Conflict in Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT): Problems and Solution

An Assignment On Conflict in Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT): Problems and Solution

Course No: 405; Conflict Transformation and Peace Building

Submitted To: Dr. Zahidul arefin Chowdhury Assistant Professor & Chairman Dept. Of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka.

Submitted By: Md. Kabir Hossain Roll No: 398 4th Batch, MSS; 2nd Semester  Dept. Of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka

Date of Submission: 20/11/2014

Table of Contents Introduction .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 4

About Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) ......................... ................................................ ............................................. ......................................... ................... 4 History of Chittagong Hill Hil l Tracts (CHT)............................................. (CHT).................................................................... ...................................... ............... 4 Conflict in Chittagong Hill Hil l Tracts (CHT) ............................................ ................................................................... ...................................... ............... 5 Undeclared War in the CHT ................................................. ........................................................................ ............................................. .............................. ........ 6 Jana Samhati Samiti ......................... ................................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 6 Shanti Bahini....................................................... ............................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 7 Leading factors of the conflict ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ 7 Abolition of Chittagong Hill Tracts act 1900........................................... 1900.................................................................. .............................. ....... 7 Kaptai hydro-electric project .................................. ........................................................ ............................................. .......................................... ................... 7  Nationalism ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 7 Migration of Bengali ............................................................. ................................................................................... ............................................. ........................... .... 7 Dispossession of Jumma land ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. .............................. ........ 8 Settling Bengali for safety s afety of the t he state s tate ............................................. .................................................................... ...................................... ............... 8 Human Rights Violation in the Chittagong Chitt agong Hill Tracts (CHT) .......................................... .............................................. .... 8 Restrictions on Movement, Buying and Selling.............................................. Selling..................................................................... ....................... 8 Role of the Foreign Powers in CHT ............................................................ .................................................................................. .............................. ........ 9 Peace Initiatives by the Government of Bangladesh ................................................. ................................................................. ................ 9 The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord of 1997: ............................................ ................................................................. ..................... 10 Consequences of the accord: ........................ .............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 11 Achievement of CHT Peace Accord: ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................... 11 Weakness of Peace Treaty ............................................................ .................................................................................. ........................................... ..................... 12 Reforms for Sustainable Peace in CHT ............................................ .................................................................. ....................................... ................. 12 Quotas and Scholarship .............................................. .................................................................... ............................................ .................................... .............. 12 Refugee Return........................................................... ................................................................................. ............................................ .................................... ..............12 Demilitarization ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 12 Reforms for Sustainable Peace in CHT............................................ CHT................................................................... .................................... ............. 12 Implementation of Peace Treaty ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................... ... 13 Managing the Land Issue ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 13 Activating the Land Commission.......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 13 Rehabilitating the Deprived Ones ............................................................ .................................................................................. ............................ ...... 13 Equitable Distribution of Privileges ................................... ......................................................... ............................................ ............................ ...... 13 Upholding Lingo-Cultural Uniqueness ....................................................... .............................................................................. ......................... .. 13 2

Administrative Reform................................................... ......................................................................... ............................................ ................................ ..........14 Political Development ............................................................... ..................................................................................... ........................................... ..................... 14 Socio-Economical Development...................................................... ............................................................................ .................................... ..............14 Conclusion ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................................ ................. 15 References ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................................ ................. 16

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Introduction The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is a region of Bangladesh which is situated at the south

eastern part of the state. This is a hill region where indigenous or tribal people are living who are known as ethnic group of Bangladesh. Without tribal there are living many Bengali  people. The ongoing conflict is happening between indigenous or tribal people and Bangladesh Government forces and and Bengali Bengali settlers. This conflict started after participation of Indian Subcontinent and enlarged after independence of Bangladesh. Still now this conflict is ongoing but at present it is underway or short from early time. To solve this conflict many initiatives have been taken by the Government of Bangladesh, Peace Accord is one of them. But the problem is here that peace initiatives and peace accord are unimplemented, that‟s why the conflict is unresolved. There are many causes which are responsible for this conflict and necessary initiatives to resolute the conflict are mentioned below.

About Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is the south eastern part of Bangladesh, bordering the

Arakan and Chin States of Myanmar, and Tripura and Mizoram States of India. Chittagong hill tract comprise of three hill district Namely Rangamati, Khagracori Khagracori and Bandarban. Bandarban. From the time immemorial the CHT have been the home of thirteen indigenous ethnic groups. They collectively identify themselves as the Jumma people, the first peoples of the CHT. They are Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Tanchangya, Mro, Murung, Lushai, Khumi, Chak, Khyang, Bawm, Pankhua, and Reang. The Jumma people are distinct and different from the Bengali  population of Bangladesh in respect of race, language, culture, religion and ethnicity.

History of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)

The Jumma people were also independent before the British colonial period like other indigenous peoples of the world. The British government got the CHT area in 1860 and created an autonomous administrative district known as "The Chittagong Hill Tracts" within the undivided British Bengal. In 1900, the British enacted the Regulation 1 of the 1900 Act in order to protect the Jumma people from economic exploitation of non indigenous people and to preserve their traditional socio-cultural and political institutions based on customary laws, common ownership of land and so on. (M. Ashiqur, 2004)

In 1947, Indian subcontinent was partitioned on the basis of religion, Pakistan for Muslims and secular India for non Muslims and Muslims alike. Despite 98.5% of the population of the 4

CHT were Jummas and thus non Muslims, the Pakistani leadership conspired and the Boundary Commission of Great Britain ceded the CHT to East Pakistan now Bangladesh in violation of the principles of partition and against the wishes of the Jumma people. The Jummas vehemently protested against the decision, but they rejected. From the very beginning the Pakistani Government looked at the Jummas with an eye of suspicion for being anti Pakistani during the partition. Jummas were discriminated in jobs,  business and education. educati on. During the Pakistani rule, the Government of Pakistan Pa kistan amended the 1900 Act several times against the wishes of the Jumma people in order to find a legal excuse for migration of non indigenous people into the CHT. It deliberately ignored the fact that the 1900 Act was an indispensable legal instrument for ensuring the safeguard of the Jummas, and that it could not be amended without mutual agreement. On contrary, Pakistani Government interpreted the 1900 Act as a legacy of British colonial administration which helped separating the CHT from the rest of the country. The predicament of the Jumma  people began with the building of a hydroelectric dam in the early sixties which flooded 1,036 Square Kilometers of land submerged 40% of the best arable land and displaced 100,000 Jummas from their ancestral homes. (Syed Anwar, 1999) After independence of Bangladesh M.N. Larma submitted a written memorandum with four  point charter of demands to the government of Bangladesh consisting of 1) Autonomy for the CHT, 2) Retention of the CHT Regulation 1900, 3) Recognition of the three kings of the Jummas, 4) Ban on the influx of the non Jummas into the CHT. But the government of Bangladesh rejected the demand, which quickly lead to insurgency. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared that we are Bengali than M. N. Larma said that we are Bangladeshi not Bengali and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman also urged them to become Bengalis and forget their tribal identities. The failure of the state to recognize the identity of hill people and their political and economic marginalization led Larma to form the Parbatty Chattagram Jana Samhiti Samiti (PCJSS) in March 1972. Subsequently, a military wing called Shanti Bahini was added to it.

Conflict in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) The area had separated political and administrative status from the British regime. The

 problem aggravated in Pakistan regime when kaptai hydroelectric dam was enacted. After the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971 the separate politico-administrative status, culture and ethnic identity of CHT were ignored. As a result the hill people felt isolated, negligence and

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deprived and armed conflict began. From the very beginning of insurgency different government initiated different pacification measure and political negotiation with tribal leaders. After a long journey & pairs taking effort finally Bangladesh government signed the  peace treaty with the tribal people of CHT represented by parbatta Chattragram Jano Sanghati Samity (PCJSS) or in short JSS on 2nd December 1997. More than fourteen years passed after this landmark peace accord has been signed but permanent peace is not established in CHT as yet. One of the hill people small organizations, United Peoples Democratic Front (UPDF), still continuing with arms struggle. The deployed Army could not be withdrawn fully. The tribal-Bengali mistrust and non cooperation still remain very high. (Khan Adilur, 2006)

Undeclared War in the CHT

Since 1971 the Bangladesh military and the settlers perpetrated 13 major massacres in which 6,009 indigenous Jumma people 10 percent of total population were killed. From December 1971 to December 1997 about l0,000 houses of the Jumma people were burnt down, 1,000 women were raped, 72,090 indigenous Jumma people had to seek asylum as refugees in India, 250,090 Jumma people 42 percent of total population were internally displaced and approximately 24,000 Jumma people lost their lives due to extra judicial executions, massacres, tortures, illnesses, starvations etc. (Shelley, M. Rahman, 1992)

Jana Samhati Samiti

The Jana Samhati Samiti (JSS) was the only political platform of the Jumma people in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). It was founded on 15 February 1972, under the leadership of Manabendra Narayan Larma. The party was formed to deal with the ever increasing Bangladeshi invasion of the CHT. The political activities of the JSS were aimed at establishing an alternative administration, suited to the changed CHT reality. The main aims and objectives were to restore the political, economic and cultural rights of the Jumma  people, to preserve the CHT as the traditional homeland of 13 nationalities, who are known as Jumma nation, to remove the invaders from the CHT and to establish the CHT as an autonomous state. (Chakma,S.S, 1995)

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Shanti Bahini

Soon after the formation of JSS in 1972 an armed wing Shanti Bahini was launched. It was originally formed to defend the villages against the Bangladeshi terror, rapings, torture and exploitation. Most of the members of the Shanti Bahini come from Chakma, Tripura and Marma, the three largest ethnic groups in the CHT. These groups have been affected most by the Bangladeshi invasion of the CHT. Apart from ambushing army patrols, the Shanti Bahini attacked Bangladeshi settlers and Bangladesh securit y forces camps and stations.

Leading factors of the conflict Abolition of Chittagong Hill Tracts act 1900

There were two aims of Chittagong Hill Tracts act 1900; those are t o preserve British‟s  political, economic and military interest and to protect hilly people from Bangladeshi people. But after the abolition of Chittagong Hill Tracts act 1900 Bangladeshi people began to settle there. It became the root cause CHT conflict. (Barua, B.P, 2001) Kaptai hydro-electric project

Kaptai hydro-electric project was started in 1963 that time about forty percent total land of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) was inundated but thousands of hilly family did not get proper demurrage. So, they were very much unsatisfied. For these reasons, they began insurgency against government. (Shelley, M. Rahman, 1992) Nationalism

During Sheikh Mujibur Rahman regime, hilly people claimed to recognize the autonomy of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) by the constitution but their claim was rejected. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared that we are Bengali then M.N. Larma said that we are Bangladeshi not Bengali. M.N.Larma appeared that if we are Bengali, our ethnicity will be declined. For these reasons they start insurgency against government. (Amena, M, 2002) Migration of Bengali

The Bangladesh Government initially denied its settl ement program in CHT; however in May 1980 the government confirmed its policy towards the Chittagong Hill Tracts and started

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actively to encourage settlers to move there. During 1980 some 25,000 Bangladeshi families were settled in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). ( Amena M, 2002) Dispossession of Jumma land

The Bangladeshi settlers have been able to take over land and even whole villages. There is a severe population pressure on land in Bangladesh generally and Jumma land had been regarded as readily available. One excuse often given for allowing or encouraging this migration is the relatively low population density in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) had noted that “the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) are relatively crowded than the plains of Bangladesh. There were various ways in which the Jumma people have been, and still are being dispossessed of their lands. Violence, intimidation and arson are the main methods used by the both the Bangladesh Army and the Bangladesh settlers to force the hill people to leave their villages. Entire villages have been forced to flee from f rom their lands. (Zainal, 2003) Settling Bengali for safety of the state

The Pakistan government instituted a settlement plan in the Feni valley bordering India  because it distrusted the Jumma people living there. Bangladeshi governments have similarly similar ly used poor Bangladeshis against the Jumma people as cannon fodder. There seems to be a determination to destroy Jumma society and if necessary the Jumma people. Illiterate Bangladeshi peasants, who, under this scheme move to the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), know nothing of the Jumma situation. All they know is that the government has given them land and is prepared to assist or at least to turn blind eye to encroachment on Jumma land. Human Rights Violation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)

There have been massive and systematic human rights violations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), committed by the Bangladeshi security forces and the Bangladeshi settlers. The Jumma people have been murdered, crippled, raped, tortured, imprisoned and deprived of their homes and means of livelihood. They have been denied civil and political rights. Restrictions on Movement, Buying and Selling

The Bangladesh military divides the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) into three different zones; red, yellow and white. The red zones are the interior of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT); the

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white zones are the areas within two miles of the regional military headquarters where the army is in full control, while the yellow zones are the Bangladeshi settler areas. In the red zones the most restrictions are imposed on the Jumma people but not on the Bangladeshis. All the Jumma people have to carry an identity card and if they go shopping they have to carry market pass. Limited quantities of rice, kerosene, oil and other goods which they are allowed to buy. A family cannot buy more than four kilos of rice per person each week. This is checked at all the military mil itary posts along the road. (Adnan, Shapan, 2004.)

Role of the Foreign Powers in CHT The main external support came from India, although moral support came from some

international agencies. After 1975, the CHT insurgents received a regular supply of arms from India. The Indian Army offered training to the insurgents in various military and  parliamentary academies. academies . In brief, the insurgents Of the CHT region have mobilized internal and external support, but it is very weak. (Zainal, 2003)

Peace Initiatives by the Government of Bangladesh Government of Bangladesh took some positive efforts to pacify the peoples or this area with

various activities. It started from Sk Mujib regime and continued up to the recent time. Thought CHT is a political problem but it was viewed differently in different regime. Those activities are given below…. Although the govt. of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman rejected M.N. Larma‟s demands it took it took some initiatives to promote peace in CHT. Such as: as : Reduction of Jume tax from 6 taka to 1.25 taka, seat reservation for the indigenous students in educational institutions, telecast cultural  programmes in radio, publishing stories, poems, novels of the ethnic community through Bangla academy. (Syed Anwar, 1999) President Ziaur Rahman had taken some initiatives for peace movement. The Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board (CHTDB) was created in January 1975, which in addition to other activities embarked on community development programs. Government arranges to stop Bengali rehabilitations Programme in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in 1977. He tried to establish communication with tribal insurgent and to arrange successfully dialogue between tribal insurgent and government. Development initiatives for infrastructure, forest resources, cottage industries, literacy and Education have been taken. (S yed Anwar, 1999)

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Response of the Hussain Muhammad Ershad Government are tax relief for small and cottage industries, reduction of power and gas rates, reduction of interest on bank loans to 5%. Ershad declared general amnesty for Shanti Bahini on 3 October in 1983. So, many Shanti Bahini soldiers back their homes and expand his normal life. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) Government headed by Khaleda Zia as Prime Minister took power in March 1991. This government took some peace initiatives, such as the first major specific step by this government was the declaration of a general amnesty for the insurgents. The Parliamentary Committee headed by Ret. Col. Oli Ahamed for conducting negotiations with the Parbatty Chattagram Jana Samhiti Samiti (PCJSS) held seven dialogues, Rehabilitation of tribal families and returnees from India. (Adnan, Shapan, 2004.) The Awami League Government came back in power in June 1996 then the overall scenario in CHT got positive change. Sheikh Hasina promised to form a “parliamentary committee” to resolve the crisis politically during her election campaign in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in 1996. It also seemed that the people of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) had great expectations from the Awami League government. For these reasons she took some initiatives those are given below:  The Peace Accord was signed between Parbatty Chattagram Jana Samhiti Samiti

(PCJSS) and government on 2 December 1997.  To establish Parbato Jila Parishod.  In 2009 government removed some military camps from CHT region to bring long

term stable peace in that region. ( Zainal, 2003)  Formation of CHT regional council. (Zainal,

The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord of 1997:

After two decades arms insurgency a „Peace Accord‟ was signed between the Bangladeshi government and the Hill peoples‟ representatives on December 02, 1997. Under the treaty, Hill fighters agreed to surrender and de-commission their arms for general amnesty, enactment and amendment of laws concerned with indigenous life, and for the rehabilitation  programmes offered by the government. Apart from setting a Ministry of the CHT Affairs headed by a Hill leader, the government also agreed to repatriate the CHT refugees in India,

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resolve land disputes, and cancel illegal leases to non-Paharis and non- residents. (Zainal, 2003) Consequences of the accord

After the treaty was signed, Shanti Bahini insurgents formally laid down their arms and received monetary compensation from the government and more than 50,000 displaced  people were able to return to their homes. The PCJSS emerged as a mainstream political  party. The peace treaty was opposed by the BNP, which alleged that the demands of the Bengali settlers were not accommodated in the agreement. However, the BNP promised to implement the accord after its election victory in 2001. The PCJSS has continued to agitate for the full and proper implementation of the peace accord and has alleged lack of government action and intimidation from security forces. The PCJSS has protested the rise of Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the region from groups based in Bangladesh and neighboring Burma. neighboring Burma. (Adnan,  (Adnan, Shapan, 2004.)

Achievement of CHT Peace Accord: Like any successful negotiation, CHT Peace Accord demonstrates a compromise between the

demands and objectives of two sides. The Peace Accord achieves t he following success:  Stop the insurgent attack in CHT.  About 2000 members of Santi Bahini surrender arms and returned in normal life.  With the return of last batch, more than 63800 refugees have back and

government rehabilitated them.  A multi dimensional development programme started in CHT.  The daily life of CHT becomes free from human rights abuses.  A land commission formed headed by Justice Anwarul Haque Chowdhury which

is trying to settle land disputes.  667 PCJSS members have been appointed police constables and 10 traffic

sergeants.  Regional council formed to observe the law and order situation in CHT. (Adnan,

Shapan, 2004.)

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Weakness of Peace Treaty Despite its many positive features, the Peace Accord has some weakness. The agreement was

not backed by any constitutional guarantee or provision making it susceptible to potential violation and modification by subsequent regimes coming to power. Internally disputed  people are not properly rehabilitated. Most of the non-permanent army camps c amps have not been closed down. A number of internally displaced people suffered from starvation and disease who have no access to healthcare facilities. facilit ies. Tribal people‟s human rights still abused by the security forces and non-tribal settlers. All arms have not surrendered which can create armed violence. (Shapan, 2004)

Reforms for Sustainable Peace in CHT Specialist said some reforms for sustainable peace. peace. Some of them are… (Zainal, 2003) Quotas and Scholarship

Until development of CHT equals to other region of the country, the government shall continue reservation of quta system in government service and educational institutions for the tribal‟s. Refugee Return

The government agreed to provisions for repatriation of Paharis refugees in India, as well as rehabilitation of the internally displaced Paharis within the country. The entire refugee will return to their home and government will provide all financial and administ rative supports. Demilitarization

The government agreed to withdraw all temporary camps except BDR and six Cantonments at Rangamati, Khagrachari, Bandarban, Alikadam, Ruma and Dighinala. All the temporary Army, police and Ansar camps to be withdrawn in phases. Reforms for Sustainable Peace in CHT

Bangladesh government reached to a peace accord with JSS after 24 years long insurgency. Many of the CHT problems were resolved by this peace treaty but many yet to be done. Every government is taking some steps towards peace. After detail study of socio-political and cultural economic background of CHT, peace treaty, present realities. There is some recommendation necessary for sustainable peace in CHT. 12

Implementation Implementation of Peace Treaty

Peace Accord is an internationally internationall y recognized commitment. The spirit of upholding the image of the government suggests the full implementation the accord. Managing the Land Issue

Indeed, the successful management of land is basically a matter of proper documentation & confirmation of ownership to the deserving claimants. However, the foremost action necessary simultaneously, the land commission needs to be activated with requisite staffing to deal with the disputes. Activating the Land Commission

The government should take necessary measures to fully activate the land commission. Without further delay and enable it to operate effectively in the Mannes stipulated in the Peace Accord. Rehabilitating the Deprived Ones

It is quite obvious that in the legal process many of the present occupants of land would  become landless. The government may offer suitable lands elsewhere close to the victims earlier possession. The uncovered reserve forest could be a suitable places to rehabilitation them. (Shapan, 2004) Equitable Distribution of Privileges

The strategy should allow no discrimination among the communities with respect to availing special privileges. The various financial and special benefits offered by the government and donor agencies may be distributed on the basis of individual‟s state of poverty, not the communal identity. Upholding Lingo-Cultural Uniqueness

Community based language schools, language clubs, cultural institutions and exclusive places for worship may be patronized to protect and uphold the communal heritage. The individual communities may be encouraged to live collectively within familiar enclaves to avoid cultural clash.

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Administrative Administrative Reform

A sound and effective administration is critical to strategy implementation as it pertains to  better articulation of priorities, creation of enabling environmental for public and private action, optimum use of resource and distribution of benefits. Political Development

 National and regional political parties need come to a consensus that we want a peaceful CHT. Then the parties need to seat together to find out modalities, how to address the conflicting needs of different segment of people. With political will of the regional leaders the security of CHT can be achieved easily. Socio-Economical Socio-Economical Development

The economic survival and improvement of the hill peoples will require significant diversification of the CHT economy, going beyond traditional activities in forestr y and agriculture. Specially, it will entail expansion of the industrial, trading and service selectors of the economy. Mohsin, Amena, 2002 Other recommendations are….  Development of a fair and impartial judicial system, human rights education

 programs, human rights training for police police and the judiciary.  Rehabilitation of all returned refugees, settlement of land confiscated from the

tribal. People and withdrawal of non-permanent army camps, have to be fully implemented.  Promotion of primary education.  Low-cost housing project,  Free medical service centre.  Take steps to settle all internally displaced persons, tribals, or settlers.  Sinking of deep tube-well and ring-well in the refugee villages  Water-sealed sanitary latrine.  Establishment of fruit wood processing factory  Forestation  Free Medical Service Centre

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Conclusion It‟s a basic human desire to live in peace  peace   but after four decades of the independent of

Bangladesh CHT dispute are not solved. I think all the political parties should think together to establish long lasting peace in CHT. We should also build a friendly cultural relation with the hilly people for the better understanding of society. Bangladesh is a poor country and indigenous people are the poorest among the poor. It cannot be denied that they face discrimination in education, employment and civil rights. The diversity of our culture due to the presence of indigenous communities is providing extra vigor to the national fabric of Bangladesh. Moreover, indigenous people are the original inhabitants of our country. So, they have the same right we have over Bangladesh. Finally we all should work joint handedly to achieve the ultimate goal of peace in CHT. For the total Development of the country, CHT need to be peaceful and developed.

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References 1. Adnan, Shapan, 2004. Migration, Land Alienation and Ethnic Conflict: Causes of

 poverty in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. P-93 2. Abedin, Mohammad Zainal, 2003. The Chittagong Hill Tracts-A Victim of Indian Intervention, Easter Pub Ltd, London. 3. Barua, B.P, 2001, Ethnicity and National Integration in Bangladesh: A Study of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. 4. Chakma,S.S, 1995; Ethnic cleansing in Chittagong hill tr acts.p.38 5. Hussain, Syed Anwar, 1999, War and Peace in the Chittagong Hill Tracts: Retrospect and Prospect, Agamee Prokashani, Dhaka 6. Mohsin, Amena, 2002. The Politics of Nationalism: The Case of Chittagong Hill Tracts Bangladesh, UPL, Dhaka. 7. M. Aminuzzaman, Salahuddin, Kabir, AH. Monzurul .Role of Parliament in Conflict Resolution: A Critical Review of the Chittagong Hill Tract Peace Accord in Bangladesh. 8. Rahman, M. Ashiqur, 2004; Chittagong Hill Tracts accord in Bangladesh: Reconciling the issues of humanrights, Indegenous Rights and Environmental Governance. 9. Rahman, Khan Adilur, 2006, “Crisis in the Chittagong Hill Tracts” Bangladesh. 10. Report of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission‟s Mission in Bangladesh February 16-22, 2009. 11. Shelley, M. Rahman, 1992. The Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: The Untold Story, Dhaka: CDRB

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