COURSE_BOOK__6.pdf

Quartet 6 Course Book

Introduction Quartet 6 Welcome to Quartet Course Book 6. The Quartet Course Book 6 includes a variety of reading texts that revolve around the theme of world travel, as well as reading comprehension activities, guided writing, speaking activities, grammar, and vocabulary exercises. The book is organized thematically following the topics of Quartet Online. The result is a fully integrated language learning course. We hope that you will enjoy learning with Quartet Course Book 6.

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Map of Quartet 6

Reading skills Unit 1 What’s for Lunch?

Pages 2-18

• Activating background knowledge • Comparison and contrast • Evaluation • Fact and opinion

Pages 20-41

• Getting the facts • Prediction • Forming opinions about what you read • Inference • Understanding the writer’s purpose • Understanding the main idea

Pages 44-61

• Prediction • Identifying the writer’s point of view • Genre • Identifying persuasive statements • Close reading

Pages 64-83

• Understanding connotation • Activating background knowledge • Identifying genre • Sequencing • Identifying contradictions • Understanding the writer’s opinion • Skimming • Identifying topic and main idea

Some Thoughts on Bread Did You Know?

Unit 2 Of Animals and People My Best Friends (Parts 1 & 2) A Letter to the City Zoo

Unit 3 Of People and Machines The Love Gadget TalktoMe – A Pager for All Places

Unit 4 Just for Fun Bungee Jumping Relaxing, Yawning, Humor, and Health

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Language Review

Speaking

Writing

• Word families • Uncountable Nouns

• Sharing recipes

• Writing a folktale • Describing superstitions • Expressing opinions in writing • Writing a dialog • Writing a recipe • Writing a letter

• Guessing word meaning from context • Word families • Gerunds

• Discussing movies

• Writing a story • Writing a letter to the editor • Writing an article

• Word families • Adverb placement

• Discussing philosophical issues • Agreeing and disagreeing • Interviewing

• Writing about likes and dislikes • Writing a letter • Writing a dialog • Writing a poem, a short play, or a short soap opera • Writing an advertisement • Writing a review

• Unusual sports • Guessing word meaning from context • Word families • Adjectives that derive from verbs

• Expressing agreement and disagreement

• • • •

V

Argumentative writing Writing an article Writing a speech Writing a letter or a dialog • Writing a police report • Writing a detective story • Preparing a questionnaire

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Reading skills Unit 5 What Does It Mean?

Pages 86-103

• Scanning • Getting the facts • Comparing reading passages

Old Wives’ Tales A Man Named Leo

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Language Review • Common collocations • Word families • Part of speech and how it affects meaning • Phrasal Verbs • Adjectives and Linking Verbs

Speaking • Discussing old wives’ tales • Providing different types of explanations for events

VII

Writing • • • •

Writing a dialog Writing a story Writing modern tales Writing a description of an experiment • Writing a letter to the editor • Writing a diary entry

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What's for Lunch?

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1 Before You Start

A

Look at these pictures, and answer the questions. 1. How do these pictures make you feel? Why? 2. Do they remind you of any particular time or event in your life?

B C D

Talk to your partner. Tell each other a story from your life that involved bread. How many different kinds of bread do you know of? Which is your favorite? Describe it to your partner. There are many beliefs, folktales, and stories that are connected to bread. Do you know any of them? Tell a folktale or explain a popular belief about bread to the class.

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1 What Do You Know?

A B

All of these objects are used for the same purpose. What is it? Choose one object, and explain to your partner how people use it.

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1 Some Words

A

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentence below. Noun significance importance difference

Adjective significant important different

Example: Bread has always had religious significance. 1. Many religions recognize the (significance / significant) of bread as a symbol. 2. Bread is a (significance / significant) symbol because it represents life. 3. It is very (importance / important) to understand what other people believe. 4. The (importance / important) of other people's beliefs must always be considered. 5. To the French, the (difference / different) between Italian and French bread is very clear. 6. These two breads have a very (difference / different) taste.

B

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Noun item sympathy apology

Verb itemize sympathize apologize

Example: However, in ancient times, people attached great significance to bread. It was not seen as just a simple item to fill the stomach. 1. There are many different (itemize / items) on the shelves of the supermarket. 2. Sally asked the shopkeeper to (itemize / item) her receipt. 3. I was really able to (sympathy / sympathize) with Bertha when she lost her dog. 4. She was so sad. I really felt (sympathy / sympathize) for her.

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1 5. I must offer Oscar an (apology / apologize). I did not mean to hurt him. 6. I really must (apology / apologize). I did not mean to insult him.

C

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Noun ceremony memory nation

Adjective ceremonial memorial national

Example: Bread was used in ceremonies in the ancient temple. 1. 2. 3. 4.

She had a beautiful wedding (ceremony / ceremonial). They cut the wedding cake with a (ceremony / ceremonial) sword! The (memory / memorial) of this poet is very special to many people. A huge crowd came to the (memory / memorial) service we held a year after his death. 5. Is this one of your (nation / national) foods? 6. Is a country the same as a (nation / national)?

D

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Noun share quarrel

Verb share quarrel

Example: If two people shared the task, it was thought they would quarrel. 1. Did you get (a share / share) of the delicious sandwiches at the party? 2. Did you (a share / share) your sandwiches with your friends? 3. I hope you won't (a quarrel / quarrel) with your brother again. Enough is enough! 4. I hope you won't have (a quarrel / quarrel) with your brother again. I am tired of all the shouting.

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1 E

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Noun association creation demonstration

Verb associate create demonstrate

Example: Superstitions surrounding bread were not only associated with tales of bad luck. 1. The Football (Associate / Association) makes the rules for playing football. 2. Many people (associate / association) the name "Hollywood" with the making of movies. 3. The (creation / create) of a multimedia program takes a lot of time and work. 4. We were happy to (creation / create) this program just for you!

F

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Verb heal

Adjective healthy

Example: Bread was also used in charms and spells for healing people. 1. I am happy to say that his broken leg (has healed / healthy) very well. 2. Today she is a very (has healed / healthy) young woman.

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1 G

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Complement and compliment look almost the same. Pay attention – they are two different words. A complement is something that completes something else. With bread, soup becomes more of a meal, so bread is a perfect complement to soup. A compliment expresses something that you like about a person. For example, "You look wonderful today" or "I think you are very clever".

Example: Bread is the perfect complement to soup or salad. 1. Today my girlfriend gave me a wonderful (complement / compliment). 2. Usually she says that I have no taste in clothes, but today she told me that my green shirt is a fine (complement / compliment) to my green eyes.

H

Read the examples. Then circle the correct word in the sentences below. Example: It was also unlucky to grab the bread while someone else was cutting it. 1. You (should / should not) grab food at the dinner table. 2. You (should / should not) grab every opportunity to learn more English.

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1 What Do You Think?

A B

The title of the passage you are about to read is "Some Thoughts on Bread." Do you think the passage will contain many facts? Will it offer people's opinions? Explain your answer.

What kind of information do you think the passage might give?

Something to Read Some Thoughts on Bread

Bread – most of us eat it every day, as toast at breakfast, in a sandwich at lunch, or as the perfect complement to soup or salad. However, in ancient times, people attached great significance to bread. It was not seen as just a simple item to fill the stomach. Bread was considered sacred and had to be treated with respect. For example, bread has always had religious significance in Christianity, because it is associated with Holy Communion. In Judaism, bread also has importance, as it was used in ceremonies in the ancient temple. At one time, people throughout the world thought that throwing away bread was bad luck. It was said that someone who threw bread away would live to know hunger. Many ancient beliefs and folklore surround the making of bread. In some parts of Scotland, it was considered bad luck to sing while baking bread or to bake while a dead body lay in the house. Some people also believed that bread must be put into the oven by one person only. If two people shared the task, it was thought they would quarrel. During the baking, no other bread was supposed to be cut. This would spoil the bread that was baking. If people wanted to eat bread while they were baking a loaf, they were supposed to break the bread instead of cutting it.

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1 In days of old, one had to be careful when eating bread as well. If a loaf of bread came apart in a girl's hand, it was believed that she would not be married until the next year. It was also unlucky to put a loaf of bread upside down on the table, to cut it at both ends, or to grab the bread while someone else was cutting it. And if only one piece of bread and butter was left on the plate, you couldn't take it until it was offered to you. Otherwise you would have bad luck. If an unmarried girl did this, it was said that she would never marry. However, if the last slice was offered, it would always be taken, as this was said to guarantee good luck in love and money. Superstitions surrounding bread were not only associated with tales of bad luck. Bread was also used in charms and spells for healing people. In the sixteenth century, people would cure a toothache by placing a piece of white bread marked with a cross against the aching tooth. Some people believed that they could cure whooping cough by wrapping a piece of bread in cloth, burying it for three days, and then digging it up and giving it to the patient to eat. So we see that eating bread is not as simple as it may seem. Perhaps the next time you reach for a thick slice of bread and butter you should stop and think. Is it upside down? Crumbly? Is it the last piece? Was it cut at both ends? What if you need to throw it out? Was anyone singing while baking it? Hmm…Maybe I ought to eat crackers instead.

What Do You Think Now?

A B

In the second sentence, the writer uses the word "however." What two ideas are being contrasted?

"At one time, people throughout the world thought that throwing away bread was bad luck. It was said that someone who threw bread away would live to know hunger." How do you think that this belief might have started?

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1 C

Read the beliefs listed below. Discuss them with your partner. Try to use some of the words in the box. Some Words annoying dangerous

foolish interesting

logical strange

useful

1. It is unlucky to sing while baking bread. 2. It is bad luck to bake while a dead body lies in the house. 3. If two people put bread in the oven, they will quarrel. 4. If you cut a loaf of bread while another loaf is in the oven, you will spoil the baking bread. 5. If a loaf of bread comes apart in a girl's hand, she will not be married for a year. 6. It is bad luck to put a loaf of bread upside down on the table. 7. Cutting a loaf at both ends brings bad luck. 8. It is bad luck to grab the bread while someone is cutting it. 9. It is unlucky to take the last piece of bread and butter from a plate if it hasn't been offered first. 10. If an unmarried girl takes the last piece of bread before it is offered to her, she will never marry. 11. Putting a piece of white bread marked with a cross against an aching tooth cures the toothache. 12. A piece of bread that is wrapped in cloth, buried for three days, dug up, and eaten cures whooping cough.

D E

Expressions like "It was believed" show that a statement is not a fact. Find at least three other expressions of this type.

Why does the writer talk about crackers in the last line? Tell your partner.

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1 Something to Write About Choose a topic to write about. 1. Invent a superstition about bread. Describe the superstition, and explain how it would be helpful and to whom. 2. Write a folktale about bread. 3. Choose one of the superstitions about bread from the passage. Imagine a situation in which the superstition turns out to be true. Write a short story about it. 4. Many cultures have traditions about bread. Write about a tradition about bread in your country. 5. Write your opinion about superstitions. Include reasons and examples. Use connectors of contrast. 6. Write a dialog between a doctor and a patient who needs to stop eating bread. Use connectors of contrast.

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1 Language in Use Uncountable Nouns

• • • •

A

"Bread – most of us eat it every day, as toast at breakfast, in a sandwich at lunch…" We do not use a or an before nouns like "toast" because we cannot count toast. We can only count pieces or slices of toast. If we want to ask for one, we can say, "I would like a piece of toast" or "I would like a slice of toast." If we want to ask for more than one, we can say, for example, "I would like six pieces of toast." Nouns like toast are called Uncountable Nouns.

Complete the phrases below with the words in the box. You may use the words more than once. Some Words bottle

bucket

loaf

pair

box

glass

package

piece

1. a ________________

of sand

2. a ________________

of water

3. a ________________

of wine

slice

4. six _______________ of gold 5. a ________________

of rice

6. a ________________

of beef

7. two ______________

of oil

8. three _____________

of toast

9. six _______________ of trousers 10. a ________________

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of bread

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1 Plural Nouns Most uncountable nouns do not have a plural form. Examples: anger, furniture, warmth, education, progress, weather Exception: Certain nouns have plural forms because they belong to both classes: they have both an uncountable and a countable meaning. Normally, the uncountable meaning is abstract and general, and the countable meaning is concrete and specific. Countable

Uncountable

There are 125 rooms in the hotel.

There’s room for another desk.

I had some difficulties solving the math problems.

She succeeded in her field with little difficulty.

The talks will take place in Geneva on Monday.

I dislike pointless talk.

There were flashing lights and electronic sounds at the club.

Light travels faster than sound.

Here are some more nouns that function both as countable and uncountable nouns. They mainly denote foods and beverages: food(s), drink(s), bread(s), coffee(s), and fruit(s).

B

Categorize the following words by writing them in the appropriate column below. light room time noise sound hair

coffee damage clothing electricity sugar furniture Countable

man information idea soup money mail Uncountable

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letter juice oil bread remark finger

cloth hand oven tooth belief

Either Countable or Uncountable

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1 Something More to Read Did you know? The word sandwich started with a man who used to play cards a lot. When he played cards, he did not want to stop. He did not want to stop playing even to eat, but of course, he eventually got rather hungry! One day, when he had been playing cards since early morning, he told his servant to simply put some cheese and meat between two slices of bread and hand it to him. In this way he could play cards and eat without getting the food on his hands and dirtying the cards. This happened in 1762 in England, and this man was a lord. In fact, he was an Earl – the fourth Earl of Sandwich. That is how food between two slices of bread came to be known as a sandwich.

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1 What Do You Think Now?

A B C

With a partner, list all the advantages of sandwiches you can think of. List all the disadvantages you can think of. Do you think the first sandwich in 1762 looked like our sandwiches today? Why or why not?

Something to Talk About

A

Invent a Sandwich. 1. Make a list of all the kinds of sandwiches you know how to make. 2. Compare your list with your classmates' lists. 3. With a partner, try to invent a completely new, delicious sandwich that nobody has ever thought of.

B

Find a recipe for bread, and share it with your partner.

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1 Some Words Complete the recipe for French bread. Use the words in the box. Some Words board brown

dough egg

half rise

yeast

Ingredients Dough: 1 packet of active dry yeast 1 1/2 cups of warm water 2 teaspoons of melted, unsalted butter 4 cups of flour 1 cup of self-raising flour 2 teaspoons of salt 1 tablespoon of sugar cornmeal Glaze: 1 egg, beaten with 1/2 teaspoon salt

Preheat the oven to 400oF (200oC). Dissolve the 1. __________ in warm water in a large bowl. Add melted butter. Combine the flours, salt, and sugar. Mix the flour mixture into the yeast, one cup at a time until you have a stiff 2. __________. Put on a lightly floured 3. __________, and knead until no longer sticky – about 10 minutes. Place in a lightly oiled bowl, and turn the dough to coat the entire surface with oil. Cover and let rise in a warm place until doubled, about 1 to 1 1/2 hours. Turn out on a lightly floured board. Divide in 4. __________. Roll each half out to desired length, then tightly roll to form the loaves. Place seam side down (with ends pinched under) on a French bread baking tray sprinkled with cornmeal. Slash the top of each loaf with a knife about three or four times. Cover and let 5. __________ until doubled, about 1 to 1 1/2 hours. Beat the 6. __________ and salt together for glaze. Brush each loaf with glaze. Place in preheated oven, and bake for about 30-35 minutes, until breads are 7. __________. Remove from baking tray, and cool on racks.

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1 Something to Write About Choose a topic. 1. Write your favorite recipe. 2. Write a letter to a friend in which you describe something you ate that you had never eaten before. Give as many details as you can. 3. Write a story about an unusual incident related to food.

Project Choose two projects. 1. Research the history of bread. You can use encyclopedias or the Internet to help you. Write up and illustrate your findings, or make a multimedia presentation. 2. Find a few different recipes for making bread. You can use cookbooks or the Internet to help you. Make some of these breads at home, and bring them to class to share with your classmates. 3. With some friends, make up a play based on one or more superstitions about bread. For example, you could show what happens when a superstition comes true or when people insist on believing a superstition. Perhaps you would like to demonstrate how such superstitions came about. Present your play to the class. 4. Visit a modern bakery to see how bread is made on an assembly line today. Write a book that explains the process to children. 5. Imagine that you are a food critic for a newspaper. Find out where you can buy good bread in your town or city. Write a newspaper article about the bakeries and rank their breads on a scale of one to ten. 6. Bread is not the only food about which there are superstitions and popular beliefs. Find out about superstitions and beliefs surrounding some other foods. Write up a report or create a multimedia presentation about what you find out.

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1 What Did You Learn? Facts: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Words: Word

Meaning

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Of Animals and People

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2 Before You Start

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2 With a partner, use the numbers in the box to complete the following cat facts. Give the answers that seem most reasonable to you. You can find the right answers on page 41. 2 5 11 30 9 60

65.8 70 1871 4,000 300,000

1. A cat's heartbeat is _________ times as fast as a human heartbeat. 2. __________ years ago cats were already domestic pets. 3. A domestic cat spends ______ percent of its time sleeping. 4. The number of cats in American homes is estimated at about _________ million. 5. During its lifetime, a cat spends about _______ thousand hours purring. 6. A frightened domestic cat can run as fast as _________ miles per hour. 7. More than ________ cat mummies were found in an ancient Egyptian tomb. 8. The first cat show was in the year _______, in London. 9. An average meal of cat food equals _________ mice. 10. Ten years in a cat’s life is equivalent to _________ years in a human’s life.

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2 What Do You Know? Look at the following pictures. These are all typical of pictures people put on the Internet for others to see.

1. Why do people put pictures of their pets on the Internet? 2. What does putting pictures like these on the Internet suggest about relationships between people and their pets? 3. What different kinds of animals do people have as pets? With your partner, list as many animals as you can. 4. What movies have you seen that feature animals? Talk to your partner about them. Tell each other the story of one such movie. What was the animal's role?

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2 Did you know? • Some people have chinchillas as pets, but others raise chinchillas for their fur. Chinchillas have very soft fur. Some are gray, and others are white, black, or beige. Chinchillas are nocturnal. They can live up to twenty years. • Chinchillas kept as pets need to have a dry "dust bath" several times a week. These dust baths help keep their fur clean and shiny. • Chinchillas eat special pellets and fresh hay. Sometimes they can eat small pieces of fruit.

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2 Some Words Using the context, guess the meaning of the words in bold. 1.

The work isn't easy, but it's very gratifying because I love dogs. Gratifying means

❒ satisfying ❒ annoying 2.

When I was eight years old, my grandfather became quite ill. He had a stroke and needed constant care. Stroke here means ❒ the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain ❒ the striking of a clock ❒ a mark or line

3.

Harry was a wiry little man with bushy eyebrows. You could hardly see his eyes. Bushy eyebrows are

❒ thin ❒ thick ❒ dark 4.

We were inseparable. We would spend all day

❒ apart ❒ together 5.

My brother developed an allergy, so my parents stripped the house of all its carpeting. To strip here means to

❒ undress ❒ remove a covering from ❒ rob 6.

I cried and cried until I thought that I wouldn't have any more tears left. My parents tried to calm me down, but I was inconsolable. If you are inconsolable, it is very hard to

❒ like you ❒ comfort you ❒ condemn you 24

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2 What Do You Think? The passage you are going to read is called My Best Friends. Answer these questions before you read it. Be sure to keep your answers, because you will use them later in the unit. 1. This story deals with pets. Read the title of the story below. Can you guess which kind of pet the writer had? 2. What attitude do you think the writer has toward pets? What makes you think this? 3. Do you expect the writer to try and convince us of anything? If so, what? What kind of arguments might the writer use to convince us? 4. The passage tells about a child who developed allergies. What kinds of things are people allergic to? What do doctors usually recommend?

Something to Read My Best Friends Part 1 I've been a dog trainer for 15 years. I don't think there's anything else in the world that I would rather do. The work isn't easy, but it's very gratifying. I just love dogs. Some people think my obsession with dogs is a bit much, but I really do think of dogs as people. They have personalities, characters, and feelings. This is how my love affair with dogs began. When I was eight years old, my grandfather became quite ill. He had a stroke and needed constant care. My family decided that the best place for him would be in a retirement home. So we searched for the perfect place for our grandpa and found a nice, comfortable, and quiet home just north of the city. Every Sunday afternoon the family would get into the car and visit Grandpa. If I remember correctly, it was called Sunnyville. In any case, I remember that it had huge oak trees out in the front where I used to play hide-and-seek with my brother.

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2 Grandpa shared a room with a man named Harry. He was a wiry little man with bushy eyebrows and twinkling eyes. Harry had pictures of dogs all over his walls. I used to love to sit on the armchair in their room and stare at the pictures while Harry told me stories about the dogs. We became great friends, Harry and I. Harry had been a dog trainer his whole life. He used to train pedigrees for competitions. He told people that he had trained Lassie for the famous TV show (although now that I'm older I know that Lassie was actually four or five different dogs, probably from all over the country). Now that Harry was in a home, his son had taken over the kennels. Harry missed his dogs very much, and naturally they didn't let dogs in the home. Because of Harry, I began dreaming of having a dog. The dogs in the pictures had become my friends. I begged my parents for a dog, but they weren't very interested in the idea. Then, on one of our Sunday visits, Harry presented me with a surprise. He took me outside where his son was waiting on the lawn under one of the great, big oak trees. He was holding a little collie puppy. When Harry's son let go of the puppy, it ran right up to me. I bent down to pet it, and it jumped up to lick my face. I still remember that feeling of the puppy's soft fur and its little pink tongue licking my cheek. "Katy, this is for you." Harry told me, "It's for making my Sundays here the best day of the week. I know you'll make a good home for it."

What Do You Think Now? Answer the questions about the story. 1. In the first paragraph we learn that the author's work is not easy. Why do you think the work might not be easy? 2. The author admits that some people think she has too much of an obsession with dogs. Do you think it is fair to say she is obsessed with dogs? Explain your answer. 3. Memory is a very interesting thing. What does the author remember about her grandfather's retirement home? And what does she not remember? Why do you think this might be so? 4. Who was Harry? 5. Did Harry like children? How do you know? 6. The writer says "and naturally, they didn't let dogs in the home." Why was this considered natural? Do you think it was a fair policy? Explain.

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2 Something to Read Part 2 Not long after Harry gave me the puppy, Grandpa passed away. We stopped going to the home. Once I asked my mother to take me to visit Harry, but when we got there we found out that Harry had died as well. The nurse told me that he had left behind one of his dog pictures, and asked if I would like it. Of course I jumped at the chance. I still have that picture hanging in my living room today. My puppy, which I named Laddie, grew to be huge. I loved that dog more than anything in the world. I would wake up extra early to play with him in our backyard, and I ran home from school every day to play with him again. I gave Laddie baths and brushed his teeth. We were inseparable. When I turned 12, my little brother began to develop allergies. He started to sneeze and cough all the time. At night he would break out into such big hives that the doctors were afraid his throat would close up. My parents stripped the house of all its carpeting. We had to get rid of all our stuffed animals and anything else in the house that collected dust. And, most tragically, the doctor told us that we would have to get rid of the dog. I cried and cried until I thought that I wouldn't have any more tears left. My parents tried to calm me down, but I was inconsolable. They gave the dog to my uncle, who they knew would take good care of it. But my life felt very empty without Laddie. As soon as I finished college and moved out on my own, the first thing I got was a dog. Then I got another. And another. Soon I had five dogs. One of my friends suggested that I become a dog trainer. So I took a course in dog training, and the profession that I love so much began. Sometimes people give me dogs that they can't take care of anymore or that were abandoned. I try to find good homes for them. Sometimes I'll come upon little girls or boys with a special shine in their eyes and I'm reminded of that first lick and cuddle from my first dog. That's when I know that the dog will have a great home, that those children will make wonderful dog owners.

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2 What Do You Think Now?

A

Answer the questions about the story. 1. About how old is the author? How do you know? 2. Why do you think the author still has Harry's dog picture hanging in her room today? In your opinion, what does the picture symbolize? 3. Imagine what the author's parents said to her when they had to take the dog away. Role-play the scene with a partner. 4. Look at the last paragraph. What exactly do you think the "special shine in their eyes" is? Would any adult notice this special shine in a child's eye? What brings or has brought a special shine to your eye? Why?

B

List the important events in the story, and then put them in chronological order. The first one is done for you. 1. When the author was eight years old, her grandfather had to move to a retirement home. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

C

Go back to your answers to the questions in What Do You Think? Were your predictions confirmed?

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2 Something to Write About Choose two topics. 1. Write a story about someone who chose a profession as a result of a special love for something. 2. Write a story about someone who finds or has a really unusual pet. You might tell how the person got it, what kind of food the pet eats, how the person plays with the pet, and how other people react to it. Try to include some interesting or funny incidents that involved the pet. 3. Write a detailed description of an animal you know well. Describe the animal's appearance, habits, and personality. 4. Write an opinion piece about whether pets should be allowed to live in apartment buildings. Here are some questions that might help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the policy of not permitting pets in apartment buildings? • Why might pets be problematic in some apartment buildings? • Do you think that pets are a disturbance? • What are alternative solutions to the problem?

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Language in Use Gerunds I began to dream of owning a dog. She believes in running as the healthiest form of exercise. I asked him to suggest an idea for getting a better job. • The words in the box that end in -ing are nouns. This kind of noun is called a gerund. • In these examples, the gerund comes immediately after a preposition – of, in, and for.

A

Use gerunds to complete the paragraph. Use the words in the box. Some Words be go

read see

take

I've always been interested in 1. ______________ about wild animals, but I'm tired of 2. ______________ them in zoos. They just do not look very wild in cages. This is why I'm thinking about 3. ______________ to Africa to see the animals in their natural surroundings. I'm sure this would be really exciting. I'm thinking of 4. _____________ my husband and children on a safari in Africa during the summer. My children are looking forward to 5. ____________ there, but my husband thinks it's a crazy idea.

B

Talk about yourself by completing these sentences. Use gerunds. Example: I am really interested in going to Australia because my grandparents were born there.

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2 1. I am really interested in _______________________________ because ____________________________________________________________.

2. I believe in _____________________ when ________________________ ____________________________________________________________.

3. I always look forward to _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________.

4. I would not be afraid of _________________________________________ although I think that many people would.

5. I will never get tired of __________________________________________ because _____________________________________________________.

6. I often dream about ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________.

7. I think we should look into _______________________________________ next year.

8. I think I am really obsessed with ___________________________ English!

9. I get a lot of gratification from ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________.

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2 Something More to Read A Letter to the City Zoo

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2 What Do You Think Now? Answer the questions. 1. What does the passage tell us about the city zoo? Find words that describe the poor conditions of the animals and cages.

Cages

Animals

2. Who do you think wrote the letter? 3. What is the purpose of the letter? Quote from the passage to support your answer. 4. "My last visit to the zoo upset me very much." Find expressions or phrases in the letter that show the author was upset. 5. Find sentences in the letter that tell you about the author's concerns. 6. What is the main idea of the first paragraph? a. I have visited this zoo since I was a young child. b. I have always loved seeing and learning about the exotic and endangered animals there. c. I was shocked by the conditions of the animals. d. The animals looked tired and lifeless – it was as if they were ill.

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2 7. What is the main idea of the second paragraph? a. The cages and the grounds were unkempt and dirty. b. Zoos should allow the animals to live long, healthy lives. c. The city zoo is neglecting its responsibility to care for the animals. 8. Which sentence in the third paragraph states the author's intention in the letter? 9. "Since animals are better off in their natural environment than in captivity, we should at least make sure that when they are in captivity, they are well cared for." Do you agree? Explain.

Something to Write About

Write a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. Use the letter in Something More to Read as a model. Choose a topic that you have a strong opinion about. Ideas to help you: • the use of animals in rodeos and circuses • the sale of animal furs for fashion • the use of animals in medical experiments • activism in support of animal protection • the capture and killing of stray animals • the importance of animal shelters

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2 Some Words

A

Read the sentences and the examples. Then complete the sentences with gratification, gratified, or gratifying. Examples: - The work isn't easy, but it's very gratifying. - He gets a lot of gratification from watching his children grow up. (noun) - I felt really gratified when she agreed to everything that I had requested. (adjective) - Learning English is a gratifying experience. (adjective) 1. I was very ______________ when the teacher told me I was the best student in class. 2. I felt great _______________ when he told me how well I had done. 3. It was truly ______________ when I saw my good grade.

B

Complete the sentence. The most gratifying experience I ever had was when _________________________________________________________________.

C

Read the examples. Then complete the sentences with different forms of obsess. Examples: - Some people think my obsession with dogs is a bit much. (noun) - She is obsessed with that singer. (adjective) - She behaves obsessively. She buys every new disc of his. (adverb) - Stop obsessing about him. He's just a person like you and me. (noun) - She has an obsessive interest in singers and movie stars, but I'm sure she'll eventually grow out of it. (adjective)

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2 1. His __________________ behavior made everyone look at him. 2. Natalie works ________________. It's time she relaxed. 3. My boss is a very ________________ person, who cannot think of anything except work. 4. Carlos is ________________ with food. He never thinks of anything else. 5. Is an _________________ with money common in modern societies?

D

Read the example and the words in the box. Then complete the sentences on the next page. We were inseparable.

Inseparable means not able to be separated. The chart shows you some similar words.

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2 Word

not

inseparable incurable incomparable unbreakable inexcusable

= = = = =

in in in un in

Can + + + + +

separate cure compare break excuse

+ + + + +

able able able able able

Meaning = = = = =

cannot be separated cannot be cured cannot be compared cannot be broken cannot be excused

1. The most dangerous disease in the world today is still ________________. 2. This product is _______________ with the old product because it is completely different. 3. Somebody should invent ______________________________ glasses. 4. We all found it ___________________ that he could be the thief.

E

Read the example. Then complete the sentence below with words of your own. My parents tried to calm me down, but I was inconsolable.

I felt inconsolable when ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________.

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2 F

Read the example and look at the picture. What are pedigrees? Harry used to train pedigrees for competitions.

G

The following words come from the letter to the editor in Something More to Read. Which words have a negative connotation?

❒ captivity

❒ habitat

❒ enclosed

❒ lifeless

❒ endangered

❒ neglect

❒ exotic

❒ unkempt

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2 Something to Write About Choose a topic. 1. Write an article about animals and people. Think of who your audience is and where you would publish your article (for example, in a children's magazine, a nature magazine, or a newspaper). 2. Write a story from an animal's point of view.

Project Choose a project. 1. Write and present a short play featuring pets. It might show people's relationships with pets or how pets influence the relationships between people. For example, you could involve a pet in a love story or a quarrel between friends or financial difficulties. 2. Find out how people regarded pets in the past. You can look for information in encyclopedias, books, and on the Internet. Then write up your findings, with illustrations, or make a multimedia presentation. 3. Find out about the role of pets in history or in different societies, and present your findings to the class. 4. With a partner, make a survey of the kinds of pets that people have in your area. Ask the owners why they chose those pets. You can include photographs in your report or film the interviews with a video camera. 5. Choose an unusual pet. Research the methods of caring for the pet, and write out instructions. 6. Find four different kinds of stories about pets. For example, one story could be a mystery, another could be funny, the third might be about bravery, and the fourth could be autobiographical. Tell – do not read – one of the stories to the class.

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2 What Did You Learn? Facts: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Words: Word

Meaning

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3 Before You Start Read each paragraph and discuss the questions with your partner. There are no right or wrong answers. Give examples to support your opinion.

A recent movie showed a vicious criminal who penetrates a computer network. This computer genius steals people's files and attacks the people via their computers and home appliances. 1. Is such a science fiction scenario possible? Will people ever be able to attack others through machines? Why or why not?

Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science that deals with the computer's ability to understand symbols and make inferences. Artificial intelligence attempts to teach computers to think the way humans do. 2. What could be some applications of computer intelligence? How can artificial intelligence make our life easier?

In a virtual reality computer game, you feel that you are part of the scene. You can be a "goodie" or a "baddie", and you can do things that in real life would not necessarily be possible. 3. What positive applications of virtual reality can you think of? What are the possible dangers of this technology?

New technologies can help people with a physical disability. For example, there are robots that function as arms. A person can manipulate objects simply by pushing a button and letting the robot do the work. 4. What kinds of tasks can machines do to help people with physical disabilities? Brainstorm and produce a list.

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3 In the past, matchmaking was a profession for humans. Nowadays computers also help people find the perfect match. 5. How do computers match up people? Do you think that computer-assisted matches are generally more successful than those made by a human matchmaker?

What Do You Know?

A

There are many ways of meeting a partner. In the computer era, technology can help. The Internet has many matchmaking sites that help single people find a match. 1. What do you think about such electronic matchmaker services? 2. What kind of people do you think might use this service?

B

At most Internet matchmaking sites, people have to give information about themselves so the computer can make a match. Mark the information that you think is necessary. Compare with a partner. For each item, explain why it is or isn't necessary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒

your e-mail address your postal address the name of your home town your profession your hobbies the kind of music you like the kind of movies you like your appearance your personality traits your age the kind of people you would like to meet your telephone number

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3 Some Words

A

A gadget is a device or tool designed to perform a certain function. Use expressions in the box to complete the descriptions of the gadgets below. Some Words driver's guide

love

money minder

watchdog

1. It's electronic. It barks when someone unknown approaches your front door. It's a __________ gadget. 2. It's small and fits in your pocket. It beeps when you meet someone you like. It's a __________ gadget. 3. It's electronic. Type in your destination and it will tell you how to get there. It's a ___________________________________. 4. You put your bills in it. It counts them and tells you how much money you have. It's a _____________________________.

B

Look at the gadgets in A. Which do you think are real devices? ________________________________________________________________________.

C

Read the sentences below. The expressions in bold come from the passage you are going to read. What do they mean? Use your dictionary to help you. 1. My gadget started beeping like crazy. 2. If someone of the opposite sex who has one of these devices is within range, your love gadget picks up its signals. 3. These little electronic matchmakers are breaking into the American market.

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3 D

Fill in the chart with the words in the box. Some Words alone approached beep

computer device elevator

mates radar sensor

People

shy signals single

Machines

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3 What Do You Think? Many people like a house full of gadgets – microwave ovens, cell phones, fruit juice makers, electric toothbrushes and many others.

A B

What gadgets do people use on a daily basis? With a partner, list as many as you can. Rate the usefulness of the gadgets you listed in question A. Use the following scale: 1 2 3 4

C

= = = =

It's absolutely essential. I'm willing to try it. I can do without it. Who needs it?

The passage you are going to read is called The Love Gadget. It is about a gadget that helps people meet other people they like. With a partner, try to guess what the gadget is like, and answer these questions about it. 1. 2. 3. 4.

How big is it? What does it do? How do people use it? Do you think you would want one?

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3 Something to Read The Love Gadget 1 Do you have a hard time approaching someone for a date? Are you shy when it comes to meeting people of the opposite sex? If your answer is yes, then you are not alone. More single people these days are finding it harder to meet a mate than ever before. That is why a company in Japan has developed a new electronic device that helps single men and women meet. Seems ridiculous? Read on. 2 This new love gadget is small enough to be carried around in your pocket or used as a key chain. The device contains a little computer and a radar sensor. For it to work, you simply program in your likes and dislikes. Then you set your gadget to one of three different modes: Meet, if you want to meet someone for a date; Talk, if you just want to talk to someone; or Wait, if you want to look at the person and then decide. 3 If someone of the opposite sex who has one of these devices is within range, your love gadget picks up its signals. If this person has similar likes and dislikes to the ones you've programmed in, both of your devices will begin to beep. The beeps are different depending on which mode the gadget is set to. You can switch your mode to match the mode of the gadget that's signaling you. Now all you have to do is find the person who is beeping and voilá! The match is made! 4 This new love gadget has already been responsible for creating hundreds of happy couples. More than one million of these little electronic matchmakers have already been sold in Japan, and now they are breaking into the American market. And what do the successful purchasers of the love gadget have to say? 5 "I've always been kind of shy when it comes to meeting women," says Thomas, an accountant from Chicago. "When I started using the new love gadget, meeting women became easy. I knew exactly whom I was meeting and whether they were available. If they had an interest that was the same as mine, I could just begin to talk about that interest. And I wasn't as worried about being rejected!"

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3 6 Thomas is now happily matched up with another accountant from a company in the same building. "I was in the elevator one day when my gadget started beeping," said Thomas. "Was I surprised when I saw it was Sylvia from the company down the hall! I had been secretly interested in her for months, but I could never get up the courage to approach her." With the love gadget, Thomas knew that Sylvia not only had similar interests but that she was also available and interested in a date. 7 Isabella, an office assistant in a big marketing company, also met her current boyfriend by using the love gadget. "I was quietly sitting in a café with a couple of girlfriends when suddenly my gadget started beeping like crazy," said Isabella. "I looked up and saw the most gorgeous guy sitting three feet away, holding up his love gadget and smiling at me! I couldn't believe it!" Isabella says that without the love gadget she would never have approached this stranger. "I would never just go up to a guy and start talking," Isabella said, "but this way it seemed just right. I knew this guy liked the things I liked and that he was interested in meeting me." The couple are happily planning to get married this June. 8 If you would like to order the love gadget for yourself or for a friend, you can call us at 1-800-555-GADG.

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3 What Do You Think Now? Answer the questions. 1. Look back at the guesses you made in What Do You Think? Were you right? 2. Is the writer of the article positive, neutral, or negative about the gadget? What words or phrases show this? 3. What is the purpose of this article? What makes you think this? 4. Where do you think this article might be published? Why? 5. "More single people these days are finding it harder to meet their mates than ever before." Why do you think this is so? 6. Suppose you are writing a newspaper advertisement for the love gadget. Which sentences in the first four paragraphs of the article would you quote? 7. The passage quotes several people. What is the purpose of these quotations? 8. With a partner, list the main advantages of the love gadget. 9. Do you see any disadvantages in it? If so, what? 10. Would you recommend the love gadget to single friends? Explain.

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3 Something to Write About Choose two topics. 1. You have a love gadget. Write a description of the likes and dislikes you would program into it. Would you set it to Meet, Talk, or Wait? Explain why. 2. A grandparent tells his or her grandchildren how the two grandparents met through a love gadget. Write what the grandparent says. You might also include the questions the children ask. 3. A man and a woman meet through their love gadgets. They eventually marry. The marriage goes wrong, and the man writes a letter of complaint to the makers of the love gadget. Write the letter. 4. Take a famous love story from literature, movie, or the theater. Rewrite it so that the lovers meet through love gadgets. 5. It is the future. Love gadgets now have very sophisticated computers in them. Two love gadgets discuss their owners in private. Write the dialog between the gadgets. 6. Two people are about to meet each other through their love gadgets. However, one of the gadgets is not working properly, though neither of the people realizes this. Describe what happens, or write it as a short play. 7. Write a love poem or a pop song that is appropriate for the age of the love gadget. 8. Invent a romantic love story or soap opera that features love gadgets. 9. A man programs his love gadget with lies in order to meet a particular woman. Write the story of what happens.

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3

Language in Use Placement of Adverbs Thomas is now happily matched up. "I had been secretly interested in her for months." "I was quietly sitting in a café with a couple of girlfriends." The couple are happily planning to get married this June.

A

Look at the adverbs in the examples, and write a rule for the placement of adverbs. Adverbs ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________.

B

Rewrite the sentences, and put the adverbs in the right place. 1. The person dials and leaves a message. (simply) ________________________________________________________. 2. They met through the love gadget and lived ever after. (happily) ________________________________________________________. 3. They will find that they are meant for one another. (hopefully) ________________________________________________________. 4. Complete these sentences. (logically) ________________________________________________________. 5. They are trying to finish their jobs before the boss comes. (desperately) ________________________________________________________.

C

Write logical sentences about people or machines. Use adverbs from the box. Some Words amusedly angrily carefully

foolishly furiously hopefully

intelligently madly quietly

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3 Something More to Read

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3 What Do You Think Now?

A

Look at the passage in Something More to Read again. 1. Where do you think the passage was published – on the Internet or in a book, a magazine, or a newspaper? Why do you think so? 2. What kind of passage is it (for example, a story, an article, an advertisement)?

B

What can TalktoMe do? Mark all the appropriate items. ❒ talk ❒ record your voice ❒ play back sound ❒ collect money ❒ store information ❒ receive messages ❒ send messages ❒ dial ❒ ring ❒ vibrate ❒ answer the phone

C D

Would you buy TalktoMe? Why or why not?

How is TalktoMe different from an answering machine? How is it different from a cell phone? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

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3 E

Read each sentence in column A. Then find a logical continuation in column B. B

A ___ 1. If you're trekking in Nepal, you don't need to worry. ___ 2. Communicating with TalktoMe is simple and direct.

a. You are not charged by the number of messages you receive.

___ 3. You don't need to be a "techie."

b. The Silent Vibration mode notifies you of messages without making any noise.

___ 4. If you are in a meeting, you can relax.

c. The interface is convenient and easy to use.

___ 5. No need to worry about getting too many messages.

d. No operator assistance is necessary. e. You can get your messages wherever you are.

Something to Write About With a partner, think of a real device or invent a new one. Write an advertisement for the device, and use the advertisement in Something More to Read as a model. Here are some tips: • Describe the device – its weight, size, and its function. • List the features of the device that you consider special selling points. • Write some slogans to persuade the readers.

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3 Some Words Circle the correct answer. Use your dictionary for help. 1. He and his old girlfriend split up, and he is (current / currently) seeing someone else. 2. Things change so fast that I just cannot keep up with (current / currently) technology. 3. Your new dog is (gorgeous / gorgeously). 4. This new love gadget is (responsible / responsibly) for connecting hundreds of couples. 5. He (responsibility / responded / responsible) as soon as he heard her gadget beep. 6. She said, "I'm sorry. I'm not (responsibility / responded / responsible) for this gadget." 7. I knew exactly whom I was meeting and whether they were (available / availability). 8. The (availability / available) of the love gadget is still limited. 9. Do you have a hard time (approach / approaching /approachable) someone for a date? 10. He (approached / approachable) her very carefully, but she would not talk to him. 11. You simply (program / programmer) in your likes and dislikes. 12. I have (programmed / programmable / programmer) my love gadget to make me sound really wonderful. 13. The new (program / programmable) in my love gadget will make women believe I am great!

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3 14. And what do the (purchases / purchasers) of the love gadget have to say? 15. While he was making the (purchase / purchaser), he met a woman who was also buying a love gadget. 16. The device (contains / container) a little computer and a radar sensor. 17. Would you like to know what I have in this big (container / contains)? 18. We need an inventor to (device / devise) a gadget that will give us more time to meet people. 19. Do you think we need a (device / devise) that will let people read each other's minds? 20. The best (advice / advise) I can give you is to listen to your heart. 21. I (advice / advise) you to review the material that was taught in class before you attempt to do your homework. 22. (Communicating / Communicator) with TalktoMe is simple and direct. 23. You can (customize / customizable) your personal greeting.

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3 Something to Talk About With a partner, discuss the quotations below. For each quotation, answer the following questions: • What does the quotation mean? • Do you agree with it? If you don't, how would you change it to make it reflect what you think? • Can it apply to the story on the love gadgets? How?

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3 Project Choose a project. 1. Interview a number of elderly people. Find out how technology has affected their lives. Prepare a report to give in class. 2. What were the most significant inventions of the twentieth century? Use the Internet or printed sources to find information, and make a report to the class. 3. Interview three married couples of different ages and backgrounds. Collect their stories of how they met. Make a book or a poster with the stories. 4. Look in newspaper and magazine columns that give advice on finding partners to marry, or find books on the subject. Do they all advise the same thing? Write a review comparing the different kinds of advice.

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3 What Did You Learn? Facts: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Words: Word

Meaning

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Just for Fun

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4 Answer the questions. 1. What crazy things have you done just for fun? 2. Were any of them dangerous? 3. Compare the crazy things you did with what your classmates remember doing. 4. People do many crazy or even dangerous things for fun. List as many as you can think of. 5. Fill in the chart with the crazy things on your list.

Things that are OK to do

Things that are not OK to do

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4 What Do You Know?

A

Answer the questions. 1. Which of the following sports are dangerous? In what way are they dangerous? If you don't know about some of the sports, look them up. ❒ bungee jumping ❒ car racing ❒ caving ❒ deep-sea diving ❒ hang gliding ❒ motorcycling ❒ mountain climbing ❒ parachuting ❒ rafting ❒ sailing ❒ skiing (on snow) ❒ snowboarding ❒ waterskiing 2. Why do you think people take part in dangerous sports? 3. Why do you think people watch dangerous sports?

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4 Did you know? When we feel very excited and thrilled, our bodies release a chemical called adrenaline into our blood.

B

In 1997 the BBC conducted an Internet survey and asked people this question: "Is it worth risking your life for adventure?" Discuss each respondent's statement with your partner. Then check (✔) the statements that represent a "Yes" answer to the survey question. 1. ❒ One respondent said that diving at high speed down the side of a cave is the most exhilarating experience you can have. All you need is some rope to keep you from the sharp stalagmites at the bottom. This kind of experience is what keeps life interesting and makes it worth living. 2. ❒ Another respondent answered that risking your own life is bad, but risking others’ lives in order to save yours is even worse. 3. ❒ Someone else said, "What is life without risk? Stable, predictable, secure, and completely unfulfilled." 4. ❒ To another person who participated in the survey, adventure is a test of people’s limits, and some people like to test their limits in "out-of-theordinary" conditions.

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4 5. ❒ One of the respondents is a motorcyclist and an acrobatic pilot. He thinks that there is risk in everything we do – even in common, everyday activities such as crossing the street. He believes that risk should not keep people from doing the activities they enjoy. 6. ❒ Another respondent declared that adventure is important to test a person’s determination, resourcefulness, and ability to control fear. 7. ❒ To yet another respondent, adventure is much better than watching TV in her living room. She feels people should be free to do as they please. 8. ❒ According to a mountain biker, people who risk their lives through their sport "take a calculated risk." He thinks it is better to enjoy life and take risks than to die sitting in a chair. And anyway, death eventually comes to us all.

C

Choose one of the responses in section B that you agree with, and expand on it. Write your opinion, and support it with examples.

Some Words Read the sample sentences, and choose the meaning that fits the context best. 1. It seems that the bungee jumping craze is hitting millions of young people. In this sentence, craze means ❒ wild or exaggerated enthusiasm ❒ a mental illness 2. How did this exhilarating sport begin? Exhilarating means ❒ exciting ❒ unusual, different 3. It also was performed as a seasonal rite in hopes of a plentiful harvest. A rite is ❒ a church ❒ a ceremony or formal procedure

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4 4. People believed that when the jumper's hair brushed the ground, the land would become more fertile. Fertile means ❒ productive ❒ able to have children 5. These same adventurous English boys went on to jump off the Golden Gate Bridge. An adventurous person ❒ likes taking risks ❒ is mean or bad to others 6. Kal Muller, a writer and photographer, tried the death-defying jump himself. A death-defying activity is not only _________ but it is also dangerous. ❒ challenging, ❒ interesting, 7. It’s the most thrilling sport I’ve ever done. Thrilling means ❒ very exciting ❒ physically difficult

What Do You Think?

A

These words are used in the reading passage: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

fantastic dangerous defying exhilarating incredible indescribable popular thrilling safe

1. Look up the words you don't know. 2. Which of the words have a positive connotation? 3. Which of the sports listed on page 66 do you think these words describe?

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4 B C

The title of the story you are going to read is Bungee Jumping. What do you know about this sport? Tell your partner.

How do you think bungee jumping might have started? Try to guess.

Something to Read

Bungee Jumping Part 1 1. No one knows exactly how jumping from a platform more than 148 feet (45 meters) above the ground with only a rope to keep you from death became so popular. I certainly don’t. However, it seems that the bungee jumping craze is hitting millions of young people all around the world. 2. "It’s this feeling at the bottom of the stomach that’s indescribable," says South African-born Adam. He’s already done over 60 jumps. "When you’re floating in the air and your heart is pumping, it’s just incredible. It’s like catching a piece of another world." Other bungee jumpers agree. "It’s totally fantastic," says Cathy, who lives in Sydney, Australia. "It’s the most thrilling sport I’ve ever done." 3. How did this exhilarating sport begin? It seems that people have been doing it for generations. Legend has it that a young woman who was fleeing from her husband tied a vine around her feet and jumped off a palm tree. Jumping off cliffs with a vine attached to one's ankles became a way for boys to become accepted as adult men. It also was performed as a seasonal rite in hopes of a plentiful harvest. People believed that when the jumper's hair brushed the ground, the land would become more fertile.

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4 4. The first time bungee jumping was ever mentioned in writing was after two writers, Irving and Electa Johnson, came to Pentecost Island in Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides), in the Pacific Ocean. The following year they wrote an article for National Geographic, in which they described the strange custom of "land diving" that they saw on the island. In the article (January 1955), the Johnsons explained that people on the island put a vine around their ankles and jumped off towers that were as tall as 78 feet (23.7 meters)! 5. In 1970, a crew from National Geographic went back to Pentecost Island. Kal Muller, a writer and photographer, tried the death-defying jump himself. He was the first foreigner to ever try it. to be continued...

What Do You Think Now? 1. One jumper said, "It’s this feeling at the bottom of the stomach that’s indescribable…When you’re floating in the air, and your heart is pumping, it’s just incredible." What additional words and phrases do you think might describe this feeling? Write at least six. 2. Do you find it interesting that bungee jumping was used as an agricultural rite? Do you know of agricultural rites in other cultures? 3. Irving and Electa Johnson wrote an article in National Geographic. What do National Geographic writers and photographers do? 4. Kal Muller, a writer and photographer, was the first foreigner to try the jump. List at least three adjectives that you think describe him.

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4 Something to Read ...continued Part 2 6. In 1979, bungee jumping took a giant leap forward. The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University in England decided to give "land diving" a try. The members of the club dressed up in tuxedos and top hats and jumped off the Clifton Bridge in Bristol, England. It was 246 feet (75 meters) high. These same adventurous English boys went on to jump off the Golden Gate Bridge in California. 7. Eventually, people began hearing about bungee jumping. With his leap from the Eiffel Tower in 1987, A. J. Hackett made the sport famous. One year later he and some colleagues brought bungee jumping to Ohakune, New Zealand, where they opened the first commercial jumping site in the world. Other sites soon followed. 8. At the same time, John and Peter Kockleman saw the Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club on a popular television show and became interested in the sport. They started Bungee Adventures, a jumping site in California. Three years after the founding of the business, 16,000 people had already visited the site. 9. By the middle of 1992, a popular magazine estimated that over one million Americans had already tried the sport. It was said that over three million people around the world had bungee jumped in a single year. 10. However, the success of the bungee jumping business soon began to slow down. State laws and high insurance costs caused jumping sites to close. By 1994, there were half as many sites as before. But the popularity of the sport in the early 1990s did have its advantages. Bungee jumping became a recognized sport, and new world records were set.

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4 11. Although bungee jumping has resulted in fatalities, people who are serious about the sport claim that safety is of utmost importance. As with most dangerous sports, they say, bungee jumping is perfectly safe if done properly. 12. Despite claims of safety, I personally feel safer on the ground. But for those who like the thrill of the fear, they say that there’s nothing that can beat it. One avid bungee fan summed it up as follows: "Go bungee jumping, 'cause it’s grrrrrreat."

What Do You Think Now? Answer the questions. 1. Where do you think you might find this piece of writing? ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒

in in in in

a magazine an encyclopedia a traveler's diary a letter to the editor

2. Complete the timeline according to the texts. 1954 - National Geographic writers visit Pentecost Island. 1955 ___________________________________________________________ 1970 ___________________________________________________________ 1979 ___________________________________________________________ 1987 ___________________________________________________________ 1988 ___________________________________________________________ 1992 ___________________________________________________________ 1994 ___________________________________________________________

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4 3. What is remarkable about the history of bungee jumping? 4. Boys would jump from high cliffs with vines tied around their feet to show that they were ready to be treated as adults. Why might people think that this feat proves that a boy is a grown man? Do you think it is proof? Explain. 5. The story mentions the Eiffel Tower and the Golden Gate Bridge. Are there any similar landmarks in your country that could be used for bungee jumping? 6. In the first paragraph of the article, the writer denies knowing how bungee jumping became so popular. What facts in paragraphs 7 and 8 seem to contradict this statement? Explain why this is a contradiction. 7. According to some bungee jumpers, this sport, like other dangerous sports, "is perfectly safe if done properly." Do you agree with this statement? 8. What does the writer think about bungee jumping? Do you agree with the writer? Why or why not?

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4 Something to Write About Choose two topics. 1. In some countries, bungee jumping is forbidden by law. Write an article explaining why you agree or disagree with the law. 2. One person is trying to convince another to go bungee jumping. Decide who the two people are and what their relationship is. Then write the dialog. 3. You are the first person to discover bungee jumping on Pentecost Island, and you are surprised to see this custom. Write a short article about it for a magazine. 4. You perform the first bungee jump ever made by a non-native of Pentecost Island. Write a letter to a member of your family about it. 5. You are a police officer on duty at the Golden Gate Bridge. Suddenly some students arrive and start to bungee jump from the bridge. Write a report about what happened and what you did. 6. Write a detective story involving bungee jumping.

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4 Language in Use Adjectives That Come from Verbs

A

Read the examples. • Bungee jumping is an amazing sport. When I saw it for the first time, I was amazed. • Bungee jumping is an exciting sport. People claim that they are very excited when they do it. • Many people say bungee jumping is a thrilling sport. They feel thrilled and stimulated when they do it. • They also say it is an exhilarating sport, because they feel exhilarated and full of life when they do it. Bungee jumping is an amazing, exciting, thrilling, and exhilarating sport. The people who do it are amazed, excited, thrilled, and exhilarated.

B

Complete the sentences. Change the verbs in parentheses into adjectives ending in -ing or -ed. 1. This is an _____________ article. It made me really ________________ in bungee jumping and the people who do it. (interest) 2. We were ____________ when we saw that _____________ horror movie. (terrify) 3. That was really _____________ news about Fred winning a million dollars. He was more _____________ than anyone else! (surprise) 4. I was truly ____________ at that movie. The story was so ___________ that I almost fell asleep. (bore) 5. We had a _____________ experience on the safari. We were really ___________ when we heard the roar of lions. (frighten) 6. I'm feeling a bit _____________ now after all this work. I had a rather ___________ day. (tire)

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4 Something More to Read

Relaxing, Yawning, Humor, and Health 1. We all know that tension and worry often affect us physically. We may even feel physically ill. (Who does not remember at least one test in school that made you sick?) People who are tense and worried over a long period of time may well develop real illnesses. The mind affects the body. 2. Conversely, when we feel relaxed, our bodies simply feel better. Not only do we feel better, but we can accomplish tasks more successfully. Consider singing. Imagine you are alone in the shower with no one to see or hear you. You relax under the stream of hot water. It is not difficult to let loose freely with a song. Now imagine you are on a stage in front of people. You become nervous and tense in front of the people – and suddenly you find you cannot sing at all. 3. Knowing how to relax is important. Athletes and actors are aware of this. Students in drama schools and people who are training in any sport must first learn how to relax. Only then can their minds and bodies perform well. Only then can their bodies become healthy and fit. 4. One standard drama school exercise that anyone can do is simply yawning. When you yawn and stretch, your body naturally relaxes itself. All you have to do is to seriously start pretending to yawn, and then your body will take over and you will really start yawning! Enjoy, stretch, and relax! 5. Another wonderful way to relax is by laughing. Some doctors recommend it as a deliberate exercise to be done every day. Again, start laughing by just doing it, and then the body will naturally take over. You will find you are really laughing. Laughter is one of nature's gifts to human beings – and this is why it is often called the best medicine of all. It feels so good!

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4 What Do You Think Now?

A

The title of the passage includes four elements. Where does the writer deal with each? Relaxing: in paragraphs _____ and _____ Yawning: in paragraph _____ Humor: in paragraph _____ Health: in paragraph _____

B

Complete these sentences according to the main ideas in the passage. 1. In order to be __________ , you need to know how to __________. 2. One way of relaxing is by _______________________. 3. Another way is by _____________________________. 4. Humor ______________________________________.

C

Look at paragraph 1 again and answer the questions. What is the main idea of the paragraph? ________________________________________________________________________

D

Who do you think wrote this passage? Explain your choice. ❒ a doctor ❒ a physical education teacher ❒ a journalist ❒ a poet ❒ other

E

In paragraph 2, what does the example of singing in the shower show?

F

Add a concluding paragraph to the passage.

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4 Something to Talk About

A

Discuss these statements from the passage on page 77. Do you agree? Give examples. 1. Tension and worry often affect us physically. 2. The mind affects the body. 3. When we feel relaxed, our bodies simply feel better. 4. Knowing how to relax is important. 5. Laughter is one of nature's gifts to human beings – and this is why it is often called the best medicine of all.

B

Discuss with a partner. 1. Think of an event that shows the importance of humor, and share it with your partner. 2. Think of an event that shows the dangers of tension, and share it with your partner.

Some Words

A

Read the example and the note. Then complete the sentences below with a form of the word describe. Verb describe

Noun description

Adjective describable

Opposite Adjective indescribable

Example: They described the strange custom of "land diving" that they saw on the island. 1. The article has interesting __________________ of bungee jumping. 2. I can't tell you what it feels like. It is simply _________________. 3. Don't ask me to __________________ it to you. I just cannot talk about it.

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4 B

Read the example and the note. Then complete the sentences below with a form of the word estimate. Verb estimate

Noun estimation

Adjective estimated

Example: A popular magazine estimated that over one million Americans had already tried the sport.

1. I would guess that he weighs 150 pounds. What do you ___________ his weight to be? 2. In my ___________, bungee jumping is extremely dangerous. 3. An _________ 16,000 people bungee jumped at the site in three years.

C

Read the example and the note. Then complete the sentences below with a form of the word attach. Verb attach

Noun attachment

Adjective attached

Example: Jumping off cliffs with a vine attached to one's ankles… 1. The twin brothers feel a strong ___________ for each other. 2. Since they were born, they have always felt very ___________ to each other. 3. Did he remember to ___________ the rope to his belt before he jumped?

D

Read the example and the note. Then complete the sentences below with a form of the word accomplish. Verb accomplish

Noun accomplishment

Adjective accomplished

Example: Not only do we feel better, but we can accomplish tasks more successfully.

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4 1. Tara is an _______________ pianist who has been performing since she was 12 years old. 2. They say you ___________ more if you get a good night's sleep. 3. Teachers tend to praise boys' academic ______________ more than girls'.

E

Read the example and the note. Then complete the sentences below with the correct form of the words find or found. To find means to discover something that was lost. To found means to establish. People found new businesses all the time. Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. BUT Ahmed lost his umbrella and is hoping that he'll find it soon. Last week I found a book in the library that discusses laughter and health.

Example: Three years after the founding of the business, 16,000 people had already visited the site. 1. I want to ___________ a business to produce a new kind of computer program. 2. I hope I will ___________ someone who is ready to invest money in my company. 3. Many companies are ___________ by people with one great, new idea.

Something to Write About Choose a topic. 1. Find out some interesting facts, and write at least three short Did You Know? paragraphs about the facts. You might look for information on humor, dangerous sports, unusual games, or unusual animals. 2. Write a letter to a friend who has been feeling low. Give your friend some advice that will help improve his or her mood. 3. Write a questionnaire to find out people's views on adventure. Include at least 10 questions.

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4 Project Choose one of the following. 1. Research a dangerous sport. Write up your findings in a report. You may include the history and current situation of the sport. 2. Find an authentic article about a dangerous sport. Read it and present it orally to the class. 3. Investigate the topic of humor. Organize the facts and write an article, or prepare a presentation to give in class. 4. Read some psychological research about the types of people who like to take death-defying risks. Write up your findings, and present them to the class.

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4 What Did You Learn? Facts: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Words: Word

Meaning

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What Does It Mean?

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5 Before You Start

1

2

4

3

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6

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5 A

What are the people in the pictures on page 86 saying? If you need help, look at the sentences in the box. Picture 1: _____________________________________________________________ Picture 2: _____________________________________________________________ Picture 3: _____________________________________________________________ Picture 4: _____________________________________________________________ Picture 5: _____________________________________________________________ Picture 6: _____________________________________________________________

B

The characters in the pictures are telling old wives' tales. Talk about these sayings with your classmates. 1. Why do you think people call the sayings old wives' tales? 2. How do you think each saying started? 3. Try to give a logical explanation for each one. 4. Compare your explanations with your classmates' explanations.

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5 What Do You Know?

A

Talk about the old wives' tales on page 86 with your partner. Give your opinion. 1. Which old wives' tales might have some truth in them? 2. Which are useful? 3. Which are harmful? 4. Which are harmless? 5. Which seem silly to you? 6. Which do you agree with?

B

Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1. Old wives' tales are passed down from generation to generation. Why do people pass them on to their children? 2. How old do you think these old wives' tales might be?

Some Words These expressions are all in the passage you are going to read. Complete each expression with a word from the box. Some Words blindness deficiency food 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

juice lunch research

soup tales throat

brain ____________ cranberry ____________ chicken ____________ zinc ____________ night ____________ scientific ____________ sore ____________ old wives’ ____________ picnic ____________

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5 What Do You Think?

A B

Do you know other old wives' tales? List as many as you can. Present some of them to the class.

There are many numbers in the passage you are going to read. Scan the passage to find the following numbers. Then write down what each number refers to.

Number

1991

Refers to

the year scientists found a connection between cranberry juice and bacteria

1988

3,000

12%

17%

1978

40%

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5 Something to Read Old Wives' Tales 1. "Eat your carrots – you'll see better in the dark!" "Fish is brain food." I can still hear my mother's voice urging me on with such sayings when I was a young boy. Could it be your mother's or father's voice, too? Or maybe your parents made you wear garlic around your neck to keep away colds? Or insisted that you drank chicken soup if you got the sniffles? 2. Old wives' tales are still with us, but they have also become the subject of scientific study. As it turns out, scientists have found truth in some of the things that "old wives" knew by intuition. 3. For instance, for many years lovers of cranberry juice claimed that it is effective in preventing urinary infections. But manufacturers of cranberry juice were frustrated that they could not state this as scientific fact. In 1991, a group of scientists in Israel found that cranberry juice, as well as blueberry juice, stops a bacterium from attaching itself to the walls of the bladder. This bacterium is a common cause of urinary infections. A recent study at the medical school of Harvard University provided additional support for this explanation. 4. American scientists performed a study in the 1980s to check the effects of carrots on eyesight. Although the scientists did not find that carrots stop night blindness, their research did show that carrots might help prevent macular degeneration. This is an eye disease that can eventually cause blindness. Carrots contain a substance called beta-carotene, which is also present in many other fruits and vegetables. A University of Chicago study of 3,000 older Americans in 1988 showed that one carrot a day reduced a person's chances of getting macular degeneration by 40%. 5. Is fish brain food? It depends on whether your diet lacks zinc, a mineral found in fish and seafood. A study done at the University of Texas found that a zinc deficiency "can mildly impair mental functioning, including memory." When women with a slight zinc deficiency received additional zinc, their ability to remember words jumped 12%. Their success on visual memory tests rose by 17%.

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5 6. Many grandmothers will also be pleased to know that eating chicken soup really does work. According to a 1978 study at the Mt. Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach, chicken soup fights the blocked-up feeling of a cold better than hot or cold water does. Furthermore, Dr. Irwin Ziment, of the University of California Los Angeles, found that as a chicken cooks, it releases a substance called cysteine. This substance is chemically similar to a drug that is used for infections such as bronchitis. 7. How about wearing cloves of garlic around your neck? Although no scientific study has proven that this prevents colds, wearing garlic may keep people at a distance in the winter. And we all know that close contact with other people in a confined space can spread infections. What scientific research does suggest, however, is that eating garlic can help you stay well. Studies done in Utah have confirmed that garlic can kill viruses that cause colds and flu. Eating garlic or onion can help chase away sickness when a sore throat signals the beginning of a cold. 8. Such scientific support, however, does not mean that we should believe all old wives' tales. There are still plenty of these tales that science has not confirmed. 9. You can, after all, go swimming right after eating. Just think how many precious hours children have wasted as they waited for their picnic lunches to digest! Today, scientists believe that normal meals should not cause problems for swimmers. Marathon swimmers are even advised to eat meals that are high in carbohydrates before a race. This gives them extra energy for the swim. 10. And chocolate doesn't cause anyone's face to break out in acne. Numerous studies have failed to show a connection between chocolate and acne. In fact, there appears to be little evidence that diet affects acne at all. 11. There are many more old wives' tales that I'm sure you have heard. Are they true? It is hard to tell. Here is my advice: if it sounds reasonable to you and isn't too much trouble, why not go along with it? It may keep you healthy, and, besides, it will certainly keep mothers and grandmothers happy!

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5 What Do You Think Now? Answer these questions. 1. Have you changed any of your opinions on old wives' tales? 2. List the old wives' tales that scientific research supports. 3. Which of the old wives' tales do you think is the most helpful? 4. Many of the old wives' tales refer to things you should eat. Which of those items would you be willing to eat? 5. The writer remembers his mother telling him old wives' tales when he was young (paragraph 1). a. Do you recall your parents doing that? What did they say? b. Did you obey them? Explain why. c. Now that you are older, what do you think about the old wives' tales you heard as a child? 6. Do you agree with the writer's advice in the last paragraph? Why or why not? 7. The writer suggests that there may be some logic in wearing garlic around your neck to keep colds away. Do you agree with the writer's explanation? Would you wear garlic? Why or why not?

Something to Write About Choose two topics. 1. Think of an old wives' tale you know. Imagine how it got started. Write a story showing how it began. 2. Write a dialog between a parent and a child. The parent tries to convince the child to eat carrots, but the child does not want to. Who wins? Who gives up? 3. Write some old wives' tales that are appropriate for the modern age of technology. For example, you might write, "To keep your computer from crashing, stroke it lovingly three times before you start typing."

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5 4. Imagine that you are a scientist who is setting out to investigate an old wives' tale. a. Choose a tale, and design an experiment to check it. Write a description of your experiment. OR b. Imagine that you have already checked out the tale, and report on what you did and what you learned. 5. Write a story about someone who believes all old wives' tales. Show how these beliefs influence the person's life and lifestyle.

Language in Use Adjectives and Linking Verbs "Here is my advice: if it sounds reasonable to you and isn't too much trouble, why not go along with it?" We say He talks quietly. BUT He is quiet. She explains things reasonably. BUT She sounds reasonable. They do their research carefully. BUT They seem careful. A person talks, explains, eats, watches, works, and thinks carefully. A person is, becomes, sounds, looks, and seems careful. Be, become, sound, look, seem, smell, taste, appear, and feel are called linking verbs. They are used with adjectives used as complements. Example: Tara feels ill. Choose an adjective or an adverb in each sentence. 1. They look (happy / happily). 2. She always smiles (happy / happily). 3. She sat and waited (quiet / quietly). 4.

Although Iris seems (quiet / quietly), she really isn't.

5. One day as I was walking home, I suddenly saw a black cat. For a moment I felt (fearful / fearfully), but then I told myself (calm / calmly) that I was just being (foolish / foolishly). So I watched the black cat very (careful / carefully) and kept on walking. Unfortunately, I did not look where I was going, so I walked into a man who was riding a bicycle.

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5 Some Words

A

Look at the connecting words on page 90-91, and answer the questions. 1. Why does the writer use the word although in paragraph 4? What does he want to contrast? 2. Why does the writer use however in paragraph 7? 3. Why does he use however in paragraph 8?

B

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb urge

Noun urgency

Adjective urgent

Adverb urgently

Example: I can still hear my mother's voice urging me on with such sayings when I was a young boy. 1. She (urged / urgency / urgent / urgently) me to eat my carrots. 2. I did not feel an (urged / urgency / urgent / urgently) need to eat them. 3. You don't have to mail this letter today. There's no (urged / urgency / urgent / urgently). 4. Alexis needs some help (urged / urgency / urgent / urgently); she’s cut her arm, and it's bleeding.

C

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence on the next page. Verb insist

Noun insistence

Adjective insistent

Adverb insistently

Example: Or maybe your mother made you wear garlic around your neck to keep away colds? Or insisted that you drank chicken soup if you got the sniffles?

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5 1. My mother kept trying to make me eat those carrots. She was very (insist / insistence / insistent / insistently)! 2. She talked so (insist / insistence / insistent / insistently) that I gave in. 3. Now I always (insist / insistence / insistent / insistently) that my son eats his carrots. 4. He does not like my stubborn (insist / insistence / insistent / insistently).

D

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Noun intuition

Adjective intuitive

Adverb intuitively

Example: As it turns out, scientists have found truth in some of the things "old wives" knew by intuition. 1. She is a very (intuition / intuitive / intuitively) person. 2. She understands (intuition / intuitive / intuitively) what you are feeling.

E

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb frustrate

Noun frustration

Adjective frustrated

Adjective frustrating

Example: But manufacturers of cranberry juice were frustrated that they could not state this as scientific fact. 1. I feel very (frustrate / frustration / frustrated / frustrating) when I cannot prove that I am right. 2. I feel a lot of (frustrate / frustration / frustrated / frustrating) in this situation. 3. A lack of scientific support for the benefits of cranberry juice (frustrated / frustration / frustrated / frustrating) the juice manufacturers. 4. It was a very (frustrate / frustration / frustrated / frustrating) situation.

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5 F

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb effect prevent

Noun effect prevention

Adjective effective preventive

Adverb effectively preventively

Example: For many years, for instance, lovers of cranberry juice claimed that it is effective in preventing urinary infections. 1. Cranberry juice has a real (effect / effective / effectively) on certain bacteria. 2. It works (effect / effective / effectively) to prevent urinary infections. 3. It is, in fact, an (effect / effective / effectively) remedy for some situations. 4. It is the duty of the government to (effect / effective / effectively) the will of the people. 5. You must do everything you can to (prevent / prevention / preventive / preventively) colds or other infections. 6. Take some (prevent / prevention / preventive / preventively) action – eat garlic! 7. People say that "an ounce of (prevent / prevention / preventive / preventively) is worth a pound of cure."

G

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb infect

Noun infection

Adjective infectious

Adverb infectiously

Example: This bacterium is a common cause of urinary infections. 1. I'm wearing this garlic to keep people away so that they will not (infect / infection / infectious / infectiously) me with their colds. 2. A cold is an (infect / infection / infectious / infectiously) that is very easy to catch from others. 3. Many medical researchers today are studying ways of stopping the spread of (infect / infection / infectious / infectiously) diseases. 4. She laughed (infect / infection / infectious / infectiously) when she saw the garlic around my neck.

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5 H

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb reduce

Noun reduction

Adjective reduced

Example: A University of Chicago study of 3,000 older Americans in 1988 showed that one carrot a day reduced a person's chances of getting macular degeneration by 40%. 1. There was a significant (reduce / reduction / reduced) in eye disease among those who ate carrots. 2. Eating carrots and other vegetables often helps people (reduce / reduction / reduced) their weight. 3. The (reduce / reduction / reduced) number of heart attacks among the patients in the study was probably related to their weight loss.

I

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb prove

Noun proof

Adjective proven

Example: Although no scientific study has proven that this works, wearing garlic may keep people at a distance in the winter. 1. There is no (prove / proof / proven) that it is dangerous to swim with food in your stomach. 2. Some students would like to (prove / proof / proven) that too much homework damages the brain. 3. It is a (prove / proof / proven) fact that chicken soup is good for you.

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5 J

Read the example and the note. Then choose the correct word in each sentence below. Verb confirm

Noun confirmation

Adjective confirmed

Example: Studies done in Utah have confirmed that garlic can kill viruses that cause cold. 1. The experiment provided (confirm / confirmation / confirmed) that chicken soup contains a substance called cysteine. 2. Please (confirm / confirmation / confirmed) that you'll be at the meeting tomorrow. 3. Danielle has a (confirm / confirmation / confirmed) reservation on tomorrow's flight to Sao Paulo.

K

Read the examples and match each one to an explanation below by writing the numbers. __ a. Carrots contain beta-carotene, which is also present in many other fruits and vegetables. __ b. In the present, we must always remember the wisdom from the past. __ c. I received a very nice birthday present. __ d. I would like to present this prize to you for your excellent achievement. 1. In this 2. In this "being 3. In this 4. In this

L

sentence, present is a verb. It means "give." sentence, the word present is an adjective. It means "in attendance," in a certain place," "existing." sentence, present is a noun. It means "this period of time." sentence, present is a noun. It means "gift."

Is present a noun, adjective, or verb in each of the following sentences? Write your answer. 1. Who bought you this present? __________ 2. The present is a wonderful and dangerous time. _________ 3. Please present your report to the director. ____________ 4. Some healthy substances are present in chicken soup. ___________

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5 Something More to Read A Man Named Leo I work with a man named Leo. I thought he would never get married, but one day he did. This is how it happened. Leo is a very superstitious person. He believes all the old wives' tales he has ever heard. He always says, "Why take chances? People have believed these things for many generations. Believing them can't hurt and might even help!" One day Leo was walking down a quiet street. Suddenly he saw a black cat that was about to cross his path. So he immediately turned the corner and stepped into a narrow alley. He avoided the black cat, but he did not see what was happening in the alley. A young woman had put a ladder against the wall of her house. She had forgotten her keys, so she was climbing up the ladder to get in through the window. When Leo turned into the alley, he nearly walked under the ladder! So he stopped in his tracks and turned back. But then Leo found the black cat sitting in front of him. There Leo was, squeezed between a ladder and a black cat. Bad luck in every direction! Leo slowly moved backwards, away from the cat, and tried to get around the ladder. But, of course, he knocked the ladder over, and the young lady fell on top of him. It seems that she also fell for him, and he fell for her. You might say that Leo was really bowled over.

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5 What Do You Think Now?

A

What do we know about Leo? Mark all the correct answers. ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒ ❒

B

a. He thought he would never get married. b. He is an intellectual person. c. He believes in superstitions. d. He is married. e. He fell in love with the young lady on the ladder. f. He bought a black cat.

Answer the questions. 1. Why did Leo turn the corner? What was he afraid of? 2. Why did he stop in his tracks when he saw the ladder? 3. What kind of story is this? Give examples from the story to prove your answer.

C

With a partner, compare the passage on old wives’ tales (in Something to Read) and the story you have just read. Give examples of each item you mark. Old Wives’ Tales

A Man Named Leo

It is humorous. It is written in the first person. It has questions. It has scientific facts. It mentions foods. It mentions animals.

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5 Something to Talk About With a partner, read the following situations and come up with two explanations for each. One should be a scientific explanation (you may need to do some research). The other should be a superstition (you can use your imagination). 1. The working week is over. Just as we begin our weekend of sun and fun, it started to rain. 2. The working week is over. Just as you are getting ready to go out with friends, you get a terrible migraine headache. 3. The swimmer is warming up for the race. She swims a lap and suddenly gets a very bad cramp in her leg. 4. You forget to take the beautiful flowers out of your bedroom before you go to bed. Very soon you begin to cough and sneeze. 5. You drop a mirror. When you try to pick up the pieces, you cut your finger. 6. You forget to take the toast out of the toaster, and it catches fire. The electricity in the kitchen goes off.

Some Words Explain the expressions in bold. Use your dictionary where necessary. 1. He knocked the ladder over. 2. Leo was really bowled over. 3. The young lady fell on top of him. 4. The young lady also fell for him. 5. Leo turned into the alley. 6. He stopped in his tracks and turned back.

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5 Something to Write About Choose a topic. 1. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper. Give your opinion about superstitions and old wives’ tales. Support your opinion with examples. 2. Write a list of advantages that a superstitious person might have over someone who isn’t superstitious. 3. Write a page in a superstitious person’s diary. Write in the first person.

Project Find some old wives' tales that are not in this unit. • Interview people of different backgrounds and ages. • Look in books or search the Internet. Then write the tales down, divide them into categories, and present them to the class. You can present them in any form you like, such as in a book, a poster, a slide show, or dramatic role-playing.

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5 What Did You Learn? Facts: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Words: Word

Meaning

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Appendix List of Irregular Verbs Infinitive

Past Simple

Infinitive

Past Simple

be beat become begin bite blow break build burn buy can catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel find fly forget forgive get give go have hear hide hit hurt keep know lay lead lean learn leave lend let lie light lose

was/were beat became began bit blew broke built burned/burnt bought could caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt found flew forgot forgave got gave went had heard hid hit hurt kept knew laid led leaned learned left lent let lay lit lost

send set show sing sleep slide smell speak spend spill stand steal strike swim swing take teach tear tell think throw tread on understand wake up wear win wind write

sent set showed sang slept slid smelled spoke spent spilled stood stole struck swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod on understood woke up wore won wound wrote

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Index of Language Review Adjectives and Stative Verbs derived from Verbs Adverbs, placement Gerunds Nouns, Uncountable Vocabulary focus Animals Food Science and Technology Sports, dangerous Superstition

93 76 53 30-31 12-13 20-41 2-18 44-61; 86-103 64-83 86-103

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