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Odffe`cf Yhhbhrs df _rd Befke= _ldjtdfn Beacur Yrcohss efg Qhjcr`etdcf cj Dghftdty Ycst54>> _lefke Y. Gler`epebe
Dftrcguotdcf
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dfoh 199?, tlh jcous cj tlh odffe`cf dfgustry df _rd Befke les `edfby ahhf cf `cghrfdzdfn tlh prcguotdcf dfjrestruoturh efg prcohss jrc` tlh tregdtdcfeb wegdye (`ekhsldjt pbeoh jcr wcrk efg bdvdfn) tc jeotcry efg slcp-ficcr cphretdcfs tc `hht tregh oc`pbdefoh rhqudrh`hfts jcr jccg sejhty efg ctlhr fcf-terd rhqudrh`hfts df tlh dfthrfetdcfeb `erkht. Whsh fcfterd tregh rhqudrh`hfts levh ahhf bedg gcwf aeshg cf tregh enrhh`hfts _rd Befke les hfthrhg dftc wdtl tlh ^crbg regh Crnefdzetdcf (^C). _rd Befke, jcbbcwdfn tlh egcptdcf cj cphf hocfc`do pcbdodhs df 54>>, oc``dtthg tc ufghrtekdfn dfthrfetdcfeb tregh enrhh`hfts cj ^C df 5448 (Nhhnefenh 195?). Wcunl bhegdfn odffe`cf prcprdhtcrs efg hxpcrthrs suppcrthg tlds prcpcseb, tlhrh les ahhf cvhrt rhsdstefoh jrc` s`ebbhr soebh odffe`cf‟prcguohrs (s`ebblcbghrs) efg phhbhrs tc egept tc `cghrf slcp-ficcr cphretdcfeb rhqudrh`hfts. Lcwhvhr, tlhrh levh ahhf shvhreb suoohss stcrdhs cj fhw nhfhretdcf odffe`cf-phhbhrs df `cghrf slcp ficcr egeptetdcfs, pertdouberby cutsdgh tlh tregdtdcfeb odffe`cf nrcwdfn erhes. Whrh les ahhf bdttbh eoegh`do hcrt tc ufghrstefg tlh d`peot cj tlhsh sldjts cf tregdtdcfeb odffe`cf phhbhrs df tlh prcguotdcf cj odffe`cf. Wh camhotdvh cj tlh prhshft stugy ds tc ufghrstefg tlh crnefdzetdcfeb bhvhb d`peots efg olefnhs oeushg ay tlds trefsdtdcf. Whsh olefnhs erh vdhwhg jrc` tlh pcdft cj beacur efg lhfoh ef etth`pt wdbb ah `egh tc oepturh tlh hxphrdhfoh cj odffe`cf phhbhrs es tlhy trefsjcr` jrc` tlh tregdtdcfebby kfcwf phhbhr tc e slcp-ficcr wcrkhr.. wcrkhr ?<
c tlds hfg, tlh pephr wdbb ſtrst sht cut tlh ocfthxt df wldol tlh stugy wes oerrdhg cut, jcbbcwhg ay e gdsoussdcf cj tlh rhsherol ſtfgdfns. Wh ſtfgdfns erh crnefdzhg ufghr tlrhh `edf tlh`hs fe`hby wcrk gdstrdautdcf, struotureb/ scodeb olefnh, efg suamhotdvdty efg rhfihxdvdty . Xfghr ebb tlrhh tlh`hs, oc`perdscfs erh `egh ahtwhhf tlh tregdtdcfeb efg `cghrf slcp ficcr shttdfns tc dbbustreth tlh sldjt df tlh beacur prcohss efg tlh ocfshquhft [rhPjcr`etdcf cj tlh dghftdty cj tlh odffe`cf-phhbhr. Wds stugy h`pbcyhg ef crnefdzetdcfeb htlfcnrepldo epprceol tc ocbbhot h`pdrdoeb gete. Cashrvetdcfs, efebyshs, efg dfthrprhtetdcfs cj gete whrh pbeohg wdtldf e tlhcrhtdoeb gdsoussdcf jre`hg ay tlh Beacur Yrcohss Whcry (BY)5 efg tlh tlhcry cj suamhotdvdty efg rhfihxdvdty df tlh wcrk `dbdhu. 1 Cashrvetdcfs whrh `egh df e tregdtdcfeb wcrk shttdfn ( wegdye ) df e tregdtdcfeb odffe`cf nrcwdfn erhe es whbb es df e `cghrf slcp ficcr shttdfn df ef ebthrfetdvh fhw odffe`cf nrcwdfn erhe. Ocfthxt Cfh cj tlh `edf dfthftdcfs cj ocbcfdebds` df _rd Befke wes tc `cfcpcbdzh tlh odffe`cf tregh (Meyewerghfe 1999). Yrdcr tc Hurcphef errdveb, tlh hxtreotdcf cj odffe`cf wes gcfh tlrcunl remekerdye ‟ e systh` cj ufpedg beacur tlet shrvhg tlh `cferoly efg erdstcoreoy (Ghwesdrd 199>). Wh ocbcfdeb oepdtebdst dfthrvhftdcf df tlds stetus quc wes jcrohjub, olefndfn tlh hxdstdfn jhugeb pcbdtdoeb-hocfc`y efg rhstruoturdfn scodeb rhbetdcfs tc hfeabh tlh hxtreotdcf cj surpbus beacur (Nufesdfnlh5449; (Nufesdfnlh544 9; Meyewer Meyewerghfe ghfe 1999; ^dokre`esdfnlh 199:; Ghwesdrd 199>). Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
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Wh Gutol olefnhg tlh scodeb gdvdsdcf cj beacur df prcguodfn odffe`cf ay shnrhnetdfn efg essdnfdfn tlds hocfc`do rcbh tc tlh phcpbh ahbcfndfn tc tlh sebene`e oesth.? Lcwhvhr, bethr, tlh eg`dfdstretdcf essdnfhg tlh hxtreotdcf efg suppby cj odffe`cf tc tlh Ghpert`hft cj Odffe`cf, ebsc kfcwf es @eleaegge . Oepdtebds` df tlh ocfthxt cj herby ocbcfdeb _rd Befke `edfby ghvhbcphg df tlh pbeftetdcfs. Ybeftetdcf enrdoubturh arcunlt twc sdnfdſtoeft olefnhs tc pheseft enrdoubturh, Ghwesdrd (199>) cashrvhs. Why whrh dfthfghg tc hsteabdsl e jcr` cj `erkht crdhfthg prcguotdcf wldbh ebsc shperetdfn befg cwfhrsldp (befg) efg beacur guh tc tlh olefnh df tlh ocftrcb cj prcguotdcf. Wh camhot efg prcohss cj tlh oepdtebdsts lcwhvhr, gdg fct dfobugh tlh dfthftdcf cj dfgustrdebdzetdcf cr tholfcbcndoeb egvefoh`hft (Nufesdfnlh 5449; Meyewerghfe 1999). Odffe`cf es ef dfgustry ocftdfuhg hvhf ejthr tlh ohssetdcf cj tlh `cfcpcby cj tlh @eleaegge ay tlh Gutol Hest Dfgde Oc`pefy. Wh cwfhrsldp cj tregdfn odffe`cf df jcrhdnf `erkhts wes trefsjhrrhg jrc` ocbcfdeb oc`pefdhs tc bcoeb prcprdhtcrs. Wh bcoebs7 wlc ahfhſttthg jrc` prd`dtdvh eoou`ubetdcf gurdfn tlh ocbcfdeb phrdcg efg suashquhft befg eoqudsdtdcfs (Meyewerghfe 1959) nreguebby ghvhbcphg es pbefthrs efg tlh fhw h`pbcyhrs cj tlh ertdsefs wlc ocftdfuhg tc prcvdgh beacur jcr lervhstdfn efg phhbdfn odffe`cf. Yrd`dtdvh eoou`ubetdcf adjuroethg tlh sebene`e oesth tc ef upphr obess cj whebtly prcprdhtcrs cr oc`pefy cwfhrs efg e wcrkdfn obess cj ertdsefs ‟ tlh odffe`cf phhbhrs8. Df 54>1, wdtl _rd Befke ahoc`dfn e rhpuabdo, tlh ncvhrf`hft tlrcunl tlh Befg Qhjcr` Oc``dssdcf Eot cj 54>1 efg tlh _rd Befke _teth Ybeftetdcfs Ocrpcretdcf Eot cj 548< (es e`hfghg df 54:1 efg 54>4), eoqudrhg tlh befg tlet ahbcfnhg tc pbeftetdcf oc`pefdhs efg bernh prcprdhtery lcbgdfns. : Whsh befgs whrh rhgdstrdauthg e`cfnst tlh rureb pcpubetdcf tc prcpcrtdcfebby dforhesh tlh thfurh ufghr s`ebblcbgdfns. ^dtl tlh h`hrnhfoh cj s`ebblcbghr thfurh df tlh dfgustry, tlh ncvhrf`hft hsteabdslhg tlh Ghpert`hft cj Hxpcrt Enrdoubturh (GHE) prd`erdby jcr tlh purpcsh cj suppcrtdfn tlh` tc oubtdveth hxpcrt orcps dfobugdfn odffe`cf (ctlhr tlef ococfut, ruaahr, efg the). E `efgetcry shrvdoh cj tlh ghpert`hft wes tc prcvdgh pbeftdfn `ethrdeb efg tholfdoeb efg ſtfefodeb essdstefoh tc s`ebblcbghrs. ^dtl tlh bdahrebdzetdcf cj tlh hocfc`y ho cfc`y ay tlh 54>< rhjcr`s, tlh ocuftry—s khy hocfc`do jcous nreguebby sldjthg jrc` enrdoubturh tc dfgustry efg shrvdoh shotcrs. hxtdbh efg epperhb, thbhoc``ufdoetdcf, tcurds`, efg Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
aefkdfn shotcrs whrh ebb egeptdfn efg sldjtdfn wdtl tlh dfthrfetdcfeb `erkht efg gc`hstdo efg dfthrfetdcfeb ocfsu`hr petthrfs tc nreguebby ahoc`h khy dfgustrdhs cj tlh pcbdtdoeb hocfc`do befgsoeph cj tlh ocuftry. Df tlds ocfthxt lcwhvhr, tlhrh les ahhf `dfd`eb stetus quc olefnh df tlh dfjrestruoturh ushg jcr tlh odffe`cf dfgustry oc`perhg tc dts prh-bdahrebdzetdcf stetus. Wh dfficw cj oepdteb jcr d`prcvdfn wcrkhr cutput, tholfcbcndoeb ghvhbcp`hft, efg egeptetdcf jcr `efujeoturdfn vebuh egghg prcguots les ahhf bd`dthg df tlh enrdoubtureb shotcr es e wlcbh, dfobugdfn tlh odffe`cf dfgustry (^crbg Aefk 1958). Cfby e jhw hftrhprhfhurs dfvhsthg df vebuh eggdfn vhfturhs, wldbh tlh `emcrdty cj hfthrprdshs ocftdfuhg tc prcguoh efg suppby prd`ery prcguots tc eb`cst tlh se`h oc``cgdty `erkhts. _efmhhwe (1958) efg _e`erewdokrh`e (1957) cashrvh tlet tlh `emcrdty cj odffe`cf phhbhrs ebcfn tlh scutlhrf ocest, pertdouberby Nebbh, ocftdfuh wdtl tlh tregdtdcfeb wey cj cooupetdcfeb nrcupdfn oebbhg kebbdye (cr wcrk nefn). Lcwhvhr, tlhrh les ahhf sc`h bhvhb cj scodeb `cadbdty eorcss tlh vebuh oledf, pertdouberby wdtl tlh dforhesdfn prdoh cj odffe`cf df tlh wcrbg `erkht. > _e`erewdokrh`e (1957) ebsc cashrvhs tlhrh ds e trhfg cj olefndfn prcguotdcf prcohss efg `efujeoturdfn dfjrestruoturh e`cfn shvhreb prcprdhtcrs wdtl essdstefoh jrc` dfthrfetdcfeb ghvhbcp`hft enhfodhs, df khhpdfn wdtl `erkht oc`pbdefoh rhqudrh`hfts bedg gcwf gcwf ay tlh < ^C. Whsh thfghfodhs ocubg ah vdhwhg es e rhfihotdcf cj e bernhr sldjt df tlh _rd Befkef hocfc`y tcwergs ghphfghfoh cf jcrhdnf edg/ bcefs efg tlh ocfshquhft egmust`hfts `egh df tlh dfthrhst cj jubſtbbdfn oc`pbdefoh gh`efgs, actl bhneodhs cj hocfc`do bdahrebdzetdcf. ^crk ^ crk Qhgdstrdautdcf4 Gdvdsdcf cj beacur jcr ^crk Hodhfoy efg Yrcguotdvdty = E odffe`cf phhbhr df e kebbdye 59 df tlh tregdtdcfeb wcrk shttdfn cj wegdye oerrdhs oerrdhs cut tlh hftdrhty cj tlh wcrk, jrc` ſthbg wcrk cphretdcfs tc tlh hfg tesk cj prcohssdfn odffe`cf qudbbs. Whrhjcrh, gdvdsdcf cj beacur ds eb`cst fcf-hxdsthft df e kebbdye . Lcwhvhr, df e kebbdye , beacur ds prd`erdby gdvdghg aeshg cf nhfghr wdtl e prdcrd fctdcfs fctdcfs cj e wc`ef—s rcbh d.h. tc suppcrt skdbbhg `ebh wcrkhrs tc `edftedf hodhfoy df phhbdfn tc prcguoh es ldnl e vcbu`h es pcssdabh. Lcwhvhr, wlhf fhohssery,, hvhf jh`ebh `h`ahrs erh oebbhg upcf tc tekh fhohssery cvhr tlh tesks cj odffe`cf-phhbdfn. Gdvdsdcf cj beacur df odffe`cf prcguotdcf slcws e sdnfdſtoeft olefnh df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf jrc` kebbdye tc tc e “twc-`h`ahr bdfh— (phhbhr efg sorepphr ou` mcdfhr) df slcp ficcr cphretdcfs. Df tlds trefsjcr`etdcf, tlh tregdtdcfeb odffe`cf-phhbhr ds shperethg jrc` ſthbg wcrk efg rh-essdnfhg tc e ocfstrdothg wcrk bcous df slcp ficcr ?4
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cphretdcfs (jeotcry cphretdcfs). ^dtl tlds gdvdsdcf, wcrk ocfohrfdfn ocfohrfdfn orcp `edfthfefoh tesks efg lervhstdfn ds rh-essdnfhg tc tlh “Lervhstdfn Nefn—, e ufdt cj `ebh wcrkhrs. @crhcvhr @crhcvhr,, tlh wcrk cutput cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr ds rh-ghſtfhg tc camhotdvdzh tlh `efenh`hft rhqudsdth cj prcguodfn odffe`cf eoocrgdfn tc auyhr sphodſtoetdcfs cr tc prcguoh es hodhftby es pcssdabh, tlhrhay rhguodfn tlh ufdt ocst cj prcguotdcf. Wh odffe`cf phhbhr—s wcrk bcous ds rh-crnefdzhg dftc ſtvh wcrk oethncrdhs eoocrgdfn tc verdcus oc`phthfodhs, wldol levh ahhf ghſtfhg efg ghodghg ay tlh `efenh`hft. Whsh oethncrdhs erh= _crtdfn efg nregdfn, steokdfn ſtrh wccg, lhevy wcrk, ſtfh odffe`cf phhbdfn (Ebae nregh), efg phhbdfn ctlhr nreghs cj odffe`cf. Ocfshquhftby, kebbdye , tlh scodeb nrcupdfn cj tlh tregdtdcfeb wcrk shttdfn, les ahhf trefsjcr`hg efg rhcrnefdzhg dftc “wcrk the`s—. _hvhreb “bdfhs— cj tlh slcp ficcr cphretdcfs oc`prdsh e wcrk the`. Df ocftrest tc kebbdye , bdfhs efg wcrk the`s oc`prdsh cfby jh`ebh wcrkhrs. _hperetdcf ahtwhhf ^crk Ocfohptuebdsetdcf efg Hxhoutdcf== Wh odffe`cf phhbhr df e kebbdye hfmcys Hxhoutdcf eutcfc`y df ghodsdcf `ekdfn, errefndfn bcndstdos, efg solhgubdfn wcrk. Cjthf, tlh dfstruotdcfs cj tlh prcprdhtcr tc tlh odffe`cf phhbhr erh eg lco efg dfjcr`eb, efg tlh jrhquhfoy cj dfstruotdcfs ds oc`peretdvhby bhss, rhsubtdfn df `dfd`u` cr fc suphrvdsdcf cj tlh phhbhr. Wh odffe`cf phhbhr pcsshsshs tlh kfcwbhgnh efg skdbbs jcr ufghrtekdfn lds wcrk tesks, wldol ocubg refnh jrc` ſthbg wcrk cphretdcfs dfobugdfn lervhstdfn efg hsshftdeb `edfthfefoh cj tlh orcp, tc prcohssdfn tlh ſtfeb prcguot. Df sc`h dfstefohs, tlh phhbhr ocubg oerry cut tlh tesk cj “aebdfn—55 odffe`cf bhevhs tc prcguoh odffe`cf cdb. Wh phhbhr ghodghs cf wlet nregh cj odffe`cf tc prcguoh df ef ufghrtekdfn.51 Wh prcprdhtcr les `dfd`eb ocftrcb cvhr tlh phhbhr—s phhbhr—s ghodsdcf `ekdfn prcohss efg vhry bdttbh eadbdty tc prcvdgh egvdoh cf tlh quebdty efg nregh cj tlh prcguoh. Wh odffe`cf phhbhr df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf tc slcp ficcr wcrkhr les jcrhncfh tlh kfcwbhgnh efg skdbbs (beacur oepeodty) cj ocfohptuebdzdfn efg ufghrtekdfn tlh hftdrhty cj tlh wcrk bcous guh tc tlh beacur rhgdstrdautdcf prcohss. Df e `cvh tc ocufthr beacur pcwhr, tlh `efenh`hft les trefsjhrrhg tlds tholfdoeb eadbdty tc enhfts wdtl ghsdnfethg eutlcrdty cvhr beacur, wcrk suphrvdsdcf, efg ocftrcb d.h. “Jdhbg Cohr— efg “Jeotcry _uphrvdscr—. Ghodsdcfs phrtedfdfn tc wlet nregh tc prcguoh efg prcguot queftdtdhs, efg ghbdvhry ghegbdfhs jcr sldp`hft erh `egh ay tlh Oldhj Hxhoutdvh Cohr (OHC) efg tlh `erkhtdfn efg sebhs the` cj c j tlh oc`pefy. Wh ghodsdcf 79
tlhf trefsjcr`s dftc ef crghr wdtl tlhsh sphodſtoetdcfs efg ocfgdtdcfs. Wh OHC—s coh jcr`ebby fctdſths efg dfstruots tlrcunl jeosd`dbh cr h-`edb tlh `efenhr df olernh cj tlh pbeftetdcf efg jeotcry cphretdcfs. Wh crghr tlhf, tlrcunl e oledf cj oc``efg, trefsjcr`s dftc e ternht, shttdfn df `ctdcf slcp ficcr cphretdcfs. Wrefsjcr`etdcf jrc` Epprhftdoh Yreotdoeb Berfdfn tc Wredfdfn efg Ghvhbcp`hft = Wh ert efg orejt cj lervhstdfn efg phhbdfn odffe`cf wes herbdhr pesshg gcwf jrc` cbghr tc ycufnhr nhfhretdcfs. Wh tredfdfn wes dfjcr`eb, epprhftdoh-aeshg, efg “cf-tlh-m “cf-tlh-mca—. ca—. Cjthf Cjthf tlh bheghr cj tlh kebbdye ds oebbhg “aesufleye — (`esthr orejts`ef cr `esthr phhbhr). Lh bhegs tlh prcohss cj tredfdfn tlh epprhftdohs, nhfhrebby kfcwf es “ ncbeye ncbeye —.—. redfdfn e ncbcye ds e bcfn prcohss cj std suphrvdsdcf efg theoldfn. Wh tredfdfn oubturh oerrdhs hbh`hfts cj petrderoleb fcr`s. Dt ds sedg tlet es e wey cj ocrrhotdfn preotdohs efg theoldfn tlh epprhftdoh, tlh `esthr phhbhr wcubg fct lhsdteth tc ush ocrpcreb pufdsl`hft. Df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf, tlh tredfdfn cj fcvdohs df tlh slcp ficcr les ahoc`h e jufotdcf cj tlh lu`ef rhscuroh `efenh`hft gdvdsdcf. Lhfoh, tredfdfn efg dfguotdcf cj fcvdohs ds fcw tlh jcr`eb rhspcfsdadbdty cj tlh Jeotcry _uphrvdscr. Lcwhvhr, oceoldfn efg `hftcrdfn cj fcvdohs erh oerrdhg cut ay shfdcr wcrkhrs tlrcunl “sdsthrlccg— shssdcfs. Whsh shssdcfs erh dfjcr`eb efg cjthf squhhzhg dftc jcr`eb wcrk solhgubhs. E rh`erkeabh trefsjcr`etdcf df tlds rhnerg les ahhf tlh jh`dfdzetdcf cj tlh tredfdfn oubturh jrc` tlh petrderoleb cfh prhvebhft df tlh kebbdye , tlh rhescfs jcr wldol erh gdsousshg bethr df tlh pephr. _hperetdcf ahtwhhf Beacur efg Eutcfc`y cj ^crk = Wh eutcfc`y cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr df e kebbdye hfeabhs hfeabhs tlh` tc gh`efg ef hqudty slerh jrc` tlh prcprdhtcr df tlh sebh cj prcguoh. Wh odffe`cf phhbhr lcbgs ef hqudty cj cfh cr twc-tldrgs cj tlh prcguoh cr dfoc`h jrc` sebh. Whrhjcrh, tlh phhbhr usuebby tekhs pert df fhnctdetdcfs ahtwhhf tlh prcprdhtcr efg vhfgcr cr dfthr`hgdery ocbbhotcr. Wh wcrkhrs— eutcfc`y ds oc`prc`dshg ay tlh `efenh`hft tekhcvhr cj kfcwbhgnh efg ocftrcb cvhr tlh slcp ficcr df tlh prcohss cj sldjtdfn jrc` kebbdye tc tc bdfh. Wh `efenh`hft es e ldhreroldoeb crnefdzetdcfeb struoturh, les oerhjubby gdstefohg bcwhr `efenh`hft phrscffhb efg wcrkhrs jrc` sebhs efg `erkht ghtedbs. Eoohssdfn dfjcr`etdcf jcr tlhsh twc oethncrdhs ds rhstrdothg tc efcfy`cus ghtedbs hforypthg df tlh jcr` cj ef crghr efg ternht. Wus dfjcr`etdcf esy``htry les shrvhg tc prcvdgh ef eggdtdcfeb egveftenh tc tlh `efenh`hft ldhreroly jcr nrhethr ocftrcb.
Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
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_codeb/ _truotureb Olefnh5? _hperetdcf ahtwhhf ^crkhr efg @hefs cj Yrcguotdcf== Kfcwbhgnh efg oerh eacut tlh tccbs Yrcguotdcf ushg df tlh ſthbg efg prcohssdfn odffe`cf df e wegdye ocfstdtuth e pert cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr—s “wey cj bdjh—. Wh phhbhr cwfs ebb tccbs rhqudrhg jcr ſthbg wcrk efg prcohssdfn. Lh oc`hs dftc pcsshssdcf cj suol tccbs ay usdfn bcoebby evedbeabh sorep `hteb efg tlh shrvdoh cj tlh abeoks`dtl. Cjthf, tlh phhbhr les kfcwbhgnh efg eadbdty tc egvdsh tlh abeoks`dtl cf tlh sphodſtoetdcfs cj tlh tccbs. Lcwhvhr, df slcp ficcr cphretdcfs, tlh `efenh`hft fct cfby prcvdghs ebb tccbs rhbethg tc ſthbg efg jeotcry cphretdcfs jcr tlh wcrkhrs, aut ebsc rhpedrs efg, wlhrh eppbdoeabh, rhpbeohs tlh`. Wh wcrkhrs gc fct levh efy cwfhrsldp cr kfcwbhgnh cj lcw tc `ekh cr `edftedf tlh tccbs. Yurpcsh cj Beacur (jcr Dforhesdfn Xfdt Oepdteb)= Oepdteb)= Wh odffe`cf phhbhr df tlh kebbdye hfnenhs df lds cooupetdcf jcr tlh `edf purpcsh cj `exd`dzdfn rhturf jcr ld` efg lds kebbdye . E cfh-tldrg cfh-tldrg cr twc-tldrg twc-tldrg hqudty slerh cj dfoc`h, dfohftdvhs jcr eggdtdcfeb vcbu`hs, efg suasdsthfoh hxphfshs erh gh`efghg jrc` tlh prcprdhtcr prcprdhtcr.. Wh scbh purpcsh cj eppbydfn tlhdr skdbbs efg kfcwbhgnh ds tc `exd`dzh tlh vcbu`h prcguohg et tlh hfg cj tlh ufghrtekhf ocftreot. Lcwhvhr, tlh wcrkhr—s camhotdvh olefnhs gre`etdoebby Lcwhvhr, df tlh sldjt tc slcp-ficcr cphretdcfs. Whrh, tlh wcrk ds rh-gdstrdauthg jcr `exd`dzdfn prcguotdcf hodhfoy ay rhguodfn cphretdcfeb cvhrlhegs, efg ds camhotdvdzhg jcr tlh wcrkhrs es ternhts. Wh ternht ds prcvdghg ay tlh `efenh`hft, shft gcwf tlrcunl tlh oledf cj oc``efg tc tlh wcrkhr wcrkhr.. Yrcguotdcf tesks erh et tlh Jeotcry _uphrvdscr—s gdsorhtdcf, dghebby aeshg cf lds mugn`hft cj tlh wcrkhrs— skdbb bhvhbs. Whrhjcrh, tlh tlh suphrvdscr suamuneths tlh wcrkhr—s suamhotdvdty efg rhfihxdvdty tlrcunl tlh `efenhrdeb dfstruotdcf cj “ternht—. Wh wcrkhr, ocfshquhftby,, ndvhs df tc tlh `efenhrdeb fcr` cj ternht ocfshquhftby camhotdvdty, efg dfthrfebdzhs dt es lds cr lhr oepeodty tc wcrk (beacur pcwhr).57 _uamhotdvdty efg Qhfihxdvdty 58 _uamhotdvdty efg rhfihxdvdty ds rhokcfhg es e thfsdcf ahtwhhf pcwhr (struoturh) efg dfgdvdguebdzetdcf tlet ds e oc`phfsetdfn `holefds` jcr obess ghprdvetdcf (Kfdnlts efg ^dbb`ctt 54<4). Df tlds stugy, tlh dssuh cj suamhotdvdty cj tlh odffe`cf-phhbhr df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf jrc` kebbdye tc slcp-ficcr wcrkhr ds
Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
dfvhstdnethg df thr`s cj pcwhr tlet ds hxhrthg tlrcunl scodeb preotdohs efg tlh ocfshquhft ocftrcb es whbb es rhsdstefoh cj tlh phcpbh tc ahoc`dfn suamhots. _codeb preotdohs ercufg tlh odffe`cf-phhbhr, df tlh scodeb efg hocfc`do shttdfn cj kebbdye , whrh ghsdnfhg tc ocufthr tlh scodeb stdn`e cj tlhdr oesth efg hfmcy hqudteabh hocfc`do rhturf df hxolefnh cj tlhdr beacur pcwhr. Cjthf, tlh odffe`cf-phhbhr hfmcyhg hqueb scodeb stetus es tlhdr prcprdhtcrs df tlds beacur-oepdteb rhbetdcf. Df ocftrest, tlh `efenh`hft fcr`etdvh cj tlh pbeftetdcf `efenh`hft oubturh efg struoturh 5: les suamunethg tlh eutcfc`y cj tlh odffe`cf-phhbhr df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf es e slcp ficcr wcrkhr. Wh `efenh`hft ldhreroly suacrgdfeths tlh scodeb stetus cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr cutsdgh cj tlh wcrk `dbdhu es whbb. Nhfghr Wh odffe`cf phhbhr eoocrgs sdnfdſtoeft d`pcrtefoh tc petrderoleb fcr`s efg vebuhs df `ekdfn shfsh (suamhotdvdsdfn) cj scodeb rhbetdcfs wdtldf efg cutsdgh cj tlh kebbdye . _hxuebby crdhfthg tebhs cr stcrdhs, efg dgdc`s wdtl rhjhrhfoh tc wc`hf erh ushg es hxe`pbhs jcr ghsordadfn wcrk preotdohs, prcguot quebdty, quebdty, efg ſtfdslhs. Jcr dfstefoh, tlh phhbhrs wcubg sey ‒e fhet mca [aebdfnP ds bdkh `ekdfn ef unby wc`ef e aheutdjub ardgh‐ tc ghsordah tlh stefgerg preotdoh efg ſtfdsl cj e odffe`cf aebh. Df efctlhr dfstefoh, tlhy wcubg sey ‒cfoh ycu ufgrhss e wc`ef, tlhrh ds fctldfn [aheutdjubP tc shh‐. Wds plresh ds ushg es e trdok ay actl tlh prcprdhtcr efg phhbhr tc ghohdvh efg ocfvdfoh e vhfgcr tc auy `dxhg nregh aebh.5> Df thr`s cj nhfghr rcbhs, wc`hf erh qudth cjthf ocfsdghrhg es euxdbdery wcrkhrs df e kebbdye . Wh bheghr cj tlh kebbdye ds ds hsshftdebby e shfdcr `ebh. Jh`ebh `h`ahrs cj tlh nefn ( kebbdye ) erh cjthf ndvhf tlh tesks cj sorepdfn aerk, pbeodfn phhbhg odffe`cf aerk jcr edr grydfn, ſtbbdfn odffe`cf stdoks jcr qudbbdfn, rh`cvdfn efg gu`pdfn westh, obhefdfn ejthr tlh gey—s wcrk, efg prhperdfn `hebs cr the. Dfthrhstdfnby tlcunl, tlhsh tesks ebsc wcubg ah oerrdhg cut ay e “ ncbeye ncbeye — df e kebbdye . Df tlh sldjt jrc` kebbdye tc tc slcp ficcr wcrkhr bdfhs cr the`s, nhfghr shnrhnetdcf cj beacur les rhsubthg guh tc wcrk rh-gdstrdautdcf. Jdhbg wcrk cphretdcfs erh hftdrhby oerrdhg cut ay `ebh wcrkhrs, wldbst skdbbhg wcrk tesks df tlh jeotcry erh ghbhnethg cfby tc jh`ebh wcrkhrs. ypdoebby, tlh `efenh`hft cj tlh dfgustry ſtfgs tlet oc``efg efg ocftrcb cj jh`ebh wcrkhrs ds hesdhr jcr `edftedfdfn crnefdzetdcfeb gdsodpbdfh efg crghr crghr.. Jh`ebh wcrkhrs erh tlcunlt tc ah lerg wcrkdfn, gdsodpbdfhg, efg hodhft df `efendfn td`h efg oc`pbhtdfn wcrk wdtl `dfd`u` westenh. Ahoeush cj tlds nhfghrhg wcrk rh-errefnh`hft, tlh slcp-ficcr scodeb bdjh les
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ahhf jh`dfdzhg. Wds plhfc`hfcf ds epperhft tlrcunl slcp-ficcr tebk efg phhr dfthreotdcfs, wldol gh`cfstreth cvhrt sdsthrlccg e`cfnst tlh wcrkhrs. Wh phhrs eggrhss heol ctlhr hdtlhr es ekke (cbghr (cbghr sdsthr) cr fefnd (ycufnhr (ycufnhr sdsthr). Jurtlhr`crh, tlh wcrkhrs levh fe`hg tlhdr nrcups wdtl fe`hs cj ficwhrs bdkh mes`dfh, rcsh, hto. Hvhf tlcunl tlh tredfdfn cj fhw wcrkhrs ds typdoebby oerrdhg cut ay tlh Jeotcry _uphrvdscr tlrcunl ef crdhftetdcf prcohss, jurtlhr tredfdfn efg oceoldfn ds oerrdhg cut ay e shfdcr wcrkhr (ef ekke ), ), sd`dber tc tlh dfthreotdcf efg rhbetdcf ahtwhhf vhthref efg epprhftdoh. Lcwhvhr, oc``ufdoetdcf ahtwhhf tlh tredfhr efg tredfhh ds `hftcrdfn efg rhdfjcrodfn, df ocftrest tc tlh rcunl efg std `effhr cj tredfdfn ocfguothg df tlh kebbdye . Hvhf tlcunl tlh slcp ficcr oc`prdshs e `emcrdty cj jh`ebhs, tlh `efenh`hft ds `ebh-gc`dfethg efg lcbgs ebb ghodsdcf-`ekdfn pcsdtdcfs. Wh suphrvdscr oebbs tlh jh`ebh wcrkhrs be`ed cr be`eye cr cr be`eyc. Meyewer Meyewerghfe ghfe (1957) efebyzhs tlds es pert cj tlh prcohss cj bcoebdzetdcf cj ocfth`pcrery lu`ef rhscuroh `efenh`hft preotdohs. Wh thr`s es Meyewerghfe Meyewer ghfe (1957) cashrvhs, ocffcth ‒dfjeftdbdshg jh`ebh rustdo wenh beacur‐, wldol erh pert cj ‒e scodcpcbdtdoeb essd`dbetdcf prcohss [cjP `efenhrdeb fcr`etdvh cj tlh Nbcaeb Fcrtl [dftc tlhP fetdvh scodeb gdsocursh [cj e scodhty dfP tlh Nbcaeb _cutl‐5< (p. 149). Beacur - Oepdteb Qhbetdcf Wh rhbetdcf ahtwhhf tlh oepdteb cwfhr/ h`pbcyhr/ prcprdhtcr-nrcwhr efg odffe`cf phhbhr wes dfjcr`eb, jrdhfgbyy, efg `utuebbyjrdhfgb `utuebby-rhsphot rhsphotjub. jub. Zhraeb Zhraeb oc``ufdoetdcf oc``ufdoet dcf ahtwhhf tlhsh pertdhs sy`acbdzhg e scodhty wlhrh phcpbh cj gdhrhft enhs efg nhfghrs eggrhsshg heol ctlhr ay kdfsldp thr`s suol es `e`e (ufobh), fhfge (eufty), putlh /guwh /be`eyc (scf/geunlthr/oldbg), eyye (cbghr arctlhr), `ebbd (ycufnhr arctlhr), ekke (cbghr sdsthr), efg fefnd (ycufnhr (ycufnhr sdsthr). Qhbetdcfs ahtwhhf tlh phhbhr efg vhfgcr (cr `dggbh-`ef cr ocbbhotcr, wlc wes oebbhg vhbhfge cr ad-oyobh vhbhfge ) whrh ebsc dfjcr`eb efg strcfn. Uudth cjthf, tlh vhfgcr ahbcfnhg tc tlh se`h oc``ufdty es tlh odffe`cf phhbhr, cr bdvhg df tlh se`h vdbbenh, cr ahbcfnhg tc tlh se`h scodeb sco deb fhtwcrk. Wh phhbhr oepdtebdzhs cf tlh scodeb rhbetdcfs ahtwhhf tlh prcprdhtcr efg tlh vhfgcr jcr lds egveftenh, ay usdfn lds beacur pcwhr. Whrh erh twc pcssdabh camhotdvhs jcr tlh phhbhr—s etth`pts tc ah `efdpubetdvh df tlds trd-pertdth scodc-hocfc`do rhbetdcfsldp= Wh ſtrst ds tc essurh `exd`u` rhturf tc tlh phhbhr (ay hdtlhr jevcurdfn jevcurdfn tlh prcprdhtcr cr tlh vhfgcr). Wh shocfg ds, df oesh cj phrohdvdfn ef dfmustdoh jrc` tlh prcprdhtcr,, tc ocvhrtby rhsdst cr pufdsl ld` ay grenndfn prcprdhtcr tlh trefseotdcf fhnctdetdcfs uftdb dt jevcurs tlh vhfgcr 71
efg et tlh se`h td`h, oc`h tc e shorht enrhh`hft wdtl tlh vhfgcr jcr e oc``dssdcf tlet ocubg oc`phfseth tlh phhbhr—ss phrohdvhg nrdhvefoh. phhbhr— Cjthf df tlh oesh cj cfh—s cwf erhe (`hefdfn vdbbenh cr fhdnlacurdfn vdbbenhs) cr cfh—s cwf phcpbh, tlh phhbhr hfsurhs tlh quebdty efg vcbu`h cj tlh prcguot, wldbst ahdfn etthftdvh tc tlh hftedbdfn ſthbg wcrk cj `edfthfefoh, actl cj wldol erh d`phretdvh jcr tlh hfgurefoh cj tlh pbeftetdcf. Wh rhescf ahldfg tlds oerh ds tlh prhshfoh cj e scodeb sc odeb rhbetdcfsldp df eggdtdcf tc tlh usueb hocfc`do rhbetdcfsldp. Ocfvhrshby, h`pbcyhrs cutsdgh cj tlh erhe efg tlh scodeb/kdfsldp fhtwcrk wcubg fct hfmcy tlds buxury. buxury. Df suol e oesh, tlhy wcubg cfby ocfohftreth cf prcguodfn tlh `exd`u` e`cuft cj vcbu`h ahoeush tlhdr rhbetdcfsldp wdtl tlh prcprdhtcr ds purhby hocfc`do. Ocfsu`dfn eboclcb ejthr tlh whhkby Jrdgey jedr (kfcwf es tlh _dkurege Ycbe ), ), rhohdvdfn “whhkby `cfhy— (kfcwf es setldyh sebbd ), ), efg essh`abdfn df bcoeb tevhrfs efg ahttdfn ohftrhs jcr ne`abdfn erh ebb oc``cf preotdohs e`cfn tlh `hf cj tlh kebbdye . @hhtdfn et tevhrfs ds ef d`pcrteft pert cj tlhdr scodeb bdjh ahoeush dt ds ef hsshftdeb pert cj tlhdr jhbbcwsldp. Wh phhbhr ushs tlds es e wey tc `hht ctlhr phhbhrs, gdsouss tlhdr wcrk, efg ebsc khhp ef hyh cf ncdfn reths, h`pbcyhrs, efg vhfgcrs. Wh odffe`cf-phhbhr ocfsdghrs eutcfc`y es ef d`pcrteft pert cj lds bdjh efg scodeb sc odeb dghftdty. dghftdty. Jrhhgc` jrc` wcrk rhnubetdcfs efg rcutdfhs ds d`pcrteft jcr tlh odffe`cf-phhbhr. Hvhf tlcunl tlh wcrk gh`efghg jrc` tlh odffe`cf-phhbhrs ds beacrdcus, tlhy thfg tc cpt jcr tlds mca `edfby guh tc tlhdr strcfn ghsdrh efg wdbb tc essurh tlh tlh jrhhgc` jcr shbj-crnefdzetdcf shbj-crnefdzetdcf efg shbj`efenh`hft cj td`h efg wcrk, wldbh jrhhby hfnendfn wdtl tlhdr scodeb bdjh. Df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf tc slcp ficcr cphretdcfs, tlh odffe`cf phhbhr—s rhbetdcf wdtl tlh oepdteb cwfhr les ahoc`h e jcr`eb cfh ahtwhhf h`pbcyhr ‟ h`pbcyhh. Lhrh tlh wcrkhr ds suppcshg tc jcbbcw e gedby rcutdfh tlet ds gdotethg ay prcguotdcf ternhts. ^crk rcutdfhs, tlh jcr`eb slcp ficcr oubturh, efg dts scodeb bdjh erh ebb ghthr`dfhg ay tlh Jeotcry _uphrvdscr. Qhorhetdcfeb eotdvdtdhs cj tlh wcrkhrs erh bd`dthg tc ef effueb ste cutdfn cr rhorhetdcfeb netlhrdfn. Wh suphrvdscr hfocurenhs efg hfgcrshs tlh preotdoh cj levdfn “the` bheghrs—. E slcp ficcr prhohghft jcr wcrkhrs ds tc jcr` wcrk the`s. Wh purpcsh cj tlds nrcupdfn ds cf tlh cfh lefg tc ocfscbdgeth `efenh`hft ocftrcb cvhr tlh hxhoutdcf cj wcrk crghrs cf solhgubh, efg cf tlh ctlhr tc ocftrcb tlh scodebdsdfn cj wcrkhrs cf tlh slcp ficcr. Wh suphrvdscr shts cut (dfjcr`eb) shbhotdcf ordthrde tc olccsh the` bheghrs jcr wcrk the`s. _lcp ficcr wcrkhrs erh ebbcwhg tc jcr` the`s efg eppcdft (cjthf cbghr efg Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
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skdbbhg) jh`ebh ocbbhenuhs es the` bheghrs. Whsh bheghrs dfjcr`ebby jufotdcf es `hgdetcrs ahtwhhf tlh wcrkhrs (slcp-ficcr the`s) efg tlh _uphrvdscr (`efenh`hft). Wds ds tlh cfby oleffhb tlrcunl wldol wcrkhrs erh “ebbcwhg— “ebbc whg— ay tlh suphrvdscr tc bcaay jcr tlhdr nrdhvefohs efg gh`efgs. Qhsdstefoh efg Yc Ycbdty bdty Wh Kebbdye ds struoturhg cf oc``ufeb vebuhs, e`cfnst wldol jheturh trustwcrtldfhss efg henhrfhss tc bherf efg wcrk, hsshftdeb ettrdauths jcr tlh jcr`etdcf cj tlh kebbdye es es e ufdt cr nefn. Dt ds tlh `edf rhescf wly tlh kebbdye oc`prdshs oc`prdshs hdtlhr je`dby `h`ahrs dfobugdfn df-bews efg abccg rhbetdvhs cr et bhest obcsh jrdhfgs. Wh s`cctl jufotdcf cj e kebbdye ghphfgs cf tlhsh dftreoc``ufdty rhbetdcfs. Wh dfthr-kebbdye rhbetdcfsldp ds ebsc ef d`pcrteft hbh`hft jcr tlh odffe`cf phhbhr df lds wcrk efg scodeb bdvhs. Ahtwhhf kebbd (pbureb cj kebbdye ) tlhrh ds oc`phtdtdcf jcr shbhotdfn trhh rcws (eruwe ) tlet erh hesy tc lervhst df tlh ſthbg efg tc phhb es `uol es pcssdabh df e gey gey.. Whdr `ctdvh ds tc prcguoh es `uol vcbu`h es pcssdabh df tlh slcrthst phrdcg cj td`h tc oc`pbhth tlhdr ocftreot efg `cvh cf tc efctlhr pbeftetdcf tc ufghrtekh efctlhr ocftreot. Ghspdth tlds oc`phtdtdvhfhss ahtwhhf kebbd , tlhrh ds e scbdgerdty e`cfnst tlh` tlet sth`s jrc` `utueb ghphfghfoy. ghphfghfoy. Wh odffe`cf phhbhr ocfsdghrs tlh oc`phtdtdvhfhss ahtwhhf kebbd es es e pcsdtdvh jeotcr efg pert cj tlhdr scodeb olereothr cr dghftdty. ^lhf lefgbdfn nrdhvefohs tlhy wcubg fct lhsdteth tc rhscrt tc `hesurhs bdkh eaefgcfdfn tlh mca df lefg. Dj tlhdr gh`efgs erh fct `ht cr ocfgdtdcfs erh fct setdsſthg, tlhy wcubg tlrhethf tlh prcprdhtcr wdtl gdsocftdfuetdcf cj tlh mca, ahoeush tlhy erh ocfſtghft cj ahdfn ldrhg ay efctlhr h`pbcyhr. Wh oc``ufdty cj tlh phhbhr rhprhshfts ef hhotdvh, strcfn, efg hodhft scodeb fhtwcrk efg dfthreotdcfs. Ghspdth tlh beok cj ef dfstdtutdcfebdzhg jcr`eb tregh esscodetdcf cr ufdcf, tlhy hfnenh df ghbdahretdcfs, occrgdfetdcf, efg d`pbh`hftetdcf cj eotdcfs efg pcbdodhs ehotdfn tlhdr hocfc`do dfthrhsts, efg `ekh tlhsh ghodsdcfs df speohs bdkh tevhrfs, jufhreb lcushs, efg et ctlhr oc``ufeb hvhfts. Jcr dfstefoh, tlh pcbdoy cj slerdfn cfh-tldrg cr twc-tldrgs cj tlh prcguoh cr dfoc`h jcr beacur les ahhf gh`efghg efg `edftedfhg ay ebb odffe`cf phhbhrs. Wh prcprdhtcrs et tlh td`h leg bdttbh olcdoh aut tc eoohpt tlhdr thr`s guh tc tlh soerodty cj skdbbhg wcrkhrs tc lervhst efg phhb odffe`cf. Wh trefsjcr`etdcf tc tlh slcp ficcr wcrkhr efg beacur rh-gdstrdautdcf tlrcunl ef ebthrfetdvh scodeb nrcupdfn cj wcrkhrs tc jcr` tlh bdfh cphretdfn systh` les whekhfhg tlds aernedfdfn pcwhr cj tlh odffe`cf Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
phhbhr efg ufghr`dfhg tlhdr wcrk eutcfc`y df tlh beacur prcohss. Wh jhbbcwsldp cj tlh slcp-ficcr wcrkhrs les ahhf ocfſtfhg tc wcrk the`s cvhr wldol tlh Jeotcry _uphrvdscr les oc`pbhth oc``efg efg ocftrcb. Lh shbhots the` bheghrs ay shttdfn dfjcr`eb ordthrde jcr “ldnl skdbbhg wcrkhrs—. Wh suphrvdscr ds teotjub df `edftedfdfn gdrhot ocfteot efg oc``ufdoetdcfs wdtl tlhsh bheghrs efg hfgcrsdfn tlh` es tlh rhprhshftetdvhs cj tlhdr the` `h`ahrs. Lcwhvhr, suatbh rhsdstefoh jrc` jh`ebh wcrkhrs tc tlds Lcwhvhr, rdndg crghr usuebby `efdjhsts dtshbj tlrcunl e sdsthrlccgtyph oubturh cj `hftcrdfn df slcp-ficcr cphretdcfs. Bdsthfdfn tc `usdo cj tlhdr bdkdfn wldbh wcrkdfn ds efctlhr khy jheturh cj tlh slcp-ficcr tlet dfgdoeths tlh ocvhrt efg suatbh ghsdrh cj tlhsh jh`ebh wcrkhrs tc arhek jrhh jrc` tlh rdndg beacur prcohss wlhrh tlhy erh ocfsteftby tcbg wlet tc gc. Ocfobusdcf Wds stugy wes ocfguothg tc oc`peretdvhby o c`peretdvhby esshss tlh d`peot cj tlh trefsdtdcf jrc` tlh tregdtdcfeb prcguotdcf prcohss tc `cghrf jeotcry slcp ficcr cphretdcfs cf tlh beacur prcohss efg dghftdty cj odffe`cf phhbhrs. Wh stugy wes ocfohptuebdzhg aeshg cf tlh Beacur Yrcohss Whcry efg tlh dghftdty tlhcry cj suamhotdvdty efg rhfihxdvdty.. Dt wes cashrvhg tlet tlds trefsjcr`etdcf wes rhfihxdvdty hxthrfebby dfguohg efg ocfgdtdcfhg ay dfthrfetdcfeb `erkht rhqudrh`hfts, wldol ds suppcrthg ay cashrvetdcfs cj rhsdstefoh jrc` tregdtdcfeb odffe`cf phhbhrs es tlhy egept tc tlh olefnhs df tlhdr dfgustry. dfgustry. Wh ſtfgdfns prhshft tlh kebbdye es ef eutcfc`cus abco wdtl tlh eadbdty efg oepeodty tc ocfohptuebdzh efg hxhouth ebb prcguotdcf rhbethg eotdvdtdhs/ tesks wdtlcut, cr wdtl `dfd`u`, suphrvdsdcf. Wh struoturh efg rhbetdcfs cj tlh nrcup erh sd`dber tc tlet cj e obef efg erh ohfthrhg cf petrderoleb fcr`s. Ertdsefsldp efg beacur soerodty whrh oepdtebdzhg cf tc hfsurh wcrk eutcfc`y, wldol df turf wes ushg tc aernedf wdtl h`pbcyhrs tc gh`efg jedr rhturfs cf tlhdr beacur surpbus. Wh Kebbdye gh`cfstreths e ufdquh beacur jcr`etdcf wdtl ocbbhotdvh aernedfdfn tlrcunl dfjcr`eb/ scodeb fhtwcrks efg `holefds`s, jheturdfn swdjt oc``ufdoetdcf/ occrgdfetdcf cj ghodsdcfs tlrcunl `hhtdfns et whhkby jedrs, tevhrfs, hto. Jeotcrs tlet ocubg levh ocftrdauthg tcwergs `ekdfn tlh odffe`cf phhbhr fhtwcrk rhsdbdhft efg hhotdvh dfobugh tlh prhshfoh cj e `emcrdty cj s`ebblcbghrs, tlh beok cj ocrgdebdty ahtwhhf tlh` efg bernhr pbeftetdcf cwfhrs, efg tlh soetthrhg efg ufstruoturhg bheghrsldp cj tlh nrcup. Wh ſtfgdfns ebsc sunnhst tlet tlh trefsdtdcf jrc` kebbdye tc tc slcp ficcr wcrkhr les suacrgdfethg beacur cr 7?
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wcrk eutcfc`y tc `efenhrdeb fcr`s. Ocfshquhftby Ocfshquhftby,, shperetdfn ocfohptuebdzetdcf jrc` hxhoutdcf, prcohssdfn jrc` lervhstdfn, efg ocfſtfdfn tlh wcrk bcous tc tlh jeotcry ficcr levh ebb rhsubthg df e shvhrh whekhfdfn cj tlh aernedfdfn pcwhr cj odffe`cf wcrkhrs. Wh kebbdye les ahoc`h e bdfh, e twc-`h`ahr the` oc`prdsdfn e phhbhr efg e mcdfhr/sorepphr. Whdr eutcfc`y ds suamhothg tc tlh auyhr—s sphodſtoetdcfs efg gh`efgs. Wh wcrkhr ds bhg tc camhotdvdzh lds wcrk tc rhguoh tlh ufdt ocst cj prcguotdcf efg tc `exd`dzh prcſtt jcr tlh oepdteb cwfhr. Wh rhgdstrdautdcf cj wcrk ed`s tc dforhesh hodhfoy cj tlh prcguotdcf prcohss. Lcwhvhr, df ocftrest tc tlh tregdtdcfeb beacur prcohss, wcrk gdstrdautdcf les dforheshg fcf-prcguotdvh/ fcf-vebuh eggdfn tesks df tlh beacur prcohss tlrcunl tlh oledf cj oc``efg. Wh oledf cj oc``efg les ahhf ghrdvhg jrc` tlh pbeftetdcf `efenh`hft fcr`etdvh wdtlcut ahdfn thsthg jcr sudteadbdty tc tlh dftrdfsdo rhqudrh`hfts cj tlh odffe`cf dfgustry. Dt les ahhf utdbdzhg jcr `edftedfdfn dfjcr`etdcf esy``htry tc prcvdgh ef eggdtdcfeb egveftenh tc tlh `efenh`hft ldhreroly df `edftedfdfn cphretdcfeb ocftrcb. Qhorudt`hft, ldrdfn, dfguotdcf, efg tredfdfn cj fcvdohs levh ahoc`h e pert cj tlh `efenh`hft—s rhspcfsdadbdtdhs. Df spdth cj tlhsh jcr`eb prcohgurhs, tlh tregdtdcfeb fcr` cj epprhftdoh tredfdfn ocftdfuhs tc hxdst df tlh slcp ficcr, tlcunl fcw es e jh`dfdzhg hfghevcr cj “sdsthrlccg shssdcfs—. Wh rhbetdcf cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr wdtl wcrk efg oepdteb les ahoc`h ef hocfc`do cfh, wdtl olereothrdstdos cj e jcr`eb h`pbcyhh-h`pbcyhr trefseotdcf. Wh scodeb rhbetdcfs df tlh slcp-ficcr levh ahhf ocftrcbbhg efg ocfgdtdcfhg ay tlh `efenh`hft tlrcunl wcrk the`dfn efg eppcdft`hft cj the` bheghrs. Jh`dfdzetdcf cj tlh slcp ficcr les ahoc`h e khy jheturh cj tlh trefsdtdcf wldol ds qudth ocftregdotcry tc kebbdye petrderoleb fcr`etdvh. Lcwhvhr, ocftrcb cvhr tlh slcp ficcr rhsts wdtl tlh `ebh gc`dfethg `efenh`hft ldhreroly cr oledf cj oc``efg cf tlh essu`ptdcf tlet jh`ebhs erh hesdhr tc ocftrcb. Lhfoh cfh oef cashrvh e ocftdfuetdcf cj petrderoleb vebuhs df tlh dfgustry. Wh camhotdvh cj sldjtdfn tc slcp ficcr cphretdcfs wes tc hbhveth prcguotdcf stefgergs tc oc`pby wdtl jccg sejhty ohrtdſtoetdcf rhqudrh`hfts tc dfthnreth wdtl nbcaeb vebuh oledfs. Dt wes ebsc ahbdhvhg tlet tlds wcubg dforhesh tlh nbcaeb oc`phtdtdvhfhss oc `phtdtdvhfhss cj tlh dfgustry. Wh rhsdstefoh jrc` tregdtdcfeb odffe`cf phhbhrs et tlh cutsht d`pbdhs tlet tlds trefsdtdcf les cf tlh cfh lefg ahhf jcrohg cf tlh` (wdtl tlh eggdtdcfeb gdsdfohftdvh cj tlrhethfdfn tlhdr beacur pcwhr) efg cf tlh ctlhr, wcubg fct eooruh efy spdbb cvhr hocfc`do ahfhſtts tc tlh`. Wh cvhrebb d`peot cj tlh trefsdtdcf les ahhf tlh suamunetdcf cj tlh eutcfc`y cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr tc
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ocfohptuebdzh, hxhouth, efg gh`efg jcr hqudty. hqudty. Df su`, tlh `efenh`hft tekhcvhr cj tlh prcguotdcf prcohss les gdbuthg tlh aernedfdfn pcwhr cj tlh odffe`cf phhbhr. Fcths 5 Lerry Arevhr`ef (54>7) dftrcguohg tlh Beacur Yrcohss Whcry df lds sh`dfeb wcrk “Beacur efg @cfcpcby Oepdteb—. Dftrcguodfn tlds tlhcry, Arevhr`ef Arevhr`ef rhocfstruots tlh efebysds cj @erx cf tlh olefnh df prcguotdcf prcohsshs df tlh oepdtebdst scodhty, sdtuetdfn dt df beth bdahreb efg herby fhc-bdahreb E`hrdoe. Whrh Arevhr`ef h`plesdzhs cf @erx—s @erx—s dfthrprhtetdcf cj tlds prcohss es e oheshbhss prcmhot jcr eoou`ubetdcf cj oepdteb, wldol df turf ndvhs prhohghfoh tc struoturdfn scodhty; efg tlet ocftdfucusby olefnhs tlh beacur prcohsshs cj dfgustrdhs efg rhgdstrdauths beacur e`cfnst cooupetdcfs efg dfgustrdhs. 1 Kfdnlts efg ^dbb`ctt (54<4), df tlhdr pephr tdtbhg “Ycwhr efg _uamhotdvdty et ^crk—, etth`pthg tc ſtbb tlh nep df tlh struotureb efebysds cj “rhprcguotdcf efg trefsjcr`etdcf cj scodeb rhbetdcfs et tlh pcdft cj prcguotdcf— wdtl e prcmhot ghsdnfhg tc eggrhss tlh tlhcrhtdoeb efg cftcbcndoeb dfeghqueoy cj BY. BY. ? _ebene`e (Lebene`e), e oesth aeshg df tlh scutlhrf perts cj _rd Befke (`edfby Nebbh Gdstrdot), ds rhpcrthg tc ah jrc` _cutl Dfgde efg `dnrethg ercufg 5?tl ohftury EG, wlc whrh tlhf nreguebby essd`dbethg tc tlh oubturh cj _dflebhsh sphekdfn fetdvhs df _rd Befke (Meyewerghfe 1999). 7 Wh bcoebs, es Meyewerghfe dghftdſths, whrh odffe`cf phhbhrs wlc rcsh tc tlh refks cj tlh acurnhcds. 8 Wds cashrvetdcf ds aeshg cf e phrscfeb oc``ufdoetdcf wdtl ^dmdtle gh ]cyse-Meyetldbekh rcunlby rcunlby df ahtwhhf 1955 ‟ 195?. : Yrdveth cwfhrsldp gurdfn tlh prh-befg rhjcr` phrdcg wes dfstdtuthg ay twc `edf oethncrdhs, d.h. Arceg Aeshg Oc`pefdhs, wldol erh syfcfy`cus wdtl Yuabdo Bdsthg Oc`pefdhs (YBOs) ebsc kfcwf es Bcfgcf _thrbdfn Oc`pefdhs, wldol treghg et tlh Bcfgcf _tcok Hxolefnh efg tlh bcoeb acurnhcdsdh, wlc lhbg thfurh es Eashfthh Befg Bcrgs efg `efenhg es prcprdhtery lcbgdfns (_curoh= Dfthrvdhw wdtl ^hhrekccf ^hhrekccf ^dmhwerghfe ^dmhwerghfe (YlG), Ocbc`ac, 7 Mufh 195>). > Dfthrvdhw wdtl ^dmtle gh ]cyse-Meyetldbekh cf tlh dssuh cj “skdbbhg beacur soerodty df tlh odffe`cf dfgustry—, Ocbc`ac, 19 Eprdb 1955. < Df eggdtdcf tc terd rhbethg enrhh`hfts, ctlhr typhs cj tregh enrhh`hfts dfobugh _efdtery efg Ylytc-_efdtery (_Y_) efg holfdoeb holfdoeb Aerrdhrs jcr regh (A). Whsh enrhh`hfts ocfgdtdcf d`pcrts efg hxpcrts ay dftrcguodfn efg upgetdfn oc`pbdefoh rhqudrh`hfts tc hxpcrtdfn ocuftrdhs, df suppcrt cj gc`hstdo jccg sejhty efg ctlhr oc``cgdty quebdty stefgergs efg rhnubetdcfs hsteabdslhg tc sejh nuerg tlh odtdzhfs (ocfsu`hrs) cj d`pcrtdfn ocuftrdhs. 4 Df tlh trefsjcr`etdcf dftc e oepdtebdstdo `cgh cj prcguotdcf, Arevhr`ef (54>7) dghftdſths twc gdstdfot olefnhs df tlh beacur prcohss; rhgdstrdautdcf cj wcrk df tlh jcr` cj gdvdsdcf cj beacur, efg shperetdcf cj wcrk ocfohptuebdzetdcf efg hxhoutdcf. Arevhr`ef jcufg tlet beacur rhgdstrdautdcf ds ef enhfge sht cut es e ocfshquhfoh cj `holefdzetdcf ‟ tholfcbcndoeb egeptetdcf efg d`prcvh`hft tcwergs dforhesdfn beacur hodhfoy efg prcguotdvdty. Cf tlh ctlhr lefg, lh shhs tlh shperetdcf cj wcrk ocfohptuebdzetdcf efg hxhoutdcf df jeot es e shperetdcf cj beacur jrc` bea cur pcwhr. pcwhr. 59 Cjthf e tlrhh-`h`ahr nefn cj je`dby `h`ahrs cr rhbetdvhs. _c`htd`hs, dfgdvdguebs cj tlh se`h vdbbenh cr oc``ufdty oc`h tcnhtlhr tc jcr` e kebbdye. Wds scodeb nrcupdfn ds prd`erdby aeshg cf adcbcndoeb cr oc``ufeb rhbetdcfsldps. @utueb trust efg tcnhtlhrfhss erh ocfsdghrhg tc ah tlh jcufgetdcf cj tlds scodeb nrcupdfn. 55 Wds ds olereothrdzhg ay aufgbdfn bernh vcbu`hs cj bhevhs df e stefgerg `effhr efg sdzh jcr trefspcrtdfn. 51 Wh odffe`cf phhbhr df tlh kebbdye les tlh eutcfc`y tc ghodgh wldol nregh ds tc ah prcguohg. Lcwhvhr Lcwhvhr,, tlh wey df wldol tlds
Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
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eutcfc`y ds preotdohg gdhrs eoocrgdfn tc nhcnreply. Df Nebbh Gdstrdot, wlhrh eb`cst ebb odffe`cf phhbhrs rhsdgh, tlh ghodsdcf ds effcufohg tc tlh befgcwfhr ejthr tlh oc``hfoh`hft cj wcrk (cr ſthbg wcrk). Lcwhvhr, df @etere Gdstrdot (efg fcf-oustc`ery odffe`cf nrcwdfn erhes bdkh Qetfepure efg Kebutere Gdstrdots), tlh befgcwfhr wcubg fc`dfeth e nregh jcr tlh odffe`cf phhbhr, efg tlh wcrk ds ufghrtekhf cf tlds ufghrstefgdfn. 5? Arevhr`ef (54>7), jurtlhrdfn @erx—s ghſtfdtdcf cj beacur pcwhr es tlh oepeodty tc wcrk, ſtfgs dt es tlh `hefs cj hxolefnh rhbetdcfs ahtwhhf tlh oepdtebdst efg tlh wcrkhr (“purolesh efg sebh cj beacur pcwhr—) df tlds trefsjcr`etdvh prcohss, wldol ds ocfgdtdcfhg ay tlrhh scodeb cr struotureb olefnhs tc tlh wcrkhr efg beacur. Whsh olefnhs, eoocrgdfn tc tlh eutlcr, erh shperetdcf ahtwhhf tlh wcrkhr efg tlh `hefs cj prcguotdcf; jrhhdfn cj wcrkhrs jrc` efy bhneb ocfstredfts; efg `ekdfn tlh purpcsh cj beacur hftdrhby eacut dforhesdfn tlh ufdt cj oepdteb ahbcfndfn tc tlh h`pbcyhr (oepdtebdst); wlhrhay ocftrcb cvhr tlh beacur prcohss pesshs cftc tlh oepdteb cwfhr, wldol df turf prcguohs tlh prcabh` cj eftencfds` ahtwhhf beacur efg oepdteb guh tc cppcsdfn dfthrhsts cj oepdteb eoou`ubetdcf. 57 Ef egepthg e gepthg sd`pbh ghſtfdtdcf cj cfh cj @erx— @erx—ss prcjcufg ocfohpts cj beacur ds beacur pcwhr. Eoocrgdfn tc Jhbbune (1991), beacur ds tlh eastreotdcf cj lu`ef beacur dftc sc`htldfn tlet oef ah hxolefnhg jcr `cfhy. Wh rhbetdcf cj beacur-pcwhr tc tlh eotueb beacur cj e prdveth dfgdvdgueb ds efebcncus tlh rhbetdcf cj hxolefnh-vebuh tc ush-vebuh. Wh systh` cj beacr-pcwhr rhbdhs cf tlh ahbdhj tlet tlh beacurhr olccshs jrhhby tc hfthr dftc e ocftreotueb rhbetdcfsldp wdtl ef h`pbcyhr,, wlc puroleshs tlet wcrkhr—s beacur pcwhr es e oc``cgdty h`pbcyhr efg tlhf cwfs tlh nccgs prcguohg ay tlet wcrkhr. Lcwhvhr, tlh wcrkhr ds hxpbcdthg dfscjer es lh les fc ctlhr cptdcf= tlh oepdtebdst cwfs ebb tlh `hefs cj prcguotdcf. Ebsc, tlh oepdtebdst shhks tc eoldhvh tlh ldnlhst pcssdabh reth cj surpbus-vebuh, “wldol ghphfgs, df tlh ſtrst pbeoh, cf tlh ghnrhh cj hxpbcdtetdcf cj beacur-pcwhr—. Wh oepdtebdst shhks tc prcvdgh tlh beaucrhr cfby hfcunl `cfhy tc suasdst efg tc prcguoh `crh beacurhrs (tlrcunl oldbg-aherdfn)‐. 58 Kfdnlts efg ^dbb`ctt (54<4) grew jrc` Aurewcy (54>4) efg Ocokaurf (54 @dxhg nregh aebh ocfstdtuths bcw quebdty nreghs df tlh `dggbh, efg ldnl quebdty nreghs df tlh cuthr beyhr tc werp ercufg tlh herbdhr nregh. Wh vhfgcr wcubg enrhh tc e prdoh jcr tlh aebh ocrrhspcfgdfn tc tlh ldnl quebdty qudbbs df tlh cuthr beyhr. 5< Wh thr`s efg hxpbefetdcfs `erkhg df tlh dfvhrthg cr quctetdcf `erks ahbcfn tc tlh eutlcr cj tlh ertdobh odthg tlhrh.
Ycbdty | Zcbu`h >, Dssuh 1
Qhjhrhfohs Ebvhsscf, @ &^dbb`ctt, L 1991, “Dghftdty rhnubetdcf es crnefdzetdcfeb ocftrcb= prcguodfn tlh e p p r c p r d e t h dfgdvdgueb—, Mcurfeb cj @efenh`hft _tugdhs , vcb. ?4, pp. :54‟:77 Arevhr`ef, L 54>7, Beacr efg @cfcpcby Oepdteb= Wh Ghnregetdcf cj (18tl Effdvhrsery Hgdtdcf), @cftlby ^crk df tlh whftdhtl Ohftury (18tl Qhvdhw Yrhss, Fhw Tcrk Aurewcy, @ 54>4, @efujeoturdfn Ocfshft , Oldoenc Xfdvhrsdty Yrhss, Aurewcy, Oldoenc Ocokaurf, O 54, Wh egepteabh pheseft= Enrerdef scodhty df ^hsthrf _rd Befke ufghr Gutol rubh, 5>79 ‟ 5<99 , Ardbb, E`sthrge` Nhhnefenh, E 195?, “_rd Befke—s Qcbh df tlh ^crbg regh Crnefdzetdcf—, Dfthrfetdcfeb Mcurfeb cj Ausdfhss efg _codeb _odhfoh , vcb. 7, fc. 5, pp. 5?> ‟ 5?< Meyewerghfe, G 1957, “LQ@ es e ‒^ha ‒^ha cj hxts‐= (Qh)Ertdoubetdfn tlh Dghftdty cj LQ@ df _rd Befke—s Bcoebdzhg Nbcaeb Epperhb Dfgustry—, Crnefdzetdcf @efenh`hft Mcurfeb , vcb. 55, fc. 7, pp. 1<4-14< Meyewerghfe, K 1999, Fcacgdhs tc _c`hacgdhs= Wh Qdsh cj tlh Ocbcfdeb Acurnhcdsdh df _rd Befke , _codeb _odhftdsts— Esscodetdcf efg _efmdve Accks, Ocbc`ac Meyewerghfe, K 1959, Yhrphtueb Jhr`hft, Ycpuber Qhvcbts df _rd Befke df tlh 5, lttps=//www.obe.pur lttps=//www.obe.purguh.hgu/ guh.hgu/ hfnbdsl/tlhcry/`erxds`/thr`s/ _e`erewdokrh`e, _ 1957, Esshss`hft cj tlh kebbd efg bdfh systh` df tlh _rd Befkef odffe`cf shotcr , grejt rhpcrt, Ocbc`ac _efmhhwe, K 1958, “Kurugutlebebed epd gdvd nhveffh (wh bdvh ay phhbdfn odffe`cf)—, Qeveye , 51 Eprdb, pp.5> Wh ^crbg Aefk 1958, _rd Befke Hfgdfn Ycvhrty efg Yrc`ctdfn _lerhg Yrcsphrdty= E _ysth`etdo Ocuftry Gdenfcstdo , ^esldfntcf ^dokrh`esdfnlh, F 199:, _rd Befke df tlh @cghrf Enh= E Ldstcry cj Ocfthsthg Dghftdtdhs , Xfdvhrsdty cj Lewed Yrhss, Lcfcbubu
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