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Communalism in Modern India
1. The first element element is the belief that people who follow the same religion have common political$ economic$ social and cultural interests$ which has been the basic foundation of communal communal ideology. ideology. (. The second element is the secular secular interest of the followers of a religion$ which is dissimilar from the interest of the followers of another religion. ). The third element element is that that the interest interest of the followers of different different religion is mutually incompatible and antagonistic.
It is$ therefore$ said that the Hindus and the Muslims cannot have common secular interest$ which means they are bound to be against of each other. This is the basis of the communal politics. The Muslim communalism led to the partition of the country country while the Hindu communalism converted converted into Hindu nationalism.
#ccording to $aya #hatter%ee$ the term *communalism+ is widely used in the Indian conte,t to describe mutual hostility between communities based on religion. 'ommunalism in India was$ therefore$ a struggle for obs between various communities$ uneual educationally$ politically politically and economically. economically.
Historian &! &rishna$ one of the earliest scholars to wor" on the communal problem felt that these struggles were accentuated in an epoch of Page 2
Communalism in Modern India
the development of Indian capitalism$ under feudal conditions$ by /ritish imperialism by its policy of counterpoise. It was therefore a product of imperialist-capitalist-feudal imperialist-capitalist-feudal structure of India. #ccording #ccording to him$ %History of the communal representation is the history of /ritish policy in India$ also one of the growth and diversity of middle class consciousness in India and the demand of the middle class for political powers.&
#ccording to $ohn ' (c)ane$ %the term 0'ommunalism0 means •
the tendency of people to perceive their interests as identical with those of
•
their religious group$ the tendency to regard the values and activities of members of the other
• •
religious groups as alien or antagonistic$ the tendency of religion to determine political affiliation$ affiliation$ the tendency of group conflict to occur between members of different religious communities&.
The /ritish policy holds a very special responsibility for favouring the growth of communalism. The /ritish policy of 0divide and rule0 could succeed only because something in the internal social$ economic$ cultural and political conditions conditions of society favoured its its success. 'ommunalism 'ommunalism grew and prospered not only because because it served the the political needs needs of the /ritish rule but also because it met the social needs of some sections of the Indian society. Page 3
Communalism in Modern India
'ommunalism was not a /ritish creation2 rather it was the result of a combination of a variety of factors.
The history of the /ritish policy toward communalism can be easily traced to the period ust after the rebellion of 1345. The post-1345 period made it imperative for the rulers to adopt a new set of policies in order to combat the possible threat to their empire. The The /ritish policy$ policy$ therefore$ underwent underwent significant changes after 1345 and acuired a dual character. character. It consisted of a combination of liberal and imperialist policies.
The revivalistic tendencies in the 19th century acted as a contributory factor in the growth of communalism. 6evivalism was a very general phenomenon under imperialism the world over. It meant an attempt at restoration of selfrespect which had been deeply inured by political subection. This selfrespect was sought to be restored by glorifying India0s past$ which was proected as a compensation for India0s e,isting e,isting humiliation. humiliation. 6elated to the the uestion of revivalism was the emergence of certain political trends in the late 19th century among a section of the Muslims in India.
The views and political activities of *yed +hmed &han were always mar"ed with certain ambivalence. He played a vital role in bridging br idging the gulf between Page 4
Communalism in Modern India
the Muslims and the /ritish and ultimately infusing the communal feeling in the Musalmans of India against their co-nationalist Hindus. He started his activities without any communal bias. His main aim was to introduce reforms among the Muslims$ impress upon them the necessity of modem education and secure official patronage for them. 7or this purpose$ he founded the #ligarh 'ollege which received financial support from many Hindus and had many Hindu students and teachers. He himself preached harmony between Hindus and Muslims.
However$ However$ his politics changed after the formation of the 'ongress in 1334. He found his priority of securing administrative posts for Muslims and of professing loyalty to the /ritish rule$ to be in absolute contradiction contradiction with the anti-imperialist edge of the 'ongress. #lthough his main opposition with 'ongress was on the attitude towards the /ritish government$ he voiced his disapproval in terms of the 'ongress being a Hindu body$ and and therefore opposed to the Muslims. Thus$ he laid down the foundation of certain basic themes of communalism. 8ne such theme was that being a maority. Hindus Hindus would dominate the Muslims and override their interests$ if the /ritish rule ended and the power was transferred to Indians. It was on these grounds that yed #hmed #hmed :han was opposed to the establishment of representative democratic institutions. #ccording #ccording to him$ the democracy would only mean Page 5
Communalism in Modern India
the power to the maority as ;it would be li"e a game of dice in which one man had four dice and the other only one;. He also felt that any system of elections would put power into the hands of Hindus. Hence$ the three main themes of communalism were •
opposition to the nationalist forces$
•
opposition to the democratic process and institutions
•
loyalty to the /ritish
The imperialist operations of the /ritish colonialists in India led to the growth and popularity of the communal organizations at the beginning of the (=th century > #ll India Muslim eague and #ll India Hindu Mahasabha.
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Communalism in Modern India
(uslim )eague
The Muslim eague was formed with the formal name #ll India Muslim eague in 19=? under the leadership of #gha :han and @awab Mohsin ul Mul". The membership of the eague consisted of rich Muslim zamindars and maulanas. Historians believe that it was formed with /ritish patronage with the motive of preventing the young and educated Muslims from oining the 'ongress.
The aims of the eague were •
To support the /ritish government
•
To gain gain better opportunities in public life for educated Muslims
•
To defend defend the right of the Muslims
•
To chec" chec" the influence of the #ll India 'ongress in Indian politics
uc"now !act A191?B was an attempt made by the Indian organisations$ organisations$ namely the 'ongress and Muslim eague$ eague$ to arrive at a settlement. The 'ongress conceded separate electorates as a temporary arrangement$ in order to obtain Muslim eague0s support.
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Communalism in Modern India
However$ after the Muhammad #li Cinnah+s ta"eover of Muslim eague in 19)D$ it became a prominent political group of India. Cinnah$ through its twonation theory$ was able to galvanise Indian Muslims into political force with a separate identity.
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Communalism in Modern India
,indu (ahasabha
The Hindu Mahasabha was formed with the formal name #ll India Hindu Mahasabha in 1914 under the leadership of Maharaa of :azim /azar. It opposed 'ongress+s anti-imperialist anti-imperialist politics and argued that the Hindus should try to placate the /ritish government in their fight against the Muslims.
Hindu Mahasabha$ the chief political organization organization of Hindu communalism$ could either liuidate itself into 'ongress2 or wage a difficult battle to prevent away Hindus from 'ongress to bring them into its fold2 or wait for a suitable opportunity. It preferred to follow the third option.
The Hindu Mahasabha never gained that popularity with the Hindu masses as the Muslim eague did with the Muslims in India. However$ the Hindu Mahasabha+s Mahasabha+s propaganda of a Hindu race$ Hindu culture and civilization$ and Hindu nation in India did harden the Muslim eague+s attitude and made it more suspicious and more determined to demand !a"istan.
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Communalism in Modern India
It is to be stated that the Muslim eague was the first ever communal organisation to come into e,istence and all other communal organisations in India were born after it$ as a counterpart to each other.
The communal violence has ta"en place in India time to time. The causes of the communal violence mostly have been local$ specific$ accidental$ incidents of minor religious disputes$ celebrating of festivals and uarrels among the people belonging to rival rival communities. These reasons often flared up communal violence in rural and urban parts of India.
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Communalism in Modern India
#onclusion
Eue to the /ritish rule in India$ the rise and growth of communalism came into e,istence and which shaped the political life of the country. This gave birth to certain organizations organizations and and began to function for their own people.
The /ritish used the Muslim league as a counterpoise to the Indian @ational 'ongress in pursuit of their divide and rule policy which ultimately led to the creation of !a"istan. The Hindu Mahasabha was brought into e,istence to oppose the Muslim orientation of the 'ongress and finally came in direct conflict with the Muslim league. The 6astriya wayamseva" angh was established in 19(4 as on educational body for character building of the people and uniting the the Hindu 'ommunity. 'ommunity. It wanted to ma"e ma"e independent India a creative society. However$ before and after independence of the country it concluded that the Hindu > Muslim riots proected the wea"ness and divisions within the Hindu community. community.
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Communalism in Modern India
!ibliogra"hy
1. :umar :umar$$ 6avi 6avindr ndra. a. Probl Problem em of Communalism Communalism in India. Mittal India. Mittal !ublications$ 199=.
(. !ani"" !ani""ar ar$$ :. @. Perspectives @. Perspectives of Modern Indian History. History. Mumbai$ Mumbai$ Maharashtra Harsha /hat"al$ (=1(. ). I<@8F I<@8F tudy tudy Material Material > Modern Modern India India 1345-19?D 1345-19?D