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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
SUMARIO Conmutación con Transistores MOSFET
47
Circuito de Excitación
48
3
Circuito con MOSFET
50
Introducción
3
Otro Circuito de Excitación
51
La Fuente de Transferencia Combinada
4
Nuevo Circuito Excitador
51
El Modo Burst
7
Oscilogramas de del Dr Driver co con Se Señal Cu Cuadrada
53
Las Topologías para Fuentes Conmutadas
8
Fuen Fu ente te Co Come merc rcia iall pa para ra Am Ampl plif ific icad ador ores es de Au Audi dioo
55
Elección del Mosfet Llave de Potencia
9
Capítulo 1 Topologías de Fuentes Conmutadas Más Empleadas por lo l os Fabricantes
Mosfett Disponibles Mosfe Disponibles en el Mercado Latinoam Latinoamerica ericano no 13
Capítulo 3 El Servicio Técnico a las Fuentes Pulsadas de lo loss Equ Equip ipos os El Elec ecttró róni nico coss Mod Moder erno noss 59
Un Circuito más Definitivo
16
Introducción
59
Generador de Excitación
19
El Circuito de la Fuente
62
La Condición de Máxima de la Fuente
19
Funcionamiento de la Fuente
62
Circuito Excitador Simulado
23
Reparación de la Fuente
64
¿Quéé Pasa ¿Qu Pasa Cua Cuando ndo las dos Lla Llaves ves Est Están án Abi Abiert ertas? as?
25
La Reparación en Fotos
65
El Control de Tensión de una Fuente Pu Pulsada
66
Capítulo 2 Diseño de Una Fuente Pulsada para Equipos Electrónicos Modernos 27
Un Modulador de Múltiples Usos
71
El Transformador de Pulsos
27
Circuito Completo del Modulador
El Efecto Pelicular
28
con Oscilador con el Temporizador 555
73
Núcleos para Transformador Transformadores es
29
Construcción Pr Práctica de del Transformador
32
La Fuente Resonante
33
El Efecto Resonante Mecánico
33
Apéndice El Diagrama en Bloques de una Fuente Conmutada con Fly-Back
75
El Sistema Resonante Eléctrico
34
El Circuito del Rectificador
76
Circ Ci rcui uito to de Co Conm nmut utac ació iónn de de Sal Salid idaa de de la la Fue Fuent ntee
76
Elección de la Topología
10
El Transformador de Pulsos
11
El Generador de Onda Cuadrada con Llaves
Diseño Automático del Astable Básico con un Integrado 555
73
Controladas
37
El Arranque de la Fuente
77
La Tensión Sobre los Transistores Mosfet
40
El Oscilador
77
L R
78
l ió d l F
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Editorial Director Ing. Horacio D. Vallejo
Del Editor al Lector
Producción José María Nieves (Grupo (Grupo Quark SRL) Autor de este Tomo de Colección: Ingeniero Alberto H. Picerno Selección y Coordinación: Ing. Horacio Daniel Vallejo EDITORIAL QUARK S.R.L.
Propietaria de los derechos en castellano de la publicación mensual SABER ELECTRÓNICA - San Ricardo 2072 (1273) Capital Federal - Buenos Aires Aires - Argentina Argentina - T.E T.E.. 4301-8804 Administraciónn y Negocios Administració Teresa C. Jara (Grupo Quark SRL) Patricia Rivero Rivero Rivero Rivero (SISA SA de CV) Margarita Rivero Rivero Rivero (SISA SA de CV) Staff Liliana Teresa Vallejo Mariela Vallejo Diego Vallejo Fabian Nieves Luis Alberto Alberto Castro Castro Regalado (SISA SA de CV) José Luis Paredes Flores (SISA SA de CV)
Sistemas: Paula Mariana Vidal Red y Computadoras: Raúl Romero Video y Animaciones: Fernando Fernández Legales: Fernando Flores Contaduría: Fernando Ducach Técnica y Desarrollo de Prototipos: Alfredo Armando Flores Atención al Cliente Alejandro Vallejo
[email protected] ateclien@webelectr onica.com.ar Internet: www www.webelectronica.com .webelectronica.com.ar .ar
Existen distintos tipos de fuentes de alimentación pero, sin duda, las más empleadas son las pulsadas o conmutadas, debido a que son las que mejor rendimiento tienen y las que pueden funcionar con un amplio rango de tensiones de entrada sin que varíe significativamente las tensiones a su salida. Computadoras, equipos de audio, hornos de microondas, televisores, reproductores de bluray son sólo algunos de los equipos modernos que emplean fuentes conmutadas de distinto tipo. En este texto se estudia qué es una fuente conmutada y cuáles son las topologías o diseños que llevan a la creación de un circuito. También se describen los parámetros de diseño de una fuente típica comenzando con el componente más complejo, el transformador de pulsos, indicando dónde puede conseguirlo y cómo debe solicitarlo. Por último se enlistan algunos consejos útiles para el servicio técnico, mostramos técnicas para poder variar la tensión de la fuente y mostramos el funcionamiento de un circuito PWM. Destacamos la inclusión de un apéndice en el que se describe una fuente “típica” de las que puede encontrar en televisores a TRC ya que son equipos que seguirán llegando al taller y que, por lo tanto, todo técnico debe conocer. Esperamos que el material, tanto este texto como los CDs, sean de su agrado. ¡Hasta el mes próximo!
Publicidad: Rafael Morales
[email protected] Club SE: Grupo Quark SRL
[email protected] Editorial Quark SRL San Ricardo 2072 (1273) - Capital Federal www.webelectronica.com.mx www .webelectronica.com.mx
La Editorial no se responsabiliza por el contenido de las notas firmadas. Todos los productos o marcas que se mencionan son a los efectos de prestar un servicio al lector, y no en-
OBRE RE LOS CDS Y SU DESCARGA SOB
Ud, podrá descargar de nuestra web 2 CDs: “Curso de Fuentes de Alimentación” Alimentación” y “Servicio Técnico a las Fuentes de Alimentación” (con videos de fallas y soluciones). El primero incluye un curso con teoría y práctica sobre los distintos tipos de fuentes de alimentación y el segundo más de 20 videos téc-
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
Las fuentes pulsadas o conmutad conmutadas as se emplean en equipos electróni electrónicos cos desde hace más de 4 décadas y su objetivo es aumentar el rendimiento de la fuente de alimentación, logrando una buena estabilidad en las tensiones generadas para un amplio rango de ten siones de entrada. entrada. Computadoras, equipos de audio, hornos de microondas, televisores, reproductores de bluray son sólo algunos de los equipos modernos que emplean fuentes conmutadas de distinto tipo. En este capítulo vamos a ver básicamente qué es una fuente conmutada y cuáles son las topologías o diseños que llevan a la creación de un circuito.
Capítulo 1
TOPOLOGÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES INTRODUCCIÓN
un bruto transformador de 50 ó 60Hz con la clásica laminación E y I que muchas veces Abra cualquier equipo de electrónica con pesa 20 o 30 kg y que tiene una potencia de potencias consumidas de cualquier nivel, pérdida proporcional a su peso. Un verdadedesd de sdee 10W 10W ha hast staa 1kW 1kW y con con tens tensio ione ness de ro desperdicio de energía incompatible con salida desde 5 hasta 200V y se va a enc encontrar ontrar las épocas “verdes” que estamos viviendo. con una hermosa fuente pulsada clásica con su transformador de ferrite y sus filtros de La mayoría de los equipos tienen un conlínea para evitar la irradiación de interferen- sumo máximo y un mínimo que difieren cias y la captación de pulsos que podrían poco entre sí. quemar materiales de la fuente.
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
peor condición. La fuente tiene que adaptarse a este hecho, pero es una adaptación mínima fácil de lograr.
digamoss que de 60mW digamo 60mW a 60W que sign signifi ifica ca una variación de 1.000 veces del consumo de fuente.
Un equipo de audio analógico o digital tiene un consumo mínimo casi despreciable.
Es decir que nuestra fuente tiene que regular casi desde consumo nulo hasta 2A porque (30V . 2A) dan 60W, 60W, con una entrada de 180V 180V a 240V de CA (po (porr llave, llave, habr habría ía que que conver con vertir tir nuest nuestra ra fuente fuente de 220V 220V en una fuentee de 110V si queremos fuent queremos una fuente uniuniversal).
Por ejemplo la corriente de polarización del par de salida que se puede estimar en 20mA para un equipo equipo de 50W 50W por canal. canal. Un equipo de esta potencia con una bocina o parlante de 8 tiene una fuente que puede calcularse del siguiente modo:
P = E.I E.I = 50W 50W como: I = E/R 50W 50 W = E.E/ E.E/R R o sea: E2/R = 50W
De aquí se deduce que con un parlante de 8 Ohm será:
E2 = 50 50W W . 8 = 400V2 por lo tanto:
E = 20V Como se trata de una tensión eficaz, el valor de pico será de:
Vp = Vef x 1,41 = 20V x 1,41 = 28,2V Haciendo números redondos sería una
Hacer una Hacer una fuente fuente que que varíe varíe de de 30W a 60W y que entr entregu eguee 30V no es ning ningún ún propro blema, pero que regule entre circuito abierto (corriente (corri ente igual igual a cero) cero) y 60W ya no es tan tan fácil porque es una carga demasiado variable y la salida tiende a embalarse cuando la fuente está sin carga. Como esto es casi una imposición vamos a tratar de explicarlo con una simulación y a ver cómo lo podemos solucionar.
LA FUENTE DE TRANSFERENCIA COMBINADA No importa de qué fuente se trate, todas las fuentes pulsadas funcionan del mismo modo. Nosotros, para entender el problema, vamos a usar una fuente de transferencia combinada que es la más simple de entender entender,, aunque tiene el problema de que no es aisladora y por lo tanto no sirve para el proyecto final. En la figura 1 se puede observar el circuito básico, en donde se utiliza una llave controlada por tensión como elemento activo.
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
Figura 1 - Circuito de fuente de transferencia combinada.
No circula corriente por el diodo D1 porfijada por el generador de funciones, que genera una señal rectangular. El período de que el mismo está en inversa. En cuanto la actividad de la llave está ajustado a un valor llave se abre, la corriente por el inductor que bajo, de modo que la llave está cerrada poco estaba creciendo y generando una tensión tiempo (9%) y abierta el tiempo restante y su positiva en el inductor del lado del diodo, frecuencia de trabajo es de 50kHz es decir con respecto a una negativa del lado de la que cumple su ciclo en un período de carga, comienza a reducirse y genera una 1/50.000 = 20µS de los cuales está cerrada tensión inversa sobre el inductor que polariza al diodo en directa. Ahora el campo magunos 2µS y abierta los 18µS restantes. nético acumulado en el inductor hace circuCuando la llave se cierra aumenta la lar corriente por D1, L1 y la carga C1 y R1.
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
nuestro problema está en la enorme reducción de tensiones que requiere el circuito, que nos lleva a trabajar con tiempos de actividad pequeños aun a los valores nominales de corriente de carga. Reducir la carga por ejem ej empl plo o a 1A im impl plic icaa reducir el tiempo de actividad a la mitad es decir 1µS y a esos valores de tiempo de actividad las llaves comunes tienen bajo rendimiento, porque demoran en abrir y cerrar.. A niveles menores cerrar de carga ya no pueden cumplir con su función de abrir y cerrar porque
Figura 2 - Corriente de recuperación de la fuente.
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
no tienen tiempo para hacerlo. Y entonces la tensión de salida pierde la regulación, la llave demora en abrir y sube la tensión de salida a niveles peligrosos.
EL MODO BURST
Figura 4 - Excitación de modo burst para reducir la tensión de salida.
La solución al problema es el modo burst. La palabra burst se traduce cómo salva y consiste en una doble modulación de la señal de la llave. Cuando el tiempo de actividad no se puede reducir
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
más, se recurre a generar un grupo de pulsos un corte, otro grupo de pulsos, otro corte, etc. hasta que baje la tensión al valor deseado cuando se usa baja carga. En la figura 3 se puede observar el circuito modificado con dos generadores sumados para manejar la llave de este modo. El circuito funciona del mismo modo que el anterior, pero ahora los cierres de la llave se realizan con un trencito, de pulsos, que levantan la salida, un corte largo, otro trencito etc. logrando reducir la tensión de salida a pesar de que la llave dura cerrada un tiempo aceptablemente largo. En la figura 4 se puede observar un oscilograma de los pulsos de excitación junto con los pulsos de carga del inductor inductor.. Este modo es una solución, pero implica colocar capacitores más grandes como filtro de salida, porque ahora el ripple es el corres pondiente al período de apagado del burst que puede ser mucho mayor que el período de la oscilación principal. En la figura 5 se puede observar el ripple aún con un capacitor 10 veces mayor. Lo importante es partir y ya recorrimos el primer trecho de nuestra fuente pulsada para audio. Ya vimos la primer dificultad y dimos una idea de cómo salvarla. El diseño debe
Nos dá lastima porque son unos cuantos árboles perdidos mientras el equipo está en silencio, pero tal vez podamos hacer que el micro detecte que el equipo está en silencio por mucho tiempo y lo pase a stand by automáticamente.
LAS TOPOLOGÍAS PARA FUENTES CONMUTADAS No existe una topología que aventaje a las otras en cuanto trabajar en el modo burst. Todas son adecuadas; pero si existen topologías mas adecuadas para potencias altas que para potencias bajas. En principio nuestra intensión es trabajar si se puede con con 100W por canal y si no podemos con con 50W por canal canal aproxim aproximadame adamente. nte. Con estas potencias se pueden utilizar topologías de cualquier tipo con uno, dos o cuatro transistores. Cada una tiene sus ventajas y sus desventajas que no están de más aprender ya que las fuentes de alimentación pulsadas tienen una aplicación universal y todo lo que mencionemos sobre ellas será sumamente útil para cualquier proyecto. En primera instancia debemos decir que una fuente pulsada requiere una o más llaves
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
Figura 6 - Fuente de transferencia indirecta. indirecta.
Nos quedan el último grito de la moda en Estas fuentes poseen una fuente primaria no llaves digitales que son los GATOs; podemos regulada idéntica a la que vamos a utilizar considerarlos como una mezcla de transistor nosotros que es la de 220V rectificada con un un bipolar y MOSFET que presentan las venta- puente de rectificadores y un capacitor elec jas de los transistores bipolares, con referen- trolítico de unos 330µF x 450V. cia a su tensión colector emisor, sin los proEsta tensión tensión es de 310V 310V y nuestra nuestra fuente blemas de excitación que ellos poseen porla debe convertir en un valor cercano a los que se excitan por compuerta. El problema 30V. Este valor no interesa demasiado pores que los GATOs son aun muy nuevos y no que se varía con la relación de espiras del se consigue gran variedad de ellos. transformador. Pero lo que si interesa es la Al elegir entre Bipolares y MOSFET tensión de primario. priva el problema del costo y la facilidad de En efecto de acuerdo a la topología elegiexcitación por lo cual la decisión mas lógica da el MOSFET MOSFET debe admitir por lo menos el es utilizar MOSFET de los cuales cuales luego readoble de la tensión no regulada y un cierto
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Figura 7 - Corriente por una inductancia inductancia..
ELECCIÓN DE LA TOPOLOGÍA
taremos un inductor con 310 veces mas inductancia es decir del orden de los 5.1µHy multiplicado por 310 nos dá 1,5mHy. Esta A nuest nuestros ros efectos efectos podemos podemos ordena ordenarr las topologías de acuerdo a la cantidad de llaves inductancia no será realmente un inductor, utilizadas como de llave simple, en semi- sino la inductancia del primario del transfor puente y en puente completo. Dibujemos Dibujemos pri- mador de pulsos. Nuestro transformador mero la topología aisladora de llave simple deberá ser reductor de modo que cuando tenga ga apli aplicad cados os los los 310V 310V ent entreg regue ue 31V 31V de (también conocida como de transferencia ten pico positivo en su secundario.
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
Figura 8 - Oscilograma de tensión y corriente sobre la llave J1.
circuito tiene tres tiempos claramente definidos. El primero es el de acumulación de energía magnética en el núcleo. El segundo es de recuperación de la energía magnética en el núcleo, y el tercero es el tiempo de espera hasta que se vuelva a cerrar la llave. La red RC sobre D1 es para lentificarlo un
(0,97%). Por supuesto el Multisim no tiene en cuenta las perdidas en el ferrite del núcleo que considera ideal. En la figura 8 se puede observar la forma de señal de tensión y de corriente sobre la llave. Como podemos observar el tiempo 3 prácticamente no existe y eso es lo que gene-
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Y el tamaño tamaño del del transform transformador ador depende depende fuertemente de la inductancia de primario y ya aprendimos que la misma depende de la frecuencia de trabajo y la tensión de fuente. Por lo tanto debemos elegir a priori una frecuencia de trabajo que no sea muy alta para que los MOSFE MOSFET T no tengan tengan que ser de muy muy alta velocidad pero que no sea tan baja que agrande el transformador transformador.. En principio una frecuencia de 80kHz puede ser adecuada. Luego analizaremos topologías que reducen la tensión de trabajo (tensión del puente) para usar inductancias menores. Pero hay algo muy importante que merece una atención especial y es la composición del núcleo con o sin entrehierro. Expliquemos lo que es el entrehierro. Un núcleo de ferrite tiene una curva B/H determinada. A medida que aumenta H la curva se va haciendo cada vez más horizontal hasta
Figura 9 - Curva B/H de un núcleo de ferrite.
que llega al punto de saturación donde el núcleo tiene la misma permeabilidad que el aire. En la figura 9 se puede observar un ejemplo. Por supuesto que en nuestro diseño tenemos que trabajar por debajo del punto de saturación, que depende la cantidad de espiras del primario y de la corriente que circula por ellas; en una palabra del campo magnéti-
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
co donde se encuentra encuentra sumergido sumergido el núcleo. Precisamente el núcleo aumenta la permeabilidad del aire en un factor llamado permeabilidad oº. Como resulta lógico la misma curva se continúa hacia el cuadrante negativo y tiene una curva inversa en ese cuadrante. Como consecuencia de esto es evidente que nuestro núcleo debe estar sometido en lo posible a una CA. Ya que la componente continua, si la hubiera, desplazaría el punto de trabajo hacia un cuadrante o el otro y reduciría la parte activa de la curva.
una topología de circuito que genere un campo alternado en el núcleo. Seguramente Ud. se estará preguntando como vamos a aplicar una tensión inversa al primario si solo tenemos una tensión positiva de 310V. Note que dijimos un campo magnético alternado sobre el núcleo y no una tensión alternada sobre el primario. primario. Y eso se logra logra con simple topología. Pero antes de analizar la topología vamos a analizar analizar los MOSFET MOSFET que tenemos tenemos disponibles en el mercado.
Si Ud. desarma un fly-back seguramente encontrara que las dos “C” que forman el MOSFET DISPONIBLES núcleo están separadas por un cartón o una EN EL MERCADO LATINOAMERICANO lamina de plástico. Esto se debe a que en el circuito de salida horizontal circula una com ponente continua sobre el primario y sin ese En nuestro mercado los diseños se deben entrehierro el núcleo se saturaría. Colocar acomodar a los componentes de reemplazos esa lámina reduce la permeabilidad aunque para la reparación de TVs; en caso contrario evita la saturación y eso incrementa el tama- hay que realizar complejas operaciones de ño del núcleo. núcleo. Ahora el tema es saber si el compra en el exterior. circuito que utilizamos hace circular corrien-
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Sin embargo podríamos utilizar alguna topología de dos transistores que nos va a resultar muy útil para varias cosas. La primera es distribuir la potencia sobre dos llaves en lugar de una y la siguiente es bajar la tensión aplicada a la mitad. Esto hace que el 6N60-A resulte perfectamente apto para nuestra fuente. Pero aun quedan parámetros por analizar analizar.. Lo primero es saber si el transistor podrá trabajar a 80kHz y para eso debemos adentrarnos en la descripción del mismo que aparece en su dataste (especificación). Sus fabricantes dicen: el 6N60 es una MOSFET de canal canal N de 6,2A 6,2A y 60 600/ 0/65 650V 0V di dise seña ñado do para obte obtener ner una alta velocidad de conmuta-
de transferencia (valores típicos para Crss son de 10pF). 4) Energía de avalancha testeada. 5) Soporta una elevada variación dV/dT. 6) Capacitancia de entrada 700 a 1000pF. Con referencia a sus características térmicas es poco lo que podemos decir práctica-
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
mente en el comienzo de nuestro proyecto, pero se pueden hacer algunas consideraciones groseras. El rendimiento de una fuente pulsada a máxima potencia, puede estimarse en un 85%. Si buscamos construir una fuente de 200W 200 W sig signif nifica ica que que la potenc potencia ia disip disipada ada sobre todo en las llaves es del 15% de la potencia máxima es decir 30W. 30W. Si se usa una topología de dos MOSFET se disiparían 15W por MOSFET. MOSFET. La especiespecificación indica que la resistencia térmica con temperatura controlada de carcaza (disipador infinito) infin ito) es de 2 ºC/W ºC/W lo que signif significa ica que la juntura sobreelevaría temperatura de
trabajo se toma en 40ºC significa que con un disipador infinito la juntura llegaría a 55ºC lo que significa que se puede resolver el proyecto con un disipador aceptablemente pequeño. Con referencia referencia al MOSFET MOSFET K3264 podepodemos indicar que sería también perfectamente apto y un reemplazo de mejores características que el 6N60 con referencia tanto a tensión como a corriente y con buenas características de velocidad. Lo mismo podemos decir del K1507 de los que presentamos sus características principales en las figuras 11 y 12. Nuestra preferencia por el 6N60 se basan
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
el, tal como lo observamos en la figura 15. En realidad el circuito primario tiene que estar pre parado para las dos tensiones de red usadas en America y Europa, para que la fuente sea una solución integral para todos los lugares del mundo. En la figura 16 se observa el circuito con una llave (en 110V) que permite pasar de una tensión a otra con una resistencia equivalente a una carga de
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Por razones de espacio vamos a dejar esta hacer una prueba. Ahora llega el momento de probar el circuito con los parámetros reales experiencia para la próxima entrega en de consumo para ver si la salida positiva y donde dibujaremos el circuito completo y negativa se mantiene en valores complemen- posiblemente agreguemos un par de diodos tarios. Es decir que debemos variar R1 y R2 auxiliares más si fuera necesario, ya que que ahora están están disipando disipando 30W cada uno (es observamos varios circuitos comerciales que decir 60W) por valores que permitan disipar tienen dos diodos por cada extremo del por lo menos 120W con un tiempo de activi- secundario. dad del 40% y luego reducir esa carga al 10% De esta manera tenemos ya un circuito de su valor original y ver en cuanto debe casi definitivo del sistema de llaves. quedar el tiempo de actividad.
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
Demostramos el problema de la circulación de corriente continua por el transformador y lo resolvimos con el uso de una fuente partida en el medio, usando dos electrolíticos en serie (de cualquier modo esa es una solución aceptable porque por razones de circulación de corrientes se requieren capacitores de elevado tamaño, llamados de alto ripple o dos de tamaño normal). Vamos ahora a realizar las simulaciones propuestas y ver el problema del núcleo a utilizar, con sus dimensiones y características. Este es un problema complejo para América que siempre esta muy mal surtida de materiales especiales.
ce no puede hacerlo en cualquier momento, debe generar una señal de excitación simétrica para no deformar la señal de los secundarios. Esto complica el generador de modo que hay que utilizar dos comparadores para resolverlo aun sin emplear más que las llaves controladas por tensión del Multisim. Nuestro primer paso va a ser resolver el funcionamiento al máximo tiempo de actividad (50%) y posteriormente resolver el excitador para que regule a 32V.
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
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OPOLOGÍAS GÍAS DE FUENTES CONMUTADAS MÁS EMPLEADAS POR LOS FABRICANTES TOPOLO
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DISEÑO DE UNA FUENTE PULSADA PARA EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
en una mezcla de componentes discretos monocrista mono cristalinos, linos, con MOSFET MOSFET de potencia potencia y capacitores electrolíticos clásicos. El equipo que nos ocupa es un LG mini sistem modelo MCT704 con lector de CD y DVD de audio, sintonizador de AM-FM, entrada USB, entrada auxiliar cassete y todo lo que se le ocurra para poder guardar o recepcionar música. En cuanto a la salida posee una salida estereofón ester eofónica ica de unos unos 300W (150 +150) +150) y otra salida de Sub Woofer monofónica de 300W. Los bafles estereofónicos son de 8 Ohm y el Sub Woofer de 12 Ohm. Estos son valores reales medidos con carga resistiva y osciloscopio sobre cada salida. Es decir que en total el equipo tiene una potencia de 600W (el fabricant fabricantee dice 730W) aunque aunque en realidad la potencia total difícilmente llegue a esos valores en forma continua porque debería darse el caso que ambos canales estereofónicos estén a plena salida y al mismo tiempo se tenga al Sub Woofer a plena salida también.
EL CIR IRCU CUIT ITO O DE LA FUENTE Vamos a comenzar analizando la fuente del equipo que fue la razón por la cual fue entregado para su reparación, aunque el técnico nos dijo que solo funcionaba un canal estereofónico, ya que el otro tenía quemado un MOSFET MOSFET de potencia. Esa reparación reparación la encararía él mismo. Para que el circuito de fuente sea legible
mismos para que pueda ser seguido con facilidad. Por suerte el fabricante dividió el circuito como zona caliente y zona fría con lo cual nos facilitó y ordenó la tarea. Los conectores CN1 CN2 y CN3 se amplían en la figura 2 para facilitar su lectura. Si bien cada conector parece estar alimentado por un único circuito integrado en realidad no es así. El STR superior genera la tensión tensió n de +65V y el STR central central genera genera la tensión tensió n de -65V amba ambass tensiones tensiones salen salen por el conector superior CN903. Desde este conector se alimenta el amplificador estereofónico y el amplificador de bajos. Cada integrado alimenta además otras fuentes para evitar que en los silencios el STR se quede sin consumo.
FUN UNCI CION ONAM AMIE IENT NTO O DE LA FUENTE Nuestro colega nos dijo que el equipo equipo no funcionaba, porque no aparecían las tensiones de +65V +65V y -65V desti destinada nada a los amplifiamplificadores de potencia PWM y no encendía el display.. En la figura 2 se puede observar un display detalle de las tensiones de fuente que vamos a analizar en forma completa. Un buen diseño mantiene desconectadas las fuentes de los amplificadores de potencia, cuando el equipo está en Stand By By.. Esto significa que pueden existir existir integrados que se mantengan apagados hasta que aparezca la señal de ON pulsando en el frente, o en el control remoto del equipo.
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
El cátodo del diodo LED de PC904 está conectado a la masa fría y el ánodo con un resistor limitador de corriente de 2k (R970) va a la pata 2 del conector CN902 que tiene una señal provenie prov eniente nte del microprocesador llamada ma da AM AMP P CT CTR R es es Figura 2 - Detalle de los conectores de la decir “control de los fuente conmutada. amplificadores” po a la red debe arrancar un sector de la fuente destinado a alimentar al microprocesador que será el que genere la señal ON/Stand By. Este sector del circuito debe generar gener ar 5V o 3,3V 3,3V con destino destino al micro micro y al receptor infrarrojo.
Al conectarlo a la red nuestro equipo no tiene ninguna tensión de fuente sobre ningún conector salvo la pata 6 del conector CN902 llamada llamada U-COM de 5,6V destinada al microprocesador y que es justamente la tensión que regula el sistema voltimétrico del amplificador de error, de la fuente inferior conectada al optoaco plador PC903.
Precisamente en el conector CN903 se pueden encontrar las tensiones correspondientes pero todas están controladas por Por lo tanto deducimos que la fuente perdiferentes señales, seguramente el circuito manente funciona correctamente y el micro integrado arranca directamente cuando se debería entregar entregar la señal AMP CTR cuando conecta el equipo a la red y por lo menos pulsamos ON en el frente. La medimos y en una de la tensiones (en general la regulada) efecto obtenemos obtenemos una tensión de 1,5V sobre sale por un conector. En nuestro caso se el LED del optoacoplador al pulsar ON y trata del conector . cero cuando se lo vuelve a pulsar (Stand By). Ahora todo consiste en ubicar la señal de ON/Stand by para confirmar todo esto. El transistor Q901 (llave de encendido de Como la señal proviene de la sección fría (el los dos STR superiores) está conectada a microprocesador) debe ser acoplada a la una fuente permanente del lado caliente forsección caliente con un optoacoplador optoacoplador.. En el mada, por el rectificador D943 y C947 que circuito vemos 4 optoacopladores y tres cir- generan 12V. Observe que a esta tensión cuitos integrados reguladores pulsados. Tres están conectados tanto el colector del tranoptoacopladores van conectados a los cir- sistor del optoacoplador como el colector
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
de fuente (4) de los STR haciendo que los mismos arranquen y generen las tensiones de los conectores CN901 y CN902. En nuestro caso esto no ocurría.
R EPAR E PARAC ACIÓ IÓN N DE LA FUENTE
hay bobinado interno. El primario está abierto porque se construye en dos secciones, una por debajo del secundario y otra por arriba. Y todo el bobinado inferior se refiere solo a la masa virtual (pata 3 del STR). Antes que realizar cualquier tipo de análisis es conveniente medir los resistores sensores de corriente porque los mismos suelen operar de fusible cuando la llave de potencia del STR se pone en cortocircuito. R938 y R937 estaban abiertos y el STR tenía un cortocircuito entre las patas 1 y 3.
A los STR no les llegaba llegaba nunca la tensión de fuente. Por lo tanto debíamos verificar si la misma se generaba. En efecto, sobre C947 había había una una tensión tensión de 12V apena apenass se Cambiamos los componentes teniendo la conectaba el equipo a la red. Ya verificamos que el LED del optoacoplador PC904 se precaución de comprar resistores no inducencendía, así que el problema tenía que ser tivos y se recuperaron todas las tensiones de un cortocircuito en la fuente de uno de los fuente. STR o el transistor abierto. Como las fuenPensando en como se sucedieron los tes de los STR presentaban una resistencia hechos creemos que todo comenzó cuando alta desoldamos el transistor lo medimos y se quemó el amplificador PWM de salida. estaba abierta la juntura de colector. Nuestro cliente, trabajando en el mismo, Al reemplazarlo apareció la tensión debe haber realizado un cortocircuito que negativa en el conector CN901 y además derivó en un exceso de consumo. En conseencendió el colorido display termoiónico cuencia se quemó la llave electrónica del porque las patas 10, 11 y 12 de CN902 están STR positivo y eso provocó que se quemadestinadas a él. Pero siguió sin aparecer la ran los resistores sensores y el transistor tensión positiva para los amplificadores de llave que controlaba a los dos STR. El efecto dominó que le dicen. potencia. Al observar el circuito vemos que los bobinados de primario de los tres transformadores son una obra maestra del error. En efecto parece que como el dibujante no tenía el conexionado interno de los transformadores conectó todas las patas del primario entre sí. Por ejemplo la pata 2 tiene un cortocircuito a la 3 y los bobinados de realimentación y auto fuente, están referidos a masa pero también a fuente, realizando un
En conclusión, si Ud. recibe un equipo de éstos que no tiene tensión negativa y positiva debe retirar la plaqueta fuente del equipo y cargar las salidas de fuente de potencia con resistores. No hace falta que haga un consumo máximo, con consumir consumir 1A alcanza para pro bar el funcionamiento, así que puede usar resistores resist ores de 68 Ohms 100W sobre los -65V -65V y sobre los +65V +65V.. La salida de de 5V por la
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
perman ente. Luego verifi permanente. verifique que que sigan bajas las las salidas de potencia potencia y entonces verifique todo el sistema de control del encendido a través del optoacoplador PC904. Luego de reparado el control si falta alguna de las tensiones dispóngase a reparar la fuente correspondiente que tiene muy pocos com ponentes externos además de los híbridos.
LA R EPARA EPARACIÓ CIÓN N EN FOTOS En la figura 3 se puede observar una infografía con los componentes principales de la fuente de alimentación y el amplificador de potencia estereofónica. Para poder observar el amplificador principal sacamos el amplificador de bajos que se encuentra exactamente arriba atornillado al disipador con ventilación forzada. En la figura 4 se puede observar el detalle del circuito integrado de fuente dañado. Al ser igual al amplificador de tensión negativa se impone la medición de la resistencia a masa de todos los terminales por comparación directa.
Figura 3 - Vista de la fuente y el amplificador amplificador estereofónico. estereofónico.
En la figura 5 se puede observar el transistor llave que controla el encendido de las fuentes negativa y positiva de 65V. De este modo terminamos con una explica-
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
requiere saber para qué sirven todos y cada uno de los componentes del circuito, si se trabaja con criterio y conocimientos generales del tema. Extrañamente observamos que una fuente de características tan extremas no posee preacondicionador para reduci reducirr el cosen coseno o del consumo. Seguramente el cliente podrá tener problemas con su compañía distri buidora de energía eléctrica o una buena multa que incremente el valor de kW/hora que le cobran. Otras fuentes de equipos similares son más complicadas pero obvian este problema.
Figura 5 - Transistor llave Q901 abierto.
por una única razón. razón. Competir Competir en precio con los clásicos amplificadores analógicos con Si uno no sabe cómo funciona una fuen- fuente a transformador laminado. Nos anite con un STR, es mejor que primero se mamos a decir que nuestro proyecto com ponga al tanto del tema antes de meter pleto de amplificador PWM y fuente pulsamanos en la fuente. En principio, es posible da tiene un precio diez veces menor que un que gane tiempo y seguramente, se va a evi- proyecto clásico, pesa cinco veces menos y tar problemas en caso de fallas accidentales. rinde el doble. No trabaje nunca por el método de cambiar Y tiene una ventaja ventaja inherent inherentee sumamensumameny probar porque casi todos los componentes de esta fuente son especiales y SMD. Deje te importante. Es simple, fácil de armar, de usar las manos y use el cerebro antes que fácil de reparar (porque no tiene realimenta-
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
STR que vimos en la entrega anterior. Nosotro Nos otross est estamos amos por lo tanto en el buen camin camino o porque elegimos una resonante. De la fuente resonante tenemos resuelto el circuito resonante primario y los circuitos secundarios con sus rectificadores. En esta entrega le sumamos el circuito modulador asimétrico PWM realizado con dos com puertas comparadoras rápidas y los dos excitadores a transformador separador, con relación 1:1 y las dos llaves MOSF SFE ET con lo loss transistores más económicos que se consiguen en cualquier comercio de electrónica.
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Figura 7 - Oscilograma de entrada y salida del comparador superior.
En la figura 7 se pueden observar los desde el modulador hasta los secundarios. El circuito presentado, que se muestra en la oscilogramas en las cuatro entradas de los figura 6, es totalmente funcional es decir comparadores de alta velocidad que explica que nosotros realizamos una simulación que por sí mismo el funcionamiento de la etapa. funcionó correctamente (aunque después de Nuestro generador de señales es del tipo realizar una corrección automática de pará balanceado, lo que se puede observar en los metros de simulación) porque inicialmente oscilogramas verde y azul. indicó un error de simulación. Como esta corrección automática la realiza sólo el El punto de recorte establecido por la Multisim 10, los que poseen el 9 no podrán tensión continua de ajuste, corta exactamensimular el circuito. El archivo de simulación te un poco por arriba del cruce de las ondas
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
conectadas a la masa viva. El osciloscopio XSC2 se conecta en el secundario del driver y en el gate del MOSFET con las entradas de masa conectadas al nodo 35, que es la unión de los MOSFET. En el mundo real no se puede hacer esta conexión debido a la capacidad entre el gabinete del osciloscopio y la red de CA. En la figura 9 se observan los oscilogramas. Figura 8 - Conexión de los osciloscopios en el circuito driver.
base de Q5. En la figura 8 se pueden observar las tensiones del driver hasta el secundario de los transformadores. El osciloscopio XSC1 se conecta con el haz rojo en la base del preamplificador Q5 y el verde en el nodo 7 que es la unión de las bases del par complementario. Las masas de los dos canales quedan
A la iz izqu quie ierd rdaa se se observa en rojo la tensión de base de Q5 que varía desde el valor de saturación saturación de unos 800mV 800mV hasta el valor valor de corte de unos 600mV. Arriba en verde se puede observar la tensión de colector de Q5 que varia prácticamente desde cero hasta 12V. A la derecha se observa en azul la tensión del secundario del transformador y en viole-
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Figura 10 - Oscilograma de primario y capacitor de resonancia.
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
ra 10. Como se puede observar, la oscilación en el primario genera una tensión de pico de 1366V cuando el circuito es excitado por una una señal cuadr cuadrada ada de 309V pico a pico. Esta energía se transfiere transfiere al secundario generando las señales indicadas en la figura 11. Mire también que la señal en los secundarios no es exactamente senoidal, pero tenga en cuenta que la pequeña distorsión producida no genera mayores problemas, por lo cual, desde el punto de vista práctico se puede considerar que se trata de una señal senoidal pura. Ya tenemos un sistema que genera la tensión deseada a la corriente deseada y sólo nos falta diseñar los órganos de control del sistema para que el mismo funcione en forma automática. Recuerde que nuestro oscilador de onda triangular debe ser de frecuencia variable controlado por tensión. Debemos por últi-
gas y determinar la modificación requerida de la frecuencia para lograr el ajuste.
UN MOD ODUL ULAD ADOR OR DE MÚLTIPLES USOS Todo modulador PWM requiere un generador de onda triangular de frecuencia fija. Si se trata de un sistema resonante, la tensión continua de salida debe modificar la frecuencia del generador de onda triangular en un lazo realimentado de tensión. En realidad se puede utilizar también un sistema de variación de tiempo de actividad o ambos al mismo tiempo. Si el sistema posee dos transistores llave tirando hacia fuente y hacia masa (ese es nuestro caso) se requiere un circuito driver para cada llave y el generador de señal PWM será en ese caso de simetría comple-
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
que tenga control de frecuencia por CC como por ejemplo el 555 en su versión modificada del astable con dos diodos, que es uno de los circuitos integrados mas económicos de la actualidad. Si se tratara de un oscilador asta ble bási básico co el Multisim lo diseña en forma automática, pero la versión astable básica no puede generar onda cuadrada (no llega a mas de un 45%
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS DISEÑO AUT UTOMÁ OMÁTIC TICO O DEL ASTABLE BÁSICO CON UN INTEGRADO 555
cula todo el circuito, hasta que queda ofrecido para pegar en la pantalla.
Luego de pegarlo se deben redondear los valores y completar el mismo con el agregaAbra el Multisim, entre en la solapa do del preset de ajuste de frecuencia sobre Tools -> circuits wizard -> 555 time t ime wizard Cf. El cálculo da solo valores aproximados, y aparecerá una pantalla de diseño como la por lo que es necesario armar el circuito y indicada en la figura 12. ajustar los valores de R1, R2 y C por expeR1 y R2 son los resistores de carga y des- riencia real. carga del capacitor principal C. Estos valoTambién por experiencia real, observares dependen del valor de frecuencia y del mos que el hecho de que trabajar con un valor de C que deben colocarse en los periodo de actividad de 55 o 60% no afecta correspondientes casilleros. Luego el botón el funcionamiento del circuito, por lo que no “Building Circuit” se ilumina como indies necesario utilizar el circuito modificado cando que las condiciones para un posible con diodos. diseño están dadas. En caso contrario se indica debajo del circuito cual de las condiciones no se cum ple (por lo general R1 y R2 son menores a lo estipulado que es de k). Si este es el caso se debe variar el valor de C por uno mas bajo). Automáticamente el botón de Build circuit se ilumina y al apretarlo se cal-
CIRCUITO COMPLETO DEL MODULADOR CON
OSCILADOR CON EL TEMPORIZADOR 555
Para que el lector no tenga inconvenien-
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
CON (5). POSIBLE VARIACIÓN DE 25% DE F. POWER: POW ER: VCC (8). COLOCAR ZENER DE 18V. OUTPUT OUT PUT:: OUT (9) El preset R4 se coloca para ajustar la frecuencia del oscilador en el valor deseado de 85kHz. C2 es el capacitor generador del diente de sierra del oscilador y R1 y R2 sus resistores de car ga ga y descarga. El capacitor C2 evita que se introduzcan ruidos y zumbidos en el oscilador. La salida por out es una Figura 15 - Oscilograma de las señales señales driver. driver. señal rectangular de igual tensión que la fuente, de amplitud pico a pico, que se atenúa en R7 y lado y la R12 y C4 por otro son las redes R3 para aplicarla en el primer transistor integradoras donde se generan los dientes inversor Q1. En el colector de Q1 la señal de sierra diferenciales. sale invertida con una amplitud de 20V
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS
Apéndice EL DIA IAGR GRAM AMA A EN BLO LOQ QUE UES S DE UN UNA A FUENTE CONM ONMUT UTADA ADA CON FLY-BACK En la figura 1 vemos el diagrama en bloques de este tipo de fuente que se caracteriza por la presencia de un transformador del tipo flyback, lo que indica la necesidad de usar una frecuencia elevada para su funcionamiento, prescindiendo de la frecuencia baja de 50 o 60Hz, típica de las fuentes de
túa por medio del resistor R11. El resistor R21 suministra la tensión inicial de arranque a la pata 9 de IC11. Un regulador interno suministra la tensión +B que necesita IC11. Un oscilador y modulador interno del tipo PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) suministra la señal a un circuito de excitación proporcional de drive. La forma de onda resultante es aplicada a un circuito interno de drive. La señal de drive sale por las patas 4 y 5 de IC11 y es aplicada a la etapa final por medio de la pata 3. El circuito de salida excita el transformador flyback T11 por la pata 1. Una tensión derivada del secundario B es rectificada por el diodo D21 y reem plaza la tensión de arranque aplicada a la
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
Figura 2 - El circuito rectificador.
El Circuito del Rectificador En la figura 2 vemos el circuito del rectificador. El fusible F1 de 1,6 amperes prote-
nua rectificada y suministrada al regulador conmutado.
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS El Arranque de la Fuente Inicialmente, cuando se enciende el equipo, la tensión de +B es suministrada a la pata 9 de IC11 IC11 por medio de los resistores R21 y R24. La tensión de +B forma una rampa en la pata 9 a medida que el capacitor C21 se carga. Tan pronto la tensión llega a 7,6 volt, el circuito de arranque en el IC11 se activa y suministra tensión al regulador interno. El regulador interno aplica
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Fuentes Pulsadas en Equipos Electrónicos Modernos
transformador usando dos comparadores internos. Los comparadores Op1 y Op2 son referenciados por 0,75 volt y 1,4 volt, res pectivamente.
La Regulación de la Fuente Esta fuente de alimentación usa la modulación por ancho de pulso para obtener una tensión de salida constante. Al acortar
Figura 5 - Circuito del oscilador y regulación.
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EL SERVICIO TÉCNICO A LAS FUENTES PULSADAS DE LOS EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS MODERNOS Circuitos de Protección En el procesador IC11 se encuentra incorporado un circuito cerrojo, como vemos en la figura 6. Este cerrojo permite detener el funcionamiento de la fuente de alimentación en caso de suceder defectos. Un sensor de corte térmico activa la com puerta OR, OR1 si la temperatura del integrado excede el límite prefijado de 150°C. Esto activa el cerrojo que a su vez bloquea el oscilador y detiene la fuente. La tensión de +B aplicada a la pata 9 de IC11 IC1 1 es monitoreada por un protector de sobr so bret eten ensi sión ón (OV (OVP P = Over Over Vol olta tage ge Protector). Si el +B alcanza el nivel indese-
Cuando el apagado ocurre, el cerrojo permanece bloqueado hasta que la tensión desaparece o la corriente a través del cerro jo se reduce a menos de 500µA.
Las Fuentes del Secundario de T11 La tensión de las fuentes derivadas del secundario del transformador T11 puede variar debido a las variaciones en la fuente de 6 volt que se usa como realimentación para la regulación. Por este motivo, es importante que cada una de estas fuentes de tensión sea regulada en forma individual. Los 12 volts que salen de la pata 17 de T11
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importante que este nivel se mantenga en concordancia con el nivel de +9 volt. Cuando la tensión de 9 volt sube o baja, la tensión de -9 volt tam bién debe subir o bajar
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