measure degree o( hardness o( rock sur(ace%

%

3*>T .A) *>)EJ TEST a1 onduc onductt the test on the the labor laborato atory ry%%  b1 Take Take ; sample o( rock (rom the site% c1 =sed =sed the machin machinee to (ind the the unia2ia unia2iall compress compressi&e i&e strength o( rock  d1 7ecord 7ecord the data data and and analy analysed% sed%

3.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS 3..1 3..1 RESUL RESULT TS O+ HARD HARDNES NESS S O+ ROCK ROCK SUR+ SUR+A ACE

9e use the Schmidts <7ebound1 Hammer .5Type .5Type to obtain the degree o( hardness
Sandstone

Figure "!0 Sandstone% 7esult
14

!

#$

!:

!:

!8

!6

":

!$

!

!

"8

"8

#!

!8

!

!

A&erage A&erage &alue o( 7 is 26 + 30 + 24 + 24 + 28 + 27 + 14 + 20 + 26 + 26 + 18 + 18 + 32 + 28 + 26 + 26



16

 !:%

!%

Shale

Figure "#0 Shale%

7esult
#$

#:

!8

#$

#

!8

#$

!:

#$

#

:!

"D

#$

#$

!:

15

A&erage A&erage &alue o( 7 is 30 + 30 + 34 + 28 + 30+ 36 + 28 + 30 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 42 + 19 + 30 + 30 + 24



16

 #$

For the conclusion+ the shale ha&e the higher o( degree o( hardness than sandstone because the shale ha&e small particles o( soil 'here it is more dense and compact compared to the sandstone%

*n Kampung Minyak Beku+ "%

Granite o &isible sign o( 'eathering and discoloured% 7esult
;

#

:$

;$

#!

$

;!

;

#

;:

:8

#8

#8

#$

;:

A&erage A&erage &alue o( 7 is 40 + 56 + 36 + 40 + 50 + 32 + 60 + 52+ 56 + 36 + 54 + 48 + 38 + 30 + 54



16

 :;

!%

Granite <9eathered <9eathered rock1 9eathering are take placed 'here the original colour
 7esult
:8

#!

#8

#:

#8

:$

#$

#8

:!

:$

:!

#!

:$

!!

#

!!

16

A&erage A&erage &alue o( 7 is 48 + 32 + 38 + 34 + 38 + 40 + 30+ 38 + 42 + 40 + 42 + 32 + 40 + 22 + 36 + 22



16

 #;%D For the conclusion+ the (resh rock ha&e the higher o( degree o( hardness than 'eathered rock because the (resh rock not e2pose to the atmosphere and to the element in 'ater% *n addition+ 'eathered rock become unstable and undergo &arious chemical changes and mechanical stresses% 3..2 3..2

RESUL RESULT TS O+ DIP DIP ANGL ANGLE E AND AND DIP DIRECT DIRECTION ION "% @oint DIP ANGLE $:C

DIP DIRECTION !!C

DIP ANGLE $:DC

DIP DIRECTION !;$C

DIP ANGLE $#C

DIP DIRECTION "$$C

!% Fault

#% Slope

17

Figure compass angle

3.. 3..3 3

":0 to and

=se the (ind dip dip direction%

RESU RESUL LT O+ POIN POINT T LOA LOAD D TES TEST T The point load test is used as an inde2 test (or strength classi(ication o( rock

material% The (resh rock ha&e ha&e a highest &alue o( o( point load inde2 strength than the 'eathered rock%

Figure ";0 The sample be(ore the test%

18

Figure "0 The sample during the test%

Figure "60 The sample a(ter the test%

19

Tb 1 R#, $ A$'&

Sample No.

Length,

Depth,

Upper width,

Lower width,

L

D

W 1

W 2  2 

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

Average width, W average average

(mm)

Load, P

Eqivalent diameter o!  "ore #ample, D

(kN)

2  E 

(mm$)

%oint Load &nde' Strength, &#

&#(*) F 

(%a)

(%a)

*

+)

)

)



(.

()./

'/.)

'.

*.*)

+.*

(

(.

)



+

)

*).))

'*/'.*)

'.*+

(.)

.+

'

+)

+

)

)



(.))

'(+.('

.0/

).0

.'

+

+)

')

'

)

(.

*0.*

()).'

0./

).0

.'



+(.

+

+)

+

+(.

*).

(+'.)

*.'+

).0

+.*(

A&erage A&erage point load inde2+ *s<;$1
Hence+ unia2ial compression strength =S o( rock+ c   I(50)4-%
20

The combination bet'een the results (rom the other groups0 P&$, L I$6 S,-$%,7/ I   (MP) +RESH ROCK

SLIGHTLY *EATHERED

MODERATELY *EATHERED

8%!

"!%!6

%:6

%#

:%6

#%"6

";%!

6%6#

;%D#

%"$

:%";

:%"!

6%D$

D%"!

%D8

;%:!

"%:!

"%$;

As the conclusion+ technically the (resh rock point load inde2 strength is more higher  compared to the 'eathered rock% This is because decomposition o( 'eathered rock produces a chemical breakdo'n o( rocks+ 'hich may destroy the original minerals and produce ne' ones 'hile e2pansion 'ill result in the physical disintegration or break up o( rock%

The combination bet'een the results (rom the other groups0 P&$, L I$6 S,-$%,7/ I   (MP) +RESH ROCK

SLIGHTLY *EATHERED

MODERATELY *EATHERED

8%!

"!%!6

%:6

%#

:%6

#%"6

";%!

6%6#

;%D#

%"$

:%";

:%"!

6%D$

D%"!

%D8

;%:!

"%:!

"%$;

As the conclusion+ technically the (resh rock point load inde2 strength is more higher  compared to the 'eathered rock% This is because decomposition o( 'eathered rock produces a chemical breakdo'n o( rocks+ 'hich may destroy the original minerals and produce ne' ones 'hile e2pansion 'ill result in the physical disintegration or break up o( rock%

21

3.5

CONC CONCL LUSIO USION N AND AND RE RECOMM COMMEN ENDA DAT TION

As conclusion+ site &isit o( geology 'ere gi&en a lot use(ul inputs practicality(or all student% From theory study 'e ha&e+ the site &isit o( geology are deep more kno'ledge in identi(y rock kinds such as igneous rock+ sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock practicality it% There(ore+ 'e can kno' rock type based on the locations &isited such as in Kampung 3antai Minyak BekuN+ 'e see igneous rock% *n addition+ 'e kno' generally about the structure o( rock there 'e &isited us% 9e can identi(y about joint and (olds 'ith a lot more closely% From this site &isit+ 'e also learn more e2perts about strike and dip direction% Apart (rom 'e can increase kno'ledge+ this &isit can sho' positi&e attitude as responsibility o( e-uipment such as the compass+ the rebond hammer and etc% Such attitude cooperation among member o( the team is &ery important% Although our group (orced to task in &ery hot on current pay day (ro,en oil% From the result that 'e gain+ the stability o( mode o( joint 'as sa(e%

3.8

COMMENT

The recommendation0 a1 This trip trip is -uite short short time% time% There(ore+ There(ore+ 'e 'e hope the the ne2t site site &isits o( geolog geology y are getting lengthening our trip time%  b1 Make brie(ing 'ith any (urther so students kno' direction real aim and students can gi&e picture o( location directed% 9ith brie(ing+ decide him students get ready 'ith theory study stud y% c1 )i&ision )i&ision o( our our grouping grouping must must do be(ore be(ore go out the the site &isit% &isit% *n case+ case+ our team team members are get ready 'ith &isit done% d1 Be(ore distribu distribute te e-uipment+ e-uipment+ managem management ent necessary necessary must must to recorded recorded lists o( e-uipment 'hile student borro'ed% ther'ise losses o( e-uipment are happened% e1 Shortage Shortage o( lecturer lecturer to control control our our student studentss -uantity -uantity%% (1 oncentratio oncentration n o( our studen students ts are decreased decreased (or achie&es achie&es this site site &isit% &isit%

CHAPTER 

22

.0

RE+ERENCES

a1  b1 c1 d1 e1 (1 g1 h1

http44 http440'' 0'''% '%'ik 'ikipe ipedia% dia%(ol (olds% ds%com com http440'''%geologicalOstructure%html http440'''%geologicalOstructure%html http440''' http440'''%eo %eos%ubc% s%ubc%ca4acade ca4academic4un mic4underg dergraduat raduate4ad&i e4ad&ise%htm se%htmll http440'''O http440'''Oodp% odp%tamu%e tamu%edu4p du4publica ublications4" tions4"8O*7 8O*74chap$ 4chap$:4c:O :4c:O"$%ht "$%html ml http440''' http440'''%g %geology eology%art %articles%o icles%on%Mal n%Malaysia%h aysia%html tml http440''' http440'''%m %minerals ineralsOuses% Ouses%htmlh htmlhttp440 ttp440''' '''%ro %rockOu ckOuses%htm ses%htmll Geolog Geology y Engine Engineerin ering g P BF !"#$# !"#$#++ =THM =THM Earth dynamics dynamics systems+ systems+ 9% 9% Kenneth Kenneth Hamblin Hamblin Q Eric H% hristian hristiansen+ sen+

Bringhamou Bringhamoung ng =ni&ersity =ni&ersit y 3ro&o+ =tah i1 Geolog Geology y Engine Engineerin ering g .ecture .ecturers+ rs+ )r A,im A,iman an Bin Madun Madun

CHAPTER 5

5.0

APPENDI9

MuhammMuhamm Muhamm ad ad ad #ulhi Zakwan Umarul Bin Izzwan

Muhamm ad Zi!ri" Muhsinah Binti Bin Azmi Mahathir

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