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FJHW_UOSV> ��

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HA\ N_KO 3711 Q_OVULJK 1 a) El`òroktlato marewaro ake sj`twaro.R17X sj`twaro.R17X ��

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Eovlfos tmat aro roqulroe tj stjro ake oxofuto (jr ruk) tmo sj`twaro.

Fjiioftljk j` lkstruftljks tmat okacios a usor tj lktoraft wltm tmo fjhputor. Vj`twaro ls a prjdrah tmat okacios a fjhputor tj por`jrh a spofl`lf tasb, as jppjsoe tj tmo pmyslfai fjhpjkokts j` tmo systoh (marewaro).

Lkput, stjrado, prjfosslkd, fjktrji, ake jutput eovlfos.

Vystoh sj`twaro, Wrjdrahhlkd sj`twaro, ake Appilfatljk sj`twaro.

FE-SJH, hjkltjr, prlktor, vleoj fare, sfakkors , Qulfbcjjbs, Aejco Afrjcat, TmatsApp , Lktorkot iacoi habors, rjutors , ake hjeohs. Oxpijror , Hlfrjsj`t Tjre , Hlfrjsj`t Oxfoi Marewaro sorvos as tmo eoilvory systoh `jr sj`twaro sjiutljks. Umo marewaro j` a fjhputor f jhputor ls lk`roquoktiy fmakdoe, lk fjhparlsjk wltm sj`twaro ake eata, wmlfm aro ’sj`t‘ lk tmo sokso tmat tmoy aro roaeliy froatoe, hjel`loe, jr orasoe jk tmo fjhputor

Uj por`jrh tmo spofl`lf tasb yju kooe tj fjhpioto. Vj`twaro ls dokoraiiy kjt kooeoe tj `jr tmo marewaro tj por`jrh lts caslf iovoi tasbs sufm as turklkd jk ake ropjkelkd tj lkput.

Marewaro starts ùkftljklkd jkfo sj`twaro ls ijaeoe.

Uj eoilvor lts sot j` lkstruftljks, Vj`twaro ls lkstaiioe jk marewaro.

Marewaro àliuro ls rakejh. Marewaro ejos mavo lkfroaslkd àliuro at tmo iast stado.

Vj`twaro àliuro ls systohatlf. Vj`twaro ejos kjt mavo ak lkfroaslkd àliuro rato.

Marewaro woars jut jvor tlho.

Vj`twaro ejos kjt woar jut jvor tlho. Mjwovor, cuds aro elsfjvoroe lk sj`twaro as tlho passos.

Marewaro ls pmyslfai lk katuro.

Vj`twaro ls ijdlfai lk katuro.

c) Jutilko aevaktados ake elsaevaktados j` lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy.R1?X Dijcailzatljk •

LU mas kjt jkiy crjudmt tmo wjrie fijsor tjdotmor, cut lt mas aiijwoe tmo wjrie's ofjkjhy tj cofjho a slkdio lktoreopokeokt systoh. Umls hoaks tmat wo fak kjt jkiy smaro lk`jrhatljk qulfbiy ake o``lfloktiy, cut wo fak aisj crlkd ejwk carrlors j` ilkdulstlf ake dojdrapmlf cjukearlos. Umo wjrie mas eovoijpoe lktj a dijcai vliiado euo tj tmo moip j` lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy aiijwlkd fjuktrlos ilbo Fmlio ake Napak wmj aro kjt jkiy soparatoe cy c y elstakfo cut aisj cy c y iakduado tj smaros leoas

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

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Tltm tmo moip j` lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy, fjhhuklfatljk mas aisj cofjho fmoapor, qulfbor, ake hjro o``lflokt. To fak kjw fjhhuklfato wltm akyjko arjuke tmo dijco cy slhpiy toxt hossadlkd tmoh jr sokelkd tmoh ak ohali `jr ak aihjst lkstaktakojus rospjkso. Umo lktorkot mas aisj jpokoe up àfo tj àfo elroft fjhhuklfatljk `rjh el`òrokt parts j` tmo wjrie tmakbs tj tmo moips j` vleoj fjkòrokflkd. Fjst o`òftlvokoss Lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy mas moipoe tj fjhputorlzo tmo cuslkoss prjfoss tmus stroahilklkd cuslkossos tj habo tmoh oxtrohoiy fjst o`òftlvo hjkoy hablkd hafmlkos. Umls lk turk lkfroasos prjeuftlvlty wmlfm uitlhatoiy dlvos rlso tj prj`lts tmat hoaks cottor pay ake ioss strokujus wjrblkd fjkeltljks. Crledlkd tmo fuiturai dap Lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy mas moipoe tj crledo tmo fuiturai dap cy moiplkd pojpio `rjh el`òrokt fuituros tj fjhhuklfato wltm jko akjtmor, ake aiijw `jr tmo oxfmakdo j` vlows ake leoas, tmus lkfroaslkd awarokoss ake roeuflkd pronuelfo. Hjro tlho LU mas haeo lt pjsslcio `jr cuslkossos tj co jpok 35 x4 aii jvor tmo dijco. Umls hoaks tmat a cuslkoss fak co jpok akytlho akywmoro, hablkd purfmasos `rjh el`òrokt fjuktrlos oaslor ake hjro fjkvoklokt. Lt aisj hoaks tmat yju fak mavo yjur djjes eoilvoroe rldmt tj yjur ejjrstop wltm mavlkd tj hjvo a slkdio husfio. Froatljk j` kow njcs Wrjcaciy tmo cost aevaktado j` lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy ls tmo froatljk j` kow ake lktorostlkd njcs. Fjhputor prjdrahhors, Vystohs akaiyzors, Marewaro ake Vj`twaro eovoijpors ake Toc eosldkors aro nust sjho j` tmo haky kow ohpijyhokt jppjrtukltlos froatoe wltm tmo moip j` LU. •

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Elsaevaktados j` lk`jrhatljk lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy _kohpijyhokt

Tmlio lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy hay mavo stroahilkoe tmo cuslkoss prjfoss lt mas aisj froatoe njc roeukeakflos, ejwkslzlkd ake jutsjurflkd. Umls hoaks tmat a ijt j` ijwor ake hleeio iovoi njcs mavo cook ejko ejk o away wltm fauslkd hjro pojpio tj cofjho ukohpijyoe. Wrlvafy Umjudm lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy hay mavo haeo fjhhuklfatljk qulfbor, oaslor ake hjro fjkvoklokt, lt mas aisj cjudmt aijkd prlvafy lssuos. @rjh foii pmjko sldkai lktorfoptljks tj ohali mafblkd, pojpio aro kjw wjrrloe acjut tmolr jkfo prlvato lk`jrhatljk cofjhlkd pucilf bkjwioedo. Iafb j` njc sofurlty Lkeustry oxports coilovo tmat tmo lktorkot mas haeo njc sofurlty a cld lssuo as slkfo tofmkjijdy boops jk fmakdlkd wltm oafm eay. Umls hoaks tmat jko mas tj co lk a fjkstakt •

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FJHW_UOSV> �� •

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Tmlio lk`jrhatljk tofmkjijdy hay mavo haeo tmo wjrie a dijcai vliiado, lt mas aisj fjktrlcutoe tj jko fuituro ejhlkatlkd akjtmor woabor jko. @jr oxahpio lt ls kjw arduoe tmat _V lkìuokfos mjw hjst yjukd tookadors aii jvor tmo wjrie kjw aft,

Q_OVULJK 3 a) Trlto smjrt kjtos jk tmo `jiijwlkd eovlfos> l. •

Foktrai prjfosslkd uklt (FW_). R6X

A foktrai prjfosslkd uklt (FW_) ls tmo oioftrjklf o ioftrjklf flrfultry wltmlk a fjhputor tmat farrlos jut tmo lkstruftljks j` a fjhputor prjdrah cy por`jrhlkd tmo caslf arltmhotlf, ijdlfai, fjktrji ake lkput/jutput (L/J) jporatljks spofl`loe cy tmo lkstruftljks

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Lt prjfossos lkstruftljks tmat lt datmors `rjh eofjelkd tmo fjeo lk prjdrahs ake jtmor sufm `lios.

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A FW_ mas `jur prlhary ùkftljks> òtfm, eofjeo, oxofuto, ake wrlto cafb

Umo @jur Wrlhary @ukftljks j` tmo FW_

Umo FW_ prjfossos lkstruftljks lt rofolvos lk tmo prjfoss j` eofjelkd eata. Lk prjfosslkd tmls eata, tmo FW_ por`jrhs `jur caslf stops> 1. @otfm Oafm lkstruftljk ls stjroe lk hohjry ake mas lts jwk aeeross. Umo prjfossjr tabos tmls aeeross kuhcor `rjh tmo prjdrah fjuktor, wmlfm ls rospjkslcio `jr trafblkd wmlfm lkstruftljks tmo FW_ smjuie oxofuto koxt. 3. Eofjeo Aii prjdrahs tj co oxofutoe aro traksiatoe tj lktj Assohciy lkstruftljks. Assohciy fjeo hust co eofjeoe lktj clkary lkstruftljks, wmlfm aro ukeorstakeacio tj yjur FW_. Umls stop ls faiioe eofjelkd. 6. Oxofuto Tmlio oxofutlkd lkstruftljks tmo FW_ fak ej jko j` tmroo tmlkds> Ej faifuiatljks wltm lts AI_, hjvo eata `rjh jko hohjry ijfatljk tj akjtmor, jr nuhp tj a el`òrokt aeeross. 5. Vtjro Umo FW_ hust dlvo òoecafb a`tor oxofutlkd ak lkstruftljk ake tmo jutput eata ls wrlttok tj tmo hohjry. .

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Fjktrji uklt (F_) R6X

Umo fjktrji uklt (F_) ls a fjhpjkokt j` a fjhputor's foktrai prjfosslkd uklt (FW_) tmat elrofts jporatljk j` tmo prjfossjr.

























FJHW_UOSV> �� • • •

Hjst fjhputor rosjurfos aro hakadoe cy tmo F_. Lt elrofts tmo ìjw j` eata cotwook tmo FW_ ake tmo jtmor eovlfos A fjktrji uklt wjrbs cy rofolvlkd lkput lk`jrhatljk tmat lt fjkvorts lktj fjktrji sldkais, wmlfm aro tmok sokt tj tmo foktrai prjfossjr. Umo fjhputor's prjfossjr tmok toiis tmo attafmoe marewaro wmat jporatljks tj farry jut.

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Boycjare R6X

A fjhputor boycjare ls ak lkput eovlfo tmat aiijws a porsjk tj oktor syhcjis ilbo iottors ake kuhcors lktj a fjhputor. Lt ls tmo halk lkput eovlfo `jr hjst fjhputors. Umoro aro el`òrokt typos j` boycjares. Umo hjst pjpuiar typo ls tmo QTOSU\ eosldk, wmlfm ls casoe jk typowrltor boycjares. Boycjare ls tmo hjst fjhhjk ake vory pjpuiar lkput eovlfo wmlfm moips lk lkputtlkd eata tj tmo fjhputor. Umo iayjut j` tmo boycjare ls ilbo tmat j` traeltljkai typowrltor, aitmjudm tmoro aro sjho aeeltljkai boys prjvleoe `jr por`jrhlkd aeeltljkai ùkftljks. Boycjares aro j` twj slzos =5 boys jr 171/173 boys, cut kjw boycjares wltm 175 boys jr 17= boys aro aisj avaliacio ��

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UMOJS\

Hjeoh R6X

A hjeoh (hjeuiatjr-eohjeuiatjr) ls a kotwjrb marewaro eovlfo tmat hjeuiatos jko jr hjro farrlor wavo sldkais tj okfjeo eldltai lk`jrhatljk `jr trakshlssljk ake eohjeuiatos sldkais tj eofjeo tmo trakshlttoe lk`jrhatljk. Umo djai ls tj prjeufo a sldkai tmat fak co trakshlttoe oasliy ake eofjeoe tj roprjeufo tmo jrldlkai eldltai eata. Hjeohs fak co usoe wltm aky hoaks j` trakshlttlkd akaijd sldkais, `rjh ildmt ohlttlkd eljeos tj raelj. A fjhhjk typo j` hjeoh ls jko tmat turks tmo eldltai eata j` a fjhputor lktj hjeuiatoe oioftrlfai sldkai `jr trakshlssljk jvor toiopmjko ilkos ake eohjeuiatoe cy akjtmor hjeoh at tmo rofolvor sleo tj rofjvor tmo eldltai eata.

v.

Ildmt pok R6X


























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UMOJS\

Lt aiijws tmo usor tj pjlkt tj elspiayoe jcnofts jr eraw jk tmo sfrook lk a slhliar way tj a tjufmsfrook cut wltm droator pjsltljkai affurafy. A ildmt pok fak wjrb wltm aky FSU-casoe elspiay ake jtmor elspiay tofmkjijdlos, A ildmt pok eotofts a fmakdo j` crldmtkoss j` koarcy sfrook plxois wmok sfakkoe cy fatmjeo ray tuco oioftrjk coah ake fjhhuklfatos tmo tlhlkd j` tmls ovokt tj tmo fjhputor. Vlkfo a FSU sfaks tmo oktlro sfrook jko plxoi at a tlho, tmo fjhputor fak boop trafb j` tmo oxpoftoe tlho j` sfakklkd varljus ijfatljks jk sfrook cy tmo coah ake lkòr tmo pok's pjsltljk `rjh tmo iatost tlhostahp. ILDMU WOK

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Ildmt pok ls a pjlktlkd eovlfo wmlfm ls slhliar tj a pok. Lt ls usoe tj soioft a elspiayoe hoku ltoh jr eraw plfturos jk tmo hjkltjr sfrook. Lt fjkslsts j` a pmjtjfoii ake ak jptlfai systoh piafoe lk a shaii tuco. Tmok tmo tlp j` a ildmt pok ls hjvoe jvor tmo hjkltjr sfrook ake pok cuttjk ls prossoe, lts pmjtjfoii sokslkd oiohokt eotofts tmo sfrook ijfatljk ake sokes tmo fjrrospjkelkd sldkai tj tmo FW_.

c) El`òroktlato cotwook tmo `jiijwlkd lkput eovlfos l.

Njystlfb ake tjufm sfrook.R?X

Njystlfb •

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Njystlfb ls aisj a pjlktlkd eovlfo wmlfm ls usoe tj hjvo fursjr pjsltljk jk a hjkltjr sfrook. Lt ls a stlfb mavlkd a spmorlfai caii at lts cjtm ijwor ake uppor okes. Umo ijwor spmorlfai caii hjvos lk a sjfbot. Umo njystlfb fak co hjvoe lk aii `jur elroftljks. Umo ùkftljk j` njystlfb ls slhliar tj tmat j` a hjuso. Lt ls halkiy usoe lk Fjhputor Aleoe Eosldklkd (FAE) ake piaylkd fjhputor dahos.

Ujufmsfrook •

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A tjufmsfrook ls a hjkltjr jr jtmor ìat suràfo wltm a soksltlvo pakoi elroftiy jk tmo sfrook tmat rodlstors tmo tjufm j` a `lkdor as ak lkput. Lkstoae j` colkd tjufm-soksltlvo, sjho tjufmsfrooks uso coahs afrjss tmo sfrook tj froato a drle tmat soksos tmo prosokfo j` a `lkdor. A tjufmsfrook aiijws tmo usor tj lktoraft wltm a eovlfo wltmjut a hjuso jr boycjare ake ls usoe wltm shartpmjkos, taciots, fjhputor sfrooks, ake lk`jrhatljk bljsbs .



























FJHW_UOSV> ��

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Car fjeo roaeors •

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Car Fjeo Soaeor ls a eovlfo usoe `jr roaelkd r oaelkd car fjeoe eata (eata lk `jrh j` ildmt ake earb ilkos). Car fjeoe eata ls dokoraiiy usoe lk iacoilkd djjes, kuhcorlkd tmo cjjbs otf. Lt hay co a make moie sfakkor jr hay co ohcoeeoe lk a statljkary sfakkor. Car Fjeo Soaeor sfaks a car fjeo lhado, fjkvorts lt lktj ak aipmakuhorlf vaiuo wmlfm ls tmok òe tj tmo fjhputor tj wmlfm car fjeo roaeor ls fjkkoftoe. A carfjeo roaeor, aisj faiioe a prlfo sfakkor jr pjlkt-j`-saio ( WJV ) sfakkor, ls a make-moie jr statljkary lkput eovlfo usoe tj fapturo ake roae lk`jrhatljk fjktalkoe lk a car fjeo . A carfjeo roaeor fjkslsts j` a sfakkor , a eofjeor (oltmor culit-lk jr oxtorkai), ake a facio usoe tj fjkkoft tmo roaeor wltm a fjhputor. Cofauso a carfjeo roaeor horoiy fapturos ake traksiatos tmo carfjeo lktj kuhcors ake/jr iottors, tmo eata hust co sokt tj a fjhputor sj tmat a sj`twaro appilfatljk fak habo sokso j` tmo eata. Carfjeo sfakkors fak co fjkkoftoe tj a fjhputor tmrjudm a sorlai pjrt , boycjare pjrt , jr ak lktoràfo eovlfo faiioe a woedo . A carfjeo roa eor wjrbs cy elroftlkd a coah j` ildmt afrjss tmo car fjeo ake hoasurlkd tmo ahjukt j` ildmt tmat ls roìoftoe cafb. (Umo earb cars jk a carfjeo roìoft ioss ildmt tmak tmo wmlto spafos cotwook tmoh.) Umo sfakkor fjkvorts tmo ildmt okordy lktj oioftrlfai okordy, wmlfm ls tmok fjkvortoe lktj eata cy tmo eofjeor ake `jrwareoe tj a fjhputor.

Hadkotlf lkb fare roaeor (HLFS) •

HLFS lkput eovlfo ls dokoraiiy usoe lk cakbs cofauso j` a iardo kuhcor j` fmoquos tj co prjfossoe ovory eay. Umo cakb's fjeo kuhcor ake fmoquo kuhcor aro prlktoe jk tmo fmoquos wltm a spoflai typo j` lkb tmat fjktalks partlfios j` hadkotlf hatorlai tmat aro hafmlko roaeacio. Umls roaelkd prjfoss ls faiioe Hadkotlf Lkb Fmaraftor Sofjdkltljk (HLFS). Umo halk aevaktado j` HLFS ls tmat lt ls àst ake ioss orrjr prjko.

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

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Q_OVULJK 6 Jutilko aky ? eata stjrado eovlfos ake mjw tmoy wjrb. R3?X Hadkotlf stjrado eovlfos

Ujeay, hadkotlf stjrado ls stjrado ls jko j` tmo hjst fjhhjk typos j` stjrado usoe wltm fjhputors ake ls tmo tofmkjijdy tmat haky fjhputor mare erlvos uso. • • • • • •

@ijppy elsbotto Mare erlvo Hadkotlf strlp VuporElsb Uapo fassotto ^lp elsbotto

Jptlfai stjrado eovlfos

Akjtmor fjhhjk stjrado ls jptlfai stjrado, stjrado, wmlfm usos iasors ake ildmts as lts hotmje j` roaelkd ake wrltlkd eata. • • • •

Ciu-ray elsf FE-SJH elsf FE-S ake FE-ST elsf EPE-S, EPE+S, EPE-ST, ake EPE+ST elsf

@iasm hohjry eovlfos

@iasm hohjry mas hohjry mas startoe tj ropiafo hadkotlf hoela as lt cofjhos fmoapor as lt ls tmo hjro o``lflokt ake roilacio sjiutljk. •

Nuhp erlvo jr ìasm erlvo

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

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Oariy fjhputors mae kj hotmje j` uslkd aky j` tmo acjvo tofmkjijdlos `jr stjrlkd lk`jrhatljk ake mae tj roiy jk papor. Ujeay, tmoso `jrhs j` stjrado aro raroiy usoe jr `juke. Lk tmo plfturo tj tmo rldmt ls ak oxahpio j` a wjhak oktorlkd eata tj a pukfm fare uslkd a pukfm fare hafmlko. • •

JHS Wukfm fare

MASE ELVB VUJSADO

Vplkklkd mare elsb (ME) erlvos aro tjeay tmo hjst fjhhjk hoaks j` mldm fapaflty fjhputor stjrado, wltm hjst eosbtjp ake iaptjp fjhputors stlii roiylkd jk a splkklkd mare elsb tj stjro tmolr jporatlkd systoh, appilfatljks prjdrahs ake at ioast sjho usor eata. Uraeltljkai, splkklkd mare elsb erlvos fjkslst j` jko jr hjro elsb "piattors" stafboe jko acjvo tmo jtmor, ake fjatoe lk a hadkotlf hoela tmat ls wrlttok tj ake roae cy tmo erlvo moaes. mare elsb erlvos fak traksòr eata elroftiy tj jtmor fjhputor marewaro vla a rakdo j` tmroo lktoràfo typos (VAUA, LEO/_EHA, jr VFVL) ake fjho lk a rakdo j` spooes `rjh 5377 tj 1?777 rovjiutljks por hlkuto (SWH). SALE

Umls stakes `jr "roeukeakt array j` lkeopokeokt elsbs" (jr sjhotlhos "roeukeakt array j` lkoxpokslvo erlvos"), ake stjros tmo eata lk oafm usor vjiuho jk huitlpio pmyslfai erlvos.

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

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Lk fjktrast tj SALE 7, "SALE 1" ls prlharliy lktokeoe tj prjtoft eata adalkst ada lkst marewaro àliuro. Moro eata ls eupilfatoe jr "hlrrjroe" afrjss twj jr hjro elsbs. Umo eata roeukeakfy sj froatoe hoaks tmat l` jko pmyslfai erlvo àlis tmoro ls stlii a fjhpioto fjpy j` lts fjktokts jk akjtmor erlvo. Mjwovor, tmls ejos hoak tmat erlvo fapaflty ls safrl`lfoe. @jr oxahpio (as smjwk acjvo), a 1UC SALE 1 vjiuho roqulros twj 1UC elsbs. Tmlio eata wrlto por`jrhakfo ls kjt lhprjvoe cy uslkd SALE 1, eata roae tlhos aro lkfroasoe as huitlpio `lios fak co affossoe slhuitakojusiy `rjh el`òrokt pmyslfai erlvos. O]UOSKAI MASE ELVBV / ELSOFU AUUAFMOE VUJSADO (EAV)

Oxfopt wmoro twj lktorkai mare elsbs aro fjksleoroe ossoktlai jk tmo casls j` por`jrhakfo (ake pjsslciy fjkvoklokfo), a sofjke mare elsb ls tjeay hjst aevlsaciy fjkkoftoe as ak oxtorkai uklt, jr wmat ls sjhotlhos kjw bkjwk as a "EAV" jr elroft attafmoe stjrado erlvo. EAV oxtorkai mare elsbs fjkkoft vla a _VC, `lrowlro jr ak O-VAUA lktoràfo (soo tmo marewaro softljk), wltm _VC colkd tmo hjst fjhhjk. Umo mldmost quailty oxtorkai mare erlvos rjutlkoiy lkfiueo at ioast twj j` tmoso lktoràfos as stakeare, mokfo haxlhlslkd tmolr ìoxlclilty `jr hjvlkd eata cotwook el`òrokt fjhputors. As oxpialkoe lk tmo kotwjrblkd softljk, tjeay sjho oxtorkai mare elsbs fak aisj co purfmasoe as KAV (kotwjrb attafmoe stjrado) eovlfos tmat fak oasliy co smaroe cotwook usors afrjss a kotwjrb. JWULFAI ELVB VUJSADO

Aihjst aii jptlfai stjrado lkvjivos tmo uso j` a ?" elsb `rjh wmlfm eata ls roae cy a iasor. Jptlfai hoela fak co roae jkiy (sufm as fjhhorflai sj`twaro, huslf jr hjvlo elsbs), wrlto-jko, jr rowrltacio, ake furroktiy oxlsts lk jko j` tmroo caslf `jrhats. Umoso aro fjhpaft elsb (FE), eldltai vorsatlio elsb (EPE)ake Ciu-Say elsb (CE). A `jurtm `jrhat faiioe Mldm-Eo`lkltljk EPE (ME EPE) ls kjw eoae-lk-tmo-wator. VJILE VUAUO ESLPOV

Vjile stato stjrado eovlfos stjro fjhputor eata jk kjk-vjiatlio "ìasm" hohjry fmlps ratmor tmak cy fmakdlkd tmo suràfo prjportlos j` a hadkotlf jr jptlfai splkklkd elsb. Tltm kj hjvlkd parts sjile stato erlvos (VVEs) -- aro aisj vory vor y hufm tmo ùturo `jr aihjst aii `jrhs j` j ` fjhputor

























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@iasm hohjry fares woro eovoijpoe as a stjrado hoela `jr eldltai fahoras ake hjclio fjhputors. Umoy fjkslst j` a shaii piastlf pafbado wltm a fjktaft array tmat sijts lktj a fahora jr jtmor hjclio fjhputlkd eovlfo, jr ak apprjprlato hohjry fare roaeor. Vufm roaeors usuaiiy mavo sovorai sijts (tj affjhhjeato tmo varljus `jrhats j` ìasm hohjry fares kjw avaliacio), ake fak oltmor co lktodratoe lktj a eosbtjp fjhputor jr iaptjp's faso, jr fjkkoftoe vla a _VC pjrt as ak oxtorkai marewaro uklt. Lk aeeltljk tj stlii ake vleoj eldltai fahoras, haky hjclio pmjkos, taciots, kotcjjbs, hoela piayors, auelj rofjreors ake toiovlsljks kjw aisj mavo sijts `jr roaelkd ake wrltlkd a ìasm hohjry fare. Umo fapaflty j` ìasm hohjry fares jk tmo harbot furroktiy rakdos `rjh =HC tj 05DC. Umoro aro aisj slx hanjr fare `jrhats, oafm wltm lts jwk typo j` fare sijt. Umo hjst fjhhjk `jrhat ls tmo sofuro eldltai jr VE fare (soo coijw). Koxt hjst pjpuiar aro fjhpaft ìasm (F@) fares, wmlfm woro tmo `lrst pjpuiar `jrhat lktrjeufoe, ake wmlfm aro usoe cy haky prjòssljkai eldltai fahoras ake auelj rofjreors. @lkaiiy fjho Vjky's Hohjry stlfb `jrhat (ake kjt tj co fjkùsoe wltm a _VC hohjry stlfb), tmo huitl-hoela fare (HHF) ake tmo xE plfturo fare (]E fare). Aeaptors aro avaliacio tj aiijw a fjhpaft ìasm fare tj co fjkkoftoe tj a fjhputor's hjtmorcjare lkstoae j` a mare elsb, ake tmoso aro cofjhlkd pjpuiar jk shaii-`jrhat fjhputors rukklkd tmo Ilkux jporatlkd systoh. As akjtmor asleo, Wakasjklf mavo tmolr jwk vleoj rofjrelkd ìasm hohjry fare `jrhat faiioe tmo W3 fare. Umls ls lktorkaiiy casoe jk `jur mldm-spooe VE fares, furroktiy avaliacio lk 10, 63 jr 05DC fapafltlos, ake ls usoe lkstoae j` tapo jk sjho



























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taciots. Tmlio tmo iardor fares fakkjt `lt lk shaiior fare sijts, aeaptors aro avaliacio tj okacio hlfrj ake hlkl fares tj co affossoe cy aky eovlfo tmat affopts a stakeare-slzo fare. VE fares aisj fjho lk tmroo fapaflty typos bkjwk as VE, VEMF ake VE]F. Umo `lrst j` tmoso fak stjro up tj 3DC j` eata. VEMF (VE mldm fapaflty) fares aro tmok avaliacio lk fapafltlos j` cotwook 5 ake 63 DC, wmlio VE]F (VE oxtokeoe fapaflty) fares rakdo `rjh 63DC up tj a tmojrotlfai 3UC (aitmjudm at prosokt jkiy 05DC fares aro jk tmo harbot). Cofauso VE fares kjw fjho lk tmroo fapaflty styios, kjt aii VE eovlfos fak affoss aii VE fares j` tmo saho pmyslfai eosldk. Tmlio stakeare VE fares fak co roae cy akytmlkd, VEMF fares smjuie jkiy co lksortoe lktj VEMF jr VE]F eovlfos. VE]F fares hust tmok jkiy co usoe wltm tmo iatost VE]F marewaro. L` yju try tj uso ak VE]F jr VEMF fare lk a eovlfo tmat ejos kjt suppjrt lt tmok yju hay ijso eata jr ovok eahado tmo fare. Uj ùrtmor aee tj tmo fjkùsljk(!), VE fares aro furroktiy aisj avaliacio lk `lvo spooe fiassos. Umoso aro bkjwk as fiass 3, fiass 5, fiass 0, fiass 17, ake _MV-1 (uitra mldm spooe 1). Haky hakuàfturors aisj iacoi fares wltm a spooe huitlpio tmat fjhparos tmoh tj a FE-SJH erlvo. Acsjiuto eata traksòr ratlkds aro sjhotlhos aisj lkfiueoe. Mjwovor, lk praftlfai torhs lt ls tmo spooe fiass tmat roaiiy hattors. As hay co oxpoftoe, tmo mldmor ak VE fare's spooe fiass, tmo àstor lt wlii co cut tmo hjro lt wlii fjst. @jr hjst purpjsos fiass 5 jr fiass 0 fares aro `lko. Umls sale, fiass 17 jr _MV-1 aro cost `jr mldm eo`lkltljk vleoj jr wmok jtmorwlso makeilkd iardo quaktltlos j` eata. \ju fak ioark ijts

























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@jrtukatoiy, nust wmy sjho sjile stato elsbs aro sijwor tmak jtmors ls kjt a hystory. Satmor, lt ls a ùkftljk j` tmo typo j` ìasm hohjry fmlps usoe tj mjie tmo eata. Tltmjut djlkd lktj droat tofmklfailtlos, tmoso fmlps fjho lk twj varlotlos faiioe slkdio iovoi foii (VIF) ake huitl iovoi foii (HIF). Caslfaiiy, HIF ìasm fmlps stjro twj jr hjro clts j` eata lk oafm hohjry foii, wmlist VIF fmlps stjro jkiy jko. HIF sjile stato elsbs aro tmoro`jro fmoapor tj prjeufo tmak VIF elsbs at aky dlvok fapaflty, cut euo tj stjrlkd hjro tmak jko clt j` lk`jrhatljk lk oafm hohjry foii tabo ijkdor tj wrlto ake roae eata. L` yju kooe a àst _VC boy, hohjry fare jr lkeooe mare-elsb ropiafohokt VVE tmok yju kooe tj pay hjro tj jctalk ak VIF eovlfo. KOUTJSB AKE JKILKO VUJSADO

Haky fjhputor usors hay kovor mavo tj cafb-up tmolr eata tj a rohjvacio hoela jr oxtorkai mare erlvo (ake lkeooe hay co elsfjuradoe jr cakkoe `rjh ejlkd sj) cofauso tmolr `lios wlii co stjroe ake cafboe-up jk tmolr fjhpaky's kotwjrb sorvors. Ovok lk tmo mjho (ake as elsfussoe lk tmo kotwjrblkd softljk), cafb-up tj a sorvor ls aisj kjw ak jptljk `jr haky. @ar hjro ùkeahoktaiiy, aii j` tmjso swltfmlkd lk wmjio jr part tj fijue fjhputlkd aro kjw stjrlkd at ioast sjho j` tmolr eata jut jk tmo Lktorkot. Ake ovok tmjso kjt uslkd jkilko appilfatljks ake prjfosslkd pjwor kjw mavo tmo jptljk j` cafblkd up hjeorato ahjukts j` eata jkilko, ake j`tok `jr `roo! @lios stjroe ake/jr cafboe-up jkilko aro stlii savoe tj a mare elsb ratmor tmak tj sjho hadlf, kow aitorkatlvo hoela. Mjwovor, tmo àft tmat tmo elsb ls ijfatoe rohjtoiy tj yjur fjhputor, fak co affossoe `rjh akywmoro, ake ls prjcaciy cafboe up cy tmo sorvlfo prjvleor(:), fak habo jkilko

























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Q_OVULJK 5 a) El`òroktlato cotwook prlhary ake sofjkeary fjhputor hohjry.R1?X Umo `jiijwlkd tacio ilst jut sjho j` tmo boy el`òrokfos cotwook tmo prlhary ake sofjkeary hohjry>

WSLHAS\ HOHJS\ •

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Umo hohjry eovlfos usoe `jr prlhary hohjry aro sohlfjkeuftjr hohjrlos Umo prlhary hohjry ls fatodjrlzoe as vjiatlio ake kjk vjiatlio hohjrlos, SAH ls tmo vjiatlio hohjry ake SJH ls tmo kjk vjiatlio hohjry Umo prlhary hohjry ls fjhpjsoe j` prjdrahs ake eata tmat aro prosoktiy colkd usoe cy tmo hlfrj prjfossjr

VOFJKEAS\ HOHJS\ •

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Umo sofjkeary hohjry eovlfos aro hadkotlf ake jptlfai hohjrlos. Umo sofjkeary hohjry ls aiways kjk vjiatlio

Umo sofjkeary hohjry ls okjudm fapacio tj stjro mudo ahjukt j` lk`jrhatljk

























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c) El`òroktlato cotwook Sakejh Affoss Hohjry (SAH) ake Soae Jkiy Hohjry (SJH).R17X (SJH).R17X

SAH •

Vtakes `jr Sakejk-affoss Sakejk-affoss Hohjry

SJH •

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SAH ls a roae ake wrlto hohjry

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SAH ls àstor

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SAH ls a vjiatlio hohjry. Lt hoaks tmat tmo eata lk SAH wlii co ijst l` pjwor suppiy ls fut-j`` Umoro aro halkiy twj typos j` SAH2 statlf SAH ake ake Eykahlf SAH

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Vtakes `jr Soae-jkiy hohjry hohjry Kjrhaiiy SJH ls roae jkiy hohjry ake lt fak kjt co jvorwrlttok. Mjwovor, OWSJHs fak co roprjdrahhoe SJH ls roiatlvoiy sijwor tmak SAH SJH ls porhakokt hohjry. Eata lk SJH wlii stay as lt ls ovok l` wo rohjvo tmo pjworsuppiy Umoro aro sovorai typos j` SJH2 Orasacio SJH, Wrjdrahhacio SJH, OWSJH otf.

























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Jptljks Oiacjratljk Affosslclilty

SAH • •

Tjrblkd typo

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Vtjrado

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Vpooe

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Eata prosorvlkd

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Sakejh Affoss Hohjry Lk roòrokfo wltm tmo prjfossjr, tmo lk`jrhatljk stjroe lk tmo SAH ls oasliy affossoe

Cjtm tmo roae ake wrlto jporatljks fak co por`jrhoe jvor tmo lk`jrhatljk tmat ls stjroe lk tmo SAH SAH hohjry ls jkiy usoe tj stjro tmo tohpjrary lk`jrhatljk. tmo affosslkd spooe j` SAH ls àstor, lt asslst tmo prjfossjr tj cjjst up tmo spooe Oioftrlflty ls kooeoe lk SAH tj ìjw tj prosorvlkd

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SJH • •

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Soae Jkiy hohjry Umo prjfossjr fakkjt elroftiy affoss tmo lk`jrhatljk tmat ls stjroe lk tmo SJH. Lk jreor tj affoss tmo SJH lk`jrhatljk, `lrst tmo lk`jrhatljk wlii co traksòrroe lktj tmo SAH ake tmok lt dots oxofutoe cy tmo prjfossjr Umo SJH hohjry jkiy aiijws tmo usor tj roae tmo lk`jrhatljk. _sor fakkjt habo aky fmakdos tj tmo lk`jrhatljk. SJH hohjry ls usoe tj stjro porhakokt lk`jrhatljk ake fakkjt co eoiotoe. Vpooe ls sijwor lk fjhparlsjk wltm SAH, SJH fakkjt cjjst up tmo prjfossjr spooe Oioftrlflty ls kjt kooeoe lk SJH tj ìjw tj prosorvlkd lk`jrhatljk



























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Q_OVULJK ? a) Eo`lko tmo torh kotwjrb ake jutilko tmo typos j` fjhputor kotwjrbs.R17X •

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A fjhputor kotwjrb jr eata kotwjrb ls a toiofjhhuklfatljks kotwjrb wmlfm aiijws fjhputors tj oxfmakdo eata. Lk fjhputor kotwjrbs, kotwjrboe fjhputlkd eovlfos oxfmakdo eata wltm oafm jtmor uslkd a eata ilkb. Umo fjkkoftljks cotwook kjeos aro ostacilsmoe uslkd oltmor facio hoela jr wlroioss hoela.

























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Mjhos j`tok mavo IAK kotwjrbs tjj, ospoflaiiy l` tmoro ls hjro tmak jko eovlfo lk tmo mjho. J`tok tmoy ej kjt fjktalk hjro tmak jko suckot, l` aky, ake aro usuaiiy fjktrjiioe cy a slkdio aehlklstratjr. Umoy ej kjt mavo tj co fjkkoftoe tj tmo lktorkot tj wjrb, aitmjudm tmoy fak co.

Tleo Aroa Kotwjrb (TAK) Umls ls akjtmor j` tmo jrldlkai fatodjrlos j` kotwjrb, ake sildmtiy hjro fjhpiox lk katuro. TAK kotwjrbs fjkkoft fjhputors tjdotmor jvor iardo pmyslfai elstakfos, rohjtoiy fjkkoftlkd tmoh jvor jko mudo kotwjrb ake aiijwlkd tmoh tj fjhhuklfato ovok wmok àr apart. Umo Lktorkot ls a TAK, ake fjkkofts fjhputors aii arjuke tmo wjrie tjdotmor.

























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c) Elstlkdulsm cotwook lktorkot ake lktrakot.R0X

Lktorkot

Lktrakot

Oxtrakot

Lt ls a Dijcai systoh j` lktorfjkkoftoe fjhputor kotwjrb.

Lt ls a Wrlvato kotwjrb spofl`lf tj ak jrdaklsatljk.

Lt ls a Wrlvato kotwjrb tmat usos pucilf kotwjrb tj smaro lk`jrhatljk wltm suppilors ake vokejrs.

Kjt roduiatoe cy aky autmjrlty.

Lt ls roduiatoe cy ak jrdaklzatljk.

Lt ls roduiatoe cy huitlpio jrdaklzatljk.

Umus fjktokt lk tmo

Umus fjktokt lk tmo

Umo fjktokt lk tmo kotwjrb ls

























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f) Tmat ej yju ukeorstake cy satoiilto fjhhuklfatljk:R5X •

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A fjhhuklfatljks satoiilto ls ak artl`lflai satoiilto tmat roiays ake ahpil`los raelj toiofjhhuklfatljks sldkais vla a trakspjkeor2 lt froatos a fjhhuklfatljk fmakkoi cotwook a sjurfo trakshlttor ake a rofolvor at el`òrokt ijfatljks jk Oartm. Fjhhuklfatljks satoiiltos aro usoe `jr toiovlsljk, toiopmjko, raelj, lktorkot, ake hliltary appilfatljks. Umoro aro jvor 3,777 fjhhuklfatljks satoiiltos lk Oartm“s jrclt, usoe cy cjtm prlvato ake djvorkhokt jrdaklzatljks. Vatoiilto fjhhuklfatljk ls caslfaiiy a hlfrjwavo ilkb ropoator. A satoiilto rofolvos rofolvos okordy okordy `rjh ak oartm oartm statljk, ahpil`los ahpil`los lt ake roturks lt tj tj oafm at a `roquokfy `roquokfy acjut 3 DMz away away `rjh tmo uppor uppor `roquokfy `roquokfy (oartm (oartm tj satoiilto). satoiilto).



























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Elsaevaktados j` Fjhhuklfatljk satoiiltos

Ulho iaps cotwook fjhhuklfatljk ls a hanjr elsaevaktado j` Vatoiilto fjhhuklfatljk.

























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KJP/ EOF 3713 Q_OVULJK 1

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Moaeors ake @jjtors> jptljk j` froatlkd stakeare cijfbs j` toxt tmat wlii autjhatlfaiiy

appoar at tmo tjp jr cjttjh j` oafm pado lk a ejfuhokt. @jjtkjtlkd> autjhatlf soquoktlai kuhcorlkd kuhcorlkd j` `jjtkjtos ake pjsltljklkd j` tmo `jjtkjtos at tmo cjttjh j` tmolr apprjprlato pados eurlkd padlkatljk. Uacio j` Fjktokts ake Lkeox Dokoratjrs. Wrjdrahs tmat froato tmoso casoe jk tmo toxt j` a

























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Iacois •

Hlfrjsj`t Tjre fjhos wltm pro-eo`lkoe tohpiatos `jr ejzoks j` aemoslvo iacoi slzos jr yju fak fustjhlzo yjur jwk cy oktorlkd tmo iacoi hoasurohokts. A spoflai iacoi "wlzare" waibs yju tmrjudm froatlkd a kow smoot j` iacois ake prlktlkd tmoh jk yjur prlktor.

























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Q_OVULJK 3 Leoktl`y aky `lvo sjflai kotwjrblkd àfliltlos ake oxpialk mjw lkelvleuais ake jrdaklzatljks fak coko`lt `rjh tmoh. R3?X















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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sorvor). Umls oilhlkatos tmat kooe tj spoke tlho ake okordy lkstaiilkd upeatos ake trafblkd `lios jk lkeopokeokt fjhputors tmrjudmjut tmo culielkd. Vlto ilfoksos aro ilboiy tj co fmoapor tmak cuylkd sovorai stake-aijko ilfoksos. ?. Sosjurfo Vmarlkd. Vmarlkd rosjurfos ls akjtmor aroa lk wmlfm a kotwjrb oxfooes stakeaijko fjhputors. Vjho jrdaklzatljks fakkjt a``jre okjudm iasor prlktors, àx hafmlkos, hjeohs, sfakkors, ake FE-SJH piayors `jr oafm fjhputor. Mjwovor, l` tmoso jr slhliar porlpmorais aro aeeoe tj a kotwjrb, tmoy fak co smaroe cy haky usors. Sosjurfo smarlkd ls tmo prlhary coko`lt j` kotwjrblkd. Lt aiijws usors jk el`òrokt hafmlkos tj smaro hjeohs, prlktors, tapo erlvos ake elsb spafo, `jr oxahpio, usors fak soke kotwjrb hossados roquostlkd tj uso a foktrai prlktor, aiijwlkd ovoryjko tj smaro tmat rosjurfo. _sors roailzo tmo coko`lt j` smarlkd lk`jrhatljk. Eata `lios fak co smaroe cotwook hafmlkos jk tmo kotwjrb, aiijwlkd usors tj soo lkvjlfos, rosuits j` survoys, fjhpaky kowsiottors, ake jtmor lk`jrhatljk. 0. Oioftrjklf Hali. Umo prosokfo j` a kotwjrb prjvleos tmo marewaro kofossary tj lkstaii ak o-hali systoh. O-hali ales lk porsjkai ake prjòssljkai fjhhuklfatljk `jr aii sfmjji porsjkkoi, ake lt àfliltatos tmo elssohlkatljk j` dokorai lk`jrhatljk tj tmo oktlro sfmjji sta``. Oioftrjklf hali jk a IAK fak okacio stueokts tj fjhhuklfato wltm toafmors ake poors at tmolr jwk sfmjji. L` tmo IAK ls fjkkoftoe tj tmo Lktorkot, stueokts fak fjhhuklfato wltm jtmors tmrjudmjut tmo wjrie. 4. @ioxlcio Affoss. Kotwjrbs aiijw eata & lk`jrhatljk affoss `rjh aky fjhputor lk tmo fahpus. =. Tjrbdrjup Fjhputlkd. Tjrbdrjup sj`twaro (sufm as Hlfrjsj`t CafbJ``lfo) aiijws haky usors tj wjrb jk a ejfuhokt jr prjnoft fjkfurroktiy. @jr oxahpio, oeufatjrs ijfatoe at varljus sfmjjis wltmlk a fjukty fjuie slhuitakojusiy fjktrlcuto tmolr leoas acjut kow furrlfuiuh stakeares tj tmo saho ejfuhokt ake sproaesmoots. <. Lt turks lsjiatoe fjhputors lktj lktodratoe systohs, prjvlelkd ak okvlrjkhokt wmoro rosjurfos aro smaroe ake fapaflty prjciohs roeufoe. 17. Lt aiijws drjwtm. L` hjro fjhputlkd rosjurfos cofjho a kooe, a kow fjhputor fak co lkstaiioe, aeeoe tj tmo kotwjrb, ake lhhoelatoiy affossoe cy jtmor hafmlkos ake usors. 11. Mldm roilaclilty. L` appilfatljks smaro eata, tmo eata fak co ropilfatoe afrjss sovorai hafmlkos. L` jko hafmlko djos ejwk, akjtmor fak tabo lts piafo ake prjvleo tmo eata tj tmo appilfatljks. 13. A `lio sorvor ls oasy tj cafb up as aii tmo eata ls stjroe lk jko piafo ELVAEPAKUADOV Elsaevaktados j` Lkstaiilkd a Kotwjrb

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

UMOJS\

3. Soqulros Aehlklstratlvo Ulho. Wrjpor halktokakfo j` a kotwjrb roqulros fjksleoracio tlho ake oxportlso. Haky jrdaklzatljks mavo lkstaiioe a kotwjrb, jkiy tj `lke tmat tmoy ele kjt cuedot `jr tmo kofossary aehlklstratlvo suppjrt. Lkfroasoe aehlklstratljk. Umoro wlii co kooe `jr a systohs aehlklstratjr tj tuko tmo kotwjrb, hjkltjr tmo kotwjrb, aehlklstor eatacaso `lios, ake oksuro kotwjrb lktodrlty (oksuro tmo kotwjrb ruks shjjtmiy) 6. @lio Vorvor Hay @ali. Aitmjudm a `lio sorvor ls kj hjro susfoptlcio tj àliuro tmak aky jtmor fjhputor, wmok tmo `lios sorvor "djos ejwk," tmo oktlro kotwjrb hay fjho tj a mait. Tmok tmls mappoks, tmo oktlro sfmjji hay ijso affoss tj kofossary prjdrahs ake `lios. 5. Facios Hay Croab. Vjho j` tmo fjk`lduratljks aro eosldkoe tj hlklhlzo tmo lkfjkvoklokfo j` a crjbok facio2 wltm jtmor fjk`lduratljks, jko crjbok facio fak stjp tmo oktlro kotwjrb. ?. Vofurlty fjkforks. Vjho usor fak dalk ukautmjrlzoe affoss tj prlvato eata. Umoro ls a eakdor j` mafblkd, partlfuiariy wltm wleo aroa kotwjrbs. Vofurlty prjfoeuros aro kooeoe tj provokt sufm acuso. J` aii tmo elsaevaktados, tmo droatost erawcafb ls sofurlty fjkforks2 tmoro`jro, kotwjrb sofurlty ls a prljrlty p rljrlty lk tmo eovoijphokt j` kotwjrb appilfatljks. 0. Kotwjrb àliuro. As appilfatljks lkfroaso tmolr uso j` a kotwjrb, kotwjrb àliuros cofjho fatastrjpmlf. 4. Plrus attafb. A kotwjrboe systoh ls vuikoracio tj eostruftlvo kotwjrb hossados. @jr oxahpio, a hossado tmat sparbs eahadlkd aftlvlty (ilbo oraslkd `lios) hay oktor tmo systoh vla tmo kotwjrb.Plrusos fak sproae tj jtmor fjhputors tmrjudmjut a fjhputor kotwjrb. =. Hakadlkd a iardo kotwjrb ls fjhpilfatoe, roqulros tralklkd ake a kotwjrb hakador usuaiiy kooes tj co ohpijyoe. <. L` tmo `lio sorvor croabs ejwk tmo `lios jk tmo `lio sorvor cofjho lkaffosslcio. O-hali hldmt stlii wjrb l` lt ls jk a soparato sorvor. Umo fjhputors fak stlii co usoe as stake aijkos.

























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c) Eosfrlco tmo varljus fjhputor kotwjrb tjpjijdlos wltm tmo ale j` eladrahs tj liiustrato yjur akswors. R16X

HOVM UJWJIJD\ • •

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Hosm tjpjijdy wjrb jk tmo fjkfopt j` rjutos. Lk Hosm tjpjijdy, hossado sokt tj tmo eostlkatljk fak tabo aky pjsslcio smjrtost, oaslost rjuto tj roafm lts eostlkatljk. Lktorkot ohpijys tmo Hosm tjpjijdy ake tmo hossado `lkes lts rjuto `jr lts eostlkatljk. Sjutor wjrbs lk `lke tmo rjutos `jr tmo hossados ake lk roafmlkd tmoh tj tmolr eostlkatljks Umo tjpjijdy lk wmlfm ovory eovlfos fjkkofts tj ovory jtmor eovlfo ls faiioe a ùii Hosm tjpjijdy ukilbo lk tmo partlai hosm lk wmlfm ovory eovlfo ls lkelroftiy fjkkoftoe tj tmo jtmor eovlfos.

VUAS UJWJIJD\

























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UMOJS\

A kotwjrb tjpjijdy lk tmo `jrh j` a star. At tmo foktor j` tmo star ls a wlrlkd muc jr fjkfoktratjr, ake tmo kjeos jr wjrbstatljks aro arrakdoe arjuke tmo foktrai pjlkt roprosoktlkd tmo pjlkts j` tmo star. Aevaktados j` star tjpjijdy

Lt ls oasy tj aee jr rohjvo kjeos Cofauso oafm kjeo mas lts jwk ilkb tj tmo foktrai kjeo, tmo star ls hjro roilacio tmak jtmor tjpjijdlos. @uii utlilzatljk j` rosjurfos l.o. prlktor, smarlkd j` prjfossjr Elroft fjkkoftljk j` torhlkais tj tmo halk prjfossjr, hoaks tmat l` jko torhlkai croabs ejwk lt wjkt a`òft jtmor torhlkais. Elsaevaktados j` star tjpjijdy Aii tra``lf cotwook twj kjeos passos tmrjudm tmo foktrai kjeo. L` tmo foktrai fjhpjkokt croabs ejwk, tmo wmjio kotwjrb ls ejwk. Umo kuhcor j` pjrts j` tmo foktrai fjhpjkokt ilhlts tmo kuhcor j` fjkkoftoe kjeos. A star tjpjijdy roqulros a ijt j` facilkd slkfo aii eata patm fjkkoftljks hust co tj tmo foktrai kjeo. Umoro ls kj elroft fjhhuklfatljk cotwook jr ahjkd wjrbstatljks Vmarlkd j` prjfossjr eoiays lk tmo prjfosslkd j` njcs.

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C_V/ILKOAS UJWJIJD\

   

Eosfrlcos a kotwjrb lk wmlfm oafm kjeo ls fjkkoftoe tj a fjhhjk ilko. Umls ls aisj sjhotlhos faiioe a mjrlzjktai, huitlerjp jr huitl pjlkt kotwjrb. us o tmo iast torhs `jr fjkkoftljks wltm a halk`raho/hlkl  Umjudm lt ls proòracio tj uso fjhputor as lk tmo `jiijwlkd eladrah.  Lk a cus hossados travoi lk cjtm elroftljks ake ej kjt dj tmrjudm tmo lkelvleuai kjeos cut ovory kjeo fak moar oafm hossado as lt djos past.  Tmok tmo sldkai/hossado roafmos ak oke j` tmo cus, a torhlkatjr acsjrcs lt, tj boop lt

























FJHW_UOSV> �� 

UMOJS\

Oafm pafbot ls soke wltm a rofolvor leoktl`lfatljk fjeo tmat ls ak aeeross j` eostlkatljk ake aii fjhputors jk tmo kotwjrb aro porhakoktiy jk tmo aiort `jr aky hossados fjhlkd tj tmoh.

Aevaktados j` Cus Kotwjrb/tjpjijdy

Tmok a kjeo croabs ejwk, tmo kotwjrb ejos kjt croab ejwk. A cus usos roiatlvoiy ioss facios fjhparoe tj jtmor tjpjijdlos Elroft fjhhuklfatljk euo tj elroft fjkkoftljk. @ast prjfosslkd slkfo tmoro ls kj Mjst fjhputor Jkfo a facio mas cook iale ejwk aky kow oqulphokt fak oasliy co fjkkoftoe tj tmo kotwjrb cy a slhpio tapplkd lktj tmo facio. Elsaevaktados j` Cus Kotwjrb/tjpjijdy Lk a cus tjpjijdy lt ls kjt aiways oasy tj aee a kjeo. RO.d. lkstaiiatljk j` oxtra tap lk tmlfb OtmorkotX. Eladkjsls/trjucio smjjtlkd fak co el``lfuit. Oxpokslvo tj ruk Rsovorai prjfossjrsX ‖ Eotoftjrs. Fjhhuklfatljk cotwook fjhpjkokts j` tmo kotwjrb travoilkd lk jppjslto elroftljk aijkd tmo cus fak fjiileo fauslkd ijss j` trakshlttoe lk`jrhatljk. Cofauso j` tmls fjiilsljk a eotoftljk systoh mas tj co prosokt tj fjktrji tmo ro-trakshlssljk j` ijst lk`jrhatljk tmorocy hablkd lt a hjro oxpokslvo jptljk

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SLKD KOUTJSB • • • •

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A rlkd kotwjrb mas kjeos fjkkoftoe lk a flrfuiar way. Oafm kjeo mas twj koldmcjrlkd kjeos Eata ìjw ls uklelroftljkai. A hossado ls `jrwareoe lk jko elroftljk uktli lt roafmos tmo eostlkatljk wltm lktorhoelato kjeos aftlkd as roiay Rstjro & `jrwareX uklts. Umo eostlkatljk kjeo fjplos tmo hossado ake passos tmo hossado adalk tj tmo rlkd. Umls hossado tmok fjktlkuos tj flrfuiato arjuke tmo rlkd cafb tj tmo sjurfo.



























FJHW_UOSV> ��

UMOJS\

A kotwjrb tjpjijdy lk tmo `jrh j` a fijsoe ijjp jr flrfio. Oafm kjeo lk tmo kotwjrb ls fjkkoftoe f jkkoftoe tj tmo koxt, ake hossados hjvo lk jko elroftljk arjuke tmo systoh. Tmok a hossado arrlvos at a kjeo, tmo kjeo oxahlkos tmo aeeross a eeross lk`jrhatljk lk tmo hossado. L` tmo aeeross hatfmos tmo kjeo's aeeross, tmo hossado ls affoptoe2 jtmorwlso tmo kjeo rodokoratos tmo sldkai ake piafos tmo hossado cafb jk tmo kotwjrb `jr tmo koxt kjeo lk tmo systoh. ... Aevaktados j` rlkd kotwjrb Umo hossado roturk prjvleos tmo sjurfo wltm a `jrh j` afbkjwioedohokt. Umo kjeo rohjvos lts jwk hossado `rjh tmo rlkd. Ilttio facilkd kooeoe fjhparoe tj Vtar. Oafm kjeo afts as roiay uklt. Wafbot fjiilsljks ej kjt jffur cofauso lk`jrhatljk ls travoilkd lk jko elroftljk. Soiatlvoiy fmoap tj lkstaii. O``lflokt ake affurato hoaks j` fjhhuklfatljk. Umoro ls kj eopokeokfy jk tmo mjst fjhputor jr `lio sorvor as oafm kjeo fjktrjis trakshlssljk tj ake `rjh ltsoi`. Elsaevaktados j` rlkd kotwjrb Aeelkd jr rohjvlkd kjeos elsrupts tmo kotwjrb. L` jko j` tmo kjeos croabs ejwk, tmo wmjio kotwjrb wlii co ejwk. L` tmo kotwjrb facio croabs tmo wmjio kotwjrb ls a`òftoe •

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USOO UJWJIJD\ • • •

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Uroo tjpjijdlos aro fjhprlsoe j` tmo huitlpio star tjpjijdlos jk a cus. Uroo tjpjijdlos lktodrato huitlpio star tjpjijdlos tjdotmor jktj a cus. Jkiy tmo muc eovlfos fak fjkkoft elroftiy wltm tmo troo cus ake oafm Muc ùkftljks as a rjjt j` a troo j` tmo kotwjrb eovlfos. Umls cus/star/mycrle fjhclkatljk suppjrts ùturo oxpakeaclilty j` tmo fjhputor kotwjrbs, hufm cottor tmak a cus jr star.


























UMOJS\

Vuppjrtoe cy sovorai marewaro ake sj`twaro vokeors.

Elsaevaktados j` a Uroo Ujpjijdy • • •

Jvoraii iokdtm j` oafm sodhokt ls ilhltoe cy tmo typo j` facilkd usoe. L` tmo cafbcjko ilko croabs, tmo oktlro sodhokt djos ejwk. Hjro el``lfuit tj fjk`lduro ake wlro tmak jtmor tj pjijdlos.

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

UMOJS\

Q_OVULJK 5 Oxahlko tmo `jiijwlkd fjhputor hohjrlos a) SJH R?X •

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SJH stakes `jr Soae Jkiy Hohjry. Umo hohjry `rjh wmlfm wo fak jkiy roae cut fakkjt wrlto jk lt. Umls typo j` hohjry ls kjk-vjiatlio. Umo lk`jrhatljk ls stjroe porhakoktiy lk sufm hohjrlos eurlkd hakuàfturo. A SJH, stjros sufm lkstruftljks tmat aro roqulroe tj start a fjhputor. Umls jporatljk ls roòrroe tj as cjjtstrap. SJH fmlps aro kjt jkiy usoe lk tmo fjhputor cut aisj lk jtmor oioftrjklf ltohs ilbo wasmlkd hafmlko ake hlfrjwavo jvok

c) SAH R?X •

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SAH (Sakejh Affoss Hohjry) ls tmo lktorkai hohjry j` tmo FW_ `jr stjrlkd eata, prjdrah ake prjdrah rosuit. Lt ls roae/wrlto hohjry wmlfm stjros eata uktli tmo hafmlko ls wjrblkd. As sjjk as tmo hafmlko ls swltfmoe j``, eata ls orasoe. Affoss tlho lk SAH ls lkeopokeokt j` tmo aeeross tmat ls, oafm stjrado ijfatljk lksleo tmo hohjry ls as oasy tj roafm as jtmor ijfatljks ake tabos tmo saho ahjukt j` tlho. Eata lk tmo SAH fak co affossoe rakejhiy cut lt ls vory oxpokslvo. SAH ls vjiatlio, l.o. eata stjroe lk lt ls ijst wmok wo swltfm j`` tmo fjhputor jr l` tmoro ls a pjwor àliuro.

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

UMOJS\

f) OWSJH R?X

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Orasacio Wrjdrahhacio Soae Jkiy Hohjry Umo OWSJH fak co orasoe cy oxpjslkd lt tj uitra-vljiot ildmt `jr euratljk j` up tj 57 hlkutos. _suaiiy, ak OWSJH orasor afmlovos tmls ùkftljk. Eurlkd prjdrahhlkd, ak oioftrlfai fmardo ls trappoe lk ak lksuiatoe dato rodljk. Umo fmardo ls rotalkoe `jr hjro tmak tok yoars cofauso tmo fmardo mas kj ioabado patm. @jr oraslkd tmls fmardo, uitra-vljiot ildmt ls passoe tmrjudm a quartz frystai wlkejw(ile). Umls oxpjsuro tj uitra-vljiot ildmt elsslpatos tmo fmardo.

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Eurlkd kjrhai uso tmo quartz ile ls soaioe wltm a stlfbor

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e) WSJH R?X • • • • •

WSJH (Wrjdrahhacio Soae jkiy Hohjry)

WSJH ls roae-jkiy hohjry tmat fak co hjel`loe jkiy jkfo cy a usor. Umo usor cuys a ciakb WSJH ake oktors tmo eoslroe fjktokts uslkd a WSJH prjdrah. Lksleo tmo WSJH fmlp tmoro aro shaii ùsos wmlfm aro curkt jpok eurlkd prjdrahhlkd. Lt fak co prjdrahhoe jkiy jkfo ake ls kjt orasacio.

























FJHW_UOSV> ��

UMOJS\

Q_OVULJK ? Elsfuss aky `jur typos j` fjhputor dokoratljks dlvlkd roiovakt oxahpios. R3?X @lrst Dokoratljk j` Fjhputors (1<53-1
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Umo `lrst fjhputors usoe vafuuh tucos `jr flrfultry ake hadkotlf eruhs `jr hohjry, ake woro j`tok okjrhjus, tablkd up oktlro rjjhs. Umoso woro lko``lflokt hatorlais wmlfm dokoratoe a ijt j` moat, sufboe mudo oioftrlflty ake sucsoquoktiy dokoratoe a ijt j` moat wmlfm fausoe jkdjlkd croabejwks. Umoy woro vory oxpokslvo tj jporato ake lk aeeltljk tj uslkd a droat eoai j` oioftrlflty, tmo `lrst fjhputors dokoratoe a ijt j` moat, wmlfm was j`tok tmo fauso fa uso j` haiùkftljks. @lrst dokoratljk fjhputors roiloe jk hafmlko iakduado, tmo ijwost-iovoi prjdrahhlkd iakduado ukeorstjje cy fjhputors, tj por`jrh jporatljks, ake tmoy fjuie jkiy sjivo jko prjcioh at a tlho, ake lt fjuie tabo eays jr woobs tj sot-up a kow prjcioh. Lkput was casoe jk pukfmoe fares ake papor tapo, ake jutput was elspiayoe jk prlktjuts. Umo _KLPAF ake OKLAF fjhputors aro oxahpios j` `lrst-dokoratljk fjhputlkd eovlfos. Umo _KLPAF was tmo `lrst fjhhorflai fjhputor f jhputor eoilvoroe tj a cuslkoss filokt, tmo _.V. Foksus Curoau lk 1
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Pafuuh tucos woro tmo jkiy oioftrjklf fjhpjkokt avaliacio eurlkd tmjso eays. Pafuuh tuco tofmkjijdy haeo pjsslcio tj habo oioftrjklf eldltai fjhputors. Umoso fjhputors fjuie faifuiato eata lk hliilsofjke.

Elsaevaktados • • •

Umo fjhputors woro vory iardo lk slzo. Umoy fjksuhoe a iardo ahjukt j` okordy. Umoy moatoe vory sjjk euo tj tmjusakes j` vafuuh tucos. Umoy woro kjt vory roilacio.



























FJHW_UOSV> ��

UMOJS\

Vofjke Dokoratljk Fjhputors (1
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Urakslstjrs ropiafo vafuuh tucos ake usmoroe lk tmo sofjke dokoratljk j` fjhputors. Umo trakslstjr was lkvoktoe lk 1<54 cut ele kjt soo wleosproae uso lk fjhputors uktli tmo iato 1
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Vhaiior lk slzo as fjhparoe tj tmo `lrst dokoratljk fjhputors. Umo 3ke dokoratljk Fjhputors woro hjro roilacio _soe ioss okordy ake woro kjt moatoe. Tleor fjhhorflai uso Cottor pjrtaclilty as fjhparoe tj tmo `lrst dokoratljk fjhputors.


























UMOJS\

Fjhputors `jr tmo `lrst tlho cofaho affosslcio tj a hass auelokfo cofauso tmoy woro shaiior ake fmoapor tmak tmolr proeofossjrs.

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Vhaiior lk slzo as fjhparoe tj provljus dokoratljks. Hjro roilacio. _soe ioss okordy Wrjeufoe ioss moat as f jhparoe tj tmo provljus twj dokoratljks j` fjhputors. Cottor spooe ake fjuie faifuiato eata lk kakjsofjkes. _soe àk `jr moat elsfmardo tj provokt eahado. Halktokakfo fjst was ijw cofauso marewaro àliuro ` aliuro ls roaro. Ujtaiiy dokorai purpjso Fjuie co usoe `jr mldm-iovoi iakduados. Djje stjrado Porsatlio tj ak oxtokt Ioss oxpokslvo Cottor affurafy Fjhhorflai prjeuftljk lkfroasoe. _soe hjuso ake boycjare `jr lkput.

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Alr fjkeltljklkd was roqulroe. Mldmiy sjpmlstlfatoe tofmkjijdy tofmkjijdy roqulroe `jr tmo hakuàfturlkd j` LF fmlps.

























FJHW_UOSV> �� • • • • •

UMOJS\

Ujtaiiy dokorai purpjso Fjhhorflai prjeuftljk Ioss kooe j` ropalr. Fmoapost ahjkd aii dokoratljks Aii typos j` Mldm iovoi iakduados fak co usoe lk tmls typo j` fjhputors

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Umo iatost tofmkjijdy ls roqulroe `jr hakuàfturlkd j` Hlfrjprjfossjrs.

@l`tm Dokoratljk Fjhputors (Wrosokt & Coyjke) • • • • • •

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Vfloktlsts aro wjrblkd mare jk tmo ? tm dokoratljk fjhputors wltm qulto a òw croabtmrjudms. Lt ls casoe jk tmo tofmklquo j` Artl`lflai Lktoiildokfo (AL). Fjhputors fak ukeorstake spjbok wjres & lhltato muhak ro asjklkd. Fak rospjke tj lts surrjukelkds uslkd el`òrokt typos j` soksjrs. Vfloktlsts aro fjkstaktiy wjrblkd tj lkfroaso tmo prjfosslkd pjwor j` fjhputors. Umoy aro trylkd tj froato a fjhputor wltm roai LQ wltm tmo moip j` aevakfoe prjdrahhlkd ake tofmkjijdlos. LCH Tatsjk fjhputors jko oxahpio tmat jutsharts Marvare _klvorslty Vtueokts. Umo aevakfohokt lk hjeork tofmkjijdlos wlii rovjiutljklzo tmo fjhputor lk ùturo. @l`tm dokoratljk fjhputlkd eovlfos, casoe jk artl`lflai lktoiildokfo, aro stlii lk eovoijphokt, tmjudm tmoro aro sjho appilfatljks, sufm as vjlfo rofjdkltljk, tmat aro colkd usoe tjeay. Umo uso j` paraiioi prjfosslkd ake suporfjkeuftjrs ls moiplkd tj habo artl`lflai lktoiildokfo a

























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KJP 371? Q_OVULJK 1 Oxahlko tmo `jiijwlkd make moie pjrtacio eovlfos.

a)Worsjkai a) Worsjkai eldltai asslstakt (WEA) R
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WEA (porsjkai eldltai asslstakt) ls a torh `jr aky shaii hjclio make-moie eovlfo eov lfo tmat prjvleos fjhputlkd ake lk`jrhatljk stjrado ake rotrlovai fapacliltlos `jr porsjkai jr cuslkoss uso, j`tok `jr booplkd sfmoeuio faiokears ake aeeross cjjb lk`jrhatljk makey. Umo torh makemoie ls a sykjkyh. Haky pojpio uso tmo kaho j` jko j` tmo pjpuiar WEA prjeufts as a dokorlf torh. Umoso lkfiueo Mowiott-Wafbare's Waihtjp ake 6Fjh's WaihWlijt. A porsjkai eldltai asslstakt (WEA), aisj bkjwk as a makemoie WF, jr porsjkai eata asslstakt, ls a hjclio eovlfo tmat ùkftljks as a porsjkai lk`jrhatljk hakador. Umo torh ovjivoe `rjh Worsjkai Eosbtjp Asslstakt, a sj`twaro torh `jr ak appilfatljk tmat prjhpts jr prjes tmo usor j` a fjhputor wltm suddostljks jr prjvleos qulfb roòrokfo tj fjktafts ake jtmor ilsts. WEAs woro iardoiy elsfjktlkuoe lk tmo oariy 3717s a`tor tmo wleosproae aejptljk j` mldmiy fapacio shartpmjkos, lk partlfuiar tmjso casoe jk lJV ake Akerjle.

























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c)Hoela c) Hoela piayor R=X •

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A pjrtacio hoela piayor (WHW) jr eldltai auelj piayor (EAW) ls a pjrtacio fjksuhor oioftrjklfs eovlfo fapacio j` stjrlkd ake piaylkd eldltai hoela sufm as auelj, lhados, ake vleoj `lios. Umo eata ls typlfaiiy stjroe jk a FE, EPE, ìasm hohjry, hlfrjerlvo, jr mare erlvo. Hjst pjrtacio hoela piayors aro oqulppoe wltm a 6.? hh moaepmjko nafb, wmlfm usors fak piud moaepmjkos lktj, jr fjkkoft tj a cjjh cjx jr ml`l systoh. Lk fjktrast, akaijd pjrtacio auelj piayors piay huslf `rjh kjk-eldltai hoela tmat uso akaijd sldkai stjrado, sufm as fassotto tapos jr vlkyi rofjres. J`tok hjclio eldltai auelj piayors aro harbotoe ake sjie as "pjrtacio HW6 piayors", ovok l` tmoy aisj suppjrt jtmor `lio `jrhats ake hoela typos. Lkfroaslkd saios j` shartpmjkos ake taciot fjhputors mavo ioe tj a eofilko lk saios j` pjrtacio hoela piayors, ioaelkd tj sjho eovlfos colkd pmasoe jut, tmjudm ìadsmlp eovlfos ilbo tmo Appio lWje ake Vjky Taibhak aro stlii lk prjeuftljk. Wjrtacio EPE piayors aro stlii hakuàfturoe cy crakes afrjss tmo wjrie. WHWs aro fapacio j` piaylkd eldltai auelj, lhados, ake/jr vleoj. _suaiiy, a fjijr ilqule frystai elspiay (IFE) jr jrdaklf ildmt-ohlttlkd eljeo (JIOE) sfrook ls usoe as a elspiay `jr WHWs tmat mavo a sfrook. Parljus piayors lkfiueo tmo aclilty tj rofjre vleoj, usuaiiy wltm tmo ale j` jptljkai affossjrlos jr facios, ake auelj, wltm a culit-lk hlfrjpmjko jr `rjh a ilko jut facio jr @H tukor. Vjho piayors lkfiueo roaeors `jr hohjry fares, wmlfm aro aevortlsoe tj oqulp piayors wltm oxtra



























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jtmor pjpuiar eldltai hjclio eovlfos ilbo porsjkai eldltai asslstakts (WEAs), sufm as ak ovokt faiokear, hoela piayor, vleoj dahos, DWV kavldatljk, eldltai fahora ake eldltai vleoj fahora. Hjst shartpmjkos fak affoss tmo Lktorkot ake fak ruk a varloty j` tmlre-party sj`twaro fjhpjkokts ("apps"). Umoy typlfaiiy mavo a fjijr elspiay wltm a drapmlfai usor lktoràfo tmat fjvors 47% jr hjro j` tmo `rjkt suràfo. Umo elspiay ls j`tok a tjufmsfrook, wmlfm okacios tmo usor tj uso a vlrtuai boy cjare tj typo wjres ake kuhcors ake pross jksfrook lfjks tj aftlvato "app" òaturos.

Vjho vokejr jr akaiyst-suddostoe roqulrohokts `jr eosldkatljk as a shartpmjko> •

A rofjdklzoe hjclio jporatlkd systoh, sufm as Kjbla's Vyhclak, Djjdio's Akerjle, Appio's lJV jr tmo CiafbCorry JV

























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Q_OVULJK 3 Elsfuss tmo `jiijwlkd fjhputor jutput eovlfos a) Wrjnoftljk eovlfos R?X •

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A eldltai prjnoftjr ls a eovlfo wmlfm fjkkofts tj a fjhputor ake ls usoe tj prjnoft tmo vleoj jutput `rjh tmo fjhputor jktj a waii jr sfrook. A prjnoftjr ls ak jutput eovlfo tmat fak tabo lhados dokoratoe cy a fjhputor ake roprjeufo tmoh jk a iardo, ìat (usuaiiy ildmtiy fjijroe) suràfo. @jr oxahpio, prjnoftjrs aro usoe lk hootlkds tj moip oksuro tmat aii partlflpakts fak vlow tmo lk`jrhatljk colkd prosoktoe. Umo plfturo ls tmat j` a Plow Vjklf prjnoftjr. Lk fiassrjjhs tmoy aro j`tok usoe wltm oioftrjklf wmltocjares.

























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f) Vpoabors ake moaepmjkos R?X • • •

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A spoabor dlvos yju sjuke jutput `rjh yjur fjhputor. Vjho spoabors aro culit lktj tmo fjhputor ake sjho aro soparato Aiijws a usor tj moar sjukes ake huslf `rjh tmo fjhputor prjvleoe tmo systoh mas lkstaiioe a sjuke fare. Moaepmjkos dlvo sjuke jutput `rjh tmo fjhputor. Umoy aro slhliar tj spoabors, oxfopt tmoy aro wjrk jk tmo oars sj jkiy jko porsjk fak moar tmo jutput at a tlho

e) Iasor prlktors R?X

























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Uraeltljkai fjhputor hjkltjr ls bkjwk as, Fatmjeo ray tuco ( FSU) LU ls haeo up j` a vafuuh tuco tmat fjktalks f jktalks jko jr hjro oioftrjk duks ake a pmjspmjrosfokt sfrook, ake ls usoe tj elspiay lhados. Lt hjeuiatos, affoioratos, ake eoìofts oioftrjk coah(s) jktj tmo sfrook tj froato tmo lhados. Umo lhados hay roprosokt oioftrlfai oio ftrlfai wavo`jrhs (jsfliijsfjpo), plfturos (toiovlsljk, (toiovlsljk, fjhputor hjkltjr), raear tardots, jr jtmors. FSUs mavo aisj cook usoe as hohjry eovlfos, lk wmlfm faso tmo vlslcio ildmt ohlttoe `rjh tmo ìujrosfokt hatorlai (l` aky) ls kjt lktokeoe tj mavo sldkl`lfakt hoaklkd tj a vlsuai jcsorvor (tmjudm tmo vlslcio pattork jk tmo tuco àfo hay fryptlfaiiy roprosokt tmo stjroe eata).

























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Q_OVULJK 6 _slkd praftlfai oxahpios elstlkdulsm cotwook jporatlkd systoh ake appilfatljk prjdrahs. R3?X • •

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Umo Jporatlkd Vystoh ls tmo Vystoh Vj`twaro tmat habos tmo Fjhputor wjrb.

To fak say tmat ak Jporatlkd Vystoh (JV) ls Vj`twaro tmat afts as ak lktoràfo cotwook yju ake tmo marewaro. Lt kjt jkiy fjktalks erlvors usoe tj spoab tmo marewaro's iakduado, cut aisj j`òrs yju a vory spofl`lf drapmlfai usor lktoràfo (D_L) tj fjktrji tmo fjhputor. Ak JV fak aisj aft as ak lktoràfo (`rjh tmo marewaro) tj tmo jtmor sj`twaro. A fjhpiox JV ilbo Tlkejws jr Ilkux jr Haf JV j`òrs tmo sorvlfos j` ak JV, cut aisj




























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Tmok tmo fjhputor ls turkoe jk, tmo prlhary parts j` tmo jporatlkd systoh aro ijaeoe lktj hohjry ake stay tmoro wmlio tmo WF ls turkoe jk. Tmlio cjjtlkd up, lt fjk`lduros tmo marewaro ake habos suro ovorytmlkd ls fjkkoftoe ake tmok ruks haky sj`twaro tasbs lk jreor tj dot tmo jporatlkd systoh wjrblkd lk a way tmat a usor fak lktoraft wltm lt.

























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Q_OVULJK 5 Eosfrlco aky ? àftjrs tmat fak a`òft tmo por`jrhakfo j` a WF R3?X

























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Okmakfoe Eata Jutput (OEJ) ESAH prjvleos àstor eata tmrjudmput. Vystohs uslkd OEJ ESAH wlii co àstor tmak slhliar systohs uslkd roduiar ESAH. OEJ ESAH prjvleos ovok mldmor por`jrhakfo coko`lt wmok usoe wltm ak I3 fafmo. Okmakfoe ESAH (OESAH) fak co tmjudmt j` as SAH tmat farrlos lts jwk fafmo jk oafm hjeuio. Lk ak

























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Pleoj fare

A ùii-òaturoe WFL-fjhpilakt PDA fare, wltm at ioast 1 tj 3 DC j` vleoj SAH, wlii ùrtmor affoiorato drapmlfs por`jrhakfo.

























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Lk a rofokt lkeustry hadazlko tost j` kjtocjjb fjhputors, a 5=0 hafmlko wltm I3 fafmo jutpor`jrhoe a Woktluh <7 hafmlko wltmjut I3 fafmo cy 67%. . 11. FE-SJH erlvo spooe.



















































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