Climatology

 JIND ROAD, ROHTAK  ROHTAK 

ASSIGNMENT-1

“CLIMATOLOGY” Submitted To: -

Submitted By:-

Ms. Tyagi

Savita Malik Semester:-3rd B. Arch. 2009-2014

Date:-13th Oct’2010

1) Discuss the the importance importance of climatology climatology for architect and and planners.. Illustrate with suitable example. planners 1 Climatology

Climate:- it is the name for the general conditions of temperature and precipitation for an area over  a long period of time. Climatology:- It is the study of climate of climate,, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over  a period of time of time,, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. When human beings chose a particular as his dwelling place since many generations before, he  began construct constructing ing it. Then Then he encountered encountered with with various various climates, climates, therefore therefore he tried tried to struggl strugglee with environmental conditions, and create suitable internal spaces, and initiated different constructing methods to adapt to the environment.

Because of different climates, there are different building systems. There are also valuable experiences in the field of designing, building and choosing of  materials for traditional buildings, aimed at struggling with environment conditions. According to the architectural forms and structures in different areas, it seems that the variable characteristics of different climates have played an important role on creation of the cities and also the architectural formation of these areas. Therefore, the exact distinction of climate districts and also acquiring the climate characteristics in different areas has very important role in suitable designing. Before designing a building an architect must know the geographical condition of that area, which also includes the climatic condition, in order to allow environmentally compatible buildings with high user comfort combined with low investment and operating costs and high functionality. Climatology supports the architect in achieving a comfortable building climate together with an energy-saving structural design. 

The primary emphasis is on providing maximum protection against external factors by means of passive measures concerning the building construction.

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Another essential aspect is the use of natural resources, such as natural light, natural ventilation and solar heating.

Let’s take an example of the dwelling under various climates:-

The Sun Due to the high rainfall in hilly areas, the roofs are made with high slope. The slope level with west-East direction gets lighter in summer in comparison with winter. Surfaces with the slope toward south get more sun radiation in winter. In autumn and spring, the south slope surfaces get 20% or more than the east and west slope surfaces. Surfaces with the slope towards north receive the less sun radiation during the year.

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Wind  The way way of blowing blowing of the wind in an area area is an importan importantt parameter parameter for determining the building’s direction. In costal areas, a sea and earth breeze blows. Their direction during the day is from the sea towards the beach and during the night. Natural ventilation, with no except, is used in all the buildings of this area14. In general, all the buildings have expanded and open plans and all of them have long and narrow geometric plans. For the main use of the wind blowing to create natural ventilation, rooms are located in the buildings due to the blowing of the wind. In the areas with high blow of the wind, all parts of the building towards the wind are completely closed. Because of using the best of wind blowing and because of great water sources and availability of water, the buildings are located non-concentrated and with big distances.

Rainfall Because of high rainfall in these areas, the roofs are made with slope and mostly with high slopes affecting the form of the buildings to keep the rooms safe from the rain, the extended - balconies are made around the rooms.  These spaces spaces are used used for for working, working, restin resting g and somet sometimes imes for storing. storing.

Humidity In high humidity beaches and the borders near the sea, the buildings are made on the wooden pedestals to prevent the penetration of humidity hu midity inside the building but on the slopes of the mountains, with less humidity, houses are built on the stone, soil

Choosing the materials As the link between the building and its external environment, the façade is highly significant for  the design of the building. It plays a decisive role with regard to energy flow and other interaction  between  between the interior interior and exterior exterior of of the building. building. Climatol Climatology ogy helps in in selection selection of material material for for the  building of the particul particular ar region. region.

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2) Exp Explain lain the eleme elements nts of climate. climate. The various elements of the climate are as under:1. Air Air tem tempera peratture ure 2. Rela Relati tive ve humi humidi dity ty 3. Vapor apor pres pressu sure re 4. Prec Precip ipit itat atio ion n 5. Sky Sky Cond Condit itio ion n 6. Sola Solarr radi radiat atio ion n 7. Wind 8. Vegeta getattion ion 9. Speci Special al char charac acte teri rist stics ics.. Air temperature:-

Air Temperature is a physical property that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot of hot and cold air. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot. Temperature is measured with thermometers, thermometers, which may be calibrated to a variety of temperature of temperature scales. scales. Much of the world uses the Celsius scale for most temperature measurements. Relative humidity:-

Relative humidity is a term used to describe the amount of water of water vapor that vapor that exists in air. The relative humidity defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in air to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature. The relative humidity of an air-water system is dependent on the temperature. Vapor Pressure:-

Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of particles to escape from the liquid (or a solid). A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile. 4 Climatology

Precipitation:-

Precipitation is the rain, sleet, hail, snow and other forms of water falling from the sky.it can also  be defined defined as any product product of the condensation condensation of atmospheric of atmospheric water vapor that vapor that falls under gravity The main forms of precipitation include rain, rain, snow, snow, sleet, hail. hail. It occurs when a local portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour and the water condenses. Sky Condition:-

Sky condition can be determined by the presence of cloud in the sky. Solar radiation:-

Sunlight, in the broad sense, is the total frequency spectrum of electromagnetic of electromagnetic radiation given off   by the Sun. On Earth, Earth, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere, and solar radiation is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. horizon. When the direct solar radiation is not  blocked by by clouds, clouds, it is experience experienced d as sunshine, sunshine, a combinatio combination n of bright bright light and andradiant radiant heat. heat. When it is blocked by the clouds or reflects off of other objects, it is experienced as diffused light. Wind:-

Wind is the flow of gases of gases on a large scale. On Earth, Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In meteorology, meteorology, winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction the wind is  blowing from. Short Short bursts bursts of high high speed speed wind are are termed termed gusts. Vegetation:-

Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided cover provided by  plants. Primeval Primeval redwood redwood forests, forests, coastal coastal mangrove mangrove stands, stands, sphagnum sphagnum bogs, bogs, desert desert soil crusts, crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all comes under the term vegetation.

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3) Explain with with illustration all all the six climatic climatic zones. zones. The Earth’s climate can be divided into general climate zones according to average temperatures. Scientist classifies localized climates as microclimates. microclimates. The three three major  climate zones on the Earth are the polar, temperate, and tropical zones. Polar Zone: - In each hemisphere, the polar zone extends from the pole to about 60 degrees latitude. In polar zones, the average yearly temperature is below freezing. There are some areas in the polar zones, such as the northern coasts of Canada and Alaska and the southern tip of South America, where the snow melts during the warmest part of the year. Temperate Zone: - In each hemisphere, the temperate zone is found between 60 degrees and 30 degrees latitude. In the areas of the temperate zones farther from the equator, snow is common in the winter. In the areas of the temperate zones closer to the the equator, rain normally falls all year round. The average amount of precipitation is about the same throughout. The average temperatures range from 5 degrees C to 20 degrees C. Deserts in the temperate zones are usually located in land, far away from from the oceans. The winds that  blow across across these these inland deserts deserts carry little little moistur moisture. e. Although Although very hot hot during the day, temperatures at night can drop to below freezing. Inland deserts are found in Australia (the Great Sandy Desert) and Central Asia (the Gobi Desert). Tropical Zone: - The tropical zones, which extend from 30 degrees north and south latitude to the equator, have high temperatures temperatures and high humidity. Tropical zones are also known as low-latitude climates. The average temperature during the coldest month month of the year does not fall below 18 degrees C. Many deserts are located on the western coasts of  the continents. This is because the prevailing winds, the trades, blow from from east to west. west. Marine and Continental Climates: - Within each of the three major climate zones, there are marine and continental climates. Areas near an ocean or other large body of water have a marine climate. Areas located within a large landmass have a continental climate. Areas with a marine climate receive more precipitation and have a more moderate climate. A continental climate has less precipitation and a greater range in climate.

Six Climatic zones are as under:1. Wa Warm rm Hum Humid id Equat Equator oria iall Clima Climate te 6 Climatology

2. Wa Warm rm Humid Humid isla island nd cli clima mate te 3. Hot Hot dry dry dese desert rt clim climat ate. e. 4. hot dry dry mar marit itim imee cli clima mate te 5. Comp Compos osit ite/ e/ mons monsoon oon cli clima mate te.. 6. Tropi Tropical cal upland upland clim climat ate. e.

4) Factor affecting the the micro climate. climate. Differentiate Differentiate between between micro and macro climate. Illustrate with example. The three natural factors responsible for climate changes are the slow drifting of the continents, changes in the sun’s energy output and variations in the position of the Earth relative to the sun. These natural factors are not related to human activity. The results of the human activity of the burning of fossil fuels may also lead to changes in climate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Latitud Latitude-: e-: surface surface tempe temperatu rature re varies varies with latitud latitude. e. Elevation-: Elevation-: climate climate zones coincide coincide roughly with elevation elevation ranges. ranges.  Nearby water-: water-: sea surface surface temperatur temperaturee affects affects land temperatu temperature. re. Ocean currentscurrents-:: water water temperature temperature indicates indicates transfer transfer of heat energy energy by currents currents.. Topography-: Topography-: local local variation variation in elevation elevation can can cause local variatio variation n in climate. climate. Vegetation-: Vegetation-: type of of ground ground cover cover &seasonal &seasonal changes effect climate. climate. Prevailing Prevailing winds-: winds-: winds winds deliver deliver air air mazes mazes with with specific specific properties properties

Difference between micro and macro climate:-

A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square feet (for example a garden bed). Whereas macroclimate is the regional climate due to which the whole region gets affected. It may include the area as large as many square miles (for example a valley). Microclimates may comprises, of  the climate affected by near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, but macroclimate comprises of climate in heavily urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and reradiate that heat to the ambient air. In simple terms we can say macroclimate comprises of microclimate . For example the climate of  a state in which the site exists is a macroclimate but the climate of that particular area of the site is the microclimate .

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