Human Health and Diseases
HEALTH
Defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellwell- being of a person. Healthy people are efficient at work. This increases productivity and a nd economic prosperity.
HEALTH
Defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellwell- being of a person. Healthy people are efficient at work. This increases productivity and a nd economic prosperity.
FACTORS THA THATT AFFEC AFFECTT HEALTH HEALTH
Balanced diet
Personal hygiene
Regular exercise
Good habits
HOW TO TO ACHIEVE GOOD HEALTH ?
Knowledge about diseases, their cause and effect
Vaccination/ immunisation
Control of vectors
Proper disposal of waste
Consumption of clean food and water
Maintenance of hygiene
INFECTIOUS DISEASE TYPES
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Sl. No.
Causal agent
Diseases
1
virus
Common cold, polio, measles
2
bacteria
Typhoid, pneumonia, plague, diphtheria, tetanus
3
protozoa
Malaria, amoebiasis
4
fungi
ringworm
5
helminthes
Ascariasis, filariasis, taeniasis
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
IMMUNITY IMMUNITY
INNATE
ACQUIRED
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INNATE IMMUNITY BARRIERS
PHYSICAL
CYTOKININ
BARRIER
CELLULAR
PHYSIO LOGICAL
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Acquired after birth
Pathogen specific
Present only in vertebrates
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Specificity- ability to distinguished many different foreign molecule Memory Capacity to distinguish self and nonself molecules/ cells
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Acquired immunity
Humoral / antibody mediated immunity
Cell mediated immunity
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Consists of antibodies in body fluids.
Produced by B- lymphocytes in response to antigen.
Collectively antibodies called immunoglobulins.
Types of immunoglobulins- Ig A, Ig D, Ig E, Ig M, Ig G.
ANTIBODY
Has 4 polypeptide chains
Held together in the form of ‘Y’
Tips of upper 2 arms bind to antigen and form antigen-antibody complex.
Two chains are long (heavy or H) and 2 are short Light or L) chains. So the antibody referred to as H 2L2.
AN ANTIBODY MOLECULE
ANTIBODY MOLECULE
ANTIBODY MOLECULE
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Mediated by T lymphocytes
Two groups of lymphocytes- cytotoxic/ killer T cells and helper T cells. Killer T cells kill specific target cell by various mechanisms.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Helper T cells activate specific B cells to produce antibodies. T lymphocytes responsible for graft rejection.
ACTIVE VS PASIVE IMMUNITY ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Antibodies develop by our Antibodies develop in own cells. other vertebrates and injected into our body. Takes time to develop immunity.
Response is faster.
Stays for longer period.
Stays for short period.
E.g. immunity developed E.g. immunity to infants in due to natural exposure to colostrums, tetanus antigen or by vaccination. antitoxin
IMMUNE RESPONSE Primary immune response
Immunity developed in the body due to first encounter with an antigen. Takes longer time to develop It is feeble and declines rapidly.
Secondary immune response
Produced by memory cells, formed during primary response. Heightened immune response in a shorter time. Stays for longer time.
VACCINATION AND IMMUNISATION
Based on memory of immune system.
Generates antibodies that neutralise toxin or pathogen. Produce memory cells.
ALLERGY
Hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to certain antigens of environment. Allergen is the substance that cause allergy. The antibodies produced in response to allergen is Ig E type.
Common symptoms- sneezing, watery eyes, rashes, running nose, difficulty in breathing.
LYMPHOID ORGAN
Lymphoid organ
primary
secondary
Bone marrow thymus
Spleen Lymph nodes, tonsils
AIDS-TRANSMISSION
By sexual contact with the infected person.
Transfusion of contaminated blood.
Sharing infected needles.
Infected mother to child through placenta.
HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS
Who multiple sexual partner
Drug addict (taking drugs intravenously)
Repeated blood transfusion persons
Children born to an infected woman
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
Virus enters into the body, enters macrophages.
RNA of virus replicates into DNA by reverse transcriptage.
Viral DNA incorporates with cell DNA.
Infected macrophage cell produce virus particles.
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
Virus then enters helper T cells, replicates and form progeny viruses.
Progeny viruses attack other T cells, thus no. of T cells decrease in blood. The person is unable to protect himself/herself from infection.
PREVENTION OF AIDS
NACO and NGO are trying to educate people about AIDS.
Steps taken by WHO
Use of disposal needles
Checking blood for HIV
Free distribution of condoms and advocating safe sex
PREVENTION OF AIDS
Controlling drug abuse
Regular checkup for HIV in susceptible populations
Diagnosing AIDS by ELISA test
Treatment with anti- retroviral drugs( partially effective)
CANCER- CAUSES
Due to physical, chemical and biological agents which bring about uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Physical carcinogen – UV ray, X ray, gamma ray Chemical carcinogen – aniline rays, chemicals of tobacco
Tumor viruses (oncogenic virus)
CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS
Breaking down of regulatory mechanism which control normal cell growth.
So, uncontrolled cell division and differention.
Do not show contact inhibition.
Show metastasis
TYPES OF TUMOUR BENIGN
Remain confined in their original location
MALIGNANT
Proliferating cells, grow rapidly.
Do not spread
Cells show metastasis
Cause little damage
Cause more damage
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
Biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue
Blood and bone marrow test (for leukemia)
MRI, CT scan or radiography
Use of antibodies against cancer specific antigen
TREATMENT OF CANCER
Surgery
Radio therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
DRUGS
Kinds of drugs Opioids Cannabinoids Coca-alkanoids Barbiturates Amphetamines Benzodiazepines LSD
PREVENTION OF DRUGS
Avoid undue peer pressure
Educating and counseling to face problems, stress, to accept failure etc
Help from parents and peers
Professional and medical help
