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Comparative anatomy of Brain General plan of brain: The cranial end of early embryonic neural tube of all craniates from fishes to humans exhibits three primary brain vesicles y
Prosencephalon (future forebrain)
y
Mesencephalon (future midbrain)
y
Rhombencephalon (future hindbrain)
The Rhombencephalon was named for its shape. The primary Prosencephalon & Rhombencephalon soon differentiate to form the five major subdivisions of the adult brain y
Telencephalon
y
Diencephalon
y
Mesencephalon
y
Metencephalon
y
Myelencephalon
Differentiation of the primary vesicles to form an
adult brain is accomplished by
y
Localized
thickenings of the lateral walls & floor of some vesicles.
y
Dorsal, lateral or ventral evaginations, median or paired, in others.
A delicate membrane that runs at the anterior wall of the Telencephalon, called lamina terminalis and the roof of the cerebrum is pallium. The ventro-lateral wall of the cerebrum becomes thick and called corpus striatum. striatum. called cortex or pallium.
Comparative account of brain in vertebrates v ertebrates:: Brain of all vertebrates, from fish to man, is built in accordance with the same architectural plan. However, form of brain differs in different vertebrates in accordance with the habits and behavior of the animals.
A. Cephalochordates:
In
Amphioxus, the brain is made of an anterior Prosencephalon with a single enlarged ventricle.
It
is lined with cilia and long filamentous process of epidermal cells.
B. Cyclostomes:
Primitive
Subdivisions are not
Two olfactory lobes are present.
Cerebral hemispheres are quite small.
Medulla oblongata is
Cerebellum is a
Infundibulum
brain. well-marked. well-marked.
very well-developed.
small transverse dorsal band.
bears a hypophysis & pituitary body.
C. Fishes: 1. Elasmobranches:
Olfactory lobes are correspondingly large.
Optic lobes and pallium are r elatively moderate in size.
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Saccus
Pineal apparatus is well-developed.
Cerebellum is especially large due
Ruffle-like restiform
vasculosus, vasculosus, thin-walled vascular sensory organ, is attached to pituitary and connected with cerebellum. to active swimming habit.
bodies are present.
2. Osteichthyes:
erch, In Perch,
olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon are smaller while optic lobes and cerebellum are larger
than in a shark. shark.
Some
In bottom-feeders, the antero-lateral sides of medulla show
Parapineal body is absent in
bony fishes have restiform bodies. bodies. vagal lobes. lobes.
modern teleosts.
D. Amphibians:
Olfactory lobes are smaller than optic l obes.
Corpus striatum receives greater number of sensory fibres.
Cerebral hemispheres are more developed than in
Less-developed cerebellum.
Medulla is also small.
Pineal body is
fishes.
small.
E. Reptilians:
Telencephalon becomes the largest region of brain.
Olfactory lobes are larger than i n amphibians.
A pair of auditory lobes is found posterior to optic lobes.
aqueduct. The third ventricle is reduced to a narrow cerebral aqueduct.
Cerebellum is somewhat pear-shaped and larger than in
amphibians.
F. Birds:
Brain is proportionately larger than that of a reptile.
Olfactory lobes are small.
Two cerebral hemispheres are larger, smooth and projected posteriorly over the diencephalon to meet the c erebellum.
Pallium
Optic lobes are c onspicuously developed.
The cerebellum is greatly e nlarged with several superficial folds.
is thin but c orpus striatum is greatly enlarged.
G. Mammals:
Brain is proportionately larger than in other vertebrates.
Cerebral
hemispheres of Prototheria,
Metatheria
& Eutheria are smaller & smooth, larger & smooth, greatly enlarged &
divided into lobes re spectively.
The two hemispheres are jointed i nternally by transverse band-like fibres called corpus callosum. callosum.
