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Todd R.G. (General Editor), Clarke E.G.C. (Editor) Isolation and Identification o drugs in pharmaceuticals, body fluids and post-mortem material, Ed. Th Pharmaceutical Press, Londres, Inglaterra, Págs 123-134.
Colour Tests
H. M. Stevens
Many substances give distinct colours when brought into contact with variou chemical reagents. Sometimes the colour reaction with a particular reagent is n confined to a single compound but is produced by most of the compounds in given class or even by substances not in that class. This type of test is called 'general test’ and can only be used as a preliminary guide to the nature of th substance to be identified.
The second type of colour test is the 'special test’, where a colour produced with certain reagent is specific for the compound under investigation. The special tes help considerably in identifying substances but absolute and final identification usually only possible if some physical characteristic such as an infra-red spectru can be obtained from the material. Special tests are described in detail in th relevant monographs in Part 2 and will not be dealt with further at this stage.
Many colour tests, both 'general’ and 'special’, can be carried out as 'micro’ tes Sign up to vote on this title by using the techniques introduced by Clarke and Williams (1955). The useful the headin techniques, which are described at the end of Useful this chapter Not under Microtests (p. 133), enable the identification of compounds to be effected on th microgram scale.
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In the following paragraphs the 'general’ tests test s are described, the vario substances which respond being listed under the heading of the colour(s) obtaine These colours are set down in order of the spectrum from violet/purple throug green and red to brown and black.
The tests have been classified according to the main component of the reagent an subdivided on the basis of the subsidiary components. I. Sulphuric Acid
A drop of the cold concentrated acid is brought into contact with a smear (if liquid) or a few fragments (if a solid) of the test material on a white tile. In man instances this test may be carried out on the microscale. Purple: Lymecycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracyclinc, telracycline. Blue: Chlortetracycline, demethylchlortetracycline,thioridazine. Green: Strophanthin-K---- sulphuric acid: water (4:1) must be used.
Yellow: Bromodiphenhydramine, cyclizine, diphenhydramine, diphenyl-pyralin ethyl biscoumacetate, griseofulvin, oestradiol, orphen-adrine, pipradro prednisone.
Orange: Amitriptyline, chlorprothixene, cortisone, ethinyloestradio hydrocortisone, methacycline, spironolactone (50% sulphuric acid must be use when heated the solution turns red). Sign up to vote on this title Red: Caramiphen (if heated), hexamine (if heated), methylprednisolone (after Useful Not useful
minute), ouabain, phenothiazines (but not trifluoperazine), prednisolone (after minute).
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This reagent (see Appendix 1) is prepared by dissolving 1 g of potassium nitrite 10 ml of sulphuric acid. The reagent was originally developed for giving intens colours with phenols. The test is carried out as for Sulphuric Acid (I).
Violet:o-Aminophenol, methocarbamol, paracetamol, phenacetin, resorcinol.
Blue:p-Aminophenol, diphenylamine, mefenamic acid, phenol (changing to red yohimbin.
Green:Alphanaphthol, betanaphthol, chlorotrianisene (changing to pink on th addition of water), colchicine, hydrastine.
Yellow:Benzathine penicillin, benzoic acid, benzylpenicillin, cocaine, o-, m-, an p-hydroxybenzoic acid, physostigmine, tropacocaine.
Orange:Compounds generally containing a mono-substituted benzene group n attached directly to a carbonyl group-acetanilide, amphetamine, aniline, atropin caramiphen, ephedrine, glutethimide, hyoscine, methoin, methylphenobarbiton You're Reading a Preview pethidine, phenacemide, phenobarbitone. phenylmethylbarbituricacid, phenytoi Unlock full access with a free trial. sulphinpyrazone, warfarin. Download With Free oxytetracycline. Trial Red:Acepromazine (brownish-pink), brucine,
Brown:m-Aminophenol, chlortetracycline, cotarnine, methylpentynol, noscapine, tetracycline, veratrine.
cresols,
ethinamat
Black:Codeine, diamorphine, emetine, morphine, narceine, papaverine. I bSulphuric Acid (60%)---- containing potassium dichromate (0-5%) Sign up to vote on this title
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This test is carried out as for Sulphuric Acid (I) unless any modifications a mentioned.
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Note. The above tests are carried out in the cold. However, when alcohols other reducing agents are warmed with a solution of potassium dichromate dilute sulphuric acid (acidified potassium dichromate solution, p. 804) th potassium dichromate is reduced to the green, chromium salt.
I c Sulphuric Acid---- with chromotropic acid (see also under Screenin Tests, p. 6)
Red: Formaldehyde. A few drops of a solution are added to a dilute solution o chromotropic acid in sulphuric acid. I d Sulphuric Acid---- with resorcinol
Violet: Formaldehyde. A little resorcinol is shaken with the test solution and som sulphuric acid is run down the inside of the tube to form a layer under the mixe solution---- a reddish-violet ring appears at the junction of the 2 layers. You're Reading a Preview
Green: Saccharin. A littleUnlock is heated with ana free excess full access with trial. of resorcinol in sulphuric ac to just below the boiling point of the mixture---- green. When the solution Withsodium Free Trial cooled, diluted, and madeDownload alkaline with hydroxide a green fluorescence produced.
Red: Tartaric acid. A little is warmed with resorcinol and a few drops of sulphur acid. I e Sulphuric Acid---- with vanillin Sign up to vote on this title
Violet: Menthol. About 10 mg is dissolved in 1 ml of sulphuric acid and 1 ml of 1% solution of vanillin in sulphuric acid is added---- orange-yellow; the additio Useful
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Metaldehyde. One drop of sulphuric acid is added to a small amount solid followed by a trace of pyrocatechol---- violet-red. Ig Sulphuric Acid---- with betanaphthol
Green:
Tartaric acid. The substance is heated with an equal bulk of betanaphth and a few drops of sulphuric acid. Yellow: Malic acid (the test is carried out as above). Red:
Oestradiol. About 0-05 mg is heated at 100° with I ml of a 2-5% solutio You're Reading a Preview of betanaphthol in sulphuric acid for 2 minutes. The mixture is cooled and 1 ml o Unlock fullwhich access with a free trial. water is added---- orange-yellow changes to red when the solution is heate at 100° for 90 seconds. Download With Free Trial Ih Sulphuric Acid---- with phenol
Green:
Sign upwith to vote this title of sulphur Sulphonal. A little of the substance is heated a on few drops Useful Not useful acid containing a trace of phenol.
Note. The colour tests using sulphuric acid in conjunction with formaldehyd
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One of the most important tests using this reagent is Vitali's test (p. 133). Drug which give a colour when treated with concentrated nitric acid, in the same way with sulphuric acid in test I, p. 123, include:
Blue: Desipramine, imipramine, thioridazine (with 50% nitric acid). Yellow:
Phenols and phenolic substances (warming with the acid is sometime necessary). Red:
Antazoline, bialamicol (100 mg is dissolved in 2 ml of water and 2 ml o concentrated nitric acid added), brucine, hexylresorcinol (1 ml of 70% nitric aci is added to 1 ml of a saturated aqueous solution). You're Reading a Preview II a Unlock full access with a free trial.
Nitric Acid---- with eerie ammonium sulphate Download With Free Trial
Violet:
Primaquine. 10 mg is dissolved in 5 ml of water and 1 ml of a 5% solutio of ceric ammonium sulphate in dilute nitric acid is added. II b
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Usefulreagent Not useful Nitric Acid---- with mercuric nitrate; Millon's
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Phenolic compounds. III Hydrochloric Acid
Yellow:
Chlordiazepoxide. A few fragments are moistened with 2N hydrochlor acid and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath.
Triacetyloleandomycin. 10 mg of the substance is heated with 5 ml of the acid o a water-bath---- greenish-yellow. III a Hydrochloric Acid---- with wood shavings You're Reading a Preview
Orange:
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Sulphonamides. The substance is acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid an Download With Free Trial the mixture placed on wood shavings or newspaper. This test produces a positiv response with many substances containing an aromatic amino-group. III b Hydrochloric Acid---- with furfuraldehyde Sign up to vote on this title
Violet:
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Allantoin. A solution of the substance in ethanol is treated with
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III c Hydrochloric Acid---- with potassium dichromate
Violet:
Paracetamol. A few mg of the test material is boiled gently with 2 to 3 m of the concentrated acid for 3 minutes. The solution is cooled, diluted with wate to about 3 times its volume, and a few drops of a cold dilute solution of potassium dichromate added to it. The violet colour persists; this is in contradistinction phenacetin which also gives a violet colour that soon turns red. III d Hydrochloric Acid---- with sodium nitrite
You're Reading a Preview
Violet:
fullspot, accessor with free fragments trial. Amidopyrine. To Unlock a dried a afew on a white tile, is adde a drop of water and a small droplet of the dilute acid. A few small crystals o Download Withstirred. Free Trial sodium nitrite are added and the mixture
Green: Phenazone (details as for Amidopyrinc). Orange:
Sulphaphenazole and sulphasomizole. The substance is treatedwith th Sign up to vote on this title dilute acid, followed by a few crystals of sodium nitrite---- a bright orang Useful Not useful precipitate.
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moistened with a drop or two of 2N ammonium hydroxide. The colour of th residue becomes purple. Purple: Acepifylline, bamifyllinc, bufylline, caffeine, etamiphylline, proxyphylline, theobromine, theophylline.
diprophyllin
IV Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide
Violet:
Santonin. About 10 mg is warmed with 1 ml of a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol. Blue:
You're Reading a Preview m-Dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluenc. A drop of 2N alkali is added to a full access with blue a free trial. acetone solution of the Unlock substance. The colour changes to violet-red o addition of acetic acid. Download With Free Trial Yellow:
Acetaldehyde. One or two drops are added to a large excess (1 to 2 ml) o 40% sodium hydroxide solution and the mixture is heated to boiling---- yellow turbid solution with a characteristic smell.
Nicotinamide. A little dry material is heated with 5% sodium hydroxide solution Sign up to vote on this title
p-Nitrophenol. A drop of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a little Useful Not useful material.
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Nitrofurazone. 10 mg of the compound is dissolved in 10 ml of 20% sodiu hydroxide solution. Red:
o-Nitrophenol and phenolphthalein. A drop of sodium hydroxide solutio is added to a little dry material.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene. A drop of sodium hydroxide solution is added to an aceton solution. IV a Sodium Hydroxide---- with iodine
Violet:
Aphanaphthol. The substance is added to a mixture of equal volumes o iodine solution in potassium and 2N sodium hydroxide. The reagen You'reiodide Reading a Preview mixture must contain a small excess of alkali. Betanaphthol does not react. Unlock full access with a free trial.
IV b
Download With Free Trial Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide---- with c hloroform
Blue:
Alphanaphthol and betanaphthol. A little of the substance is heated wi 2N sodium hydroxide and a few drops of chloroform. Sign up to vote on this title
Red:
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Hydroquinone. A solution in chloroform is warmed with a small amoun
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Chloroform. A drop of the liquid is heated with a small quantity of naphthol in 2N sodium hydroxide. IV d Sodium Hydroxide---- with phenol
Blue: p-Aminophenol. The substance is shaken with a solution of phenol in sodium hydroxide. IV e Sodium Hydroxide---- with resorcinol
Red:
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Chloroform. A drop is trial. heated with a small amount o Unlockof full the accessliquid with a free resorcinol in 2N sodium hydroxide. IV f
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Sodium Hydroxide---- with potassium mercuric iodide; Nessler's reagent
The potassium mercuric iodide present in the reagent (see Appendix 1) reacts wi ammonia to yield an orange flocculent mercuric complex. Substances which ar Sign up to vote on this titleresponse wi hydrolysed in alkaline solution to yield ammonia give a positive Useful useful test Not this test. Equal volumes of the reagent and the solution (aqueous) are mixe and heated gently.
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IV g Sodium Hydroxide---- with sodium nitroprusside)
One or two drops of a test solution is added to a dilute aqueous solution of sodiu nitroprusside and 1 or 2 drops of 2N sodium hydroxide is then added.
Orange-red: Ketones. Red: Acetaldehyde. IV h You're Reading a Preview Sodium Hydroxide---with pyridine; Fujiwara's test Unlock full access with a free trial.
Download Free Trial A little of the solid or a drop of a testWith solution is added to a mixture of pyridine ( ml) and 20% sodium hydroxide solution (2 ml). The mixture is heated on boiling water-bath for 3 to 5 minutes with vigorous periodic shaking. A contr test must be carried out. The colour appears in t he pyridine layer.
Red: Sign up to vote on this title
Chloral hydrate; chloramphenicol, chlorbutol, trichloroethan Usefulchloroform, Not useful trichloroethanol, trichloroethylene.
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Furazolidone. 1 mg is dissolved in 1 ml of dimethylformamide and ml of 1 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide. V Sodium Hypochlorite
Violet:
Aniline. Aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution is added drop by drop t an aqueous solution of aniline. The initial colour is brown but this is very transien and rapidly becomes violet. The test is sensitive to 1 part of aniline in 66,000 par of solution. Orange:
Aminoguanidine, guanidine, sulphanilamide, sulphanilic acid (thes compounds are treated as for Aniline, above). You're Reading a Preview VI Unlock full access with a free trial.
Ammonia---- with vanillin Download With Free Trial
Yellow:
Nitrazepam. A drop of an acetone solution is spotted on filter paper exposed to ammonia vapour. The bright yellow colour fades when the vapour withdrawn. Solutions of nitrazepam and its salts are turned yellow by the additio of ammonium hydroxide solution. Sign up to vote on this title
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Aloin. 5 ml of dilute ammonia solution is added to 5 mg of the substance; th mixture turns yellow, green, and finally brown. The solution exhibits a yellow
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Proguanil. To 10 ml of a saturated solution of proguanil hydrochloride added 1 drop of 10% copper sulphate solution and 2-5 ml of dilute ammon solution and (lie mixture is shaken well. 5 ml of benzene is then added and th mixture is again shaken. The upper benzene layer is coloured purplish-red. VII Ferric Chloride
Usually 1 or 2 drops of a 5% aqueous solution is added to a solution of th substance under test in ethanol or acetone. Water may be used as a solvent b only when the test material is readily soluble, since dissociation of the coloure iron complex may rapidly occur and the colour will not be seen.
Violet:
You're Reading a acid Preview(in water), salicylaldehyd Salicylates---- aminosalicylic salicylamide, salicylic acid, also amidopyrine, dipyrone (th Unlocksalicyluric full access withacid; a free trial. ferric chloride solution is added to fragments on a tile), hexachlorophan Download With Free Trial (transient).
m- and p-Nitrophenol. The solution in water is boiled and cooled before the ferri chloride solution is added to it.
Saccharin. This substance is kept for ½ minute in a molten mixture wi potassium hydroxide. The melt is then dissolved in water, acidified, and treate with the reagent. Sign up to vote on this title
Streptomycin. A little streptomycin sulphate is boiled N sodium useful hydroxid Usefulwith 1Not then just acidified with hydrochloric acid and treated wit h ferric chloride solution
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Adrenaline, ethylnoradrenaline, isoetharine, isoprenaline, noradrenaline, an norderrin (solutions on the gradual addition of 5% sodium bicarbonate solutio turn from green to blue-violet and then red). Yellow:
Gluconic acid (in water), glucuronic acid (in water), lactic acid (in water pantothenic acid (after boiling with a few drops of sodium hydroxide and makin just acid before adding the reagent). Orange: m-Aminophenol (in water). Orange-red:
Acetates and propionates. A few drops of ferric chloride solution a added to neutral solutions of the substances. The colour due to propionate wi pass into amyl alcohol on shaking but that due to acetate remains in the low aqueous layer. You're Reading a Preview Red:
Unlock full access with a free trial.
Pentachlorophenol,Download phenazone, thiourea (after keeping the solid molten f With Free Trial ½ minute). Brown: o- and p-Aminophenol (in water). VIII p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
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Purple:
Ergot alkaloids including lysergide and dimethyltryptamine and i derivatives (including psilocybin). The colour appears on warming the paper i hot air.
Chlordiazepoxide. Heating (he paper in a closed dish on a boiling water-bath f 30 to 40 minutes is necessary to bring up the colour. Yellow:
Most compounds containing a primary aromatic amino-group, e. aminosalicylic acid, anileridine, aniline, procaine, and sulphanilamide, respond this test. Bromvaletone and carbromal. The colour develops overnight but is pale. Carbamates. Phenacetin. The colour develops on standing overnight. You're Reading a Preview Phenacemide. The colour develops on warming. Unlock full access with a free trial.
Sulthiame. The paper is dried in warm air and the background faded by dippin Download With Free Trial the paper in 2N ammonium hydroxide. Orange: Paracetamol. The colour forms on standing overnight. Red: Cannabis extracts. The material is warmed in a tube with 1 or 2drops Sign up to vote on this title ethanol and a few drops of a solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Useful Not useful sulphuric acid.
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Blue:
Phthalylsulphacetamide, sulphacetamide (pale blue), sulphaguanidin sulphanilamide, sulphaphenazole (greyish-blue). Green:
Phthalylsulphathiazole, succinylsulphathiazole (greyish-green sulphadimethoxine and sulphaquinoxaline (yellowish-green), sulphadimidin (turning to reddish-brown), sulphaethidole, sulphafurazole, sulphamerazin (turning dark brown), sulphamethizole, sulphamethoxazole, sulphamoprin (turning dull orange), sulphapyridine (turning brownish-green), sulphasomidin sulphormethoxine (pale green). Brown:
Sulphadiazine (turning purplish-brown), sulphamethoxydiazine (purplis brown), sulphamethoxypyridazine (greenish-brown), sulphasalazine (orang brown), sulphathiazole (purplish-brown), sulphasomizole. You're Reading a Preview IX a Unlock full access with a free trial.
Copper Sulphate---- with sodium hydroxide; Chen's test Download With Free Trial
To one drop of a 1% solution of the compound in 1% acetic acid add 1 drop of 1% copper sulphate solution followed by 1 drop of 2 N sodium hydroxide. This te can be carried out on the microscale but the technique is not very satisfactory.
Purple:
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Bamethan, clorprenaline, ephedrine, metanephrine, metaramino methylephedrine, normetanephrine, norpseudoephedrine, orciprenaline (changin
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Copper Sulphate---- with sodium nitrite; McNally's test
About 1 mg of the substance is dissolved in a few drops of acetone and 1 to 2 m of water is added. One or two drops of a 0.5% solution of copper sulphate in 10% acetic acid is added, followed by a pinch of solid sodium nitrite. The mixture shaken, heated gradually to boiling, and maintained at boiling for a few minutes.
Red: Aspirin and salicyclic acid.
Note. Other salicylates, such as salicyluric acid and salicylamide, give only yellowish-orange colour, which is not diagnostic. Aminosalicylic acid gives chocolate-brown precipitate. X
You're Reading a Preview Bromine and Ammonia---- Thalleioquin test Unlock full access with a free trial.
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...has disappeared and the solution is just tinted yellow, the mixture is exposed t ammonia vapour. The test can be carried out on the microscale (see p. 133). Sign up to vote on this title
Green:
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Hydroquinidine, hydroquinine, quinidine, quinine.
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This is a well-established presumptive test for barbiturates and structurally simil compounds. In essence it consists in mixing solutions of a cobalt salt (acetate nitrate) with a solution of the substance under test in the absence of water an then making the mixture alkaline without introducing water. The colour produce by a positive response is a deep violet-blue. With barbiturates the colour is fair persistent (i.e. it is retained for several minutes) but with certain other compoun it rapidly fades to a dirty slate-blue. The solvent medium used in this test usually anhydrous ethanol or methanol and the alkalinising agent may b ammonia vapour, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or even barium hydroxide.
Two methods have been found to be generally useful for rapid testing in a sma tube. (1) Ethanolic solutions of cobalt acetate or nitrate and the substance unde test are mixed and then shaken with a pellet of sodium hydroxide. The te produces better results when theReading cobalt solution is fairly weak and the barbitura You're a Preview is in slight excess. (2) To a pinch of the powdered substance, 1 ml of 0.2% coba Unlock full access with a free trial. acetate solution in methanol is added and, after agitation to dissolve the solid, ml of a 1% solution of lithium hydroxide in methanol is added. Download With Free Trial
Violet-blue:
Amylobarbitone and the other barbiturates (the colour persists for 5 to 1 minutes), bemegride (the colour persists for 1 to 2 minutes), glutethimide (th colour persists for a few minutes), phenytoin (the colour fades in 30 to 6 Sign up to vote on this title seconds), primidone (the colour is only transient).
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is then added until a persistent yellow colour appears. The appearance of yello crystals of iodoform on gentle heating indicates the presence of acetaldehyd acetone, or ethanol. A positive response is also given by ethyl methyl keton isopropanol, lactic acid, and a number of quinones, quinols, and m-dihydr phenols. XIII Paraformaldehyde---- Phosphoric Acid Test
A drop of 1% paraformaldehyde in 90% phosphoric acid is added to a sma crystal placed on a white tile. The test may also be carried out on the microsca and the reagent may be used to detect spots on paper chromatograms. The test very specific for solanidine and solanine.
Purple:
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Phenothiazines. Steel-blue:
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Solanidine, solanine. Grey: Deserpidine, yohimbine. Yellow: Colchicine, demecolcine. Orange:
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and pulling them out until the diameter at the thinnest point is about 0.1 cm. The are then broken at this point, and the ends ground flat (Fig. la, p. 136). When th narrow end of such a rod is allowed to touch the surface of a liquid, and the removed, it brings away a small drop adhering to the glass. This pendant dro (fig. Ib, p. 136) is known as a microdrop, and is (lie standard quantity used for a the microcrystal and microcolour tests which are described in this book. It has volume of about 0.1 md (Hawkins, 1959); a conventional drop (0.05 ml) will thu provide material for 500 different tests. It is imperative that the end of the should only touch the surface of the liquid and not penetrate it, as in the latter cas there may be several droplets of indefinite size adhering to the sides of the rod an none to its end.
Tests are carried out by transferring a microdrop of the test solution to a sma piece of opal glass and adding a microdrop of the appropriate reagent. The res left after evaporation of the drop may be almost invisible: it is therefore advisab to indicate the location of the first drop on the glass with a pencil mark. You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
Sulphuric Acid---- formaldehyde Test (Marquis Test). A microdrop of the te Download WithtoFree Trial to dryness, and a microdro solution is placed on the glass, allowed evaporate of Marquis reagent is added.
Ammonium Molybdate Test (Fröhde's Test). A microdrop of a 0.5% aqueou ammonium molybdate solution is added to a microdrop of the test solution and th residue after evaporation is moistened with sulphuric acid. Sign up to vote on this title
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Ammonium Vanadate Test (Mandolin's Test). A microdrop of a 0.5% aqueou
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Vitali's Test. A microdrop of the test solution is allowed to dry and a microdrop o fuming nitric acid is added. The colour (A) is noted; the drop is evaporated t dryness on a boiling water-bath and the colour (B) is noted; the residue moistened with freshly prepared ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution and th colour (C) is noted. The colours are recorded as A/B/C. It should he noted th many compounds give various shades of yellow, orange, and brown which are o little diagnostic value. OTHER TESTS
The following tests have been designated as micro tests in the monographs in Pa 2 but they may also be performed on the macro scale. They are described in th General Tests section---- p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde test (VIll, p. 130), ferr chloride test (VII, p. 129), paraformaldehyde-phosphoric acid test (XIII, p. 132 sulphuric acid test (I, p. 123), and thalleioquin test (X, p. 131). You're Reading a Preview Treatment of Bromides and Iodides Unlock full access with a free trial.
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The colours recorded in Part 2 for the microtests with sulphuric acid are tho obtained with the free base. In the case of a salt these may be modified by th nature of the acid radical present; bromides and iodides, for example, usually giv a green or blue colour with the ammonium molybdate test. In the case of compound extracted from biological material no difficulty will arise, as it will b extracted as the base, but care must be taken in applying colour tests directly pharmaceutical preparations. These may, of course, converted to thefree Sign upbe to vote on this title but it is often quicker to convert bromide oriodide nitrate, which gives Useful to Not useful same colour as the base. This may be done as follows. To 0.5 ml of a 1% solutio of the salt in dilute acetic acid add 1 drop of an 8% solution of silver nitrat
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sensitivity of a test refers to the smallest quantity of a substance that will give positive result in that test. This may be stated as the concentration of the solutio used or the actual weight of the test material present in a microdrop of such solution. Thus, if the most dilute solution to give a positive result is 1 in 1000, th sensitivity may be recorded as 1 in 1000 or as 0.1 mg. The former convention ha been adopted for Microcrystal Tests (p. 135) which are carri
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