China’s African Aid Transatlantic Challenges Cha llenges
Deborah Brautigam
International Development Program School of International Service American University Washington, DC
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China’s African Aid: ransatlantic Challenges A Report o the German Marshall Fund Of he United States April 2008 Db B I Dv P S I Sv A Uvy, W, DC
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The Rise of China in Africa
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Box 1: Address by Chinese President Hu Jintao, Beijing Summit of The Forum on China–Africa Cooperation, 4 November 2006 To orge a new type o China-Arica strategic partnership and strengthen our cooperation in more areas and at a higher level, the Chinese Government will take the ollowing eight steps: 1. Double its 2006 assistance to Arica by 2009. 2. Provide US$3 US$3 billion o preerential preerential loans loans and US$2 billion o preerential buyer’s buyer’s credits to Arica in the next three years. 3. Set up a China-Arica development und which will reach US$5 billion to encourage Chinese companies to invest in Arica and provide support to them. 4. Build a conerence conerence centre or the Arican Union to support Arican countries in their eorts to strengthen themselves through unity and support the process o Arican integration. 5. Cancel debt in the orm o all the the interest-ree governgovernment loans that matured at the end o 2005 owed by the heavily indebted poor countries and the least developed developed countries in Arica that have diplomatic relations with China. 6. Further open up China’s China’s market to Arica Arica by increasing rom 190 to over 440 the number o export items to China receiving zero-tari treatment rom the least developed developed countries in Arica having diplomatic ties with China. 7. Establish three to fve trade and economic cooperacooperation zones in Arica in the next three years. 8. Over the next three years, train 15,000 Arican proessionals; send 100 senior agricultural experts to Arica; set up 10 special agricultural technology demonstration centres in Arica; build 30 hospitals in Arica and provide RMB 300 million o grant or providing artemisinin and building 30 malaria prevention and treatment centres to fght malaria in Arica; dispatch 300 youth volunteers to Arica; build 100 rural schools in Arica; and increase the number o Chinese government scholarships to Arican students rom the current 2000 per year to 4000 per year by 2009.
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
3
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2
Competing Views About Chinese Aid
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China’s Aid: Continuity and Change
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China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
7
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Box 2: Chinese President Hu Jintao’s Five Measures For Assisting Other Developing Countries* 1. Zero tari treatment treatment to some products products rom all the 39 LDCs having diplomatic relations with China, which covers most o the China-bound exports rom these countries. 2. Further expand aid program program to the the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) and LDCs and, working through bilateral channels, write o or orgive in other ways, within the next two years, all the overdue parts as o the end o 2004 o the interest-ree and lowinterest governmental loans owed by all the HIPCs having diplomatic relations with China.
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3. Within the next three years, years, China will provide US$10 billion in concessional loans and preerential export buyer’s credit to developing countries to improve their inrastructure and promote cooperation between enterprises on both sides. 4. China will, in the next three years, increase its assistance to developing developing countries, Arican countries in particular, providing providing them with anti-malaria drugs and other medicines, helping them set up and improve medical acilities and training medical sta.
B. China’s Changing Aid Strategy in Africa
5. China will train train 30,000 personnel o various proesproessions rom the developing developing countries within the next three years so as to help them speed up their human resources development. development.
1. The Maoist Period 1960–76
United Nations, New York, September 14, 2005
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Hu Jintao, “Promote Universal Development to Achieve Common Prosperity,” written statement by Chinese President Hu Jintao at the High-Level Meeting on Financing for Development at the 60th Session of the United Nations, New York, September 14, 2005.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States
Box 3: Eight Principles for China’s Aid to Foreign Countries (1964) 1. The Chinese Government Government always bases itsel on the principle o equality and mutual beneft in providing aid to other countries. It never regards such aid as a kind o unilateral alms but as something mutual. 2. In providing aid to other countries, the Chinese Government Government strictly respects the sovereignty o the recipient countries, and never attaches any conditions or asks or any privileges. 3. China provides provides economic aid aid in the orm o interestinterestree or low-interest loans and extends the time limit or repayment when when necessary so as to lighten the burden o the recipient countries as ar as possible. 4. In providing aid aid to other countries, the purpose o the Chinese Government is not to make the recipient countries dependent on China but to help them embark step by step on the road o sel-reliance and independent economic development. 5. The Chinese Government Government tries its best to help help the recipient countries build projects which require less investment while yielding quicker results, so that the recipient governments governments may increase their income and accumulate capital. 6. The Chinese Government Government provides the best-quality equipment and material o its own manuacture at international market prices. I the equipment and material provided by the Chinese Government are not up to the agreed specifcations and quality, the Chinese Government Government undertakes to replace them. 7. In providing any technical assistanc e, the Chinese Government Government will see to it that the personnel o the recipient country ully master such technique. 8. The experts dispatched dispatched by China to help in construction in the recipient countries will have the same standard o living as the experts o the recipient country. The Chinese experts are not allowed to make any special demands or enjoy any special amenities. Source: Speech by Chinese premier Zhou Enlai, Accra, Ghana, January 15, 1964.
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China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
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Box 4: “Dollar Diplomacy:” The Beijing-Taipei Rivalry in Africa, 1989 to present Countries that Broke with Beijing to Establish Ties with Taipei
Countries that Broke with Taipei Taipei to Establish ties with Beijing
1989–Liberia (second)*
1993–Liberia (second)
1990–Guinea-Bissau
1994–Lesotho (second)
1990–Lesotho (second)*
1996–Niger (second)
1991–Central Arican Republic (third)*
1998–Central Arican Republic (third)
1992–Niger (second)
1998–Guinea-Bissau
1994–Burkina Faso
1998–South Arica
1996–The Gambia
2003–Liberia (third)
1996–Senegal (second)
2005–Senegal (second)
1997–Chad (second)
2006–Chad (second)
1997–Liberia (third)
2008–Malawi
1997–Sao Tome Tome and Principe
Swaziland is the only African country that has never established diplomatic relations with Beijing.
* These countries had previously had relations with Taipei, and broken them to establish relations with Beijing. Source: Author’s Author’s research and Chung-lian Jiang, “Beijing and Taipei, the African Challenges,” http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.. aspx?articleid=3584 [n.d.]
12
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
Table 1: Years o New Chinese Aid Commitments in Arica (1961-2007) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
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China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
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The Chinese Aid System
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States
Table 2. China Eximbank Financing Approved, 2006
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China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
15
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
k) technical cooperation projects vv . I , x, w b j, w C x -w w b j. I 5, C 6 j 36 j A (y by z- ), j by . . Medical . Medical Teams M 65 v v C 1963, , v v b . I 7, 4 C w v 5 ( ) w wk 47 ww. 13 3. Training and Scholarships S , C v , b C’ C’ w x w bz, w, vy v. By 7, C ,5 (, , , , j, , .) w , . 14 A bv, w x y w w by C H J 5 UN S Nw Yk (3, v y v y) 6 FOCAC S
Bj (15, A by 9). S vy vy y C v b C’ . A Bj B j S, C b A , 4, y. 4. Overseas Youth Volunteer Program I , C C C C C Y Y L C y v v. I 5, My C k v , y E b A y v C v.15 C 3 y v v A v 6–9. By Ob 7, A w y v. 5. Debt Cancellation C’ b b b OECD w v . M, x, w x y b v b , w y b Zb y v $11 . Hwv, Hwv, C b b y. y. Bw –3, C xy xy $1.4 b v b 31 A . Bw 6–9, b w w $1.3 b . b 6 w C. 16
15
13
“Db 49 v wv,” China Daily, Daily, Fby 1, . 14
My C, “N F A C Bj,” ://bx..v. ://bx ..v. [ Jy 3, 7.]
16
L B, “O I C w C–A E C,” v C A, H K Uvy S y, 7, . . 16
Q Gq, “C’ F A: P, S, P ,” v C Nw D F A, C Gb Gv, Ox Uvy, J 7.
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
C. Other Instruments of Economic Engagement
A y qy “” “” C , w A w b . y x y v by Zb Dv Ay: “W “W y y b C b y y. W y w k . W v y v .” 1. China Africa Development Fund A Nvb 6 Bj S, $5 b qy w b C j v v , , k, , (w, , , w, w, ). M by C Dv D v Bk, w v 5 y k qy v bw $5 $5 j. j v v y A v b w C v v. A b OECD v b k v A ( w). Nw Dv F, x, $543 vb A. CDC (B Dv F) $1.96 b, b v y . Ov 35 y y, U.S. Ov Pv Iv C x y b $.53 b A j.17 Ry F P N Skzy v y,
G A Fç Dv (AFD), w b €5 v A ( w A A v , b w qy y ). 1 C’ bvy v. O , b z b C ( A A j v ). A w C y v jy by C’ v. . Special Trade and Economic Cooperation Zones C’ y b b Sz z 19. Dw , C v v Fv-Y Fv-Y P (6–11) b z b “G Gb” y. z k - x x z b by y A v . I, j C w b y w y k k , b, z , , w v v z. v v C v v, y v C b b v by v k. L w b b v z. 1
Skzy v €5 -z A , AFD b v v, € b v v y. “F: Skzy: S P S A (//),” Fby , , ://www.y..z/.?_=13
17
P , A Gk, OPIC, M 14 17, .
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
17
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
A z w v v Zb, 19 M, N.
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
k y. C y v b C w ky x x y v v. M v x v’ w b y C wk b y y z, y , , y z. C z w y b x , w v A’ w . C v b v . I Z b, x, C v , ISO 14 v , b. Y, W Bk , b C v A, b vy W. Gv w v y by C , 19
v vy y A x x. F x, U.S. Ay I Dv Dv w $ j v v y b A v. F w “v b” (G, S, Bw Ky), b b y “v “v A z, U.S. Gv , v y z, v , v, b v , .” U S Ay I Dv, “A Gb Cv Iv,” :// www..v/ www..v//b- /b-_/v _/v/. /. . USAID “v b” w C b -199 w-wy b A : Ey, G, M, Cô ’Iv, C, Gb, Mzbq, N, z Zb.
B, . 99. W Bk -5 vy C v C , 45 v w v , 35 v, (, , ).
18
ky b vy y A A v. b z, A v w b w ’ b w C, by b b k, b k, y, y, jb y.1 A y w . 3. Tariff and Quota-Free Entry for Goods from Least Developed Countries A A Abb FOCAC 3, C H J v z b x A ’ v . w 4, 19 w y y 5. A Bj S Nvb 6, C 44 ; w Jy 7. W w : (1) E’ “Evy B A” (EBA) w y- q- y E U v x ; y b, , w y; () U S’ A Gw Oy A v-b , w y y , v b , , . C’ v x v , wv y b k v v . I 1
F , Db Bä, “C “C B A Dv: ‘Fy G’ ‘H D’?” D L, J. C A, R M. S. S Ov, . China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace L: C H.
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
y EBA AGOA v y v , ky C w , , b .
L C, S L, L M-R, M-R, A , “ EU’ Evy B A Iv L-Dv C,” WIDER D P N. 3/47, J 3; G Fz, J v Bbk, “ Gw U U.S. Gw Oy A,” NBER Wk P N. 13, Jy 7. Gw A Gw Oy A,” NBER Wk N. 13, Jy 7.
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
19
5
Chinese Aid in Operation
A. How much aid does China give to Africa?
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
Table 3: China’s Ofcial Government
I 6, C v v v y y b RMB 44.4 b (US$ 5.7 b) A. Hwv, Hwv, b . C kw w y v: v y . y y v w b OECD/DAC.
Expenditure or External Assistance 1998–2007
U C , A 6 w $46 , w $1 b 9. C’ C’ b x (b (b 3). b , v z- by MOFCOM, by v by C Exbk (b v), x , b . b 3 qy “” “” . y b b x y by, v x by C Exbk. by US$1 w w b y US$ 4 , bk 6 . I , OECD , v v (ODA).
To Africa RMB
US$
US$
199
3,7
449
19*
1999
3,9
474
*
4,5
554
44*
1
4,711
569
5*
5,3
64
66*
3
5,3
631
7*
4
6,69
734
33*
5
7,47
96
47*
6
,
1,5
46*
7
1,*
1,41*
65*
*. A’ v 44% . S: Q (7); My My C , Bj, ’ . Ex v 199–6. I My F, International Financial Statistics (7). x 7 Jy.
v : 1. Package Financing . C Exbk “k ” b x by’ , x ’ ,
20
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
. x ky “.” . “Preferential” loans. “Preferential” loans. Sb C v v w k y x by’ A v -w b “” w bw k. vw “” by , b y w qy v (ODA) OECD . 3. Multi-year versus annual . C ( ) y v
b w y, . . A OECD W Bk y b. 4. Media mistakes . A bv, w w C y v w v k k. F x, Financial Times b $5 b C A Dv F “” A. Nw Nw v, C b finance finance A v, w y “” . W C Exbk’ Exbk’ A. I Exbk’ y y y by bk. W kw w w Exbk’ v, y 1 Exbk x A. A 5, Exbk y US$ w concessional concessional j A ( v 55 j). 3 w y vy j. I 6, Exbk v y A y, RMB 3 ($3 ). Exbk’ y . O , 7, C Exbk z RMB 9.5 b ($1.3 b) x A bw 1995 6, 59 j ( b b). y y y,, v j v $6 b y v x
y. y y. W Bk y $4. b A 6, x (y, b , ). Hwv, w w b OECD. I 5 , OECD b US$3.7 b A , w b v OECD b US$11. b. 4 B. How Effective Is Chinese Aid?
With the Asian countries it’s fast and it’s direct … Africa doesn’t have a lot of time. —S P Aby W, W, 6 5 P D A Ev z by v ’ w v v , b z y ( ), by , . 5 C’ v b y y . Ew y, y, C w. E C A y k A v j b . w bk by j b ( “ ” j ). F , C by 4
W Bk, Global Development Finance: The Development Potential of Surging Capital Flows (W, D.C., 6).
5 3
Hy B, Africa’s B, Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier W, Frontier W, D.C., 7, 74.
OECD, “P “P D A Ev: Ow, Hz, A, R M Aby,” H Lv F, P, Fby –M , 5.
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
21
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
w, b y b v v v y A y. y. F , , C w v wk b My wk w A v. I S L 7, x, v C x w y , by S L My A. y wk b by W. C C - b y y W v b vy v vy A. y bv W w w , y kw A v y . F , C z y v w w b w y . b v qky xvy, w v y, y . y “” “” j v w y wk y. j y , wk, y. y w b j , by , b b . M b A 19 v - v by w. w. C v y w A v b , v x v . Dv y v v v by W
22
wy W’ w x w wy. C’ v , v, w v x. v by . v v E U S w b . F x, 5 W Bk’ Bk’ 3 y w y , , , y, . Fyw W Bk v, w, , b . 6 W j z (v b, , , y), C by A v b w v b wy by . C y z vy ky j; wy y C A v b . O , C y: b b, w y . w y j W (v y b, x) w vy vb . A , w w C j wk v , y v j j y . S v C Exbk
6 ://www1.wbk. ://www1.wbk./v/b6/ /v/b6/. . ?=36
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
“w y b j.”7 S v ( x y ) b, x v b , kw w . C. Aid-for-Resources?
I C’ C’ y v q--q ? A y w Bk I y b: “C’ y b v by y q by v .” P My 7 B z by Sy F A A G C b w “ b v A’ .”9 A wy bv C y v x , y . Hwv, Hwv, bw v b ( ) w b “,” v C y b b y v b w w- C Exbk k k . O , b 1 , C’ wy b w b x w y x . C v, w , 7
L J. E, Sy “C Ex Bk A,” C Ev F, P B A Ak, W C, W, DC, M , 7.
P C. Ev E S. Dw, “U C’ Q O S-Bk F D,” Bk I Py B #154, My 6, . . 9
Sy F, “A Rk R? R E, N A, C C,” y My 4–6 -z by Sy F A A G, B, Gy, Sy F, F, Py D B, . .
, y (C’ (C’ v A b C I C Bk’ Bk’ S A’ S Bk $5.5 b). A A jy w C v v z- y. C bw y, w v by . O , C v : A, S, DR C, N. S k y , bk by . S K , I My v - . I, bv, 5 y w C w y v k x w v , ky y Bj w y . A v “”? “”? . F, y, v , not bw not bw k . 3 L , - less ky b vy ( C A v 6.6 ). S, bk b, C y “ v ,” b 3
F x, y b vy A 4 v b 1.5 , w LIBOR (L Ibk O R) plus R) plus 1.5 . I C Ax V, “A C: A P P,” wk CSIS C, “P Iv U.S.–C–A C,” Db 5, 7 (M ), . 6.
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
23
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
. Fy, w , w w v b w ky , b w y, y, b w w v. A P F, F CEO DR C’ -w y Gé w C k w C y , “C ’ v w y. y. B y w .” Uw J C w , , “Ex - , I kw q k .” 31
Iy, Iy, NGO v z j ( ) y.3 I x W Bk IMF, IMF, A v w q vz -w v, y W. y , y x , y W. C y bw x. Hwv, Hwv, y b vy . 3
M C-F Rx Lw, “Quid “ Quid Pro Quo? Quo ? C’ Iv--R Sw A,” Development (7) 5, 63–6.
31
J V, “C O E C,” Inter Press Service (Jb), (Jb), Fby , .
24
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
6
Chinese Aid: Issues for Transatlantic Policymakers
yk b b b C’ v v A. v v b W, C k E U S. C’ x b y k w b v v vy bz w v’ v’ by bv y . vw v k C : bz x , v , , v , b by. by. A. Tied Aid and Subsidized Export Credits
C’ 6 Exbk w v A w $5 b x by b C’ bz x . E, U S, C, J y w y b w vy bz x ( w y ) x w k . xy, y v v by , y w v w b -v . OECD b v v b , v y , y, v . U 199 Hk A, v , A Oy S Ex C, x OECD
v w j y vb.33 I 1, OECD Dv A C C v b x . A C j A, E A bv w b by vb C Exbk. I y C are y v: , y v b wk A kw k w. Hwv, -y q k , y vb x C q v, . MOFCOM’ y C v , b C j q y y. C Exbk’ Exbk’ v , y. y. wb : •
•
C b /x Eq, , , y v j b C . I , 5 C.
OECD b v bz x
33
A x b y vb j v vb.
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
25
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
197. Y b v W wy y b w v . A y 54 OECD , vy . I 1, x, OECD 9 Iy’ Iy’ v w , 6 C’. C’. C bv w b b w k bz x v. Nw C b b y, y b j by w — y . F , OECD w C x bv, w b w y y y j b W w C qb . B. Governance and Corruption
C v S A, M, C V, Bw: A’ b-v . B w C, Eq G, D Rb C, k by y I A’ . A C v . A y I y y I bv b C b. My b A C’ ( - ) v v A. O , C - w y A b y. y. S L’ b C, S Jy, Jy, vw y w , “ C G
26
k vy y … y ’ b v , , b v, v. I’ y ’ , j C v b y ’ ’ 34 bk.” C vw by x . C w C A S K, y ’ v. I y b A b w. w. L R, C Exbk, vw by 7 W E F S A : “W y v. A w b y v . I k B w y y , U S y .” Hwv, C wk v b w , y w y C . Svy- C Exbk A v v v, . , , , y , C (w MOFCOM Exbk) b bw v. w k W Bk, w b y v. I C y, Bj C C y q y v by b v 34
Ly H, “W Lv C,” ://www../ x/616, J 5.
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
bw v. bw v z y, Exbk y C y y. y. C , b w b w. C x. y v kkbk b v. B k y C z w y b w bk b y y v.
S, v b v , D. Hwv, K y wy, y, by b K w D . F y C bk U N, , w My I, v b v. I bk S y .
C. Governance and “Rogue Regimes”
Y v C’ K y -v. b 7. I M, C’ y, N Dv R C, S w v by C , v by C bv.35 C vy A S, y K w UN k D 7.36 “C y vw b vy v y v,’’’’ Aw S. N, vy P B S, Fby . ‘’ v b v .’’ .’’37 Y C y y .
We don’t believe in embargoes—that just means that the people suffer. From a practical consideration, embargoes and sanctions can’t solve problems, just like armed invasion cannot solve problems. —L Gj, C S Evy A S A v A x by C “ ” w b y. y. B B janjaweed janjaweed v v D b, S v . S 1996/97, U.S. U.S. v b b b , , w S, w y w (U.S. y M O x S). M W W v S , v j, Ly I S Gy, F’ A, ABB Swz. A C y, y, L M R, y S’ - . A . C v vy ODA
C ODA b Zbbw b vy , w , q, q, v b by 35 R MG, “I, S N C Iv L, L ,”” Financial Times, Times, M , 7. 36
E Dw China Security, Security, . 63 w C “k v y -. -.” I , Dw by L Jkb, “ B ‘-,’” China Economic Quarterly, Quarterly , Q (7), . 14–1. 37
Ly P, “C, Nw R, U P S b D,” The New York Times, Times , Fby 3, ; C Bky, “C S k C D,” R, M 7, .
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
27
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
C 197, bby $3 bw –6. B , w S, C’ v w k Mb w, y. I 7, C b b b vv Zbbw: w b Sb. C by H , b y , w y , . B w wk, C’ vy A L Gj C w . I , C Dv Bk v w w bby - v j: V F A ( j S A w ), b , . D. Environment and Social Standards
F , w b j, k v A. k y ( -) k bw C v j w w v : v -w b . B C bk v y b v j , y qy . 3 C vv z v j A, Mw D S. A v z C C b 3
F w x vvw, P B , “C “C Exbk’ R F I A,” My 7, ://v ://v.//C .//CExBkA., ExBkA., M C-F, “ G G: Ev Rby C Bk S,” F E/Bk k, My 7.
28
wk j, w y b y k b - v j. A W Bk , v v q j- , q w v. B W W , OECD x x , 5 bk v v v w v j. A 6 bk v vy “Eq P” v , , . A C bk (Fj-b I Bk) w Eq P, C bk v y b (, y bk v v Eq P). E Iv Bk P My y Financial Times C bk “ j EIB’ EIB’ ,” ,” w k b v . M W W Bk , C v y v v y, y, bw v. A , v ky b v y v C C j. Ry, C b v C’ Exbk v C C y b, w. C bk , , by q k v z b.
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
E. Debt Sustainability
Europe has tried to end Africa’s debt in the past and will not do the same with Chinese debt. … We hope China takes that into account. —Jã Cv, y , P, EU, 7 H “C ‘w wv A b’,” “EU w v C A,” A,” C w b A y w xv b w-. k y C b vb Ev b w b b v. My bv C w b “-” bk b by w . A y A ’ b , b k , y y, w C. v w b A ’ b, w b - (R, C, I, S K) y . vb C y
y’ by y. 39 , k A, C, N, N, S, w v . S, , , , M, G, B, B , v z- . I k w , C Exbk L R bk k b by w k , b z bk’ development by. C b development by. w b y k v y v b, bw v j, y, x- v. Exbk y . Cy, j IFI . A OECD y , A S, C v by C’ C’ w by improved by improved b- b- 4 b . C v v v , v C . 39
H R Sk Ny, “P v I L A: Db R E L,” L,” OECD Dv C D P N. 6, Jy . 4
R Ny (), . 3.
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
29
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
7
Engaging China
Instead of finger pointing at China—I think it would be better to bring them in. I’m sure they have their own position, so engage them. —D Kbk, P, A Dv Bk, My 17, 7
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
C’ A , b vk v by w v C’ bz, b v, ky A vy. C’ , w, w b w bw v vy vy by OECD b. U w C’ y wk, w C’ y b , w vv v k w b C A v . ky: A. Aid Effectiveness
E U S k v OECD’ P D. D. C b v , j A ’ q. W w W, C bv vy q b b, v y , b y. A , y b , y b, , b q by A v. y w w y x b w wy vy. M W y q v v w .
30
Y C j v wk w. W , b y b y. y. I w qy w, j . P w y b b b , bj. H J’ y b k b. W b j. Ex vw, , . Hw b ? C v y “,” “” “.” A C v , y vy -v v b w z v. y y z - v v v w v, y j b y. y. C ky , v. A Dv Bk’ Bk’ I I C A, F A Oz’ S-S C , v w . Fy, W v C A b. A 6 OECD y v v v “ wy y b” “ … :
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
•
•
w v , , v k, b w v x w k.” 41
vv, - z C b A , w A’ A’ y y . C A k v y j v C–A Dv , y b . B. Standards in the Business of Aid
b v w v by C. B C Exbk C Dv Bk v y b v , b v w W Bk’ I F C v Eq P v by . I A 7, C’ S Fy A A MOFCOM C x b; . W W x b v. J v v v w y k wy b . C v y j E j - j: W W Bk- S S j
z, x. M 5 C v w v W Bk- j. H y , q y by, Bk’ v . A 7 bw C bk W Bk IFC v j j b . A C’ -w v v b , y w by w v xv k. C. Looking In the Mirror
U S E C “b k” , b W wk b w by A’ v . Fw w M Dv G w , w b b . A W-b W-b C Gb Dv C Dv Ix, v OECD (F, U K, U S, B) , v A. A w k C b. A -x b C’ v A, b OECD b A qb . F v y C v b. S b Ob N Eq G. OECD y v k .
41
OECD, “P Pv Iv Dv: R ODA,” P, DAC G R S, 6 . 9, 17.
China’s African Ai d: ransatlantic ransatlantic Challenges
31
Iriuscidunt verci tinciduisi. Lis ad elessi. Um alis dolor si. Ing eum dolorem nullaor tionseq uipsum ipsusto dolore feum quiscil iscilis er si et vent amcor ad dio eum vel
8
Toward New Partnerships
At first glance, the nervous handwringing that has surrounded the debate on China in Africa to date seems unwarranted. —Ov Dv I (U.K.) (U.K.) Annual Report 7 Report 7
Cumsan hendio con vullaorem zzrilit laorting el do exer si tin ulputem iure velendrer sequat. Ummy nissis eum dolummy nullaor amconsecte exercilisl ut vullandio odo
C vy y A. v C y by . B C vv y W. MOFCOM’ D A F C C v v b xv v W, y v j b wy by v. C’ z w, , C’ C’ w v x. C y vy , C’ C’ w x x b . My b C’ v . v , y w, v C’ w S Zbbw (v b). O , C’ -bz b - y v y OECD. Uk W (b J), C v v , , A. W W v v b, C y y b k w, v b y
32
b v w k A . P y W, C b , vby , , . M C. A y b , C’ y k y v v. D v w C, y C’ b . C b w vy D Zbbw. w “-v” “-v” vv , vv. b C by x w wk w . S y , W v , w A . Sy v v C wk v w b C w y yz v . S by A v y v w b . Abv , k C’ C’ A . y, , w v y b b , v, b, b b y.
he German Marshall Fund of the United States
Offices Washing ton • Berlin • Bratisl ava • Paris Brussels • Belgrade • Ankara • Bucharest
www.gmu.org
