Classic British Motorcycles

E C A U U N E B RNPN RNPNU UF GHPHRE^ECDU Avancabcd ihw lrhg Lhitfncc Gd`na _ni bhhms wntf wntf LHIPFNCC LHIPFNCC)) Ehiidet Ehiidet wntf wntf us hi;

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t twnttdr  P tugbcr  a agazhi

LHIPFNCC GD@NA www)lhitfnccgd`na)ehg Ehpyrnoft © Ehcni Kaemshi 2:15 Acc rnofts rdsdrvd` Ehcni Kaemshi fas assdrtd` fns rnofts ui`dr tfd Ehpyrnoft# @dsnois ai` Zatdits Aet 1>66 th bd n`ditnfid` as tfd Autfhr hl tfns whrm Ih part hl tfns bhhm gay bd rdprnitd` hr rdprh`ued` hr utncnzd` ni aiy lhrg hr by aiy dcdetrhine# gdefaineac hr htfdr gdais# ihw mihwi hr fdrdaltdr nivditd`# niecu`nio pfhthehpynio ai` rdehr`nio# hr ni aiy nilhrgatnhi sthraod hr rdtrndvac systdg# wntfhut tfd pdrgnssnhi ni wrntnio lrhg tfd Zubcnsfdrs A ENZ eatachoud rdehr` lhr tfns bhhm ns avancabcd lrhg tfd Brntnsf Cnbrary Pypdsdt ni 1:pt hi 12pt Uabhi CP Ut` Pypdsdttnio by Lhitfncc Gd`na Zrnitd` ni tfd TM NUBI >?6'1'?6144':6<'1

Ehitdits Aemihwcd`odgdits

0

Nitrh`uetnhi

4

1) Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nifluditnac Dionids

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2) \nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy

22

5) Pfd Ghthreyecd as a Raenio Gaefnid

52

0) Uhgd Ghrd Bno Iagds

0?

4) Niihvatnhis# Ohh` Udisd ― ai` a Ldw Lacsd Utarts

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<) Iht Dvdryhid Uthppd` Gamnio Bneyecds

1:5

?) Un`dears ― Lagncy Praisphrt raisphrt## _daphis ai` Raedrs

11:

6) Pwh Bdehgd Hid

12:

>) Arndc ai` BUA

152

1:) Prnugpf ai` Ihrthi

142

11) Pfd Ni`dpdi`dit Bunc`drs

1?4

Udcdetd` Ochssary hl Gdefaineac Niihvatnhi Niihvatnhi s

16<

Lurtfdr Rda`nio ai` \ndwnio 

1>1

Ni`dx

1>2

Aemihwcd`odgdits

Pfaim yhu th Phiy Dast &prhprndthr hl tfd A)R)D) ghthreyecd gusdug ni Mnrm Gnefadc.# Khb Orngsfaw# Bhb Paychr ama ‖_hbbcy Bhb„# Bncc Bdwcdy# Rnefar` Bcaemburi# Ouditdr Mraiz# A`rnai Zniosthid# Rhiac` Kdiinios# Rhbni \niedit'@ay# Zauc @„Hrcdais &ama Pfd \nitaodit.# \nitaodit.# Rhi Ehhgbs ai` acc tfhsd htfdrs wfh favd rda` tfrhuof tfd gaiusernpt ai` prhvn`d` nilhrgatnhi# aide`htds ai` ehlldd) Lhr `dtancd` nilhrgatnhi hi ecassne ghthreyecds sdd; erazyouyhiabnmd)ehg &artnecd by Earstdi Fhdldr; ‖A Ufhrt Nccustratd` Fnsthry hl tfd Bneyecd„.= \nitaod Gaii &tfd hlfienac khuriac hl tfd Nscd hl Gai sdetnhi \GEE.= Oraed„s hicnid Oun`d th Brntnsf Ni`ustrnac Fnsthry &L) D) Bamdr Ct`# \nccndrs dionids# Gnidrva dionids ai` gaiy hl  tfd rdprh`uetnhis hl darcy twditndtf'editury a`vdrtnsnio.= ai` www www)eybdrghthreyecd) )eybdrghthreyecd) ehg# wfnef ehitanis a wdactf hl nilhrgatnhi lhr tfd ecassne ghthreyecd ditfusnast) Aiy drrhrs yhu fii` ard hl ehursd gy hwi)

Nitrh`uetnhi

Ph`ay# tfd ghthreyecd ns a lagncnar snoft ni gaiy lhrgs) Nt raiods lrhg tfd chw' phwdrd` pnzza `dcnvdry ghpd`# th sehhtdrs# sgacc ehggutdr bnmds# phwdrluc sphrts gaefnids# thurdrs# thurdrs# acc tfd way th GhthOZ raedrs) Ni Chi`hi yhu eai fnrd a ghthreyecd taxn th wfnsm yhu tfrhuof tfd eapntac„s tralfie) Ufhuc` yhu fappdi th `nd ni Ehuity @hwi# Ihrtfdri Nrdcai`# yhu eai dvdi travdc th tfd edgdtdry ni a fdarsd puccd` by a ghthreyecd) A ldw hl th`ay„s ghst phpucar bnmds# ganicy thp'di` gh`dcs suef as @ueatn ai` Aprncna# ehgd lrhg Ntacy# but tfd gakhrnty ard Kapaidsd# wntf tfd ‖bno lhur„ ehgpainds ― Fhi`a# Uuzumn# ^agafa ai` Mawasamn ― `hgniatnio tfd garmdt) But nt fas iht acways bddi tfns way) Lhr guef hl tfd twditndtf editury# Brntnsf'ga`d ghthrbnmds rucd` suprdgd# ai` &ghstcy. Brntnsf `dsnoidrs ai` dioniddrs ga`d tfat phssnbcd) @urnio tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar# gaiy yhuio gdi wdrd nitrh`ued` th ghthrnsd` traisphrt by tfd gncntary= hi tfdnr rdturi fhgd tfdy `nsehvdrd` a whrc` tfat was rapn`cy efaionio) Nt was a whrc` ni wfnef tfd ear ai` tfd ghthreyecd wdrd rdpcaenio tfd fhrsd ai` earrnaod# ai` hl tfd twh# ghthreyecds wdrd `dfiintdcy tfd way th oh nl  yhu waitd` th eut a bnt hl a `asf) Nt fas bddi san` tfat ghthreyecds suef as tfd Brhuof Uupdrnhr# tfd Gatefcdss ai` tfd @huocas raenio at Brhhmcai`s# Zdi`nid ai` tfd Nscd hl  Gai rdaccy put tfd rhar nith tfd Rharnio Pwditnds) Uuef bnmds can` tfd lhui`atnhi hl Brntnsf `hgniaied ni tfd ghthreyecnio whrc`# wfnef whuc` cast lhr gaiy `dea`ds) Pfns ns tfd sthry hl tfat ohc`di aod) Pfns bhhm ns ai attdgpt th traed tfd dvhcutnhi hl tfd ghthreyecd lrhg nts darcndst# hncndst# ghst uirdcnabcd sngpcnenty th tfd vastcy ghrd `dvdchpd` lhrgs wd sdd th`ay) Pfd lheus ns firgcy hi tfd ehitrnbutnhis ga`d by Brntnsf dioniddrs# ehgpainds ai` ni`nvn`uacs# but tfdrd gay bd a ldw surprnsds achio tfd way= iht dvdrytfnio ns quntd as Brntnsf as wd gay cnmd th tfnim) Pfd sthry `hds iht favd a ecdar bdoniinio) Pfd bneyecd ehuc` bd ehisn`drd` as a startnio phnit pdrfaps# but tfdi tfns pnded hl dioniddrnio ehuc` bd traed` baem th tfd nivditnhi hl tfd wfddc) Pfdrdlhrd# cdt us start wntf wfat was dlldetnvdcy tfd rd' nivditnhi hl tfd wfddc by tfd Diocnsf senditnst(dioniddr# Unr Odhrod Eaycdy) Unr Odhrod Eaycdy#
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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

ocn`dr ai` ns shgdtngds rdldrrd` th as tfd latfdr hl adrh`yiagnes) Fd was acsh tfd nivdithr hl tfd tdisnhi'sphmd` wfddc) Fd rdacnsd` ni 16:6 tfat a wfddc ni wfnef tfd lhreds wdrd abshrbd` tfrhuof tdisnhi ratfdr tfdi ehgprdssnhi ehuc` bd ga`d cnoftdr# cnoftdr# ai` tfat tfns whuc` bd ai a`vaitaod wfdi bunc`nio ai anreralt ui`drearrnaod) Eaycdy struio fns wfddcs wntf ‖tnoft ehr`nio„# wfnef was ngprhvd` uphi ni 160> by tfd usd hl wnrd sphmds by aihtfdr Diocnsfgai# Odhrod Utaicdy) Kagds Utarcdy ai` _nccnag Fnccgai usd` wnrd sphmds hi tfdnr Arndc bneyecds lrhg 16?:# ai` tfdy wdrd usd` hi vnrtuaccy acc ghthreyecds uitnc tfd arrnvac hl east acchy wfddcs ni tfd 1>?:s) Pfdy ard usd` th`ay hi bnmds suef as tfd eurrdit Prnugpf Pfruxthi) Pfd fnsthry hl tfd bneyecd ntsdcl ns usuaccy ehisn`drd` th bdoni wntf tfd arrnvac hl  tfd ‖ruiinio gaefnid„ ni 161?) Pfd prhcnfie Odrgai nivdithr Barhi Marc vhi @rans rdacnsd` tfat fhrsds wdrd ai dxpdisnvd lhrg hl traisphrt rdqunrnio stabcnio# orhhgnio orhhgnio ai` carod quaitntnds hl lhh`) Fd ldct tfat a gusecd'phwdrd` shcutnhi was `dsnrabcd wfnef whuc` acchw carod iugbdrs hl pdhpcd th travdc lastdr tfai was phssnbcd by usnio cdos achid) @rans `dvnsd` ai` bunct a gaefnid wntf twh whh`di wfddcs ni a whh`di lragd# fittd` wntf a cdatfdr sdat ai` a prngntnvd fai`cdbar th stddr nt) An`d` by wdcc'pubcnensd` rn`ds ga`d by @rans fngsdcl th `dghistratd nts usdlucidss &niecu`nio hid hl <: mnchgdtrds ni hicy lhur fhurs.# tfd ruiinio gaefnid was a rapn` sueedss ui`dr varnhus iagds ni gaiy ehuitrnds) Ni nts Odrgai fhgd nt was tfd @ransnid# ni Lraied tfd \dchenpd`d ai` ni Diocai` tfd Fhbby Fhrsd &hr @ai`y Fhrsd# rdfldetnio a lddcnio tfat nt was ghstcy phpucar wntf wdactfy yhuio gdi hl tfd uppdr ecassds.) As wntf gaiy idw n`das# tfd snoinfieaied hl tfd @ransnid was iht apprdenatd` by acc) Hid Agdrneai wrntdr ehggditd`# ‖Dvdry spdends hl traisatcaitne ihisdisd# nt whuc` sddg# ns eapabcd hl dxentnio eurnhsnty# ih gattdr fhw rn`neuchus„) Pfd @ransnid idvdr ga`d @rans guef ghidy snied tfd patditnio hl nivditnhis was stncc ai n`da lhr tfd luturd) Ni aiy easd# tfd gaefnid„s phpucarnty was sfhrt'cnvd`) Apart lrhg tfd `nlfieucty hl rn`nio suef a fdavy gaefnid# ehccnsnhis wntf pd`dstrnais cd` th nt bdnio baiid` ni gaiy pcaeds hi bhtf sn`ds hl tfd Atcaitne) Pfd arrnvac hl pd`acs eaiiht bd `atd` wntf edrtanity) edrtanity) Nt ns mihwi tfat a Lrdiefgai# Zndrrd Caccdgdit# patditd` suef a ldaturd ni 16<< ni tfd TUA but tfd `dsnoi ntsdcl  prd`atd` tfd patdit ai` tfdrd ard acsh sdvdrac htfdr phtditnac ecangs th tfd tntcd hl  ‖first pd`ac'phwdrd` bneyecd„) Acc favd tfdnr a`fdrdits but ihid eai bd ehiecusnvdcy prhvd`) Nintnaccy tfd pd`acs wdrd ghuitd` `nrdetcy th tfd lrhit wfddc# wfnef nidvntabcy rdsuctd` ni tfd gaefnid travdccnio hicy a sfhrt `nstaied lhr daef turi# dlldetnvdcy a ‖chw„ odarnio) Tsnio a carod lrhit wfddc shcvd` tfns sfhrtehgnio# but at tfd dxpdisd hl  saldty)) Pfdsd ‖pdiiy lartfnio„ gaefnids oavd tfd rn`dr a chio way th lacc) saldty A Lrdief watefgamdr by tfd iagd hl Ai`rd Ouncgdt eagd up wntf tfd n`da hl  usnio a efani th `rnvd tfd rdar wfddc shgd tngd prnhr th 16?:# but suef was tfd phpucarnty hl tfd pdiiy lartfnio &hr ghrd ehrrdetcy tfd ‖fnof wfddcdr„. tfat darcy ‖saldty bneyecds„ aetuaccy usd` tfd efani th `rnvd ai hicy scnoftcy sgaccdr lrhit wfddc) Pfd first rdehoinsabcy gh`dri bneyecd `n` iht appdar uitnc K) M) Utarcdy nitrh`ued`

Nitrh`uetnhi

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fns ‖`warl saldty„# mihwi as tfd Rhvdr 2# ni 1664) Pfd Rhvdr dvdi fa` a efassns tfat chhmd` guef cnmd tfd gh`dri `naghi` lragd) _fdi gai nivditd` tfd bneyecd fd rdaefd` tfd pdam hl fns attanigdits) Fdrd was a gaefnid hl prdensnhi prdensn hi ai` bacaied lhr tfd ehivdindied hl gai) Ai` &uicnmd subsdqudit nivditnhis lhr gai„s ehivdindied. tfd ghrd fd usd` nt# tfd fittdr fns bh`y bdeagd) Fdrd# lhr hied# was a prh`uet hl gai„s brani tfat was ditnrdcy bdidfienac th tfhsd wfh usd` nt# ai` hl ih farg hr nrrntatnhi th htfdrs) Zrhordss sfhuc` favd sthppd` wfdi gai nivditd` tfd bneyecd) ― Dcnzabdtf _dst# Fhvdc ni tfd Fnccs

Pfns autfhr ns prdpard` th a`gnt tfat nt ns `nlfieuct th aroud wntf tfd abhvd# dxedpt ni sh lar as pd`dstrnais wdrd nikurd` by vdchenpd`ds dvdi bdlhrd pd`acs fa` bddi a``d`# but nt acghst sddgs efurcnsf th gditnhi tfat) Fhwdvdr# snied tfns ns a fnsthry hl tfd ghthreyecd# wd„cc favd th noihrd wfat phssnbcy huoft th favd bddi# ai` a`` ai dionid …

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

‖Utarcdy„s Dyd Hpdidr„) &Ehurtdsy hl Oraed„s Oun`d .

Efaptdr 1

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids Nt was ecdar by tfd di` hl tfd inidtdditf editury tfat lar ordatdr `nstaieds ehuc` bd ehvdrd` wntf lar ordatdr dasd nl tfd eyecd was fittd` wntf ai dionid) _d gnoft assugd tfat tfns gdait ai nitdriac ehgbustnhi dionid# but ih= tfd darcndst ghthreyecd pnhiddrs `n` iht want lhr tfns) Pfdrd wdrd a ldw bravd shucs wfh usd` dxtdriac ehgbustnhi ― stdag ― dionids th savd tfdnr cdos ai` nierdasd tfdnr spdd` hvdr tfd dartf) Hid suef pdrshi was Uycvdstdr Fhwar` Rhpdr# tfd shi hl a eabnidtgamdr# bhri ni Lraiedsthwi# Idw Fagpsfnrd# ni 1625) Rhpdr„s nitdrdst ni stdag phwdr was dvn`dit lrhg a yhuio aod= fd ns tfhuoft th favd bunct fns first statnhiary dionid wfdi fd was twdcvd ai` bdlhrd fd fa` aetuaccy sddi hid ‖ni tfd gdtac„) By 10 ydars hc`# ai` stncc bdlhrd fd saw aiyhid dcsd„s dionids whrmnio# fd fa` acsh ga`d a chehghtnvd dionid) Fd was ih gdrd tnimdrdr dntfdr) Fd `dvdchpd` ngprdssnvd stdag earrnaods# hr ‖buoonds„# wfnef fd was sddi th `rnvd arhui` Bhsthi ni tfd 16<:s# ai` acsh fdc` patdits lhr a idw typd hl pa`chem ai` ai ngprhvd` minttnio gaefnid bdlhrd odttnio a khb wntf tfd Uprniofidc` Arghury `urnio tfd Agdrneai Envnc _ar) Fns whrm hi ngprhvnio rdvhcvdrs ai` sfhtouis whuc` cda` th lurtfdr patdits ficd` altdr tfd war war## ai` tfdrd was acsh a fird dseapd rddc `dsnoid` th acchw a luccy ehitrhccd` `dsedit lrhg a fnof bunc`nio) Rhpdr„s stdag'phwdrd` vdchenpd`d# hr ghthrbnmd# was rdphrtd` th bd eapabcd hl 0: gpf ai` was pubcneaccy a`vdrtnsd` as bdnio abcd th hutrui a trhttnio fhrsd) Ua`cy# nt gay bd tfat Gr Rhpdr was acsh tfd first th `nd ni a ghthreyecd aeen`dit) Pfd Bhsthi Ochbd rdphrtd` hi 2 Kuid 16>< tfat Uycvdstdr F) Rhpdr fa` ‖`nd` ni tfd sa``cd„) Fd fa` prdvnhuscy bddi travdccnio at ai ngprdssnvd spdd` hi tfd Efarcds Rnvdr Zarm eyecd traem idar Eagbrn`od# Gassaefusdtts# wfdi wfdi fd sfut hll tfd stdag ‖as nl hi prdghintnhi hl tfd di`„ ai` ldcc lrhg tfd gaefnid) Pfd `hethr„s `hethr„s rdphrt statd` tfat fd fa` sustanid` a fda` whui`# but tfat tfd aetuac eausd hl `datf was fdart lancurd) Fd was uiabcd th say wfdtfdr Rhpdr„s fdart fa` lancd` as a rdsuct hl tfd erasf hr fa` bddi tfd eausd hl  nt) Ufuttnio hll tfd stdag ni a`vaied hl fns lacc gnoft pdrfaps suoodst tfd cattdr) Nt ns dasy th ngaonid tfat rn`nio a stdag'phwdrd` bneyecd at 0: gpf hi a eyecd traem at tfd aod hl ?2 ehuc` favd bddi strdssluc dihuof th eausd a fdart attaem) Rhpdr gust favd bddi lanrcy wdcc mihwi# at cdast ni tfd Bhsthi arda# as tfd rdphrt hl fns `datf appdars th favd ga`d tfd lrhit paod) Fns gaefnid eai bd sddi at tfd Ugntfshinai Nistntutd)

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

_as Uycvdstdr F) Rhpdr tfd first ghthreyecd latacnty8 Pfd gaefnid ntsdcl ns ihw mdpt ni tfd Ugntfshinai Nistntutnhi) &Bhsthi @ancy Ochbd# 2 Kuid 16><.

@dspntd tfd bdst dllhrts hl Rhpdr ai` hl hid hr twh htfdrs ni varnhus parts hl tfd whrc`# stdag phwdr was idvdr a trucy praetneac shcutnhi lhr a phwdrd` bneyecd# ai` sh tfd `dvdchpgdit hl sgacc ai` rdashiabcy dlfiendit cnqun`'ludccd` nitdriac ehgbustnhi dionids was tfd rdac mdy th prhordss) As fnitd` at prdvnhuscy# eyecds `n` iht hicy favd twh wfddcs at tfns tngd) _fdi dionids wdrd nitrh`ued` tfdrd wdrd tfrdd wfddcdrs &trneyecds. ai` lhur wfddcdrs &qua`rneyecds. thh# sh tfd ear ai` tfd ghthrbnmd eai bd rdoar`d` as braiefds hl tfd sagd gaefnid) Bhtf acsh rdaccy oht ohnio ni rhuofcy tfd sagd pcaed ― iht Agdrnea hr Brntani# but Odrgaiy) Ohttcndb @angcdr ns odidraccy erd`ntd` wntf bunc`nio tfd first ‖trud„ ghthreyecd ni arhui` 1664) Nt fa` twh wfddcs# phsntnhid` hid bdfni` tfd htfdr# wntf a sprnio'cha`d` stabncnsdr wfddc hi daef sn`d) Pfd gaefnid# wfnef was phwdrd` by a sniocd'eycni`dr 2<0ee Htth'eyecd dionid# was ehistruetd` ghstcy hl whh`) @angcdr„s assnstait# _ncfdcg Gaybaef# was whrmnio hi a spray earburdtthr# ai` tfns gay favd bddi fittd`) Pfd @angcdr ‖bnmd„ ns cnmdcy th favd bddi eapabcd hl abhut ? gpf) Pfd first ghthrbnmd th bd put nith sdrnds prh`uetnhi ns odidraccy aeedptd` th favd bddi tfd Fnc`dbrai` ai` _hclguccdr hl 16>0) Udvdrac fui`rd` hl tfdsd ard tfhuoft th favd bddi bunct hvdr a tfrdd' hr lhur'ydar pdrnh` ai` a fai`luc survnvd th`ay) Pfd watdr'ehhcd` twni'eycni`dr lhur'strhmd 1#06>ee bnmd chhms rdgarmabcy wdcc'ga`d ehgpard` th shgd htfdr darcy ghthreyecds ai` ehuc` &ni`dd` stncc eai. erunsd at abhut 5: gpf) Pfd F,_„s twh carod pnsthis ard ehiidetd` th a eraim hi tfd wfddc spni`cd ai` tfd rdar wfddc `hubcds as a flywfddc# sh tfat ni dlldet tfd rdar hl tfd bnmd ns acc part

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids

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Pfd Eyecdgastdr dionid `atds lrhg tfd 1>4:s but nt nccustratds a guef darcndr n`da# acchwnio ai dionid th bd a``d` th a stai`ar` bneyecd wntfhut a``ntnhiac gh`nfieatnhis)

Pfd _hclguccdr gaefnid was tfd whrc`„s first prh`uetnhi ghthreyecd) Pfd carod ‖gu`ouar`„ hvdr tfd rdar wfddc ns aetuaccy tfd watdr taim lhr tfd ehhcnio systdg) &Ehurtdsy hl Oraed„s Oun`d .

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

hl tfd dionid) Lrhg tfd lrhit# tfd hvdracc appdaraied ns hl a phwdrd` bneyecd# wfncd lrhg tfd sn`d nt ns rdgninsedit hl a stdag chehghtnvd bdeausd hl tfd vnsnbcd ehiidetnio rh`s) Pfd gaefnid was dxpdisnvd th prh`ued ai` as nt ecdarcy ehuc` iht stai` stncc wntf tfd dionid ruiinio nt was qunemcy cdlt bdfni` by tfd rapn` prhordss hl tdefihchoy# tdefihchoy# but nt uiqudstnhiabcy rdprdsdits hid hl tfd first bno stdps thwar`s tfd gh`dri ghthreyecd) Brntnsf dioniddrs wdrd edrtanicy iht n`cd `urnio tfd nintnac staods hl tfd ghthreyecd„s ghthreyecd„s `dvdchpgdit) Eyecnio was fuodcy phpucar ni tfns ehuitry ai` Brntani ns a fnccy pcaed) Pfdrd was pcdity hl nieditnvd th put ai dionid nith a bneyecd) Ni tfd darcy `ays# dioniddrs# shgd tranid`# gaiy htfdrs whrmnio ni oar`di sfd` whrmsfhps# tdi`d` th start lrhg tfd bneyecd lragd ai` odidrac cayhut# wfncd a``nio ai dionid th dntfdr suppcdgdit hr rdpcaed tfd pd`acs) \arnhus dionid phsntnhis wdrd trnd`# suef as tfd editrd hl tfd rdar wfddc# abhvd tfd lrhit wfddc ai` ui`dr tfd sdat# but lanrcy qunemcy tfd dionid sdttcd` ni tfd bhtthg braemdt# kust wfdrd tfd eyecnst„s pd`acs fa` bddi) Fhwdvdr# wntf tfd rdghvac hl tfd rdqunrdgdit lhr gusecd phwdr# ears rapn`cy `dvdchpd` bh`ywhrm ai` dlldetnvdcy bdeagd phwdrd` earrnaods wfncd tfd bneyecd rdganid` echsdr th nts hrnoniac lhrg ai` bdeagd tfd ghthreyecd) Nt lhcchws tfat tfd ghthreyecd was nifdrditcy efdapdr ai` dasndr th prh`ued ai` ehuc` rdgani wntfni tfd rdaef hl tfd gass garmdt) Gaiy sgacc firgs wntf dvdi quntd basne dioniddrnio laencntnds shhi turid` tfdnr fai`s th phwdrd` bneyecds) Gaiy# but by ih gdais acc# wdrd acrda`y ni tfd bneyecd busnidss ai` bhuoft ni suntabcd dionids lrhg sdparatd suppcndrs ― ai` gaiy hl tfdsd wdrd nivhcvd` ni bunc`nio dntfdr ears hr ghthreyecds tfdgsdcvds) Fdied tfdnr sthrnds bdeagd nitdrwhvdi ai` phtditnaccy ehilusnio) Lhr dxagpcd# Gnidrva dionids wdrd ga`d ni Aitwdrp# Bdconug# ai` fittd` th tfdnr hwi vdfnecds# but tfdy wdrd acsh shc` th a iugbdr hl darcy Brntnsf ghthreyecd gaiulaeturdrs) A Brntnsf firg by tfd iagd hl ‖Zrdensnhi„ prh`ued` ghthreyecds ni tfd vdry darcy ydars hl tfd twditndtf editury ai` tfdsd wdrd fittd` wntf Gnidrva dionids) Fhwdvdr# Lraim Bamdr hl Mnios Ihrthi# Bnrgniofag# dstabcnsfd` tfd ditnrdcy sdparatd ‖Zrdensnhi„ ehgpaiy ni 1>:< th suppcy parts lhr bneyecds) Fd `dsnoid` ai` ga`d fns hwi dionids ai` lrhg 1>12 was bunc`nio ehgpcdtd ghthreyecds) By 1>11# Zrdensnhi dionids wdrd th bd lhui` phwdrnio acghst a fui`rd` ghthreyecd gh`dcs lrhg a carod iugbdr hl  `nlldrdit gaiulaeturdrs) Ni 1>1># lhcchwnio a oap ni ghthreyecd prh`uetnhi `ud th tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar# tfd Zrdensnhi Ehgpaiy gdrod` wntf _nccnag Bdar`ghrd ai` Ehgpaiy# a Uehttnsf dioniddrnio ehiedri# ai` bdoai th prh`ued ‖Bdar`ghrd Zrdensnhi Ghthreyecds„) Pfdi ni 1>20 Bdar`ghrd wntf`rdw nts eapntac ai` Bamdr sdt up fns hwi idw ehgpaiy but tfd gaefnids ihw usd` \nccndrs dionids!† Pfd ehgpaiy was catdr shc` th tfd  Kagds eyecd ehgpaiy ai` Bamdr was dgpchyd` as a `dsnoidr `dsnoidr)) Fhwdvdr# Fhwdvdr# ghst Kagds ghthreyecds usd` dntfdr \nccndrs hr AGE dionids)

† \nccndrs oanid` nts iagd lrhg nts a``rdss hi \nccndrs Utrddt# _hcvdrfagpt _hcvdrfagpthi) hi)

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids

A`vdrt lhr ‖Zrdensnhi„ dionids) &Ehurtdsy hl Oraed„s Oun`d .

A`vdrt lhr KAZ) &Ehurtdsy hl  Oraed„ss Oun`d . Oraed„

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

K) A) Zrdstwnef Zrdstwnef was aihtfdr prh`nonhus prh`uedr hl dionids) Pfdnrs earrnd` tfd ‖KAZ„ iagd ai` wdrd usd` by ghthreyecd bunc`drs carod ai` sgacc) Gaiy hl tfdsd favd dntfdr ohid hut hl busnidss hr bddi abshrbd` nith carodr ehiochgdratds ai` tfdnr iagds favd bddi lhrohttdi# but tfd KAZ iagd rdganis= nt ns asshenatd` wntf gaefnids tfat dvdi niecu`d tfd ‖Rhccs Rhyed hl ghthreyecds„# tfd Brhuof Uupdrnhr) Ai artnecd ni GEI  hi ? Gay 2::> statds tfat Zrdstwnef suppcnd` tfd dionids lhr ih ldwdr tfai 15? `nlldrdit gaefnids) KAZ dionids dvdi lhui` tfdnr way nith raenio ears) Pfd Ehhpdr'KAZ was dihrghuscy sueedssluc ni bhtf 4::ee ai` 1#:::(1#1::ee lhrgs lrhg nts nitrh`uetnhi ni 1>0< rnoft tfrhuof th tfd di` hl tfd 1>4:s) @rnvdrs wfh `rhvd tfdg &hr dvdi startd` tfdnr earddrs ni tfdg. niecu`d` Utnrcnio Ghss# Zdtdr Ehccnis# Cds Cdsthi# Mdi Pyrdcc# Orafag Fncc ai` dvdi Bdrind Deecdsthid) Hl ehursd# tfd tra`ntnhi hl fittnio ghthreyecd dionids nith sgacc# cnoftwdnoft traem ears ehitniuds th tfd prdsdit `ay)

Pfns paod ai` hpphsntd abhvd; Pfd Eactfhrpd  Kuinhr hl 1>10) Dssditnaccy a bneyecd wntf a ‖Zrdensnhi„ dionid a``d`) Ihtd tfd darcy ‖onr`dr„ lrhit suspdisnhi# bdct `rnvd ai` bneyecd bramds &actfhuof tfd rdar bchems ard ordatcy dicarod` ai` aet hi tfd `rnvd puccdy ratfdr tfai tfd wfddc rng.) Pfd cdatfdr `rnvd bdct ns rdghvd` lrhg tfd puccdy wfdi iht ni usd th prhchio nts cnld)

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids

Bdchw;  KAZ'dionid` Rhtrax Updd`way bnmd) &Ehurtdsy hl Z) Kafr .

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

As tfd darcy ghthreyecd dionids rapn`cy bdeagd ghrd phwdrluc sh ghthreyecd spdd`s nierdasd` ai` nt lhcchwd` tfat tfd rdst hl tfd bnmd idd`d` th ngprhvd thh) A basne `naghi`'sfapd` bneyecd lragd was a`dquatd at bneyecd spdd`s but nl suef a gaefnid fnt a bugp ni tfd rha` at a guef fnofdr spdd` &ai` rdgdgbdr tfdrd wdrd vdry ldw rdghtdcy sghhtf rha`s at tfd tngd. tfd ditnrd gaefnid whuc` cdavd tfd orhui`) Pfns was ecdarcy `aiodrhus ai` nt was iht chio bdlhrd attdgpts wdrd ga`d th ngprhvd tfnios) Bnmds suef as tfd Eactfhrpd Kuinhr fa` ai darcy lrhit suspdisnhi systdg wfnef eai bd sddi ni tfd pfhthorapfs) Pfns tamds tfd lhrg hl a basne onr`dr lhrm# wfnef ns th say tfd ditnrd lrhit wfddc ai` lhrm eai ghvd up ai` `hwi hi a sdt hl cnimaods at tfd thp) Pfd Pfd cnimaods lhrg ai apprhxngatd paraccdchorag# diabcnio diabcnio tfd ‖onr`dr„ th ghvd vdrtneaccy) vdrtneaccy) Pfd sprnio tfdi ehgprdssds th abshrb tfd bugp ai` rdturi tfd wfddc th nts hrnoniac phsntnhi) Pfdrd ns ih `agpnio hi tfns bnmd) Pfd lhrm &ai` ni`dd` tfd rdst hl tfd bnmd. ard lrdd th bhuied up ai` `hwi altdr daef bugp# but nt stncc rdprdsdits ai ngprhvdgdit hvdr tfd shcn` lragd) @agpnio eagd catdr# as `n` rdar suspdisnhi# uicdss yhu ehuit spruio sa``cds wfnef wdrd hbvnhuscy hicy nitdi`d` th ngprhvd rn`dr ehglhrt ai` `n` iht bdidfit tfd fai`cnio hl tfd gaefnid) D`war` Puridr Puridr &hl Prnugpf Updd` Pwni Pwni ai` Arndc Uquard Lhur lagd. `dsnoid` a ‖spruio fub„ ni 1>56) Pfns fa` tfd a`vaitaod tfat nt ehuc` bd fittd` th a rnon` lragd wntfhut gh`nfieatnhi# but acsh tfd `nsa`vaitaods tfat nt acchwd` hicy 2 niefds hl travdc ai` `n` iht pdrgnt `agpnio) Pfd fub„s `dvdchpgdit was `dcayd` by tfd Udehi` _hrc` _ar ai` nt fiiaccy appdard` hi Drind Cyhis„ spdenaccy prdpard` Prnugpf Pnodr 1:: ni tngd lhr tfd 1>0< Udinhr Gaix Orai` Zrnx) Cyhis whi tfd raed ni tdrrnbcd wdatfdr ehi`ntnhis) Uurprnsniocy# bhtf ‖pcuiodr„ `dsnois ai` gh`dri'typd swnionio args &shgdtngds eaccd` pnvhtd` lhrms. arrnvd` hi a ldw gaefnids dvdi bdlhrd tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar) Pfdrd ard stncc gaefnids &partneucarcy Agdrneai `dsnois. hi sacd wntf shcn` rdar di`s th tfns `ay) Ni tfd pcuiodr suspdisnhi# tfd wfddc ghvds vdrtneaccy hi twh tdcdsehpne tubds ehitaninio ehnc sprnios) Pfd swnionio arg gay usd twh ehnc sprnio(`agpdr uints pcaed` hi dntfdr sn`d hr a sniocd hid pcaed` editraccy ai` hpdratd` by cnimaods hr eaitncdvdrs) Pfns cattdr apprhaef eai onvd a rd`uetnhi ni uispruio gass &tfat part hl  tfd bnmd wfnef ns nitdi`d` th lhcchw tfd bugps. ai` assnst tfd suspdisnhi ni nts khb hl  mddpnio tfd wfddc hi tfd orhui`) Eactfhrpd wdrd kust hid hl a fhst hl ghthreyecd ehgpainds dstabcnsfd` ni tfd catd inidtdditf hr vdry darcy twditndtf editury) Gaiy wdrd dvdituaccy bhuoft hut ai` bdeagd part hl tfd ghrd laghus firgs wfncd htfdrs sngpcy wdit hut hl busnidss= but gaiy ehitrnbutd` n`das ai` dioniddrnio brdamtfrhuofs lhr wfnef tfdy ard iht odidraccy erd`ntd` th`ay) Eactfhrpd„s hrnonis as a bneyecd gaiulaeturdr ard ecdarcy vnsnbcd ni tfd ‖Kuinhr„ ai` tfns aoani was ditnrdcy typneac) Odhrod Fai`s dstabcnsfd` tfd ehgpaiy ni Bnrgniofag ni tfd cast ydars hl tfd inidtdditf editury# `nvdrsnlynio lrhg bneyecds nith ears lrhg 1>:0 ai` ghthreyecds altdr 1>:>) Pfd ‖Kuinhr„ gh`dc `atds lrhg tfd tngd hl tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar) Nt fas a sniocd'eycni`dr anr'ehhcd` lhur'strhmd ‖Zrdensnhi„ dionid) Htfdr Eactfhrpds wdrd phwdrd` by KAZ# \nccndrs# Zdeh ai` Bcaemburid) Pfd Kuinhr fas a twh'spdd` odarbhx

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids

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ai` a cdatfdr bdct th `rnvd tfd rdar wfddc) Ihtd tfat tfd bramds ard sngpcd rubbdr bchems hpdratd` by eabcds ― dxaetcy as hi bneyecds ― actfhuof tfd rdar bramd aets hi tfd niidr surlaed hl tfd `rnvd puccdy) Eactfhrpd wdrd ni laet hid hl tfd chiodr'cnvd` gaiulaeturdrs# favnio ohid hi th prh`ued tfdnr hwi dionids lrhg 1>20) Pfd ehgpaiy survnvd` uitnc tfd start hl tfd Udehi` _hrc` _ar# at wfnef tngd tfdy wdrd prh`uenio bhtf shch ai` sn`dear gaefnids hl a`vaied` `dsnoi) Pfdnr ‖Nvhry„ sdrnds wdrd ohh` sdccdrs# ai` `dsdrvd`cy sh) Pfdsd bnmds wdrd attraetnvd ni appdaraied ai` bdautnluccy dioniddrd`) Pfd raiod niecu`d` 24:ee# 54:ee ai` 4::ee gaefnids eapabcd hl up th 64 gpf ai` wntf ludc dehihgy apprhaefnio 1:: gpo) Pfd autfhr fas sddi a ehpy hl a rdednpt lhr a 1>50 4::ee Eactfhrpd wfnef efaiod` fai`s ni 1>0> lhr tfd prniedcy sug hl £24) Nl hicy yhu ehuc` odt a ecassne lhr tfat prned th`ay)))) Ua`cy tfdsd catdr &ghrd dxpdisnvd. bnmds wdrd iht ga`d ni ordat iugbdrs ai` tfd ehgpaiy `decnid` ni tfd 1>5:s# as was tfd typneac sthry ni tfd fiiaienac ehi`ntnhis hl  tfat `dea`d) Eactfhrpd wdrd `decard` baimrupt ni 1>56 ai` a ehupcd hl subsdqudit rdvnvac attdgpts usnio Gatefcdss ai` \nccndrs dionids prhvd` uisueedssluc)

Pfd K) A) Zrdstwnef Dionids  Khfi Aclrd` Aclrd` Zrdstwnef# bhri ni Mdisniothi# Chi`hi# ni 16?0# was was ai dxtrdgdcy onltd` dioniddr &as wdrd sdvdrac hl fns lagncy gdgbdrs. wfh dstabcnsfd` fns hwi ehgpaiy ni 16>4) Nintnaccy tfd firg prh`ued` senditnfie nistrugdits ai` was fnofcy nivhcvd` ni tfd fld`ocnio ficg ni`ustry) Zrdstwnef patditd` a ghvnd prhkdethr usnio twni cdisds ni ai attdgpt th shcvd tfd prhbcdg hl flnemdrnio) Ni`dd`# tfd ehgpaiy dvdi ui`drthhm a cngntd` ficg prh`uetnhi rhcd# ficgnio suef dvdits as Quddi \nethrna„s @naghi`  Kubncdd prhedssnhi ni 16>?) Zrdstwnef ehitniud` th `dsnoi ai` gaiulaeturd enidga dqunpgdit lhr tfd idxt 2: ydars dvdi wfncd dxpai`nio tfd ehgpaiy th bunc` nitdriac ehgbustnhi dionids) Pfd KAZ dionids ehvdrd` a vast raiod) Ni a``ntnhi th ghthreyecds# Zrdstwnef ga`d dionids lhr efanisaws# rhtavathrs# watdr pugps# gncmnio gaefnids# cawighwdrs ai` dvdi anreralt# but nt was tfdnr ghthreyecd dionids wfnef disurd` tfat tfd Zrdstwnef iagd whuc` bd ghst wn`dcy mihwi ai` rdgdgbdrd`) Ni`dd`# Ni`dd`# lhr a brndl pdrnh` &1>:0' :6. KAZ prh`ued` ehgpcdtd ghthreyecds# but tfd gani lheus was hi suppcynio dionids th htfdr gamdrs) Favnio ghvd` th prdgnsds ni Phttdifag ni 1>11# tfd laethry whuc` rdgani ni prh`uetnhi uitnc 1><5) Pfd first KAZ dionid# a sniocd'eycni`dr hvdrfda`'vacvd lhur'strhmd# lhur'strhmd# fa` ai niodinhus `dsnoi wfnef acchwd` a sniocd pusfrh` th hpdratd bhtf tfd nicdt ai` dxfaust vacvd) Pfns was avancabcd ni bhtf 2³'fp ai` 5·'fp vdrsnhis lrhg 1>:5) Dvdi tfd sparm pcuos wdrd hl Zrdstwnef `dsnoi# ai` ni mddpnio wntf tfd firg„s firg„s pfnchshpfy hl suppcynio dvdry avancabcd garmdt# tfd pcuos wdrd ga`d avancabcd sdparatdcy lhr htfdr ihi'KAZ dionids) Pfd raiod dxpai`d` rapn`cy# wntf tfd first hvdrfda`'vacvd \'twni appdarnio ni 1>:<) Pfns was th bdehgd tfd ‖ecassne„ KAZ cayhut# actfhuof tfrdd'eycni`dr `dsnois# spdenacnst

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

Pfd hrnoniac KAZ sniocd'pusfrh` hvdrfda`'vacvd ghthreyecd dionid) &Ehurtdsy hl Oraed„s Oun`d .

dionids suef as a 1>1: \6 adrh dionid ai` a patditd` `dsgh`rhgne'vacvd systdg &ni 1>25. `dghistratd` tfat KAZ ehitniud` th `dvdchp ai` niihvatd hvdr gaiy ydars) @dsgh systdgs# ihw asshenatd` ni ghst pdhpcd„s gni`s wntf @ueatn# usd a sdehi` eag th echsd tfd vacvds ni pcaed hl a sprnio) Ni laet# a sgacc sprnio ns hltdi usd` th assnst ni sdacnio tfd vacvd luccy# dspdenaccy at chw spdd`s ai` wfdi tfd dionid ns ehc`# but tfd usd hl a gdefaineac echsnio gdefainsg prdvdits tfd vacvd ‖flhatnio„ at fnof rdvs ― ai` phssnbcy dvdi gddtnio tfd pnsthi wntf `nsastrhus rdsucts) Ni tfd darcy `ays tfd prh`uetnhi hl rdcnabcd vacvd sprnios was a ehisn`drabcd gdtaccuroneac prhbcdg) Ni laet# BRG wdrd favnio gakhr trhubcds wntf tfd sprnios ni tfdnr Lhrguca Hid ear dionids as catd as 1><:) Orafag Fncc# wfh was `rnvnio lhr tfdg at tfd tngd# rdphrtd` ni fns authbnhorapfy Cnld at tfd Cngnt # tfat fd dvdi thhm shgd sprnios th fns hwi sgacc tuinio ehgpaiy# Updd`wdcc Ehivdrsnhis# th bd rd'trdatd`# ai` tfat ‖a ldw hl tfdg `n` cast a raed hr twh„) Utnrcnio Ghss fa` `nlfieucty a`aptnio th tfd ‖wrhio way rhui`„ oatd hi tfd Gdred`ds odarbhx wfdi fd ghvd` th tfdg darcy ni fns Orai` Zrnx earddr ai` fas erd`ntd` tfdnr @dsgh vacvd systdg wntf savnio fns dionid hi hid hr twh heeasnhis) Updd`way was th prhvd dihrghuscy ngphrtait th tfd KAZ busnidss# but nt thhm a wfncd lhr Khfi Zrdstwnef th bd ehivnied` hl nts phtditnac) Uhgdtngd ni 1>26# dioniddr

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids

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Utai Orddinio &wfh catdr rhsd th bdehgd KAZ„s Efndl Pdefineac A`vnshr.# favnio vnsntd` Utaglhr` Brn`od Updd`way# was first th suoodst tfat tfd fld`ocnio sphrt ehuc` prhvd ngphrtait) Hpninhis vary as th tfd prdensd bdoniinios hl Updd`way# but nt fa` hicy appdard` ni Brntani a ydar hr sh prdvnhuscy ai` Zrdstwnef ehisn`drd` nt th bd a passnio erazd saynio nt whuc` ‖burst cnmd a bubbcd„ ni snx ghitfs hr cdss) Fhwdvdr# at tfd 1>2> Hcygpna Ghthreyecd Ufhw# tfd Utaglhr` Brn`od eaptani# Bncc Braoo# vnsntd` tfd KAZ stai` ai` sphmd th \nvnai Zrdstwnef# tfd dc`dst hl Khfi Z„s fivd shis ai` a raenio ditfusnast) @huocas fhrnzhitaccy hpphsd` twni dionids wdrd `hgniait ni Updd`way at tfat phnit# but Braoo was ehivnied` tfat a `dvdchpgdit hl tfd KAZ sniocd ehuc` bd lar supdrnhr)) Fd suoodstd` a ra`neac apprhaef; usnio tfd eycni`dr hl a 4::ee dionid# gnius supdrnhr abhut facl tfd `dptf hl nts ehhcnio fiis snied Updd`way raeds ard sfhrt &tfd lhur caps tamd cnttcd ghrd tfai hid gniutd th ehgpcdtd.# ai` savnio lurtfdr wdnoft by ghuitnio tfd eycni`dr hith tfd eraimeasd hl a guef sgaccdr 500ee raenio dionid ai` fittnio tfd fda` lrhg a rha`'ohnio 54:ee dionid hi tfd thp) \nvnai lhui` Braoo„s suoodstnhis ehivnienio ai` prdvancd` hi fns latfdr th efaiod fns gni`) As a rdsuct# Orddinio was onvdi apprhvac th `dvdchp a Updd`way dionid achio tfd cnids wfnef Braoo fa` suoodstd`) As gnoft bd ngaonid`# tfd dioniddrnio `nlfieuctnds wdrd ehisn`drabcd) A carod aghuit hl gatdrnac fa` th bd rdghvd` lrhg tfd basd flaiod hl tfd eycni`dr# wfncd a``ntnhiac

A ‖smniiy„ 4::ee KAZ 0B sniocd# nistaccd` ni a sueedssluc# tfhuof vdidrabcd# sprnit gaefnid= a bdautnluccy prdpard` ‖^huio Updenac„ `atnio lrhg 1>5<) Uprnitnio ns dssditnaccy sngncar th `rao raenio dxedpt wfdrdas `rao raeds ard rui hvdr a sghhtf quartdr'gncd strnp# sprnits ard ghrd ‖fldxnbcd„)

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

gdtac fa` th bd wdc`d` hith tfd ui`drsnzd fda`) _fdi _fdi tfd dionid# `dsnoiatd` tfd KAZ 0B# was first tdstd` at tfd Erystac Zacaed Updd`way# Braoo„s ldcchw rn`drs wdrd hl tfd hpninhi tfat tfd ratfdr ‖smniiy„ chhmnio ghthr whuc` bchw up ni a sfhwdr hl gdtac) Nt `n`i„t `h tfat# but nt wasi„t as phwdrluc as tfd lhur'vacvd Ru`od wfnef fa` bdoui th rdpcaed tfd @huocas as tfd phwdr uint hl efhned) Fappncy lhr lh r KAZ# KAZ# tfd lagd` rn`dr ai` dioniddr _ac _ac Zfnccnps# Zfnccn ps# wfhsd uiecd Bdrt Bd rt Cd\aem whrmd` lhr Zrdstwnef# shgdtngds eagd th vnsnt fns uiecd at tfd Zrdstwnef laethry) Zfnccnps hwid` a Ru`od Updd`way bnmd ai` fd aordd` th whrm wntf Orddinio th strnp nt `hwi ai` stu`y nt) Cdsshis wdrd cdarid` ai` prhbcdgs shcvd` &ai` apparditcy idnofbhurs aiihyd` by catd inoft tdstnio!. but Orddinio was abcd th gamd efaiods th phrt snzds ai` aiocds# vacvd tngnio ai` htfdr dionid paragdtdrs) Uhhi altdr# Zfnccnps rh`d tfd KAZ dionid th wnis ni nts first twh raeds ai` brhmd tfd traem rdehr` nith tfd baroani at Utaglhr` Brn`od) KAZ ihw fa` ai dionid wfnef `dvdchpd` 55 bfp ai` wdnofd` hicy 45 cbs &abhut 20 mo. ai` wfdi _ac _ac whi fns Ohc` Utar at Brhhmcai`s by cappnio at 1:<)4 gpf hi a Orni`cay'Zddrcdss wntf tfd KAZ Updd`way dionid nistaccd`# nt chst aiy rdputatnhi lhr lraoncnty wfnef gnoft favd cniodrd` ni rn`drs„ gni`s) Nt bdeagd idedssary th thhc up lhr gass prh`uetnhi at tfd KAZ laethry ni Phttdifag Phttdifag as Updd`way rn`drs rdacnsd` tfat tfdnr dvdinio„s pay `dpdi`d` hi usnio KAZ phwdr) Uhhi tfd `dgai` rdaefd` a phnit at wfnef nt bdeagd ngpraetneac th suppcy prnvatd buydrs `nrdetcy lrhg tfd laethry) Ai ni`dpdi`dit ehgpaiy# \nethr Gartni Ct`# was sdt up th bd rui by a lhrgdr Zrdstwnef dgpchydd wfh fa` bddi nivhcvd` ni tfd `dvdchpgdit hl tfd dionid) Gartni gaiulaeturd` tfd Ru`od lragd ui`dr cnedied ai` was tfdrdlhrd abcd th sdcc ehgpcdtd 4::ee Updd`way raenio gaefnids) Nintnaccy &ni 1>55. tfdsd shc` lhr £6?) Pfd KAZ dionid rdganid` tfd thp efhned ― ni`dd`# tfd acghst uinvdrsac efhned ― aghio Updd`way rn`drs lrhg nts nitrh`uetnhi ni 1>5: acc tfd way tfrhuof th tfd gdrodr wntf \nccndrs ni 1>4?# altdr wfnef tngd tfd Kawa dionid eagd th tfd lhrd) Ni tfd darcy ydars gaiy gh`nfieatnhis wdrd ga`d ai` tfd phwdr was nierdasd`) Pfd eraimeasd eastnios wdrd rdpcaed` wntf strhiodr ghuitnio cuos ai` nierdasd` nitdriac stnlldinio) Pfd ehiidetnio rh` ai` eycni`dr barrdc wdrd cdiotfdid` scnoftcy th rd`ued strdss hi tfd bno di`) Pfd hrnoniac east nrhi rhemdr stai`s wdrd efaiod` lhr acchy hids ai` ai a``ntnhiac eycni`dr fda` bhct was a``d` th ganitani rdcnabncnty as tfd hutput nierdasd` th 0: bfp) Altdr tfd Udehi` _hrc` _ar# a idw eycni`dr fda` eastnio wntf ghrd gdtac arhui` tfd dxfaust phrt diabcd` tfd dionid th rdvdrt th nts hrnoniac lhur'stu` cayhut# but rdgarmabcy ldw htfdr spdenfieatnhi efaiods wdrd rdqunrd` snied tfd dionid was iht bdnio sdrnhuscy efaccdiod`) Pfd Pfd 0B lhui` a sdehi` appcneatnhi ni lhur lhur'wfddcd` 'wfddcd` raenio as nts cnoft wdnoft ai` fnof ehgprdssnhi ga`d nt n`dac lhr tfd darcy 4::ee Lhrguca Pfrdd ears bunct by tfd cnmds hl Khfi Ehhpdr) Nt was dvdituaccy supdrsd`d` by tfd Ihrthi dionid) Pfd KAZ ehgpaiy gdrod` wntf \nccndrs Dioniddrnio ni 1>4? ai` dionid gaiulaeturd was ghvd` lrhg Phttdifag th _hcvdrfagpthi ni 1><2)

Darcy Dxpdrngdits ai` Nilcuditnac Dionids

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Pfd Ear` Dra Acde Ear`# wfh `nd` ni 2:1:# was hid hl tfhsd yhuio gdi wfh lhui` nt dasndr th allhr` a ghthreyecd tfai a ear ni tfd ydars lhcchwnio tfd Udehi` _hrc` _ar) Ticnmd ghst# fhwdvdr# fd gaiaod` th buy a Brhuof Uupdrnhr UU6:) Pfd bnmd fa` a sn`dear attaefd` ai` fd usd` tfns th gamd rn`nio saldr ni tfd wnitdr# but fd rh`d shch ni suggdr) Fd oanid` ai alldetnhi lhr Brhuofs wfnef castd` a cnldtngd) Favnio oanid` quacnfieatnhis as ai dioniddr# fd wdit hi th bunc` lragds lhr Updd`way gaefnids= hl ehursd# KAZ dionids# acrda`y wdcc mihwi th fng tfrhuof tfd Brhuof ehiidetnhi# wdrd fnofcy sueedssluc ni Updd`way) Ear` prhordssd` th whrmnio hi dionids ai` by tfd 1>?:s fd fa` `dsnoid` gakhr rdpcaedgdit ehgphidits lhr  KAZ gaefnidry) gaefnidry) Fd apprhaefd` Ihrthi Ihrthi &wfh hwid` tfd KAZ laethry at tfd tngd. ai` asmd` pdrgnssnhi th usd tfd KAZ iagd hi dionids bunct usnio fns hwi eraimeasds) _fdi pdrgnssnhi was iht lhrtfehgnio# Ear` efdemd` fns laets ai` lhui` tfat actfhuof Ihrthi fa` bhuoft KAZ„s prdgnsds ai` dxnstnio sthems# tfd aetuac iagd was stncc avancabcd) Iht hicy `n` fd ihw buy tfd iagd# but fd rapn`cy bdoai th `dvdchp fns hwi ehgpcdtd dionid) Pfd first prhthtypd ‖idw hc`„ KAZ \'twni# bunct ni tfd catd ?:s# ns stncc ruiinio th`ay ni a Ghroai tfrdd'wfddcdr ai` fhc`s fncc'ecngb rdehr`s at varnhus vdiuds) Khnid` by fns shi @avd# Ear` bdoai th prh`ued fns KAZ dionids lhr eusthgdrs ni 1>6:# but rdganid` trud th tfd niihvatnvd dtfhs hl tfd hrnoniac ehgpaiy) Pfdsd gh`dri dionids ldaturd suef fnof'tdef ehgphidits as edragne eycni`dr cnidrs ai` ard avancabcd wntf ludc nikdetnhi th gddt gh`dri dgnssnhi rdoucatnhis) Ni a``ntnhi th ehgpcdtd idw dionids# tfd ehgpaiy ihw prh`ued ai` sdcc a raiod hl rdpcaedgdit parts lhr darcndr KAZ ghthrs) Achio tfd way Acde acsh bhuoft tfd rnofts th tfd Brhuof iagd) Fd shc` tfns aoani wfdi ghidy was idd`d` lhr tfd KAZ busnidss# but iht bdlhrd fd fa` bunct fngsdcl a rdpcnea hl tfd Bdrt Cd\aem rdehr` brdamdr hl tfd 1>2:s) Pfns bnmd ldaturds a gh`dri  KAZ \'twni \'twni dionid &hbvnhuscy. ai` a fai`'ga`d sprniodr lhrm & sdd Ochssary.# achio wntf a gh`dri rdpcnea lragd ai` a tfrdd'spdd` Uturgdy'Arefdr typd odarbhx) Pfd ehgpaiy fas rdeditcy aiihuied` tfd arrnvac hl ai acc'idw bhbbdr'stycd† KAZ ghthreyecd# phwdrd` by tfdnr \'twni ai` ldaturnio a far`'tanc lragd ai` sprniodr lhrm)

† Bhbbdrs wdrd darcy eusthg bnmds ldaturnio a eut'`hwi# hr ‖bhbbd`„# rdar rdar gu`ouar` ai` `nlldr lrhg tfd ghrd rdedit efhppdrs ni usnio a stai`ar` lragd wntf ehivditnhiac stddrnio odhgdtry ai` odidraccy caemnio fdavy efrhgd whrm)

Efaptdr 2

\nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy Ni 16>6 Khfi Garsthi was a eyecd gaiulaeturdr wntf a prhbcdg) Fd bdcndvd` ni trucy fnof stai`ar`s hl quacnty ai` fiinsf# but was uiabcd th hbtani pd`acs lhr fns gaefnids wfnef gdt tfdsd rdqunrdgdits) Ni 16>6 fd sdit fns shi Efarcds th Agdrnea th sddm a shcutnhi) Pfns gay sddg dxedssnvd= fhw `nlfieuct eai nt bd th gamd pd`acs8 Garsthi„s bneyecds fa`# lhr acghst a `dea`d# niehrphratd` fns patditd` deeditrne efani a`kustdr wfnef usd` a ghvdabcd pd`ac eraim ai` tfus acchwd` a fixd` rdar axcd) Pfd idd` th a`kust bhtf sn`ds hl tfd axcd dquaccy# stncc a lagncnar prhbcdg lhr gaiy ghthreyecd hwidrs th`ay# was dcngniatd`) By 16>6 tfd eraims wdrd fittd` wntf a bdautnluc dpneyecne &sdd Ochssary. twh'spdd` odar ai` tfd efani was luccy diechsd` ni ai hnc batf) Pfd gaefnids wdrd sdccnio wdcc ai` carod iugbdrs hl aeeuratdcy dioniddrd` ehgphidits wdrd uroditcy idd`d`) Efarcds Garsthi appdars th favd lhui` wfat fd waitd` wfdi fd vnsntd` tfd firg hl Lraiens Zratt ai` Aghs _fntidy# wfhsd ehgpaiy catdr prhvn`d` fiiaied ai` a iagd th Lrd`drnem Rditsfcdr„s fld`ocnio Zratt ai` _fntidy Anreralt Ehgpaiy) By tfd tngd hl Garsthi„s vnsnt# Zratt ai` _fntidy„s `d`neatnhi th aeeuratd gdasurdgdit ni dioniddrnio fa` acrda`y odidratd` sdvdrac gaefnid thhc patdits) Nt ns quntd cnmdcy tfat tfd Agdrneais suppcnd` Garsthi wntf tfd thhcnio fd idd`d` th gamd fns bneyecd pd`acs# but fd was edrtanicy ngprdssd` by tfd assdgbcy cnid prh`uetnhi tdefinquds fd `nsehvdrd` ni Agdrnea) Pfdrd was ih rhhg lhr tfns ni tfd dxnstnio ‖ehurtyar`„ stycd whrms ni wfnef tfd Garsthis bunct tfdnr ‖Uuibdag„ bneyecds# ai` sh prdgnsds wdrd bhuoft ni \nccndrs Utrddt# _hcvdrfagpthi) Pfns idw laethry was rdonstdrd` as tfd \nccndrs Eyecd Ehgphidit Ehgpaiy ai` Efarcds Garsthi bdeagd nts Gaiaonio @nrdethr) @nrdethr)

\nccndrs Actfhuof hicy dnoft gdi wdrd dgpchyd` fdrd nintnaccy# tfd \nccndrs laethry# wntf nts gh`dri dqunpgdit ai` gdtfh`s# was abcd th prh`ued lar ghrd parts tfai Uuibdag idd`d`# ai` tfd dxedss was shc` th htfdr eyecd gamdrs) \nccndrs bdeagd a snoinfieait

\nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy

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gaiulaeturdr ni nts hwi rnoft# ai` by 1>:2 tfd whrmlhred fa` ghrd tfai qua`rupcd`) Efarcds Garsthi apphnitd` Lraim Larrdr# wfh was th bdehgd a gakhr lhred ni tfd ehgpaiy# as aodit th sdcc tfd pd`acs) At shgd phnit# Khfi Garsthi shc` tfd \nccndrs \nccndrs laethry th fns shi ai` ni 1>:2 \nccndrs patditd` tfd bneyecd lrddwfddc) Pfdsd wdrd suef ai nistait sueedss tfat dvdry htfdr gaiulaeturdr fa` th fit tfdg th nts bneyecds ni hr`dr th sdcc tfdg= wntfni twh ydars \nccndrs fa` sthppd` prh`uenio pd`acs acthodtfdr! Pfd lrddwfddc rdganid` a gakhr \nccndrs prh`uet= ni tfd gn`'1>0:s tfdy wdrd gamnio 6:#::: daef wddm lhr sacd whrc`wn`d) Ni tfd ydars nggd`natdcy bdlhrd tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar# tfhuofts turid` th tfd prh`uetnhi hl pdtrhc dionids) Pfd first \nccndrs ghthreyecd dionid was ai uiusuac ‖nicdt'hvdr'dxfaust„ &NHD. 54:ee lhur'strhmd# nitrh`ued` ni 1>12 & sdd Ochssary.) Pfns fa` a bunct'ni twh'spdd` odarbhx ai` ecutef# but eyecd gamdrs ehisn`drd` nt thh ehgpcneatd` ai` as a rdsuct nt `n` iht sdcc wdcc) Nt was Lraim Larrdr wfh efagpnhid` tfd twh'strhmd# ni tfd laed hl ehisn`drabcd hpphsntnhi) Gaiy dxpdrts ldct tfat twh'strhmds fa` acrda`y bddi trnd` ai` lhui` th bd a `da` di`) But Larrdr was pdrsnstdit ai` Garsthi dvdituaccy wrhtd ai nistruetnhi ‖th hbcnod Gr Larrdr# gamd fng a twh'strhmd dionid!„ Pfns dionid was ai dxtrdgdcy sngpcd 2<>ee ghthr wntf hicy tfrdd ghvnio parts ― tfd east nrhi pnsthi# tfd ehi'rh` ai` tfd eraimsfalt ― ai` sngpcd pfhspfhr'brhizd bdarnios lhr tfd eraimsfalt ai` sgacc di`) Hicy tfd bno di` bdidfittd` lrhg a rhccdr bdarnio) _fdi Larrdr tdstd` tfd prhthtypd fd rdphrtd` th Garsthi tfat tfdy ehuc` sdcc tfhusai`s hl tfdg) Pfns turid` hut th bd niehrrdet# as tfdy aetuaccy shc` abhut 2· gnccnhi ni iugdrhus vdrsnhis hvdr a thtac prh`uetnhi cnld hl sdvdrac `dea`ds) Pfd dionid was cubrneatd` usnio a fai`'hpdratd` pugp wfnef ld` hnc tfrhuof a `rnccd` bhct nith tfd eraimeasd# wfdrd hncways cd` nt th tfd bdarnios) Uurpcus hnc spcasfnio hith tfd eycni`dr waccs was earrnd` up th tfd ehgbustnhi efagbdr wntf tfd niehgnio efarod hl pdtrhc(anr gnxturd) Rdcatnvdcy ldw dionids wdrd ga`d `urnio tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar as tfd laethry lheusd` hi prh`uenio guintnhis# but hid hutehgd lhr \nccndrs was tfd `dvdchpgdit hl a ehgbnid` flywfddc(gaoidth uint ― snied ghst gaoidths fa` prdvnhuscy bddi ngphrtd` lrhg Odrgaiy) Pfns idw uint was niehrphratd` nith vnrtuaccy acc subsdqudit \nccndrs dionids) Pfd first batef# `dsnoiatd` tfd Garm 1 ni spntd hl tfd darcndr lhur'strhmd# usd` ai acugninug dxfaust# but tfns was rdpcaed` wntf stddc hi tfd Garm 2 lrhg 1>1< hiwar`s) Ni 1>2: tfd Garm 5 ldaturd` a idw flywfddc editrd th acchw tfd dionid th bd usd` wntf dntfdr a sprhemdt &hi a ghthreyecd. hr a puccdy &ni statnhiary appcneatnhis.) Dcdetrne cnoftnio was prhvn`d` lhr hi tfd Garm 0 ai` lrhg 1>22 tfd 2<>ee dionid was rdpcaed` by a raiod hl tfrdd &10?ee# 20?ee ai` 502ee. vdry sngncar dionids) Pfd first \nccndrs twni appdard` ni 1>2?) Pfns fa` a eapaenty hl 500ee ai` was bunct ni a uint wntf ecutef ai` tfrdd'spdd` odarbhx) Nt acsh fa` authgatne cubrneatnhi ― ih idd` th pugp tfd hnc! As wntf KAZ dionids# tfd \nccndrs \nccndrs twh'strhmds wdrd usd` ni a lucc raiod hl appcneatnhis# actfhuof tfdnr gani garmdt was tfd burodhinio ghthreyecd ni`ustry# ni`ustry# wntf a`vdrtnsnio

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

dgpfasnsnio tfd cnoftidss ai` allhr`abncnty hl \nccndrs'phwdrd` gaefnids) A 1>26 a`vdrt sfhwd` a whgai rn`nio a \nccndrs'dionid` gaefnid ai` a gai apparditcy earrynio hid ui`dr fns arg# thodtfdr wntf tfd statdgdit# ‖Pwdity laghus Brntnsf gamdrs fit \nccndrs dionids th stur`y dehihgneac ghthr eyecds)„ Nt ns nitdrdstnio tfat tfd a`vdrt was lhr ‖\nccndrs Pwh'Utrhmds„) Uddgniocy tfdy ldct tfat tfd dionid `dfiid` tfd bnmd# acghst rdoar`cdss hl tfd eyecd gamdr) Pfns pfnchshpfy was pdrfaps tamdi th nts choneac ehiecusnhi wntf tfd >6ee \nccndrs Gn`odt ai` tfd Kuinhr ‖autheyecd„ dionid) \nccndrs diehuraod` varnhus gaiulaeturdrs th `dsnoi gaefnids arhui` tfdsd dionids ai` tfd Kuinhr was tamdi up by Dxedcsnhr &tfd Brntnsf hid= tfdrd wdrd ditnrdcy sdparatd ehgpainds usnio tfns iagd ni Agdrnea ai` ni Odrgaiy.# Kagds# Ru`od# Ehvditry'Daocd# Lraiens'Baridtt# Pfrdd Upnrds# Uui ai` a iugbdr hl htfdrs) Pfd iagd ‖autheyecd„ aetuaccy `atds baem th tfd bdoniinio hl  ghthreyecnio# wfdi nt was sngpcy a syihiyg lhr ‖ghthreyecd„# ai` nt survnvds ni tfns lhrg ni tfd iagd hl tfd Auth Eyecd Tinhi ― tfd AET ― tfd ohvdrinio bh`y hl Brntnsf Ghthreyecd sphrt) Fhwdvdr# ni tfd ydars bdtwddi tfd wars nt rdldrrd` th bneyecds wntf auxncnary dionids ai` th tfd typd hl gaefnid ihw eaccd` a ghpd`) Autheyecds wdrd ehisn`drd` usdluc th pdhpcd ni dssditnac sdrvneds cnmd Anr Ran` _ar`dis ai` iursds= prh`uetnhi was acchwd` th ehitniud tfrhuofhut tfd _ar) As a rdsuct# ghthreyecds wdrd nitrh`ued` th gaiy pdhpcd wfh gnoft iht htfdrwnsd favd ehisn`drd` hwinio hid) Nt ns ecangd` tfat as gaiy as 1::#::: gay favd bddi shc` ― acc wntf tfd rdcnabcd cnttcd \nccndrs \nccndrs Kuinhr dionid fittd`)

A`vdrt lhr a ghthrnzd` bneyecd phwdrd` by tfd \nccndrs Kuinhr dionid) &Ehurtdsy hl Oraed„s Oun`d .

\nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy

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Hvdr tfd subsdqudit ydars# \nccndrs \nccndrs gaiulaeturd` a carod raiod hl sgacc twh'strhmd dionids lhr bhtf ghthreyecd ai` statnhiary appcneatnhis# but tfdy dxpai`d` tfd raiod nith tfd carodr ai` ghrd phwdrluc di` hl tfd garmdt wntf tfd KAZ gdrodr ni 1>4?) Ihw at cast tfdy wdrd abcd th ecang ‖khnitcy# tfd twh ehgpainds prh`ued a vast raiod hl twh'strhmd ai` lhur'strhmd pdtrhc dionids ai` lhur'strhmd `ndsdc dionids lrhg 1 ( 5r` th 1< bfp)„ Ni 1><4 tfd ehgpaiy was tamdi hvdr by Gaioaidsd Brhizd Fhc`nios ai`# thodtfdr wntf AGE# dvdituaccy bdeagd part hl Ihrthi'\nccndrs'Prnugpf) I\P wdit nith rdednvdrsfnp ni 1>?0)

Uuibdag _d favd acrda`y gdt Khfi Garsthi ai` sddi fhw fns pursunt hl fnof quacnty pd`acs cd` th tfd dstabcnsfgdit hl hid hl tfd ordat dionid gaiulaeturdrs \nccndrs# but nt sfhuc` iht bd lhrohttdi tfat as a bneyecd gamdr fd fa` acrda`y lhui`d` tfd Uuibdag garqud) Pfd quacnty hl tfdsd bneyecds was rdgarmabcd) Nt spraio ni carod part lrhg Khfi Garsthi„s efaraetdr ― fd was a pdrldetnhinst ― but acsh lrhg fns hrnoniac tra`d as a ‖Kapaiidr„) Kapai bcaem ns a caequdr wfnef eai bd appcnd` `nrdetcy th gdtac surlaeds ai` tfdi bamd` at arhui` 2:: hE th prh`ued a far`# ochssy bcaem fiinsf wfnef ns fnofcy `urabcd) Ni tfd \nethrnai dra# Kapaiinio was phpucar as a `dehratnvd ai` far`wdarnio fiinsf lhr bhtf phttdry ai` gdtac ntdgs ai` ldw fhgds whuc` iht phssdss shgd Kapaiid` hbkdets) As a rdsuct a tfrnvnio Kapaiinio ni`ustry ordw up ni tfd _hcvdrfagpthi arda ai` nt was fdrd tfat Khfi Garsthi sdrvd` fns apprditnedsfnp at tfd Kd``h whrms hl D`war` Zdrry# fngsdcl a snoinfieait fiourd ai` catdr twned Gayhr hl _hcvdrfagpthi) Kapaiinio was usd` as a fiinsf ni tfd darcy ear ni`ustry# lhr dxagpcd lhrgnio tfd basns hl Fdiry Lhr`„s laghus bcaem Gh`dc P) _fdi Garsthi catdr bhuoft tfd Kd``h whrms hi Zdrry„s `datf ai` bdoai th bunc` fns bneyecds# fd iaturaccy usd` tfns dxedccdit quacnty hl bcaem fiinsf) Nt ns san` &trutfluccy hr htfdrwnsd. tfat nt was Garsthi„s wnld Dccdi wfh iagd` tfdg ‖Uuibdag„ bdeausd hl  tfd way tfd cnoft rdfldetd` hll tfd fnof ochss surlaeds) Dvdi tfd whrms wdrd rdiagd` ‖Uuibdagcai`„) Garsthi„s gaefnids wdrd iht kust ohh` th chhm at) Uuibdag pnhiddrd` a raiod hl  gdefaineac ngprhvdgdits ai` oanid` a rdputatnhi wfnef diehuraod` cda`nio fiourds hl tfd `ay th rn`d tfdg) Unr D`war` Dcoar bhuoft twh ai` thhm tfdg baem th tfd laethry rdoucarcy th favd tfdg ganitanid` ni pdrldet ehi`ntnhi) Pfns was Uuibdag„s a`vdrtnsd` prhgnsd th nts eusthgdrs; Ghst eyecd gamdrs ard ihw struoocnio th prh`ued tfd Efdapdst Bneyecd) ^dt a rn`dr„s cnld `dpdi`s# iht uphi tfd efdapidss hl fns bneyecd# but uphi nts shui`idss) Ih –ehgpdtntnvd prned‗ bneyecds ard ga`d at Uuibdagcai`) Eyecnsts wfh buy tfdsd gaefnids idd`# tfdrdlhrd# bd ui`dr ih apprdfdisnhi hl bdehgnio vnetngs th tfd –war hl prneds‗)

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

\nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy

Pfdsd paods; A panr hl nggaeucatdcy prdpard` Uuibdags# hid hl wfnef ns tfd PP'wniinio PP'wniinio Gh`dc >:PP# sfhwnio hll Khfi Garsthi„s supdrb ‖Kapaiid`„ bcaem fiinsf ai` tfd patditd` ‖Cnttcd Hnc Batf„ efani easd)

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

Altdr ai darcy flnrtatnhi wntf phwdrd` eyecds ni wfnef a gai was mnccd` &tfhuof ih' hid sddgs th favd rdehr`d` fns iagd.# Garsthi avhn`d` tfdg lhr gaiy ydars ai` `nvdrsnfid` nith ear'gamnio nistda`) Fhwdvdr# a scugp ni ear sacds lhred` fng nith bunc`nio ghthreyecds lrhg 1>12 hiwar`s# at tfd aod hl ?<# ai` lhcchwnio fns cnld'chio tra`ntnhi# fd prh`ued` fnof quacnty gaefnids# ghstcy sniocd eycni`dr# wfnef wdrd shc` as ‖Pfd Oditcdgai„s Gaefnid„) By tfd tngd Garsthi ditdrd` tfd ghthreyecd garmdt tfd bdct `rnvd dra fa` dssditnaccy passd` ai` lrhg tfd start fns gaefnids wdrd fittd` wntf a vdrsnhi hl tfd sagd ‖cnttcd hnc batf„ efani `rnvd acrda`y `dvdchpd` lhr Uuibdag bneyecds) Pfd first hl Garsthi„s oditcdgdi„s ghthreyecds usd` tfd 50>ee nicdt'hvdr'dxfaust sniocd'eycni`dr dionid wfnef was ga`d at tfd \nccndrs Utrddt whrms) Pfns 1>12 dionid was ratd` at 2¹ fp ai` Farry Utdvdis hl AKU ghthreyecds was ehggnssnhid` by Garsthi th `dsnoi nt) A gakhr apphnitgdit was ihw ga`d at Uuibdag; Khfi Orddiwhh`# wfh fa` lhrgdrcy bddi wntf KAZ# was tamdi hi th `dsnoi a ghthreyecd arhui` tfd Utdvdis dionid) Orddiwhh` wdit hi th `dsnoi acghst acc subsdqudit Uuibdag dionids) Pfd hrnoniac Utdvdis 54:ee gh`dc was `nsehitniud` ni 1>14 ai` tfns dionid snzd rdganid` absdit lrhg tfd raiod uitnc 1>25 wfdi tfd Gh`dcs 1 ai` 2 rdvnvd` nt usnio a iarrhwdr eycni`dr bhrd ai` ehrrdsphi`niocy chiodr strhmd ni aeehr`aied wntf tfd ehitdgphrary tax caws)† Pfns whuc` bd tfd cast sn`d'vacvd 54:ee dionid lrhg Uuibdag= acc subsdqudit gh`dcs ni tfd ecass usd` hvdrfda`'vacvd dionids) Nt was ni 1>15 tfat Orddiwhh`„s first Uuibdag dionid appdard`) Ratd` at 5· fp# tfns was a 0>>ee ghthr wntf a bhrd ai` strhmd hl 64 x 66 gg) Pfns bnmd can` tfd lhui`atnhis lhr Uuibdag„s sueedss ni tfd darcy ydars hl tfd Nscd hl Gai PP# aefndvnio a sdehi` pcaed fiinsf ni tfd 1>10 Udinhr Raed ai` wniinio tfd Gaiulaeturdr„s Gaiulaeturdr„s Awar`) Awar`) Garsthi a``d` a carodr gh`dc phwdrd` by a <'fp KAZ \'twni \'twni hl ??:ee eapaenty ai` eapabcd hl puccnio a sn`dear) sn`dear) Pfns was prh`ued` uitnc `nlfieuctnds wntf tfd suppcy hl KAZ dionids lhred` a efaiod th uints ga`d by AM@ ai` tfd Uwnss firg GAO ni 1>14(1<) Pfd GAO was a scnoftcy bnoodr 6'fp `dsnoi ai` phssnbcy oavd tfd gaefnid dvdi ghrd eapabncnty as a sn`dear puccdr) Uuibdag wdrd wdr d abcd th rdvdrt rdvd rt th KAZ phwdr bdlhrd b dlhrd tfd di` hl h l tfd Lnrst _hrc` _hrc` _ar _ar## but tfns tngd tfdy efhsd tfd >>25) Pfdrd was acsh a sgaccdr 4'fp \'twni# wfnef was ga`d `urnio tfd _ar as a shch gaefnid lhr tfd Russnai Argy# but tfns `n` iht ditdr envncnai prh`uetnhi)

† Pfd `dsernptnhi hl dionids by by fhrsdphwdr ratnios `dpdi`s `dpdi`s hi a lhrguca `dvdchpd` `dvdchpd` by tfd RAE) Pfns assnois ai ‖ni`neatd`„ fhrsd phwdr th daef dionid# basd` hi tfd `nagdtdr hl nts eycni`drs ai` tfd iugbdr hl eycni`drs) Nt gamds tfrdd basne assugptnhis rdcatnio th tfd gdai prdssurd ni tfd eycni`dr `urnio a phwdr strhmd# tfd gdai spdd` hl a pnsthi at tfd dionid„s fnofdst rdvs ai` tfd gdefaineac dlfiendiey hl tfd dionid) As acc tfrdd hl tfd assugd` vacuds wdrd shhi dxedd`d` `ud th dioniddrnio a`vaieds nt lhcchws tfat aetuac bramd fhrsd phwdr shhi dxedd`d` ‖ni`neatd` phwdr„# but tfd lhrguca survnvd` bdeausd nt fa` bddi usd` as a basns lhr vdfnecd taxatnhi ― ai` tfns ehitniud` chio altdr tfd lhrguca bdeagd dlldetnvdcy hbshcdtd) Hl ehursd# nt acsh lhcchws tfat chio' strhmd dionids wntf iarrhw bhrds wdrd efdapdr th tax ai` sh tfd lhrguca dxdrtd` ai nifludied hi dionid `dsnoi lhr gaiy ydars)

\nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy

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Nt was tfd 5·'fp ‖Utai`ar`„ gaefnid# acsh eaccd` tfd Gh`dc 5# wfnef was nitrh`ued` ni 1>14# wfnef bdeagd shgdtfnio hl a odidrac purphsd whrmfhrsd `urnio tfd Lnrst _hrc` _ar _ar)) Pfd Gh`dc 5# aoani wntf wnt f ai dionid dion id `dsnoid` `dsnoi d` by Khfi Khf i Orddiwhh`# Orddiwh h`# rdganid` ni prh`uetnhi uitnc 1>2< ai` by 1>2: tfdsd sn`d vacvd gaefnids wdrd wniinio hi tfd Nscd hl Gai) As tfd `dea`d prhordssd` lurtfdr# `dvdchpgdit ui`dr rn`drs suef as Odhrod @aied ai` Orafag _acmdr ga`d Uuibdag hid hl tfd ghst sueedssluc garquds= tfdnr bnmds wdrd edrtanicy a gatef lhr aiytfnio dcsd tfdi raenio) Pfdy whi dvdits as `nvdrsd as tfd Tcstdr Orai` Zrnx# tfd Bhc @„Hr# tfd Ntacnai Orai` Zrnx ai` tfd Uhutfphrt Rhuof Rn`drs Prnac# gaiy hl tfdsd hi sdvdrac heeasnhis# ai` sdt iugdrhus stai`nio'start ai` flynio'start spdd` rdehr`s) Pfd Chiostrhmd Gh`dc < was onvdi a sueedssluc ‖tdst rui„ by Acdxai`dr Bdiidtt ni wniinio tfd 1>21 Lrdief Orai` Zrnx at Utrasbhuro# ai` wdit nith prh`uetnhi tfd lhcchwnio ydar) Pfd bnmd# wfhsd ?? x 1:4)4'gg 0>2ee dionid was tfd lastdst sniocd' eycni`dr sn`d'vacvd `dsnoi hl nts `ay# bdeagd tfd cast sn`d'vacvd'dionid` gaefnid th wni tfd Udinhr PP wfdi Bdiidtt rh`d nt th vnethry ni 1>22) Nt was th rdgani a fixturd ni tfd Uuibdag eatachoud lhr tfd idxt 1? ydars) Pfd hrnoniac flat taim was efaiod` th a sa``cd typd achio wntf htfdr stycnstne efaiods bdlhrd NEN bhuoft hut Uuibdag ni 1>2>) At tfns phnit nt oanid` tfd gh`dc iagd ‖Cnhi„ ai` tfd NEN Cnhi choh hi nts taim) Pfd Chiostrhmd Cnhi ehitniud` ni gaiulaeturd dvdi altdr tfd AGE tamdhvdr hl 1>5?) Pfd Gh`dc 0 was sfhrt'cnvd`# rdganinio hi sacd lhr hicy a cnttcd hvdr twh ydars# spaiinio tfd pdrnh` 1>20'2<) Pfns was a <::ee bnmd usnio tfd eyecd parts hl tfd Utai`ar` gh`dc ai` a 4>22 Gh`dc ?) Pfd Gh`dc ? ntsdcl rdtanid` tfd Utai`ar` gh`dc„s 64'gg bhrd# but dxtdi`d` tfd strhmd th gatef tfd 1:4)4 gg hl tfd Chiostrhmd) Pfns oavd a eapaenty hl 4>5:s# by wfnef tngd nt gust favd chhmd` vdry hc` lasfnhid`) Nt was fiiaccy rdpcaed` by tfd sa``cd taimd` Gh`dc ?A# wfnef was acsh mihwi as tfd <::ee Cnhi) Pfns was prh`ued` uitnc 1>0:# by wfnef tngd tfd basne `dsnoi was apprhaefnio 2: ydars hc`) Khfi Orddiwhh`„s hrnoniac ‖squard strhmd„ dionid &64 x 66 gg. fa` oanid` a snoinfieait lhcchwnio aghio rn`drs wntf nts sphrty pdrlhrgaied= tfd Gh`dc 4 Cnoft Uhch hl 1>25 was nitdi`d` acsh th appdac th tfdsd rn`drs) Nt ldaturd` tfd cnoft lragd hl tfd Chiostrhmd ehgbnid` wntf tfd Utai`ar`„s 0>>ee PP'wniinio dionid ai` was prh`ued` uitnc 1>2<) Lhcchwnio tfd AGE tamdhvdr ni Udptdgbdr 1>5?# Uuibdag ghthreyecds wdrd prh`ued` lhr a ldw ydars ni Chi`hi lrhg _hcvdrfagpthi'ga` _hcvdrfagpthi'ga`dd parts) AGE acsh bunct tfdnr hwi bnmds basd` hi prdvnhus Uuibdag `dsnois uitnc tfd Udehi` _hrc` _ar put a sthp th envncnai prh`uetnhi) Pfd Uuibdag iagd ai` tra`dgarms wdrd shc` th BUA ni 1>05 ai` gaiy ditfusnasts rdoar` tfns as tfd di` hl tfd trud Garsthi(Uuibdag cnid) Idvdrtfdcdss# tfd nggd`natd phstwar ydars saw BUA(Uuibdag aiihuied a idw 06?ee gh`dc basd` hi ai ni'cnid twni dionid wntf ai nitdorac lhur lhur'spdd` 'spdd` odarbhx) Pfns bnmd# th bd mihwi as tfd U?# appdard` th bhast vnrtuaccy dvdrytfnio tfat tfd prd'war

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

ghthreyecnio pubcne fa` bddi asmnio lhr ― sfalt `rnvd# hvdrfda` eags# a pcuiodr'typd spruio rdar di` ― ni laet# ni a``ntnhi th suef tfnios# a thtac hl tfnrty idwcy patditd` ldaturds wdrd hi sfhw) ^dt shgdfhw tfd idw bnmd sddgd` a bnt thh guef cnmd a ear) Edrtanicy tfd `dsnoi sddgd` th favd hrnoniatd` hi tfd `rawnio bhar` hl a ear `dsnoidr# ai` tfd pubcne fdsntatd` th rusf hut ai` buy nt) Pfd U? was fdavy ai`# at 20 bfp# ui`drphwdrd`) As a rdsuct nt fa` a thp spdd` hl hicy kust hvdr ?: gpf) A sphrts vdrsnhi was prhgnsd`# but nt ldcc lhuc hl hid hl tfd patditd` idw U? ldaturds) Hwnio th tfd chw phsntnhi hl tfd odarbhx hutput sfalt# tfd `rnvd th tfd rdar wfddc was by ai ui`drscuio whrg odar) _hrgs favd tfdnr pcaed ni dioniddrnio hl ehursd &gh`dc tranis ai` shgd stanrcnlts sprnio th gni`!.# but tfdy ihrgaccy favd chw ratnhs ai` `h iht cdi` tfdgsdcvds wdcc th fnof'spdd` appcneatnhis) Ni ai attdgpt th hvdrehgd tfns cngntatnhi# tfd Uuibdag `dsnoidrs fa` nitrh`ued` a strhio smdw th tfd tddtf hl tfd rhccdr ai` tfns cd` th nierdasd` lrnetnhi) Dvdi ni tfd mni` hl thurnio usd lhr wfnef tfd U? was suntd`# tfns fiiac `rnvd uint rai fht ai` wfdi tfd phwdr was nierdasd` nt whrd at ai uiaeedptabcd ratd) Nistda` hl swntefnio th a ghrd ehivditnhiac `rnvd# Uuibdag `den`d` tfat tfd sphrts prhkdet was ngpraetneac ai` nt was sngpcy abai`hid`) Ni nts hrnoniac lhrg# tfd U? dionid fa` bddi bhctd` `nrdetcy th tfd lragd ai` dxtrdgd vnbratnhi fa` alflnetd` tfd prh`uetnhi gh`dcs) Nt fas bddi suoodstd` tfat tfns was iht pnemd` up ni `dvdchpgdit tdstnio sngpcy bdeausd tfd `dvdchpgdit bnmds wdrd gaiulaeturd` th echsdr thcdraieds) Ph hvdrehgd tfd prhbcdg# rubbdr ghuitnios wdrd

Pfd Uuibdag U6# sfhwnio tfd fldxnbcd sdetnhi hl dxfaust pnpd wfnef was a``d` th pdrgnt tfd dionid th ghvd hi nts rubbdr ghuitnios) Pfd gani `nlldrdied bdtwddi tfd U6 ai` tfd darcndr U? ns tfd usd hl ehivditnhiac BUA lhrms ai` a stai`ar` snzd tyrd th rdpcaed tfd ‖lat„ tyrd usd` hi tfd U?)

\nccndrs# Uuibdag ai` tfd Garsthi Lagncy

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a``d` at ai darcy staod# but tfns gdait tfat tfd dionid ehuc` ghvd rdcatnvd th tfd lragd ai` sh a sfhrt fldxnbcd sdetnhi fa` th bd a``d` th tfd dxfaust) Pfns ‖whrmarhui`„ gdasurd was rdtanid` tfrhuofhut tfd cnld hl tfd U?(6 gh`dcs) Pfd U6 gh`dc was nitrh`ued` ni 1>0>) Pfns wdnofd` snoinfieaitcy cdss tfai tfd U? as tfd lrhit lhrms fa` bddi rdpcaed` wntf tfhsd lrhg tfd BUA A1: &Uuibdag gaefnids wdrd by tfns tngd bdnio ga`d ni tfd BUA whrms at Rd``ntef.) Pfd U?„s tdcdsehpne lhrms fa` bddi hl ai uiusuac cayhut) Pfd fy`raucne `agpnio gdefainsgs wdrd nisn`d tfd lhrm cdos ni tfd ehivditnhiac way but tfd sprnios wdrd pcaed` ni a sdparatd fhusnio abhvd tfd lrhit wfddc) As ai a``ntnhiac diehuraodgdit th phtditnac buydrs# tfd U6 was acsh £5: efdapdr tfai tfd U? ― ai apprdenabcd aghuit ni 1>0>) But ni spntd hl  suef ghvds# tfd U6 idvdr rdaccy shc` ni tfd iugbdrs wfnef whuc` favd odidratd` ditfusnasg at BUA# ai` actfhuof prh`uetnhi ehitniud` uitnc 1>4<# tfdrd was th bd ih U>) Pfd Ehccndrs# acrda`y hwidrs hl Gatefcdss# a``d` AKU th tfdnr phrtlhcnh ni 1>51 ai` bhuoft Uuibdag ni 1>5?) Pfd ehgpaiy was rdiagd` Agacoagatd` Ghthreyecds Cngntd` ai` tfns was lurtfdr gh`nfid` th Asshenatd` Ghthreyecds &AGE. tfd lhcchwnio ydar) Nitdrdstniocy# ai` prdsugabcy as ai attdgpt th ganitani a `nstnietnhi bdtwddi tfd twh garquds# tfd Kapaiid` bcaem ai` ohc` fiinsf wfnef fa` bddi tfd faccgarm hl Uuibdag gaefnids snied Kagds Garsthi„s `ay ehitniud` th bd usd` hi AKU gaefnids# but was iht traisldrrd` th Gatefcdss gh`dcs) Pfd pfhthorapf sfhws a 4::ee Gatefcdss O4: ni nts typneac rd` panitwhrm) Ehgpard tfns gaefnid wntf tfd 54:ee AKU ?R sddi hi paods 122(5)

Pfd 4::ee Gatefcdss O4: ns vnrtuaccy n`ditneac th tfd AKU ?R ni acc but ehchur)

Efaptdr 5

Pfd Ghthreyecd as a Raenio Gaefnid Ih sthry hl tfns mni` eai bd ehgpcdtd wntfhut ehisn`dratnhi hl tfd ngphrtaied hl  raenio# bhtf lhr `dvdchpgdit ai` as a`vdrtnsnio) Ih raed fas bddi as nifluditnac tfrhuofhut vnrtuaccy tfd ditnrd sthry hl ghthreyecnio as tfd Nscd hl Gai Phurnst Prhpfy ― ‖tfd PP„# achio wntf nts agatdur partidr# tfd Gaix Orai` Zrnx) Lrhg tfd darcndst bdoniinios hl tfd PP ni 1>:4# gaefnids wfnef whi tfd PP wdrd sueedssluc gaefnids# ai` laethrnds wfnef whi tfd PP shc` ghthrbnmds) Pfd raeds ih chiodr favd _hrc` Efagpnhisfnp status `ud th tfd sdvdrnty ai` `aiodr hl tfd Ghuitani Ehursd# but raedrs stncc qudud lhr ditrnds ― tfdrd wdrd hvdr snxty ehgpdtnthrs ni tfd Idwehgdrs raed at tfd 2:12 GOZ lhr dxagpcd) Ni`dd`# ih cdss a pdrshi tfai Gurray _acmdr &wfhsd latfdr Orafag fngsdcl whi filtddi sncvdr rdpcneas ni tfd dvdit. fas `dsernbd` tfd PP as tfd ordatdst ghthrsphrt dvdit hl aiy mni` ni tfd whrc`) Aiy ghthreyecnst rdldrrnio sngpcy th ‖tfd nscai`„ wncc dxpdet th bd ui`drsthh`# ai` nt lhcchws tfat gaiy PP ai` GOZ wniidrs eai bd lhui` ni tfdsd paods) Pfdrd ard a vdry carod iugbdr hl prnzds th bd whi by tfhsd wfh `ard th raed hi tfd Nscd hl Gai Ghuitani Ehursd) Gaiy pdhpcd ai` hroainsatnhis favd di`hwd` awar`s) Pfdrd ard prnzds lhr idwehgdrs# cheac rn`drs# hc`dr rn`drs ai` ghrd) A fiinsfdr„s gd`ac ns ai fhihur ni ntsdcl ai` gaiy ehgpdtnthrs ard satnsfid` th aefndvd hid) Utartnio a Gaix Orai` Zrnx raed ditntcds tfd rn`dr th cnld gdgbdrsfnp hl tfd Gaix Orai` Zrnx Rn`drs Asshenatnhi) At tfd ‖sfarp di`„ hl tfd seacd ns tfd PP Udinhr Prhpfy# a trucy gaoinfiedit ehchssus ni sncvdr) Lnrst awar`d` th Efarcnd Ehccndr ni 1>:?# tfd trhpfy earrnds tfd iagd hl   Khsdpf tfd Garquns `d Ghuznccy Ut Gars# wfh hrnoniaccy suoodstd` tfd dstabcnsfgdit hl tfd raed ai` `hiatd` tfd Ntacnai'`dsnoid` 1:6'eg'tacc trhpfy) Nt was aetuaccy 2: eg sfhrtdr ni 1>:?# but fas fa` th bd dxtdi`d` th aeehggh`atd ghrd sfndc`s lhr tfd wniidrs„ iagds) Dvdry Udinhr wniidr ns tfdrd ai` a lurtfdr dxtdisnhi wncc shhi bd idd`d`! Pfd trhpfy ns gh`dccd` hi tfd Ghitaoud Prhpfy# wfnef was awar`d` th tfd wniidr hl tfd Phurnst Prhpfy lhr ears# a raed wfnef prd`atd` tfd ghthreyecd dvdit by a ldw ydars) Pfd pcnitf ns surghuitd` by a sncvdr gh`dc rdprdsditnio Gdreury stai`nio hi a wniod` wfddc ai` tfd ditnrd trhpfy wdnofs acghst 20 mo) Ihwa`ays tfd trhpfy ns nisurd` lhr £1)4 gnccnhi ai` ns mdpt pdrgaiditcy hi tfd Nscd hl Gai) Pfns was iht

Pfd Ghthreyecd as a Raenio Gaefnid

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Abhvd; Aetnhi at tfd PP) Eagdrhi @hiac` cda`s fns tdag'gatd Brued Aistdy hll tfd ghuitani) Rnoft; Gaixgai @ai Middi `nspcays fns sncvdr rdpcnea awar`d` lhr a filtf pcaed fiinsf ni tfd 2:1: Uupdrsphrt PP) PP) At tfd tngd hl  wrntnio @ai ns tfd hicy rn`dr dvdr th favd whi tfrdd Gaix Orai` Zrnx raeds ni tfd sagd ydar)

acways tfd easd= baem ni tfd 1>5:s# lhr dxagpcd# tfd wniidr was acchwd` th mddp tfd trhpfy lhr a ydar# ydar# wfnef gdait tfat lhcchwnio a Odrgai wni lhr Odhro Gdndr ni 1>5> tfd trhpfy cdlt tfd nscai` lhr tfd `uratnhi hl tfd Udehi` _hrc` _ar) Nts wfdrdabhuts wdrd uimihwi lhr a tngd ai` nt was dvdituaccy `nsehvdrd` hi `nspcay ni a \ndiidsd sfhp) Pfd wniinio laethry BG_ lard` whrsd# fhwdvdr# spdi`nio tfd war burnd` ni a fidc`! Uncvdr rdpcneas hl tfd trhpfy ard awar`d` th rn`drs wfh fiinsf wntfni 1:4 pdr edit hl  tfd wniidr„s tngd ai` brhizd rdpcneas oh th tfhsd fiinsfnio wntfni 11: pdr edit) Pfd PP fas bddi rui lhr ghrd tfai 1:: ydars# ai` lhr a lucc editury tfd sagd ehursd fas bddi usd`) Prud# nt fas bddi fuodcy upora`d` hvdr tfd ydars ― wfat rha` fasi„t8 ― but nt lhcchws tfd sagd 5?¹'gncd rhutd tfrhuof thwis ai` vnccaods# achio ehuitry caids ai` hvdr ‖tfd ghuitani„) Uiadldcc Uiadldcc stai`s 2#:50 lddt &<21 gdtrds. abhvd sda cdvdc ai` tfd ehursd passds echsd by tfd suggnt) Hicy hid sgacc 0::'yar` sdetnhi hl tfd ehursd at tfd vdry di` hl tfd cap ns ih chiodr usd` lhr dvdry`ay tralfie# ai` at tfd tngd hl wrntnio &2:12. tfd cap rdehr` stai`s th Khfi GeOunidss at 1? gniutds 12)5 sdehi`s

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Ecassne Brntnsf Ghthreyecds

Pfd vndw hvdr Ragsdy lrhg tfd garsfaccnio phst at tfd Outfrnd ghiugdit) Eai tfdrd bd a ghrd bdautnluc raed enreunt aiywfdrd8

― ai avdraod spdd` hl kust hvdr 151 gpf) Pfhsd wfh ehgpdtd ard aghio tfd bravdst sphrtsgdi ai` whgdi ni tfd whrc`# ai` aiy bnmd wfnef ehgpcdtds a snx'cap raed fas bddi tdstd` th ai dxtrdgd `dordd) _ntf ai dyd th tfd luturd# tfdrd ns ihw a raed lhr dcdetrne gaefnids at tfd PP# ai` tfd 1::'gpf cap fas acrda`y bddi aefndvd` ni tfns dvdit)

E C A U U N E B RNPN RNPNU UF GHPHRE^ECDU Avancabcd ihw lrhg Lhitfncc Gd`na _ni bhhms wntf wntf LHIPFNCC LHIPFNCC)) Ehiidet Ehiidet wntf wntf us hi;

l laedbhhm

t twnttdr  P tugbcr  a agazhi

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