Competent Person Manual

Fall Protection Training Competent Person Course

FROM THE WORLDWIDE

EXPERTS

IN FALL PROTECTION & RESCUE

Contents INTRODUCTION Standards Legislation Quiz

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Section 1 – Fall Protection Basics Fall Prevention Fall Arrest Systems Quiz Section 2 – Body Support Body Belts Full Body Harnesses Quiz Section 3 – Connectors Snaphooks Carabiners Lanyards Energy Absorbers Quiz Section 4 – Anchorages Impact Force Anchorages Anchorage Connectors Horizontal Lifeline Anchorages Quiz Section 5 – Specialized Equipment Self Retracting Lifelines Vertical Lifelines and Rope Grabs Ladder Safety Systems Horizontal Lifelines and Rigid Rails Quiz Section 6 – Rescue Basics Rescue Systems Self Rescue/Evacuation Quiz Section 7 – Equipment Care and Maintenance Inspection Care and Maintenance Identification and Logging Storage Quiz Section 8 – Appendix A – Definitions

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© Capital Safety 2008

Competent Person

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Introduction Just the Facts… • • • • • •

Fall Protection can be defined as the methods used to minimize injury and the associated costs, both human and monetary, due to falls. Falls cost employers millions of dollars each year, in lost time, compensation, and third party liability suits. ANSI and CSA are voluntary compliance boards that set standards for the manufacture of equipment and/or voluntary best practices for safety . They do not make laws. Your federal government has a department dedicated to occupational health and safety that makes laws with regard to safety while working at height (OSHA for US and CCOHS for Canada). Fall protection is required when working above specific heights, or above anything hazardous. The trigger height for fall protection will depend on your local and national regulations. In most places, a work area erected 4 feet (1.2 meters) or more above the next lowest level in an industrial establishment must be guarded.

≈ Within an industry of a multitude of legislated definitions, each organization purporting to be experts within the field and struggling for their own particular identity, will give their own twist on defining fall protection. However, common to all and in its simplest form, fall protection can be described as the methods used to minimize injury and the associated costs, both human and monetary, due to falls.

Don’t let a fall get you down!


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The Need! Statistics abound that indicate the need for fall protection. The National Safety Council (NSC) estimates that falls account for half the industrial accidents and related costs each year in North America. Falls are the leading cause of death in construction, each year about 400 workers are killed and tens of thousands more are injured in falls. Falls rank second overall in fatalities for all industries only after traffic fatalities. Governing bodies and standards associations such as the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Occupational Safety and Heath Administration (OSHA) have set stringent requirements for the inclusion of fall protection in industry because of the recognition that working at height can be so dangerous. CCOHS and OSHA have even instituted severe penalties as well as shut downs work operations for non-compliance.

• Fatality Alert • Decatur, Ga. - July 2000 The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration today cited and fined a construction firm $119,350 following a fatality at the site. A worker was killed when he fell 21 feet from the third floor of an apartment building under construction to the concrete floor below. Following an inspection of the facility, the company was cited with two willful violations of fall protection standards. They included the employer's failure to use guardrails for fall protection and to train employees about fall hazards and the use of fall protection.

Falls cost employers millions of dollars each year, in lost time, compensation, and third party liability suits. With all of the preventative measures and rationale revealing the need for fall protection, one would think that it would be easy to convince management and workers to listen, learn and use fall protection methods. However, like any other change there is still an incredible amount of resistance. Some industries are slow to take up the torch and implement the laws, while the costs associated with a new safety program has kept many companies away from implementing comprehensive programs. Workers, the greatest beneficiary to this type of a program often reply with the following typical statement: “I’ve been doing this job, this way, for the past 35 years and I’ve never fallen, why should I change now?”

Though it takes time, workers and management must realize that fall protection can not only make a job safer, but it can often increase production and make many jobs easier.


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Fall Protection Programs A comprehensive fall protection program which will successfully protect the workers using it as well as the management designing and implementing it, will include the following: • • • • • •

Identification of fall hazards encountered on the job site; Detailed procedural guidelines; Selection and use of appropriate equipment and systems; Regular inspection, care and replacement of fall protection equipment, systems and identified anchorages; Management’s implementation of a company policy supporting the new fall protection program; And most importantly, a comprehensive training and educational program.

“Industrial falls are like winning the lottery; they only have to happen once, to change your life forever!”

Standards The fall protection industry is regulated by a number of standards bodies that provide guidelines for everything from minimum webbing and rope ANSI® strengths to maximum energy absorber deployment. Z359.1-1992 What is often not understood is the difference between standards bodies and regulatory bodies and ANSI® American National Standard how each affects the industry. For Systems A14.3-1992 Components The biggest difference is that standards bodies are primarily voluntary compliance, while regulatory American National Standard bodies enact legislation that must be followed under For Ladders – Fixed – penalty of law. Within North America the standards Safety Requirements bodies that have the greatest influence on fall protection are ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and CSA (Canadian Standards Association). Both bodies are a voluntary compliance boards that sets standards for the manufacture of equipment. In order to put the ANSI or CSA stamp on a piece of equipment it must undergo a series of tests in order to meet the ANSI & CSA Standards requirements that have been previously established. If any significant design changes are made to the equipment it then must again undergo the same level of testing to ensure that it still meet the standards. This process ensures that companies manufacture safe products and that the eventual end-users of the equipment do not have to stay awake all night worrying about the job the next day. Revision of ANSI A14.3-198

Revision of ANSI A14.3-1984

Administrative Secretariat American Society of Safety Engineers Co-Secretariat American Ladder Institute

Administrative Secretariat Approved November 24, 1992 AmericanAmerican Society ofNational Safety Engineers Standards Institute, Inc. Co-Secretariat American Ladder Institute

Approved November 24, 1992 American National Standards Institute, Inc.


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While ANSI and CSA are voluntary compliance boards, compliance is continually assured since both the legislative bodies and end users reference the standards when dealing with fall protection equipment. For end users it offers a reliable assurance that the equipment they are purchasing will be able to deal with the rigors of industrial use. For legislative bodies the ANSI and CSA standards offer a benchmark that they can reference in new regulations. In addition to the main ANSI and CSA standards with regard to fall protection, other standards bodies that may be relevant and applicable include the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), and the Safety Equipment Institute.

MEETS ANSI Z359.1-1992 ANSI A10.14-1991 and OSHA REQUIREMENTS.

Manufacturer Equipment Tag with ANSI and CSA Standards

Legislation In the United States fall protection is governed by OSHA, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which sets the minimum regulations for the entire country. Individual states must then write their legislation to meet minimum requirements, and have the option to become even more stringent than the OSHA regulations. OSHA has the power and enforcement ability to issue stop work orders and severe fines for noncompliance. The most applicable regulations pertaining to fall protection are OSHA, 1926, Subpart M, Fall Protection for construction, and 1910, Subparts D & F, Fall Protection for General Industry. They detail the duty to have fall protection, system criteria and practices, as well as training requirements. These laws state that fall protection is required when working six (6) feet above the next lowest level. Further, within industrial establishments guarding is required on work platforms that are 4 feet or more above the next lowest level. (Note: The requirements for fall protection for iron workers (steel erectors) falls under OSHA 1926 except that they do not require fall protection until working 25 – 30 feet above a lower level.)

• Fatality Alert • Jackson, Miss. - Feb. 2000 Three workers fell 123 feet to their deaths when a suspended scaffolding system failed. A fourth worker was saved by his fall protection harness and connected system. Proposed penalties totaled $126,000 for safety and health violations as a result of the accident.


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Introduction Quiz (Circle the most correct answer). 1. Fall Protection is defined as a.

the systems used to slow a worker down prior to hitting the working surface below;

b.

the industry that manufactures equipment designed to stop a worker in a fall;

c.

the methods used to minimize injury and the associated costs, both human and monetary, due to falls;

d.

none of the above.

2. ANSI or CSA a.

are governing bodies which makes laws;

b.

set voluntary standards for the manufacture of equipment; and/or recommend voluntary best practices for safety;

c.

are joint health and safety committees which sets safety standards in industry;

d.

set international safety standards and enforcing procedures.

3. Fall protection is required: a.

when working above 50 feet (15.2 meters)

b.

when not standing on the ground;

c.

when working at or below 4 feet (1.2 meters) or

d.

depends on your industry, laws, and employer’s fall program


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Section 1 – Fall Protection Basics Just the Facts… • • • • • •

• • •

Fall Protection refers to the overall industry and process of protecting workers at height. Fall Prevention incorporates those systems and techniques that eliminate the possibility of a fall. All sites should have a written fall protection plan detailing critical components of their fall protection program. Whenever possible the job description and area should be modified to eliminate the need to work at height, effectively engineering out the hazard. Warning Lines are used to cordon off hazardous areas. Controlled Access Zones are used at work sites where other fall protection systems cannot be used effectively, or may create greater hazards than those presently existing. They are only to be used as a last resort to protect the worker. Fall arrest systems assume the inevitability of a fall. Personal fall arrest systems should always consider: “Freefall” (legislated to a maximum of 6 feet (1.8 meters)), Deceleration Distance and a Safety Factor. Rescue must always be a consideration in any fall protection program.

≈

Fall Protection; Fall Prevention; Fall Restraint; Fall Arrest; the terms are similar and seem to be interchangeable in most conversations, but they all refer to slightly different things. While “Fall Protection refers to the overall industry and process of protecting workers at height”; each of the other terms refer to a component of that process. Typically, the first image that comes to mind when dealing with fall protection is a worker using a full body harness connected to an anchor point with a lanyard. This type of system is a “Fall Arrest” or more specifically a “Personal Fall Arrest” system. However, this is not the limit of fall protection, in fact it is one of the later choices of most comprehensive fall protection programs. Included within the fall protection arsenal are systems that fall under the “Fall Prevention” heading such as guardrails, stair rails, ladder cages, fall restraint systems, warning lines, and controlled access zones. When installed and used correctly these systems are usually quite simple and self-explanatory, requiring minimal training yet still provide a high level of safety.


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Fall Protection Plans First and foremost, all work sites should develop a written fall protection plan, which includes: • identification of the fall hazards in each area; • a list of the fall protection system(s), and/or equipment to be used in each area; • procedures for assembly, maintenance, inspection, use and disassembly of the fall protection system(s); and • procedures to rescue a worker who has fallen and is suspended by personal fall arrest system or safety net, who is unable to rescue him/herself. Fall protection plans are critical when safety monitors and control access zones are employed, when work takes place at high levels (i.e. over 25 feet or 7.6 meters), or when a fall may involve an unusual risk of injury.

Fall Prevention Fall Prevention incorporates those systems and techniques that eliminate the possibility of a fall. Wherever possible, eliminating the risk through the use of these systems, or a change in work procedures is the preferred method of providing fall protection. Some important characteristics of the more common fall prevention systems are described below. Engineering Out the Hazard Once a fall protection plan has been prepared, one of the first steps to safe guarding workers at height is to try to eliminate the fall hazard altogether. This may be accomplished with a modification of work procedures, or engineering out the hazard with a modification to the area. A few examples include relocating a panel box to a more accessible location, using a pole and adaptor to change a light, or installing a chain on an overhead valve so that it may be turned while standing on the ground. Often this process is simpler during initial construction, however, all maintenance workers should think about this when installing any new fixtures within an existing facility as well. It may be quite easy to initially install a light fixture while working from a scaffold, but how easy will it be for the next worker to change the light when the bulb burns out? Whenever possible the job description and area should be modified to eliminate the need to work at height, effectively engineering out the hazard.


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Guardrails/Handrails A guardrail system is defined as a barrier installed to prevent personnel from falling to lower levels while working or travelling on elevated working or walking surfaces. Governing bodies and standard setting agencies dictate the requirements for the installation, testing, and use of all barrier type systems. Guardrails are one of the most common and often overlooked forms of fall prevention. Where suitable, they protect the greatest number of employees with little or no training and no special maintenance.

Guardrail or Railing

Warning Lines Warning lines are used to cordon off a hazardous area. The line(s) are positioned like a guardrail (34 - 39” above the working surface, with colored flags attached.). They are located, parallel, and at least 6 feet from the fall hazard. They are installed to give notice to workers who may be approaching the drop off. As long as workers do not cross the warning line(s) they do not require any other form of fall protection. This method of fall prevention is predominately used by roofers while working on flat roofs. Ladder Cages Ladder cages are a common sight on most industrial workplaces, and even within the realm of mainstream society, on public and private buildings. Ladder cages are used where the length of the climb equals or exceeds 24 feet (ANSI A14.3 for Fixed Ladders), and originally designed for emergency use. It is a common misconception that ladder cages are designed to arrest the fall of a worker. In fact a ladder cage is merely intended to restrict the movement of the worker so that he/she might regain a grip on the ladder rungs before actually falling. Unfortunately, falls into ladder cages have accounted for some horrific injuries and very difficult rescues. During a fall, the lucky worker merely bounces from side to side until they hit the ground and/or the next platform. The unlucky worker gets stopped by the ladder cage usually when an arm, leg, or their head goes through an opening in the cage structure and they become wedged. Fortunately, ladder cages are being used less frequently, with manufacturers developing much safer and convenient ladder safety systems such as the SALA LadSaf® system. Even so, we are not likely to see an immediate replacement of ladder cages due to the financial and convenience factors still inherent within such a system.


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Fall Restraint Systems Fall restraint systems are designed and rigged to eliminate the possibility of workers falling to lower levels. Lanyards must be shortened and/or anchor points must be positioned such that workers cannot go beyond the edge where the potential for a fall exists. Fall restraint systems are often referred to as travel restrict systems. The benefits are obvious, if the possibility of a fall has been eliminated, the potential for serious injury has also been effectively eliminated. Equipment used in restraint systems is generally less sophisticated than those employed in fall arrest systems since the equipment simply needs to hold the worker back and not support them in a fall. It is important to remember to take all related hazards into account when using a fall restraint system. Often a fall restraint system is set up to protect a worker from one hazard and then it is later discovered that the worker could also travel to another point, not in his immediate work area, where the potential for a fall exists. In these instances the system should be designed with fall arrest considerations in mind. Controlled Access Zones Controlled access zones are areas of restricted access where workers are at risk of a fall. They are located on the hazardous side of warning lines. Some examples of appropriate applications of Controlled Access Zones include where leading edge or roofing work is taking place and the worker must work within the 6-foot danger area. Controlled access zones can only be used in areas where work is being performed under the guidelines of a fall protection plan. Controlled access zones are also utilized in conjunction with a safety monitoring system, whereby an individual is given the sole responsibility of over-seeing the workers within the hazardous area. The safety monitor must ensure that all workers in the “Zone” are aware of their surroundings, and that they do not ignore or forget the fall hazard. Controlled access zones are only implemented when the use of all other fall protection systems would be considered unpractical or would create additional hazards. They should be used as a last resort.

• Fatality Alert • Alberta, Canada, 1997 An employee of an Edmonton Roofing company was using a power broom to sweep away the gravel covering the flat roof where he was to make repairs. While working, he backed up and tripped over the lip of the roof, falling about 30 feet.

All of the above mentioned Fall Prevention systems see widespread use in industry today. They all have distinct applications, advantages and disadvantages, and must be installed and used as per legislated and manufacturer guidelines in order to be effective and safe.


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Fall Arrest Systems While Fall Prevention protects the worker by eliminating the hazard, it is recognized that engineering cannot always eliminate the risk of a fall. In such instances, Fall Arrest Systems are normally implemented. Unlike Fall Prevention, Fall Arrest assumes the inevitability of a fall, and is designed to stop the worker from hitting the level below and minimizing injury. Even with this assumption, it must be stressed that fall arrest systems are not a replacement for care and attention in the workplace. A common problem experienced during the early stages of a fall arrest program is the increase in falls due to workers feeling invulnerable and becoming careless. This can often be dealt with through proper training and diligent communication. Safety Nets Safety net systems are similar in nature to guardrail systems; they are a passive system, and not dedicated to a single worker or a group of workers. They also require little or no training for the workers protected by them. However, they are different from fall prevention systems, as they are used to arrest or catch the fall of workers, materials, or equipment from elevated surfaces. They are often used in conjunction with debris nets that incorporate much smaller mesh openings in order to catch smaller objects. Safety net systems are not very common in general industry but still see widespread use in construction and bridge maintenance operations. While safety nets offer similar advantages to fall prevention systems, their installation is more complicated and requires an unobstructed area below the work surface in order to be effective. In addition, there are specific testing and inspection requirements when they are used for fall arrest. Nets are more commonly utilized when there is a risk of material or debris dropping onto people below. Note: Safety nets should only be installed, inspected and tested by a qualified or competent person.

Positioning Systems Positioning systems are primarily used for work at height where hands-free operations are required but excessive movement is not necessary. This form of fall protection is used predominately by construction workers during formwork and while installing rebar. Ideally positioning systems should be backed up with a secondary fall arrest system connected to the dorsal D-ring. Wall-form hook and chain rebar assemblies are the tools of choice when setting up a positioning system.


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Personal Fall Arrest Systems Fall Protection systems to this point have required little or no personal involvement from the worker. These systems offer a safe and simple solution. However, when it is not practical or cost effect to employ such systems, a Personal Fall Arrest System is required. Personal fall arrest systems are much more complex and require the end user to receive more detailed and comprehensive training. When using personal fall arrest systems, it is necessary to fully understand all of the components involved in order to work safely. As such, we will focus the remainder of this course on personal fall arrest systems, their components, use, and care. Fall Arrest Considerations In the development and implementation of appropriate personal fall arrest systems it is important to be familiar with the following considerations: Freefall: is the distance traveled from the point where the worker starts falling to the point where the workers’ fall arrest system begins to slow him down. The freefall distance determines the speed of the fall and the force exerted on the system. The greater the freefall, the greater the deceleration and total fall distances. It is important to minimize the freefall and keep it as small as practically possible. The location of the anchorage and the length of the lanyard will affect freefall. The higher the anchorage and the shorter the lanyard, the better the system. Note: Most legislation allows a maximum freefall of 6 feet or less, since a freefall greater than this can potentially overload the system, and/or injure the worker.

Free Fall Distance Total Fall Distance Calculated Deceleration Distance Clearance Safety Factor

Deceleration Distance: is the distance attributed to the energy absorbers’ activation (max. 42 inches), fall arrester lock-off (max. 42 inches) and/or slip in the system (i.e. Dring slide and harness stretch, (approx. 12 inches). Safety Factor: is the amount of distance between the workers feet and the level below at the instant that the fall is arrested, prior to any bounce back up. This distance should be set at a minimum of 2 feet. Total Fall Distance: is the sum of the calculated freefall and deceleration distances. This is the maximum distance that the worker falls. While this calculation in itself offers little in the way of setting up a system, it does provide the necessary calculation for the final consideration, calculated clearance. © Capital Safety 2008

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Calculated Clearance: is the distance from the work area to the ground or obstruction below. The calculated clearance is critical. For example, if it turns out that the total fall distance is greater than the calculated clearance, the problem is obvious. It is therefore recommended that the calculated clearance be at least two feet greater than the total fall distance. It is also important to remember that you must consider any obstructions that project out under a worker or machinery that may be on the ground. This will decrease the workers calculated clearance. Swing Fall: is a pendulum type fall that can occur when the anchorage is not located directly above the worker’s head. Although a swing fall is not hazardous in itself, the hazard exists if during the swing the worker comes into contact with an obstruction. The injury that may occur from a swing fall can be just as serious as falling the same distance straight to the ground. Further, the cutting action of a sharp edge can be multiplied when the lanyard swings along it. Rescue: How a fallen worker is to be retrieved is a very important consideration that should be planned for well in advance. Without a comprehensive rescue plan and procedures, the fallen worker and any rescuers may be at risk. However, a rescue doesn’t need to be complicated and should in fact be kept simple. For example, if a manlift or similar mobile work platform is available it should be used, prior to a much more difficult technical rope rescue. (For more information on rescue, please see Section 6.)

The Primary and Secondary Approach to Fall Protection The primary and secondary approach to fall protection states that all workers should have two systems or lines of defense against falling. The primary form of fall protection refers to the first line of defense, our sense of balance and coordination, as well as any positioning system that assists the worker from falling. The secondary system or line of defense is the fall prevention or fall arrest system being employed, in case the worker’s primary system fails. For example, with the use of guardrails, the primary system is the work surface, the worker’s feet, balance, etc. The secondary system consists of the guardrails that will prevent a fall if the worker were to slip or trip (i.e. primary system fails). Fall arrest systems are similar, in that, if a workers’ primary support (hands and feet) fail then the fall arrest system will act as a backup secondary system and will stop the falling worker prior to hitting the ground.

Fall Arrest Components The rest of this manual will focus primarily on the components that make up a personal fall arrest system, Body Support, Connectors and Anchorage, as well as the often overlooked Rescue/Retrieval component.


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Fall Protection Basics Quiz (Circle the most correct answer.) 1. Fall prevention is different from fall arrest in that: a.

fall prevention assumes that a fall will happen;

b.

fall prevention eliminates the possibility of a fall;

c.

there is no difference, they are the same things;

d.

none of the above.

2. An example of a primary system is: a.

a guardrail;

b.

your sense of balance;

c.

a controlled access zone;

d.

a fall arrest system.

a.

the calculated fall distance safety factor;

b.

total distance traveled from the point that the worker starts falling to the point where the workers fall arrest system begins to slow him/her down.;

c.

half of the total fall distance;

d.

the distance between the workers feet and the ground, just as the fall arrest system stops the fall.

3. Freefall is:


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NOTES:


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Section 2 – Body Support Just the Facts… • • • • • •

Body Belts must only be used for positioning or restraint, never for fall arrest. Tolerable suspension time in a belt is 1.5 – 2 minutes prior to medical problems. A tolerable suspension time in a full body harness is much longer. All attachment points and load bearing straps on a full body harness must have a minimum breaking strength of 5000 lbs. (22.2kN). The Dorsal “D” ring on a harness must be used for fall arrest. Any time a harness or any other piece of fall arrest equipment is involved in a fall it should be retired.

≈ Body supports have evolved considerably from the early days of tying a rope around ones waist and calling it a lifeline. Imagine the discomfort and potential for injury if one were to fall and have all the resulting impact forces concentrated in such a narrow band around the body. A need was identified for the design and manufacture of body supporting equipment that would not only successfully arrest a fall, but also prevent or limit the possibility of serious bodily damage.

Body Belts The Body Belt was the first formal attempt at body support. The typical body belt consists of a length of 1 5/8 in. (41 mm) wide synthetic webbing which is secured around the body with a buckle. A standard fall restraint belt will have only one connection point, which should be positioned, at the center of the lower back. Positioning belts that are used in conjunction with pole straps or work positioning lanyards normally have two attachment points, one located on each hip of the worker. Some belts are equipped with a comfort pad (a wider piece of padded material) that is intended to distribute a worker’s body weight over a larger surface area.

SALA 1001711 Single-Pass Friction Buckle Restraint Body Belt © Capital Safety 2008

SALA 1000925 Tongue and Grommet Positioning Body Belt with Comfort Pad

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Body Belt Danger: Studies have proven that body belts can cause extensive internal injury and great discomfort when used for fall arrest. In the event of a fall, the body belt does not usually maintain its desired position around the worker’s waist. Unfortunately, if it is not worn properly the belt could end up around the workers chest, ankles or slip off entirely leaving the worker to fall to the ground. Even when the belt stays where it is intended, tolerable suspension time varies due to differences in anatomical make-up; workers will usually average between 1 1/2 to 2 minutes before medical problems arise. Suspended workers will begin to experience difficulty breathing, elevated blood pressure, increased pulse rate, nausea, vomiting and unconsciousness. Prolonged suspension of a worker that has fallen and gone unnoticed for an extended period of time may result in cardiac arrest. Most manufacturers include a written warning on, or with, a body belt, stating that the belt should not be used for fall arrest. It is legislated that body belts must not be used for fall arrest. Although the body belt should be excluded from ones inventory of fall arrest equipment, legitimate possibilities for the body belt use still exist in work positioning and fall restraint scenarios.

Full Body Harnesses The development of the full body harness originated from the mountaineering sit harness, which provided a more suitable distribution of the impact forces on the body compared to a waist belt. The design moves the impact from the internal organs (typically where a body belt distributes the force) to the major bone and muscle groups around the pelvic girdle. However, a sit harness is not appropriate for use in industry where a worker could fall headfirst and slip out. The full body harness has significant advantages over body belts, these advantages include: prolonged tolerable suspension time, distribution of impact forces, decreased potential for sustaining serious injury, upright position of suspended worker, easier rescue, and versatility. SALA 1102010 Multi-Purpose Full Body Harness


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• Fatality Alert • Detroit/Windsor International Bridge – December 2000 Eight workers fall when a swing stage they are standing on collapses in high winds. One of the workers who did not connect his fall arrest system falls into the river below and is never found. The remaining workers were rescued.

Standards: In order to meet the stringent standards established by ANSI and CSA, full body harnesses must be designed, manufactured, and tested in accordance with strict guidelines, including: • • •

All attachment points and load bearing straps must have a minimum breaking strength of 5000 lbs. (22.2 kN); When properly fitted the harness shall prevent fall out; and The fall arrest attachment point must be located at the dorsal position (between the shoulder blades).

For further information concerning harness standards, refer to ANSI standards Z359.1-1992 and A10.14-1991. Note: The average human wearing a properly adjusted full body harness will begin to experience severe internal damage when exposed to impact forces greater than approximately 2300 - 2700 lbs.; if harnesses are maladjusted this figure is significantly lower.

ANSI Categories: There are various categories for harnesses as designated by ANSI depending upon their intended use; these categories are listed below: •

Fall Arrest Harness: One attachment point located between the shoulder blades (Dorsal D-ring); Shoulder Straps

Keepers

Chest Strap

Dorsal D-Ring

Leg Straps

Adjustment Buckle

Sub Pelvic Strap Front


ANSI Fall Arrest Harness

Back

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•

Descent Control Harness: Frontal attachment point(s) for use with manual or automatic descent control devices, i.e. Rescumatic or figure Fisk Descender;

•

Confined Entry/Exit Harness: One attachment point located on each shoulder strap to be used with spreader bar assembly to facilitate upright retrieval from confined spaces;

ANSI Descent Control Harness

ANSI Confined Entry/Exit Harness

•

Ladder Climbing Harness: Frontal attachment point(s) for connection to permanent ladder safety systems. (Can be same D-ring as used for Descent Control, if located at the sternum);

•

Work Positioning Harness: Positioning D-rings located on the hips for use with pole straps or work positioning lanyards to allow hands-free operations. (May have an integral waist belt, which may be either permanently or temporarily connected into the harness). NOTE: No matter what additional anchor points are included on a harness, it must always include the dorsal attachment point for fall arrest.

ANSI Ladder Climbing Harness


ANSI Work Positioning Harness

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Note: While the minimum breaking strength of most fall protection equipment is 5000 lbs. the rated capacity of most harnesses is only 310 to 420 lbs. (weight of the worker, including clothing and equipment). Multi-purpose Harnesses: Equipment manufacturers have come up with a number of harness styles that incorporate some or all of the ANSI attachment points. These harnesses are for specialized situations including work positioning, confined space entry, controlled descent and more. As versatile as a multi-use harness may be, it is important to realize that the extra attachment points may cause confusion and may even be potentially dangerous through misuse. As mentioned before, the Dorsal “D” ring must be used for fall arrest, without proper training some workers may choose the most convenient attachment point rather than the dorsal “D”. Attaching to the wrong attachment point can result in severe injury during a fall. The best practice is to stay as simple as possible and choose the harness with the least amount of attachments for the job. This practice will create the least confusion and doubt as to where to attach for fall arrest.

Delta Pad

EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT Ï The Delta-No Tangle Pad: This patented Delta Pad makes every harness easy to don and comfortable to wear, with the widest spread over your shoulders in the industry. All SALA harnesses incorporate this unique design feature.

Adjustment/Sizing: It is all too common for harnesses to be worn incorrectly, or without being properly fit. Even minor maladjustments, such as twisted leg loop webbing or uneven shoulder straps, can significantly reduce a worker’s tolerable suspension time or produce an injury during a fall. Be sure that workers receive harnesses that will fit them properly. The “one size fits all“ universal sizing will more likely be a case of “one size fits most”. All reputable manufacturers provide specific sizes, as well as the “universal” size. If a worker cannot adequately fit into any size of harness it may be necessary to acquire a custom fit harness for that particular individual or change work procedures to limit their access to heights.

• Fatality Alert • British Columbia, Canada 1995 A worker died when he fell into his personal fall arrest system. Although everything worked as it was supposed to, the worker’s neck was broken during the fall, and he died of his injuries. Apparently, the worker put his harness on backwards, and he attached to the Dorsal D-ring, which was now in the front.


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Harness Choice: There is a continual debate between dedicated harnesses and multiple user harnesses. Unfortunately the deciding factor most often comes down to one of budget. While it is less expensive to purchase one harness for a number of individuals, it is safer to issue harnesses on an individual basis. Single-user or “dedicated” harnesses become a part of the individuals’ personal kit and are more likely to be properly inspected and maintained than those in a general access tool crib. Dedicated harnesses are best equipped with quick-fit style buckles as they are generally more secure, comfortable and allow for precision adjustment. Transient or “multiple user” harnesses are most effective when equipped with tongue and grommet type buckles. Although they do not offer the same level of comfort as quick-fit buckles, they are somewhat easier and quicker to adjust. Multiple user harnesses may be donned and readjusted by many workers in the course of any given work day, so speed and ease of adjustment become much more critical. Regardless of the type of harness selected, if properly adjusted, the full body harness will provide maximum safety and will not interfere with a worker’s ability to perform assigned tasks. Harness Donning: The manufacturer’s instructions should be followed for the proper donning and adjustment of a full body harness. However, a number of points are common to most harnesses. Firstly, lay the harness out on a clean, flat surface to ensure there are no tangles or twists in the webbing and to ease in the pre-use inspection. Place the shoulder straps on and secure all corresponding harness buckles. Adjust all straps and buckles so that the harness fits snuggly, but still allows free movement (see fit test below). Ensure the sub-pelvic strap is positioned just below the buttocks and the chest strap is across the chest at nipple height. (If a cross-over style harness is being donned, the front D-ring should be positioned just below the rig cage (sternum) so that the shoulder straps will not slip off the shoulders.) The dorsal ‘D’ should be positioned centrally between the shoulder blades. All the keepers should be positioned properly to prevent webbing slippage and entanglement. Conduct a buddy check and attach the fall arrest connector to the Dorsal D-ring on the harness to begin working. Note: If a harness fails the pre-use inspection it must be retired. As with all other fall arrest equipment, full body harnesses should be retired immediately following a fall. Follow all manufacturers recommendations for harness inspection, donning and adjustment.

Proper Harness Keeper Location

“Snug Fit Test” © Capital Safety 2008

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Full Body Harness Quiz (Circle the most correct answer.) 1. The proper attachment point for fall arrest on a full body harness is a.

The side “D” ring;

b.

the front “D” ring;

c.

the “D” ring on your body belt;

d.

the dorsal “D” ring.

2. The best body support for fall arrest is a.

a rope lanyard;

b.

a body belt with a rear “D” ring;

c.

a full body harness with Dorsal D-ring;

d.

none of the above.

3. The minimum breaking strength of all attachment points and load bearing straps on a full body harness is a.

10,000 lbs.;

b.

7,500 lbs.;

c.

310 lbs.;

d.

5,000 lbs.


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NOTES:


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Section 3 – Connectors Just the Facts… • Snaphooks and carabiners used in fall protection or rescue operations must be auto-locking. • Some hazards associated with snaphooks and carabiners include forced rollout, false connection and loading over a sharp edge. • A captive eye or split pin will prevent a carabiner from cross gate loading. • Lanyards used for fall arrest must not be longer than 6 feet. • Lanyards should not be girth hitched (unless they are specifically designed to be used in this manner), or tied in knots. • All lanyards used for fall arrest should incorporate a built-in, or integral energy absorber. • An energy absorber will reduce the forces of a fall to below 900 lbs. but in doing so, can extend up to 3.5 feet, so watch your clearance!

≈ Connectors include equipment that are used to couple or attach different components of a fall protection and/or rescue systems together. For example, a connector may be used to join the workers full body harness to an anchorage or anchorage connector. Some connectors used in fall protection and rescue operations include snaphooks, carabiners lanyards, energy absorbers, and self retracting lifelines.

Snaphooks A snaphook is a connector with a hookshaped body that has an opening for attachment to a fall protection or rescue component and a self-closing gate to retain the component within the opening. Snaphooks are commonly used in fall protection and come in a variety of shapes, sizes and models. Some snaphooks have integral swivels to prevent twisting of the system. Impact indicators are also incorporated into some snaphooks to indicate if the snaphook has been previously loaded and should be taken out of service.


SALA 9503175 and 9510057 Snaphooks

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Snaphooks are either automatic locking, or non-locking. Auto-locking snaphooks are the only types that are to be used for fall protection. They have a self-closing, self-locking gate, which remains closed and locked until intentionally unlocked and opened. Although banned from use and sale, non-locking snaphooks are frequently found on work sites. They have gates that are self-closing, but cannot be locked.

Note: Non-locking snaphooks must not be used for fall protection because of the hazard of “Rollout”. This is the accidental disengagement of a connector from whatever it is attached. It occurs if the gate is forced open with a minimal amount of pressure.

• Fatality Alert • Saskatchewan, Canada 1996

Non-locking Snaphook Rollout

A worker fell 40 feet inside a man-basket when the slings used to support the basket to the nonlocking boom hook dislodged. Earlier in the day the basket was lowered and it is assumed that the slings wrapped over the boom hook’s gate unseen by the operator or worker. The basket fell when the additional weight of the worker jumping into the basket forced the hook gate to open.

Although, autolocking snaphooks prevent rollout, they should still be coupled with much larger diameter hardware to prevent forced rollout. Forced rollout may occur when a snaphook is attached in a manner that causes the side of the gate to be pried open.

Correct Attachment

Forced Rollout

False Connection

All snaphooks chosen for fall protection or rescue operations should be simple to operate thus ensuring they will be used correctly. They should have user-friendly, one handed


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operation even when wearing large gloves. A possible hazard that should be avoided is the false connection of a snaphook. This may occur when the user can not see the attachment of the snaphook with the other component (e.g. the attachment of a snaphook to a D-ring on the back of a harness). To minimize the hazard of false connection a manufacturer can be requested to put an extension onto the dorsal D-ring of the harness, or by integrally connecting a lanyard or an energy absorber to the harness. Regular buddy checks (having a fellow worker inspect all connections) will minimizes this danger as well.

Improper connections

Snaphooks should not be attached together to connect two lanyards for additional length, because of the increased potential of forced rollout and freefall. Users should also ensure that a snaphook does not rest over a sharp edge, which may load the snaphook incorrectly and cause it to fail during a fall. Please refer to Care and Maintenance section for proper inspection, servicing and storage of snaphooks.

Carabiners Carabiners are a type of connector that are generally oval in shape with a gate on one side that may be opened to attach to a fall protection or rescue component. Carabiners also come in a variety of shapes, sizes and features. Some materials used for the manufacture of carabiners include steel and aluminum. Steel auto-locking carabiners are recommended for fall protection and rescue operations. They provide a maximum service life and minimize the potential of rollout. Manual locking carabiners do not lock unless purposely locked by the user. They may cause problems if the barrel or twist lock becomes corroded hindering its use, or if a worker forgets to lock it. Furthermore, if the lock is closed and Spine the carabiner is loaded it can be difficult to unlock following the operation. A non-locking Gate


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carabiner, or unlocked carabiner has the potential to rollout, and is also not as strong as a similar carabiner that has been locked. Non-locking and manual locking carabiners do not meet ANSI standards and should not be used. More recently carabiners have been designed to take the majority of the load along the section across from the gate (the “spine”), rather than equally on both sides as with the original oval carabiner design. This type of carabiner is called an Offset D. The Offset D also reduces the potential for the carabiner to turn sideways and get “cross-gate loaded”. All carabiners are much weaker when they are loaded across the gate. Another design that reduces the potential for cross-gate loading is a carabiner with a captive eye. This type of carabiner functions much like a snaphook. Other designs incorporate pre-drilled holes in the carabiner to insert a split pin to act as a captive eye. Cross-gate Loading

There are a number of other types of carabiners, including pearabiners (commonly used for belaying), scaffold carabiners (used when a larger gate opening is required), and double locking carabiners (used when there is the potential for an auto-locking carabiner to unlock).

Split Pin

Captive Eye

SALA 2000106 Carabiner “Large Offset D”


SALA 2000108 Carabiner “Scaffold”

SALA 2007199 Carabiner “Captive Eye”

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Ò EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT The SALA 2000108 is a self-closing/locking scaffold carabiner with an ultimate strength of 5000 lbs. and a 2” opening to receive most any component for fall protection or rescue operations. This carabiner also includes a split pin and pre-drilled holes to prevent cross gate loading when left in place for a prolonged period of time.

Hardware Requirements & Standards - Materials used for the construction of snaphooks and carabiners should be high tensile alloy steel or aluminum produced by forging, stamping, forming or machining. All connectors should be self-closing and selflocking and must be opened by at least two deliberate actions. They must be capable of withstanding a 5000 lb. (22.2 kN) load and be proof tested to at least 3600 lb. (16 kN). Please refer to the ANSI Z359.1-1992 standard for more snaphook and carabiner details. Be aware that many connectors manufactured outside of North America will not meet these strict requirements.

Lanyards Lanyards are used as a connecting means between the anchorage and the body support worn by the worker. They may include an energy absorber (personal energy absorber) that is added or integrally connected. All lanyards have integral hardware (either snaphooks or carabiners) at either end to facilitate attachment to other fall protection or rescue components. Please refer to ANSI Z359.1-1992 for detailed standards and requirements.

SALA 1220256 Adjustable Energy Absorbing Lanyard

Lanyards can be constructed of a number of differing materials, lengths and varieties, depending upon the circumstances. The three basic lanyard constructions include rope, webbing, and cable. Rope lanyards are made primarily of nylon or polyester and are braided three stands with diameters ranging from 1/2” to 5/8”. They are used for their limited energy absorbing characteristics, their lightweight, and low cost. Web lanyards range in width from 1 to 2 inches and can be comprised of nylon, polyester or Kevlar. Web lanyards are quite durable, abrasion resistant, very strong and have minimal stretch. Cable lanyards are normally plastic coated stainless steel or galvanized wire rope that is 7 /32” or larger in diameter. Cable lanyards are used when chemicals, heat or welding


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occurs in the immediate area. They should not be used if there is potential for electrical conductivity. Cable lanyards are even more static in nature than web lanyards, and therefore must be used with an integral energy absorber when used for fall arrest.

F O R C E I N L B S

5,500 – 5,000 – 4,500 – 4,000 – 3,500 – 3,000 – 2,500 – 2,000 – 1,500 – 1,000 – 500 – 0– 0

SALA EZ Stop® Lanyard vs. Web & Rope Lanyards Web Lanyard Rope Lanyard EZ Stop® Energy Absorbing Lanyard 1

2

3

This chart (taken from a SALA brochure) compares the forces that would be imposed on a 310 lb. worker (220 lb. rigid weight) who falls 6 ft. with a polyester web lanyard, a ½” nylon rope lanyard and an EZ Stop® energy absorbing lanyard.

4

TIME IN SECONDS

Most lanyards without energy absorbers should not be used for fall arrest because of the impact forces that may result from a fall. The lanyard should minimize the force on the worker to below 1800 lbs. (8 kN) with up to a 6-foot free fall. However, it is recommended that all lanyards intended for fall arrest be purchased with integral energy absorbers. Lanyards come in a variety of lengths to suit the needs of the user, but have a maximum length of 6 feet when used for fall arrest. The length of the lanyard is a very important consideration. It should be long enough to be user friendly, but kept as short as possible to minimize free fall distance. However, do not tie knots in lanyards to reduce their length, as it can reduce the strength by up to 50%. Rope and web lanyards can be purchased with lengths that are adjustable, allowing for universal use. Ó EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT The SALA 1221106 EZ Stop® II energy absorbing lanyard is comprised of 1” polyester webbing with self locking snaphooks at both ends and a floating D-ring, allowing the lanyard to be choked off (girth hitched). Traditional lanyards must not be used in this manner as the webbing or rope can be cut during a fall or the snap hook can be forced open. Additional outer tubular webbing on this lanyard provides wear resistance and is one of the only lanyards that may be used in this manner. SALA 1221106 Girth Hitch Lanyard


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Most lanyards are available with traditional auto locking snaphooks attached to either end. However, depending upon the requirements of the user, the manufacturer can attached larger snaphooks, or carabiners for connection to larger anchorages. Double tethered lanyards (two lanyards that are integrally connected at one end) are also available to provide for 100% tie-off protection. When a worker must move along or up to a work area, he/she moves hand over hand connecting the lanyards to the desired location, while remaining protected by at least one lanyard at all times.

SALA 1220416 100% Tie-Off Lanyard in Use

Note: A double tethered lanyard is designed for a single worker, and must not be confused as two separate lanyards. Lanyards should be connected at or above the shoulder of the user to minimize fall distance. Furthermore, the worker should not walk too far away from the anchorage overhead, or a swing fall hazard may occur during the fall. If a lanyard has been used to arrest a fall, it should be immediately retired. Some lanyards without energy absorbers have indicators (i.e. a rope thimble that deforms when loaded) to indicated if the lanyard should be taken out of service. Swing Fall Hazard


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Energy Absorbers An energy absorber (Shock Absorber) is used to dissipate energy and reduce the forces on the falling worker and the anchorage. Most energy absorbers dissipate the energy of a fall by extending, tearing fibers, and/or producing heat (through friction) rather than a large impact force normally expected from a fall. Note: To meet modern standards (ANSI Z359.1), energy absorbers must retain the force of a fall below 900 lbs. (4 kN) and not deploy or extend more than 3.5 ‘ (1.07 m).

The deployment or extension of an energy absorber must be added to calculations of total fall distance to ensure that the worker does not hit the ground or another obstruction below.

SALA 1223302 EZ Stop® II Energy Absorber

Energy absorbers may either be integral to a lanyard, integral to a harness, or may be separate units on their own. Lanyards with integral energy absorbers are recommended because they ensure that the energy absorber is used every time. When using these types of energy absorbing lanyards the energy absorber end should be connected closest to the harness. When energy absorbers are integral to the Dorsal D-ring of a harness then use is ensured. These allow for visual attachment of the lanyard by the worker, reducing the chances of false connection. However, workers must be aware that the maximum length of a lanyard used with these energy absorbers is 4-5 feet, to ensure that the entire connector is not longer than 6 feet. Energy absorbers that are separate units should only be used when a company possesses lanyards and harnesses that are in excellent condition but wish to provide the added safety of an energy absorber. In this case the total length of the connecting means must not be longer than 6 feet.

Deployed EZ Stop® II Energy Absorber


All energy absorbers must have a deployment label, or extend in such a manner to visually display that they have been loaded or have arrested a fall. Once an energy absorber has been deployed it must be immediately retired. SALA sells different types of energy absorbers all working slightly differently, but still reducing the forces of a fall to below 900 lbs.

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Connectors Quiz (Circle the most correct answer(s).) 1. A non-locking snaphook or carabiner must not be used for fall protection because: a.

false connection can occur;

b.

rollout can occur;

c.

it is more difficult to use;

d.

it is illegal

2. A potentially hazardous use of lanyards is: a.

attaching two lanyards together;

b.

girth hitching a lanyard that is not designed to be used in this manner;

c.

tying knots in a lanyard;

d.

all of the above.

3. To meet ANSI and CSA standards a energy absorber must: a.

reduce the forces of a fall to below 900 lbs. (4kN);

b.

not expand more than 3.5 feet (1.07 m);

c.

always be integrally attached to a lanyard;

d.

only a and b;

e.

all of the above.


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NOTES:


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Section 4 - Anchorages Just the Facts… • Pick an anchorage that will support 5000 lbs. • Anchorages used for fall restraint and positioning systems may be designed differently than fall arrest systems, but be careful. • Locate your anchorage directly above your work area. • If an anchorage is used regularly, get it certified. • Clearly identify anchorages used for fall protection only. • Don’t use water pipes, electrical conduits, light fixtures or guardrails. • Ensure there is less than 45 degrees between sling ends. • Protect yourself from a fall even while you are installing the anchorage system. • Horizontal Lifeline anchorages are different than individual points used for fall arrest, consult an engineer. • Inspect, inspect, inspect your anchorages and anchorage connectors.

≈

Anchorages can be defined as secure points to attach a lifeline, lanyard, deceleration device, or any other fall arrest or rescue system. Some examples of typical anchorages include structural steel members, pre-cast concrete beams, and wooden trusses. In most situations, when setting up an anchorage system, an anchorage connector (or anchor) will be required. This piece of equipment is used as a safe means of attachment for the lanyard or lifeline to the anchorage. Some types include, cable and synthetic slings, roof anchors, and beam clamps. Í EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT

Typical Residential Roof Anchor


The DBI Single-Mount Roof Anchor has a sheet metal base that is nailed over roof sheathing into the wood member beneath. The Dring is used for connection of the fall arrest or restraint system. It can be used on a sloped or flat roof. When shingling is complete simply cut off the D-ring and shingle over the sheet metal. Also refer to Roof Anchor Fall Protection Kit.

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Impact Force The impact force, or maximum arrest force (MAF), can be defined as the maximum dynamic load that results from a falling worker’s sudden stop. The impact force is varies based upon the workers weight, freefall distance, and the amount of energy that is dissipated by the system (i.e. the amount of give or stretch in the system). It is this expected or calculated impact force that determines the strength requirements of the fall protection system components, including the anchorage. Note: Typically, the impact force resulting from arresting the fall of a 200 lb. worker freefalling 6 feet with a rope lanyard can be as much as 2500 lbs., or more.

2500 lb

6 ft

Strength Requirements for Anchorages Fall Arrest Systems - Anchorages used for fall arrest must be capable of supporting a static load of 5000 lbs. (22.2 kN) for every worker connected to the anchorage, unless engineering certification exists. Note: If two workers are required to attach to the same steel I-beam for fall arrest protection, then that I-beam should be capable of supporting a load of 10,000 lbs., 5000 lbs for each worker. Anchorages that have engineering certification must still maintain a safety factor of at least 2:1, when the system is designed, installed and used under the supervision of a qualified person.

• Fatality Alert • Alberta, Canada 1998 A 40-year-old journeyman sprinkler-fitter and an apprentice were raising existing sprinkler lines in a building. The journeyman fitter was standing on the platform of an overhead crane, 50 feet off the ground, with his fall protection harness and lanyard attached to part of the sprinkler line. While he was working on the line, the section he had attached to fell from its position to the floor below, pulling the worker to the ground with it.


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Fall Restraint Systems - In a properly designed fall restraint system, the worker is not permitted to fall from the work platform, so the impact force is a result of the worker leaning or stumbling into the system. OSHA requires that a non-engineered fall restraint anchorage be capable of supporting a minimum load of 1000 lbs. Fall Restraint System

Note: The greatest concern with the use of any fall restraint system is that if it is not used correctly, a fall may occur. If there is ever any question of a potential fall while using a fall restraint system, it is recommended that the requirements of the fall arrest anchorage be used (i.e. 5000 lbs.).

Work Positioning Systems - Work positioning systems should be backed up by a secondary fall arrest system where possible. However, when they are used alone (e.g. utility pole climbing) the system shall be rigged such that the worker cannot free fall more than 2 feet (0.9 m). In these cases the work positioning anchorage must be capable of supporting a minimum of 3000 lbs. (13.3 kN), or twice the potential impact load, whichever is greater.

Anchorages - Certified vs. Non-Certified Engineered Anchorage SALA 8000000 Tripod


There are two classes of anchorages, Certified (Engineered) and Non-Certiifed (Improvised). Engineered anchorages have either been designed and certified specifically for fall protection, or may be existing structures that have been tested, evaluated, and/or approved for use. All engineered anchorages must be certified by a qualified person (a professional engineer familiar with fall protection requirements). Certified anchorage systems may be permanent or portable. All certified

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anchorages should be identified with paint or special markings to ensure that they are only used for their intended purpose. Furthermore, once an engineered anchorage is installed or identified, it should be added to a location list. This list should be maintained and the information kept by a competent person. The record describes the anchorage whereabouts and any additional relevant information. When possible, a regularly used anchorage should be certified to remove any doubt as to its intended use.

Ï EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT The SALA 2101630 D-Ring Anchorage Plate provides a safe, compatible anchorage for a fall protection system. The plate is simply secured with two ½” bolts, locknuts and washers to a suitable structure with matching holes.

It is not always feasible or practical to engineer or certify all anchorages used on a site. As a result, non-certified or improvised anchorages must be used. Improvised anchorages, also referred to as temporary anchorages, include existing beams, trusses or other suitably strong structures located throughout a job site that are not practically certified. As a result, workers using improvised anchorages must be thoroughly trained in their use and proper identification. Inappropriate anchorages may include, water and other fluid carrying pipes, electrical conduits, guardrails, and catwalk grating or mesh. If there is any uncertainty as to the strength or state of an improvised anchorage, it should not be used until inspected and approved by a competent or qualified person.

Note: A quick check to help identify appropriate improvised anchorages is to visually assess if the anchorage would be able to support the weight of a ¾ ton truck, if there is any question don’t use it!


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Anchorage Connectors There are various types of anchorage connectors that can be used with engineered or improvised anchorages. The most common type of anchorage connector are slings. Slings come in a number of different configurations and sizes depending upon the users’ requirements. Some slings are made of 1/4” plastic coated aircraft cable with Flemish eye splices, swages and thimbles. These slings have a breaking strength of approximately 12,000 lbs when used in the basket-hitch configuration (because of the way they are made they cannot be girthCable Slings hitched). Cable slings are chosen for their low cost, durability, and wear resistance to chemicals, heat and abrasion. Most other slings are made of differing synthetic materials, such as polyester or nylon webbing, and come in a variety of widths and thickness. Synthetic slings are chosen for their low weight, non-conductivity, and ease of use.

All slings must be rated for a minimum breaking strength of 5000 lbs. However, when using slings it should be noted that depending upon the method of attachment, the sling has different rated capacities. For example, the use of a choker or girth-hitch can reduce the strength of the sling by up to 66% compared to the same sling that is used in the basket-hitch configuration. Furthermore, it is important that the sling is long enough to entirely encircle the anchorage with length to spare. A sling that is too short can multiply the load due to the large angle that is created between the two sling ends. There should not be more than 45 degrees between the sling sides. Most slings will converge together and be secured with a steel auto locking carabiner.


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EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT Ð The SALA 1003000 Tie-Off Adaptor is designed to be used in the choker-hitch configuration, thus ensuring that the sling is long enough to encircle the anchorage. This sling may be used in this manner because it is certified for 5000 lbs., while ensuring ease of use and providing a built in wear pad. A lanyard can be connected directly to the small D-ring on this sling; a carabiner is not required.

Appropriate and Inappropriate Use of Slings

9

X

9

X

<45°

Basket Configuration less than 45 degrees

Basket Configuration more than 45 degrees

Girth Hitch or Lanyard Choker

SALA 1003000

There are many other anchorage connectors that are available for use in fall protection. Some include permanent and temporary roof anchors, beam clamps, eye bolts, rail sliders, trolleys, and shepherd’s hooks. It is most important that all manufacturer’s directions be followed when using anchorage connectors.

SALA 1220145 Girder Grip with attached Lanyard


SALA 3103120 Order Picker Cab-Mount Bracket

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Important Considerations There are a number of important points that should be considered when choosing or installing an anchorage or anchorage connector, they include: •

The anchorage should be located directly above the work area to minimize swing falls. A swing fall is a pendulum type motion created by the worker falling back toward an anchorage that is not directly over his/her head;

Swing Fall Hazard

•

The free fall distance should be minimized by locating the anchor system as high as possible. A common practice is to ensure that the anchorage is located at or above your shoulder;

•

Anchorages must also be chosen for ease of use and safe access, ensuring that the worker is not exposed to a fall hazard while attempting to set up the anchor system. This can be accomplished by choosing a location for the anchorage beside a protected catwalk or by using a “first man up” system to install the anchorage connector easily and safely. Locating the anchorage for ease of rescue is also an important factor to consider;

“First Man Up” system SALA 2104519 Tie-off Adaptor System

•

When slings are used, the anchorages should be free from sharp edges, this would also include any edges that the sling may come in contact with during a fall. If this is not possible a wear pad must be used;

•

All components of the anchorage system should be inspected prior to each use, as well as on a regular basis by a competent or qualified person; and

•

The anchorage must be able to withstand 5000 lbs. in the direction that the force of the fall will be applied, and should be separate from the anchorage used for work positioning or supporting the workers weight.


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Horizontal Lifeline Anchorages The requirements for a single fall arrest anchorage, previously discussed, should not be confused with the strength requirements of the two anchorages needed for a horizontal lifeline. Strength requirements can be well over 10,000 lbs in some situations. There Horizontal Lifeline Anchor are a great deal of factors that are involved with resolving the necessary strengths of anchorages for horizontal lifelines. Some factors include, pretension in the lifeline, number of workers using the system, diameter and material used for the lifeline, and its overall length. Some horizontal lifeline systems have in-line energy absorbers installed to reduce the overall forces in the system.

FH

FH θ

θ = Angle created by sag in cable FV = Impact force due to worker falling FH = Horizontal reaction force acting at

FV

θ >> 45º therefore:

FH

>> FV

end anchors

Note: All horizontal lifeline systems should be designed by a professional engineer who has experience with their design, and maintains a factor of safety of at least two.

(Please refer to Chapter 5 and specifically the horizontal lifeline section for further information.)


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Anchorage Quiz (Circle the most correct answer.) 1. A non-certified or improvised anchorage used for fall arrest must be capable of supporting a load of at least a.

twice the body weight of the worker connected to it;

b.

3,000 lbs.;

c.

5,000 lbs.;

d.

over 10,000 lbs.

2. When attaching slings around an anchorage in the basket configuration the maximum angle between the slings must not be greater than a.

90 degrees;

b.

45 degrees;

c.

0 degrees;

d.

does not matter.

3. Freefall and swing fall are both minimized by using an anchorage that is a.

directly above the worker,

b.

beside the worker,

c.

at foot level,

d.

none of the above.

NOTES:


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Section 5 – Specialized Equipment Just the Facts… • • • •

A self retracting lifeline is meant to be anchored directly above the worker. Avoid slack when using a self retracting lifeline. The longest lanyard to be used with a vertical lifeline and rope grab is 3 ft. A ladder climbing system is the only fall arrest system that may be attached to the front of a full body harness. • A permanent horizontal lifeline must be engineered.

≈ Although the lanyard is the most common and widely used fall arrest component, there are many situations that call for more specialized equipment or systems to protect a worker. Some specialized equipment and systems include Self Retracting Lifelines, Vertical Lifelines and Rope Grabs, Ladder Climbing Systems, and Horizontal Lifelines. Each system or piece of equipment has a number of benefits for specific circumstances, but also a number of limitations that workers must be aware of to ensure safe use.

Self Retracting Lifelines Self retracting lifelines (SRLs) contain a drum wound line. Under normal operation the line may be extracted and retracted under slight tension when the user moves vertically away from and towards the device. In the event of a fall the device will quickly lock the drum and prevent the lifeline from paying out, thus arresting the users fall (within 3 ½ feet to meet ANSI/CSA). SRLs may also be referred to as retractable lifelines, retractable lanyards, web retractors, or fall arrest blocks, depending upon the size and make-up of the device.


Webbing

Cable

SALA 3103108 Ultra-Lok® Web Retractor SALA 3504430 Ultra-Lok® Retractable Lifeline

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Components: SRLs are made up of a number of working components, which may include: Anchoring Handle

Housing (Within: the storage drum, the speed sensing brake, the retraction spring, and in some cases an energy absorbing mechanism.)

SALA 3101001 Talon SRL

EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT Ñ The SALA Talon Self Retracting Lifeline is a small, light unit that can be directly connected to the harness or anchor point above. All the internal components are metal, while still weighing less than 3 lbs.

Line (Cable, web or rope)

Load Indicator

Connector SALA 3403400 Sealed SRL

The Anchoring Handle is attached to the housing of the SRL and provides a location to attach the device to an anchorage with, in most cases, a carabiner. Some models have mounting brackets attached to the housing that may be used to connect the SRL to a wall, davit or tripod, or back of a harness. The Housing is a casing that protects the inner components of the SRL. A storage drum is located within the housing that holds any excess line when not in use. The retraction spring provides the tension on the line while it pays in and out of the SRL. The speed sensing brake locks the drum and prevents the line from paying out when the exit speed of the line reaches a predetermined rate (i.e. approximately 4.5 ft/s). There are a number of different locking mechanisms (e.g. inertia cams or centrifugal pawls). Finally, within the housing of the SRL there may also be an internal energy absorber. The energy absorber will act to reduce the forces of the fall on the user and system (i.e. below 900 lbs.).


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The Line of an SRL can be comprised of cable, webbing, or synthetic rope. SRLs range in length from approximately 8 to 175 feet dependent upon the needs of the user. This working range is normally measured from the end of the snaphook or carabiner to the top of the anchoring handle. As a result, the length of the lifeline is slightly shorter than the working range recorded on the device. If a user is to fall with the line totally extended, some SRLs have an added reserve line that only deploys in an emergency, to ensure that the forces are kept to a minimum. The SRLs that do not have internal energy absorbers often have external energy absorbers that are attached to the lifeline and provide a similar function, but add to the total fall distance. The Load Indicator visually shows if the SRL has been loaded or has arrested a fall. The indicator can be a coloured band that appears on the connector, a coloured window or button that pops out on the housing, or a rip-stitch indicator on the line. The preferred type is located on the connector so that it can be easily inspected prior to each use. ORANGE BEFORE

New Snaphook Load Indicator

AFTER

Deployed Load Indicator

A Connector should be integrally attached to the end of the lifeline and it should be of the auto-locking variety. The connector can be a carabiner or snaphook, and can also include a swivel and/or load indicator built in.

Application: Although, self retracting lifelines can be used in a variety of situations, they are primarily used to provide movement and protection of users in a work area vertically up and down. In many instances they are more appropriate for protection while climbing ladders than are ladder climbing systems. The SRL should be anchored to a location directly above the user and can be accessed with a tagline (small diameter synthetic line) when out of the user’s reach. They can also be used with horizontal lifelines to improve the overall mobility of the system. Most SRLs have a maximum and minimum weight capacity for the worker using the equipment. This weight will include clothing and equipment and usually ranges from 75 - 310 lbs. © Capital Safety 2008

Movement

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Some of the smaller SRLs (web retractors) can be permanently or temporarily attached to the back of a full body harness for added convenience (See page 5-2 Equipment Highlight section for the SALA Talon SRL). These units provide user-friendly employment with first-man-up systems. Another added feature on some SRLs is a built in lowering and raising mechanisms that can be manually engaged by a standby (rescue) worker, should the need arise. SALA 3103120 Harness mounted SRL

All SRLs should be removed from service following the arrest of a fall, or if the load indicator is visible. In most cases the unit will have to be returned to the manufacturer for servicing or replacement. SRLs should also be regularly inspected and returned to the manufacturer for recertification if required by the manufacturer or legislation. The manufacturer’s instructions should be strictly followed for inspection, care, and maintenance. Potential Hazards: There are a number of guidelines that must be followed when using SRLs to ensure that the units are effective in their fall arrest function and other dangers are not present. They include: • All sharp edges, electrical hazards, chemical contaminants and moving machinery should be avoided when using SRLs;


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HAZARD!

• Do not introduce any slack into the line by clamping, knotting or running the line over obstructions or around the body. In a fall this slack may cause unnecessary freefall that could overload the SRL and cause it to not function properly or fail;

• Fatality Alert • Seattle, Washington 1997 A worker did not like the way his SRL was pulling on the back of his harness, so he asked a fellow worker above to clamp off the line with a pair of vise grips so that it would not pull anymore. Unfortunately, he forgot to remove the vise grips before he climbed up the ladder. When the worker slipped, he free fell 20’ before the SRL engaged due to the slack line. The excess freefall created a greater load than the SRL could take and the cable snapped allowing him to fall over 50 feet to the ground.

• Do not move laterally away from the anchorage point of an SRL, as additional slack and freefall will be introduced. A swing fall may also put the worker at additional risk. Always work directly below the SRL; • SRLs should not be used in granular surfaces where a quick sand effect could occur. The slow sinking of a worker will not be fast enough to lock up the unit; • Do not attach lanyards or other extensions onto the lifeline to extend their length unless directed by the manufacturer. The added weight of the extension could introduce slack into the system; and • Only leading-edge SRLs, can be used on sloped or flat rooftops. Standard SRLs should not be used on sloped or flat roofs. In the event of a slip or fall the device, in most cases, will not arrest the fall until the user has gone over the edge, while the cable may come in contact with the sharp eave.


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Vertical Lifelines and Rope Grabs A vertical Lifeline is a vertically suspended flexible line with a connector at the upper end for fastening to an overhead anchorage, thus providing a path along which a rope grab (fall arrester) can travel. While the worker climbs or descends, the rope grab is either moved by the worker (manual type) or follows the worker (automatic type) and will lock onto the line in the event of a fall.

Vertical Lifelines are typically composed of nylon or polyester. Nylon ropes are very strong, pliable, and absorb impact forces very well but have two distinct disadvantages. They are not very abrasion resistant and have the potential for up to a 20% loss in strength when wet. Polyester is not quite as impact resistant as nylon and is stiffer, but has the distinct advantage of being very tough and durable with excellent abrasion resistance characteristics and has no appreciable loss of strength when wet. Rope lifelines range in diameter from ½” (12m) to 5 /8” (16 mm) and should have a minimum breaking strength of 6000 lbs. (26.6 kN).

Vertical Lifeline and Rope Grab

Note: Sharp edges can reduce the strength of any rope by up to 70%.

Wire rope or cable may also be used in the construction of vertical lifelines. Wire rope lifelines must have a minimum diameter of 5/16” (8 mm) and a minimum breaking strength of 6000 lbs. (26.6 kN). They are very static in nature and should be used with an in-line energy absorber or energy absorbing lanyard.

Rope Grabs (Fall Arresters) consist of any device, which travels on a lifeline and will automatically lock onto the lifeline in order to arrest the fall of the user. Most rope grab systems use the principle of cam lever or inertial locking. There are many types of rope grabs on the market today, but all are categorized as either the manual (static) or automatic (mobile).


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Manual (Static) rope grabs usually rely on the lever or cam lever principle to arrest a workers’ fall. They are designed to remain locked onto the lifeline until the worker disengages the locking mechanism manually. This type of rope grab is particularly useful when powered swing stages are in use as the worker does not require the use of his/her hands to climb elevated structures. If the worker needed his/her hands in order to climb, a manual rope grab could be a hindrance, as it requires the worker to manually disengage the locking mechanism to facilitate movement along the lifeline. Manual rope grabs also see widespread use in roofing applications as they work very well in fall restraint scenarios where the possibility of freefalling could load the lifeline over a sharp edge. Always remember; fall restraint systems eliminate freefall potential and are preferred over fall arrest systems.

SALA 2104168 Roof Anchor Kit (Manual Rope Grab & Lifeline)

Automatic (Mobile) rope grabs are best used when hands-free operation is required, i.e. climbing communication towers. They may incorporate inertia locking mechanisms, which rely on speed of descent, rather than changing the angle of camming levers. As a worker climbs or descends, the automatic rope grab will simply follow or lead the worker shortly below. Note: An automatic rope grab must not be used with a lanyard longer than 3 feet due to the free fall potential. Further, calculating clearance is important because of the added stretch in the lifeline and lock off requirements of the rope grab. When a worker arrives at an elevated location to perform the assigned task he/she should position the automatic rope grab overhead (“Park it”) in order to reduce any possible freefall distance. Upon descending the worker disengages the rope grab by either climbing above the device or by manually unlocking it. The rope grab will now precede the worker down the lifeline, but will still lock-off in the event of an accidental fall.


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Ó EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT

DBI LS-1441 Automatic Rope Grab

The SALA Lad-Saf® Automatic Rope Grab locks by an inertia/cam system, thus preventing “Death Grip”. It can be attached or removed anywhere along the lifeline and can be purchased with an integral 3 foot energy absorbing lanyard. (“Death Grip” can occur if the user holds open some models of rope grab while they are falling, thus preventing them from locking on the lifeline.)

When using rope grabs of any type it is of crucial importance that the correct diameter and composition of rope is used, as specified by the manufacturer. For example, a rope grab with very aggressive camming action may shear the lifeline if it is a type with nonrecommended fibers and/or construction. Some rope grabs work best when coupled with laid ropes while others work far better and are much safer when used in conjunction with a double braid or kernmantle rope. With this in mind it is always advisable to obtain the rope grab and lifeline from the same source.

Laid (Braided) Rope

Kernmantle Rope

As with all fall protection equipment, governing bodies have established strict guidelines and standards for the fabrication and use for rope grabs. A brief summary of these guidelines is listed below. • • • •

Rope grabs shall be automatic in their locking or fall stopping function. Only one worker may utilize the lifeline at a time. Lock-off distance shall not exceed 42” (1.1m). Prussic knots, triple sliding hitches and other friction type knots are not to be used in industrial fall arrest applications. • Rope grab lanyards must only be connected to dorsal attachment points on full body harnesses.


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Ladder Safety Systems The possibility of sustaining severe injury is very high if the horizontal bands of a ladder cage arrest an accidental fall. Permanent ladder safety systems are recognized as being a safer alternate to ladder cages, which are commonly installed for protection while climbing or descending fixed ladders. Ladder safety devices will incorporate either a flexible cable, flat rail, or notched rail assembly, which is installed either in the center or off to one side of a fixed ladder. If a worker should happen to fall while using a ladder safety system, injuries sustained are either minor or perhaps non-existent. This is mainly due to the fact that fall distances are minimal since lock-off of these devices generally occurs within 12 in (30 cm). Safety sleeves are very similar in design and function to rope grabs, but do not incorporate lanyards and are only used with cables or rails rather than rope. The maximum connection length between the ladder safety sleeve and the worker’s full body harness cannot exceed 9 in (23 cm), thereby limiting choices to either a auto-locking factory installed snaphook or a user installed auto-locking carabiner.

Ladder Cage Meets governing regs NOT recommended for everyday use.

Note: Permanent ladder safety systems represent the only instance where workers will hook into frontal harness attachment point(s) for fall arrest applications. This is permissible due to the very short connection length between the device and the harness and the resulting very short fall distance afforded by the system.

Cable Ladder Safety Systems are relatively inexpensive, easy to install, and very easy to use even in adverse weather conditions. Depending on the width of the ladder being used, the cable may be installed in the center or off to one side. A major advantage of the cable type system over a rigid rail system is the ability to remove or install the safety sleeve at any point along the cable. (Most rigid rail systems can only be accessed at the top or bottom of the rail and cannot be removed at any other location.)


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One of the more popular cable ladder safety systems on the market today is the SALA Lad-Saf® system, which uses a flexible solid core cable. This system incorporates rigid anchors at both the top and bottom of the ladder and requires a cable tension for smooth operation. Cable guides are also installed at intervals along the length of the climb to ensure proper alignment and protect from vibration caused by wind loading.

SALA Lad-Saf® Flexible Cable Ladder Climbing System

Rigid Rail Systems are somewhat sturdier than their cable counterparts but are more expensive and more difficult to install. The rails must be anchored at no greater than 6.5 ft (2 m) intervals along the length of the ladder and incorporate splice kits, as the rails are manufactured and shipped in limited lengths. A flat rail system such as the SALA Railok® utilizes a safety sleeve that locks off very quickly and functions much like a cable system. Some of the older systems still being used will incorporate round, tubular rails with notches at regular intervals. If a worker falls, his/her fall will be arrested at the next notch down from where the fall was initiated.

SALA Railok® Rigid Rail System

Regardless of the type of ladder safety system being used, a worker is much safer and is less likely to be injured compared to the use of a ladder with only a cage. In addition to being safer than ladder cages, all fixed ladder safety systems are less expensive, easier to install and inspect, and will greatly reduce freefall distances. Potential users must be aware however, that the use of a full body harness with frontal attachment hardware is mandatory with any cable or rigid rail system. Note: Beware of older systems that require the use of a body belt instead of a full body harness, as body belts must not be used for fall arrest anymore.


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Horizontal Lifelines and Rigid Rails Horizontal lifelines and horizontal rigid rails are two of the more complex systems used for fall protection. A horizontal lifeline is a cable or rope that is connected between two fixed anchorages at the same level. While, a horizontal rigid rail is a beam or track parallel to the ground that is supported by two or multiple points along its length. Both systems are designed and installed to provide horizontal movement and protection of workers (e.g. along the length of a railcar). Systems should be installed at least at waist level, but preferably they should be positioned above the worker to minimize free fall distance. Movement

Horizontal Lifeline Railcar Application

Note: There are very limited standards with regard to the design and installation of horizontal systems for fall protection. Industry standard dictates that they should be designed by a qualified person (professional engineer) experienced with their design requirements and who maintains a factor of safety of two.

Horizontal systems allow attachment of other connectors for fall arrest or fall restraint protection. A connector could be as simple as a energy absorbing lanyard, or as complex as a trolley and self retracting lifeline. If an energy absorbing lanyard is used, then it should be as short as possible to minimize free fall distance. A trolley will provide mobility for the lanyard or SRL and ensure that it is positioned directly above the worker to minimize swing fall. A self retracting lifeline can be used if the worker is also required to move up and down as well as along the length of the system. In this case, a tagline should be used to access the SRL.


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Horizontal Lifelines are a very complex system of sub-components. The resulting forces on the end anchorages of a horizontal lifeline are much higher than would be expected from a vertical plane system. Furthermore, the fall distance will be greater than expected for a conventional fall arrest system because of the additional sag from the lifeline. There are a number of factors that must be considered when designing a horizontal lifeline. They include the span, the number of workers attached to the system at any one time, the pretension, the connecting sub-systems used, the total fall distance, the maximum arrest force and the inclusion or omission of an in-line energy absorber.

Horizontal lifelines are primarily categorized as either permanent or temporary. Permanent horizontal lifelines often have engineered structures with foundations, or specially engineered anchorage brackets. They have single spans commonly up to 150 feet, or multiple spans, with intermediate supports that can be thousands of feet long. The lifeline is generally comprised of galvanized or stainless steel cable that should be 1/2” or greater in diameter. With appropriate factors of safety, they can often accommodate multiple workers. Longer pre-engineered systems often have the means for workers to travel past intermediate supports without having to disconnect from the system. (e.g. SALA Sayfglida System).

Ó EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT The SALA Sayfglida Permanent Horizontal Lifeline System has a Sayflink Sleeve that automatically bypasses all intermediate brackets allowing for unlimited horizontal protection. Each system is designed and engineered by SES to ensure appropriate safety factors are maintained.

SALA Sayfglida Permanent Horizontal Lifeline (Intermediate Anchor and Slider)


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Temporary horizontal lifelines are portable and are easily installed and removed. They are typically no longer than 60 feet in length and can normally accommodate up to 2 workers. The lifeline is usually of a synthetic nature and has a simple method to tension the system. Many temporary systems incorporate in-line energy absorbers to minimize the forces on the end anchorages. In most cases only anchorages capable of supporting 5000 lbs. (22.2 kN) are required. Large fall distances are typical when using these systems so appropriate clearances must be maintained. Manufacturers' directions must be strictly followed when using temporary systems to prevent accidents. SALA 7003020 Iron WingTM Portable Horizontal Lifeline

Horizontal Rail Systems are primarily permanent in design and installation, and often more costly than horizontal lifelines. In most cases, a rail, beam or track is either welded, bolted or clamped, to an existing structure or building. Rigid rail systems require anchorage strengths similar to vertical plane fall arrest systems. They also do not sag like horizontal lifelines so there are fewer factors to consider. However, the span between supports, the strength of the existing structure, the type and construction of the rail, the number of workers, and the connection method must all be taken into account. Some pre-engineered rigid rail systems allow for use on slight inclines and around curves. Most systems accommodate multiple workers and can be of an unlimited length. SALA 2103143 I-Beam Trolley Horizontal Rail System


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Specialized Equipment Quiz (Circle the most correct answer.) 1. A self retracting lifeline should not be used: a.

when working in a granular substance;

b.

on a flat roof;

c.

when climbing a ladder;

d.

both a. and b.

e.

all of the above.

2. The maximum length of lanyard that can be used with an automatic rope grab is: a.

2 feet;

b.

3 feet;

c.

6 feet;

d.

does not matter.

3. The design requirements of a horizontal lifeline are much more complicated compared to a vertical plane fall arrest system. True or False ?

NOTES:


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Section 6 – Rescue Basics Just the Facts… • • • • • • •

Rescue is a necessary component of any fall protection program. Rescue personnel sustain over 75% of the injuries resulting from rescue operations. The simplest form of rescue should always be the first (i.e. manlifts, ladders etc.) In house rescue teams must be properly trained and practice regularly. Wherever feasible start the rescue from the ground up, it’s always better to find out the anchor will not hold at ground level. Self-rescue should always be available when there is the possibility of a lone worker being stranded at height. A raising and lowering system used for non-emergency work must be backed up with a fall arrest system.

≈

Rescue, although often overlooked, is a critical component of any fall protection program. Even though rescue budgets are being severely reduced, there is now a greater need than ever for a site to maintain the capability to perform a safe and efficient rescue. A common misconception is that because fall protection programs are being implemented the site will be safer and there will be less need for rescue. In the past where workers were left to their skill and wit to prevent a fall, rescue was not a big issue. If a worker fell, the ambulance rolled up scraped them off the ground and drove away. Now a worker falls and he is literally left hanging.

• Fatality Alert • Illinois, USA 1996 While working on the grating walkway of a billboard in rural Illinois, a worker stepped through a hole just cut by his partner. The worker was using a personal fall arrest system that successfully stopped his fall without any injury to the worker. A call was made to 911 and a decision was made by the volunteer fire department to respond rather than calling out the nearest metropolitan team approximately 45 minutes away. After arriving on the scene, and setting up appropriate anchorages, rescuers rappelled down to the fallen worker and proceeded to retrieve the worker. Unfortunately, since the rescuers were rappelling to the worker, they could not disconnect him from his existing fall arrest system (they had no raising capability). The worker fell 30 feet when one of the rescuers, under pressure, cut the worker’s lanyard prior to connecting to him. The worker had at that time, been hanging for over 45 minutes with only minor discomfort.


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Keep it Simple! High angle rescue operations may be conducted in a variety of ways. The typical “Hollywood style” rappel rescue, while exciting and adrenaline inducing, is considered dangerous and generally frowned upon. Rescue personnel sustain over 75% of the injuries resulting from rescue operations. In the heat of the moment, potential rescuers have been found to panic and overlook important aspects of their training. Pressure can be a great motivator for some, but can cause others to fall apart. As a result, the rescue should be as simple and as safe as possible, putting the fewest workers at risk. If a fallen worker can be accessed using a scissors lift, bucket truck, or extension ladder, then one of these methods should be used. When simple and practical procedures are used there is a much larger margin of safety and the requirements for training are reduced. Industrial sites may also rely on the local fire department to perform high angle and confined space emergency rescues. If the ‘911’ system is incorporated into the rescue plan, then the abilities, limitations, and response time of the Rescue Professionals should be confirmed. Their capabilities should never be taken for granted. (See Fatality Alert on the proceeding page.)

DBI L2090 RPD – Raising and Positioning Device


In-house rescue teams can be extremely effective, as their response times are typically much shorter. However, if rescue teams are to be established, it is of utmost importance that all members receive competent professional training and practice on a regular basis (i.e. monthly). Systems used by inhouse rescue teams should include pre-rigged mechanical raising/lowering devices such as the Rollgliss® or DBI RPD units. Such devices are relatively easy to use and do not require as much expertise as the rigging required in technical rope rescue. It is preferable if rescue operations are initiated from the ground level. The rescuer should travel up to reach the casualty from below, rather than starting at a level above and moving down towards the fallen worker. If anchor systems are poorly rigged and fail, the rescuer at ground level simply re-rigs and tries again, the rescuer at a high level may not get a second chance.

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Backup Rescuers should always be “backed-up” with a secondary, redundant system. An example of a recommended back-up system consists of a belay line or SRL that is totally independent of the primary means of rescue. Rescuers must raise fallen workers and manually disengage the lanyard or lifeline used for the fall arrest. Cutting the lanyard or lifeline may result in the accidental severing of adjacent rescue ropes and/or lifelines.

Rescue Lines (Rogliss®)

Belay Line

Casualty’s Lanyard

Note: Lanyards and/or ropes should never be cut in rescue situations.

ÍEQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT

The Rollgliss® raising and lowering device offers exceptional alternatives to technical rope rescue. With a mechanical advantage of up to 5:1, raising individuals becomes an efficient and achievable task for any rescuer. The Rollgliss® also offers a friction design that increases the effective ratio to that of a belay for lowering applications, as well as an optional speed stop. Other accessories are also available.


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Escape and Evacuation Workers must be trained in methods of escape and evacuation in work areas where environmental hazards exist. These hazards may be toxic chemicals or atmospheres, or where the high possibility of fire or explosion exists. If workers can escape or rescue themselves from a hazardous situation, fewer personnel are put at risk. There are several methods of self-rescue/descent from heights. They can be categorized as either manual or automatic descent. The type that should be used is dependent upon the zone beneath the work area, the number of workers requiring rescue, and the amount of training provided. If limited training is provided and the zone beneath the potential descent is free of obstructions, then an automatic descender should be used. Once attached, this rescue device allows the worker to simply step off the platform and it then controls the speed of his/her descent (3-15 ft/sec). These devices should not be used if there are any obstructions vertically below the worker, because this type of device does not allow the worker to stop or slow down.

Automatic Descent

In situations where the landing zone is obstructed it may be desirable to utilize a manual descent controller. This method involves the use of ropes and descending equipment much like those used for rappelling, all of which requires extensive training, as it can be extremely dangerous. Figure 8 descenders, brake bars and Petzl Stops, are derived from mountaineering, but have found their way onto industrial sites. These provide a much lower level of safety than others specifically designed for industry. Industrial descenders, such as the Rope Rider and Evac-pac, stop descent even if the worker accidentally lets go of the device or looses consciousness. However, in most cases multiple manual devices or systems must be employed when more than one worker is stationed in the area. Self rescue/escape procedures are inherently dangerous and should not be attempted by untrained personnel. Manual Descent


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Raising and Lowering Devices In some cases rescues are not as simple as hoped for, and a raising and lowering device may be required. There are a number of raising and lowering devices that are available from winches to rope and pulley systems. However, for industrial rescue, pre-rigged and man-rated rescue devices should always be used. These are devices that are simply taken out of a bag and installed to an anchorage system, ready for use. Further they have built in clutching mechanisms so that when workers are raised, if they are to get caught up they are not injured because the system Backup Fall Raising and Lowering slips at a predetermined force. Whenever Arrest (SRL System (Man-rated possible raising and lowering devices with Retrieval) Winch ) should be backed up with secondary fall arrest systems. The mechanical advantage should be at least 3:1, with many devices set at up to 6:1. Further, the mechanical advantage can be changed on a few of the better devices by simply adding quick fit pulleys or changing the location of the winch handle.

Although raising and lowering devices are predominately used during rescue operations, they may periodically be used during routine maintenance or construction operations as well. The same rescue systems can be used to lower workers into confined spaces with no ladders for inspection, or raise workers up along side a building for window cleaning or other repairs. Even though many of the raising and lowering devices have standard fall arrest brakes or lock off devices, when these systems are used in non-emergency situations the worker connected to the system must be provided with a back-up fall arrest system. A worker should try not to rely on the system that is supporting his weight to also act as the fall arrest system. Further, when doing routine maintenance workers will be much more comfortable connecting the raising and lowering system to the front of the harness or to a boatswain’s chair or seat. For this reason as well, a back up fall arrest system connected to the dorsal Dring must be used, because of the potential for injury if the worker were to fall and allow the impact forces to be taken at Boatswain’s Chair the front of the harness. Typically, fall arrest systems include with Raising System vertical lifelines and rope grabs, or self retracting lifelines. and Backup Fall Arrest


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Rescue Quiz (Circle the most correct answer.) 1. Rescue is required more now than before because a.

more workers are falling than before;

b.

personal fall arrest systems leave workers hanging in the air;

c.

workers are falling from higher places;

d.

workers are using their systems improperly.

2. A secondary redundant system is one which a.

has no use;

b.

raises the fallen worker;

c.

provides backup in case the primary system fails;

d.

is used to raise or lower tools.

3. The best way to detach a worker from their system after a fall is to a.

raise them with a rescue system and unhook their snaphook;

b.

Cut their lanyard while it is under tension;

c.

pull them up to the platform by hand;

d.

none of the above.

NOTES:


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Section 7 – Equipment Care and Maintenance Just the Facts… • Inspect all fall protection equipment prior to use. • A competent person should inspect all company fall protection equipment on a regular basis. • If the equipment shows any sign of damage or unsafe condition it must be immediately retired. • Follow all manufacturers’ directions for inspection, care and maintenance of fall protection equipment. • Keep all inspection and maintenance records in a fall protection logbook. • Store all fall protection equipment in a cool, dry, and clean environment.

≈

Inspection All fall protection equipment should be inspected prior to each use. Additionally, a detailed yearly inspection should be performed by a competent person. All other inspections and inspection steps should be performed as detailed by legislation and by the manufacturer for each specific piece of equipment. Software: Equipment such as lanyards, personal energy absorbers, harnesses, synthetic slings and ropes, etc. can be considered software. Software should be inspected for loose, torn or cut fibers or threads. There should be no burns, discolouration, excess dirt or wear, knots, or other damage present. There should be no signs of deployment (i.e. energy absorbers) or other evidence of excessive loading. All labels must be present and fully legible. If there is any sign of an unsafe condition the equipment should be immediately taken out of service for factory authorized maintenance or retirement.

Note: It is important to run your fingers over the software to feel for damage that may not be visible with the naked eye (e.g. internal rope damage). See below right.


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Hardware: Carabiners, rope grabs, cable and metalware integral to software, such as buckles, snaphooks and D-rings, etc. can be considered hardware. All hardware should be inspected for corrosion, cracks, deformation, burrs, and wear spots. There should be no excess dirt, paint or grease present on any components. There should be no damage or missing parts, such as nuts, bolts or cotter pins. All components should Hardware Inspection operate smoothly and all springs should work properly. If there is any sign of damage or an unsafe condition the equipment should be immediately taken out of service for factory authorized maintenance or retirement. If inspected on a regular basis and properly maintained, hardware can remain in service for many years. Please note that complex hardware equipment, such as self retracting lifelines and automatic descent devices, should be returned to an authorized dealer or the manufacturer for recertification as required by the manufacturer. (Please refer to Chapter 5 and more specifically the Self Retracting Lifeline section for more information.)

Care and Maintenance All manufacturers’ directions and recommendations should be followed for proper care and maintenance of fall protection equipment. Most software and hardware items can be washed regularly with mild soap detergent, water and a rag. Excess grease, dirt and grime should be removed. The equipment should be left to drip dry out of direct sunlight. Some hardware, if stiff or sticking, can be oiled with a solvent such as WD-40. However, any hardware that may come in contact with software should be free from grease or solvent. Equipment should not be taken apart or repaired in-house unless authorized by the manufacturer. Additional servicing and maintenance must only be performed by factory authorized service centers. Note: Fall Arrest equipment must not be used to lift or pull equipment or vehicles. If the equipment has been used for anything other than its intended fall protection purpose then it must be immediately retired. Damage due to lifting or pulling equipment may not be noticed until it is too late.

• Fatality Alert • Alberta, Canada 1998 A 49-year-old man employed at a fire tower was found dead at the bottom of a ladder. Investigators assume he fell the 27 feet to the ground. Fall protection equipment was not readily available to the worker. © Capital Safety 2008

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Identification and Logging Records of all fall protection equipment should be maintained in a centralized logbook. The serial number, date of purchase, dates of inspection, servicing performed and authorized signatures should all be kept. Many items (e.g. harnesses, self retracting lifelines, etc.) will have manufacturer’s serial numbers for identification. Smaller items should be tagged with a metal clip and ring, or marked in a non-load bearing area (i.e. the end of a rope or tongue of webbing on a harness, etc.). Each individual, who is issued permanent equipment, should also maintain a personal logbook for daily inspections.

Equipment Tagging

Storage Excess and transitory equipment should be stored in a designated locker or tool crib, in a centralized and/or readily available location within the company or department. This equipment should be signed in and out, and inspected by one responsible individual. All dedicated or permanently signed out equipment should be stored in a personal locker when not in use. The storage location should be a cool, dry, and clean environment that is out of direct sunlight. Protective bags that come with the equipment should be used. All other manufacturer’s directions should be followed for proper storage of fall protection equipment.

9.0 DETAINLED INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE LOG: DATE OF MANUFACTURE: MODEL NUMBER: DATE PURCHASED: INSPECTION DATE

INSPECTION ITEMS NOTED

Approved By:

Approved By:

Approved By:

Approved By:

Approved By:

CORRECTIVE ACTION TAKEN

MAINTENANCE PERFORMED

Í EQUIPMENT HIGHLIGHT All SALA equipment comes with a comprehensive User Instruction Manual that not only explains the correct use of the equipment, but also details proper inspection, maintenance, servicing, storage and logging.

Approved By:

Approved By:

Approved By:

Approved By: DBI/SALA 2001


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Equipment Care and Maintenance Quiz (Circle the most correct answer.) 1. All fall protection equipment should be inspected a.

prior to use;

b.

only after it has been used to arrest a fall;

c.

on a regular basis by a competent person;

d.

both a. and c.

2. A dirty harness may be cleaned with a.

paint thinner;

b.

de-greasing compound;

c.

water and mild soap detergent;

d.

Ajax.

3. Fall protection equipment should be stored a.

in a box with all your other tools and equipment;

b.

in the back of your truck;

c.

in a pile outside by the work site;

d.

in a designated locker or centralized storage area.

NOTES:


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Definitions:

Appendix A - Definitions

“Anchor”

means a secure point of attachment for lifeline or lanyard.

“Anchorage”

means a secure means of attachment to which the personal fall arrest system is connected.

“Anchorage Connector”

means a component or subsystem with means specifically intended for coupling the personal fall arrest system to an anchorage.

“ANSI”

American National Standards Institute. American counterpart to Canada’s CSA, which sets standards for equipment manufacturing.

“Attachment Point”

means a loop or “D” ring connected (integrally) to the body support, that provides a means for attachment of other components of the fall protection system.

“Body Belt (safety belt)”

means a body support device consisting of a strap with a means for securing it about the waist and attaching it other components.

"Body Harness"

means straps which may be secured about the employee in a manner that will distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders with means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system.

“Body Support”

means a harness or belt designed to support and/or restrain the worker where a fall hazard exists or a worker has fallen.

"Buckle”

means any device for holding the body belt or body harness closed around the employee's body.

“Carabiner”

means a link with a gate that is normally closed or that automatically closes, and is used to connect components of a personal fall protection system;


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“Competent Person”

an individual who, by way of training and/or experience, is knowledgeable of applicable standards, is capable of identifying workplace hazards relating to the specific operation, is designated by the employer, and has authority to take appropriate actions

"Connector"

means a device which is used to couple (connect) parts of the personal fall arrest system and positioning device systems together. It may be an independent component of the system, such as a carabiner, or it may be an integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or dee-ring sewn into a body belt or body harness, or a snaphook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard).

"Controlled access zone (CAZ)"

means an area in which certain work (e.g., overhand bricklaying) may take place without the use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety net systems and access to the zone is controlled.

“CSA”

Canadian Standards Association. A voluntary compliance board which sets manufacturing standards within Canada.

"Dangerous equipment"

means equipment (such as pickling or galvanizing tanks, degreasing units, machinery, electrical equipment, and other units) which, as a result of form or function, may be hazardous to employees who fall onto or into such equipment.

"Deceleration device"

means any mechanism, such as a rope grab, ripstitch lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyards, automatic self-retracting lifelines/lanyards, etc., which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.


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"Deceleration distance"

means the additional vertical distance a falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate. It is measured as the distance between the location of an employee's body belt or body harness attachment point at the moment of activation (at the onset of fall arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a full stop.

“D Ring”

means a form of attachment point on body belts and full body harness meant for attachment of other components of a fall protection and positioning system.

“Fall Arrest System”

means a system that will stop a worker’s fall before the worker hits the surface below;

“Fall Prevention System”

means those systems and techniques that eliminate the possibility of a fall;

“Fall Protection”

means the methods used to minimize injury and the associated costs, both human and monetary, due to falls;

“Fall Protection System”

means any of the following when used to protect a worker from a fall or minimize the risk from falling:


(a)

guardrails;

(b)

a safety belt or a full body harness with a lanyard and/ or lifeline and an anchor, and their related equipment;

(c)

a safety net;

(d)

a control zone;

(e)

a safety monitor with a control zone; or

(f)

other procedures acceptable to the Board;

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“Fall Restraint System”

means a work positioning system to prevent a worker from falling from a work position, or a travel restriction system such as quardrails or a personal fall protection system to prevent a worker from travelling to an edge from which the worker could fall;

"Free fall"

means the act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.

“Free Fall Distance”

means the distance from the point where the worker would begin to fall to the point where the fall arrest system would begin to cause deceleration of the fall;

“Full body harness”

means a body support device consisting of connected straps designed to distribute a fall arresting force over at least the thigh, shoulders and pelvis, with provision for attaching a lanyard, lifeline or other components;

“Guardrail system"

means a barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to lower levels.

“Harness keeper”

means a loop intended to keep harness webbing properly adjusted and tight to other strapping of the harness allowing for a clean fit without loose ends which may create an additional hazard.

“Horizontal lifeline system”

means a system composed of a synthetic or wire rope installed horizontally between two anchors, to which a worker attaches a personal fall protection system;

“Kernmantle”

means a method of fabricating rope with an inner core (kern) and an outer sheath (mantle). Rope strength is divided between the kern and mantle with approximately 25% of the strength being in the mantle and 75% being in the kern;

“Lanyard”

means a flexible line of webbing, or synthetic or wire rope, that is used to secure a safety belt or full body harness to a lifeline or anchor;


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"Leading edge"

means the edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface (such as the deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking, or formwork sections are placed, formed, or constructed. A leading edge is considered to be an "unprotected side and edge" during periods when it is not actively and continuously under construction.

“Lifeline”

means a synthetic or wire rope,rigged from one or more anchors, to which a worker’s lanyard or other part of a personal fall protection system is attached;

“Load indicator”

means a device which when strained under a load will deform indicating that the equipment has seen an impact from a fall;

"Lower levels"

means those areas or surfaces to which an employee can fall. Such areas or surfaces include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, platforms, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, material, water, equipment, structures, or portions thereof.

“MAF”

means the Maximum Arrest Force, maximum dynamic load that results from a falling worker’s sudden stop;

"Personal fall arrest system"

means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of these. As of January 1, 1998, the use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.

"Positioning device system"

means a body belt or body harness system rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface, such as a wall, and work with both hands free while leaning.

“Primary system”

means any factors both human and fabricated which keep the worker at or on their current work level (includes such things as the floor, stairs, ladder rungs, work platforms, balance etc.);


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“Qualified Person”

someone "...who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, work, or the project".

"Rope grab"

means a deceleration device which travels on a lifeline and automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks so as to arrest the fall of an employee. A rope grab usually employs the principle of inertial locking, cam/level locking, or both. means the exterior surface on the top of a building. This does not include floors or formwork, which, because a building has not been completed, temporarily become the top surface of a building.

"Roof"

"Roofing work"

means the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck.

"Safety-monitoring system"

means a safety system in which a competent person is responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards.

“Secondary system”

means those systems in place to protect the worker from falling and/or the effects of a fall if the primary system fails;

"Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard" means a deceleration device containing a drumwound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall. “Shock absorber”


means a device intended to limit deceleration of a worker during fall arrest;

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"Snaphook"

means a connector comprised of a hook-shaped ember with a normally closed keeper, or similar arrangement, which may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain the object. Snaphooks are generally one of two types: 1926.500(b)(1) (1) The locking type with a self-closing, self-locking keeper which remains closed and locked until unlocked and pressed open for connection or disconnection; or (2) The non-locking type with a self-closing keeper which remains closed until pressed open for connection or disconnection. (the use of non-locking snaphooks for any form of fall protection is prohibited)

“Swing fall hazard”

means the hazard to a worker of swinging and colliding with an obstruction following a fall when connected to a lanyard or lifeline that runs at an angle off vertical;

“Total fall distance”

means the distance from the point where the worker would begin to fall to the point where the fall would be stopped;

"Walking/working surface"

means any surface, whether horizontal or vertical on which an employee walks or works, including, but not limited to, floors, roofs, ramps, bridges, runways, formwork and concrete reinforcing steel but not including ladders, vehicles, or trailers, on which employees must be located in order to perform their job duties.

"Warning line system"

means a barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge, and which designates an area in which roofing work may take place without the use of guardrail, body belt, or safety net systems to protect employees in the area.

"Work area"

means that portion of a walking/working surface where job duties are being performed.


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Training & Consulting Services

of our clients.

When lives are on the line why would you settle for anything less than the best!! Capital Safety, home of the DBI-SALA and PROTECTA brands, believes that every worker deserves to go home safely after work. Our training and consulting services represent that dedication to the safety and welfare

Capital Safety provides a full line of fall protection and industrial rescue training and consulting globally. Training is provided both at the client's site and in our world class training facilities. With the best product and services in the industry come the best instructors and consultants. Our trainer's experience and knowledge is a result of working in the safety industry for a variety of clients and practicing what they preach. Real life experience gained from the field sets our trainers apart from the rest. They bring this experience to every course they teach and every client consultation. When it’s your life on the line or the lives of your employees, compliance is not enough. Invest in the best fall protection education available to the industry by Capital Safety. Call us today!

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Competent Person Manual

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