Chemistry project on nicotine

Chemistry Project Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes

Sharun Joshi

Class: XII-A Roll Number (CBSE):___________ Session: 2012-13

2012-13

Chemistry Project

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Sharun Joshi of Class XII-A of Salwan Public School, Mayur Vihar has completed this project under by guidance and surveillance. He has expressed deep interest and has shown utmost sincerity in the completion of this project. His endeavours from conceptualising to completing this

project titles “ Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from sample of Cigarettes” up to my satisfaction have been successful.

___________________

Teacher’s Signature (Ms. Deepti Srivastava)

Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes

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Chemistry Project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher Ms. Deepti Srivastava who provided me with her constant &

invaluable support, guidance and moral & technical assistance during the course of completion of this project. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to our lab assistant for her extensive support while working on this project, especially with regards to troubleshooting. My sincere thankfulness to my classmates for their extended cooperation and assistance.

SHARUN JOSHI , XII-A


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Chemistry Project

CONTENTS

TOBACCO .......................................................................................................................5 NICOTINE ........................................................................................................................6 . MANUFACT URING OF TOBACCO .........................................................................7 B

ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO ....................................................................8 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE PHYSICAL ADDICTION

...........................................................................8

1

................................................................................................8

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADDICTION ....................................................................................9

HEALTH EFFECTS ....................................................................................................10

APPARATUS REQUIRED.........................................................................................12 CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED ...................................13 PROCEDURE ...............................................................................................................14

N

OBSERVATIONS ........................................................................................................15 RESULT .........................................................................................................................16 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................17 BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................18


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Chemistry Project

APPARATUS REQUIRED



250 ml Beaker



Filter Paper



Separating funnel



China Dish



Physical Balance



Glass Rod


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CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED



Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]



Kerosene as solvent



Concentrated Sulphuric Acid



Cigarettes


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Chemistry Project

PROCEDURE 

Collect different samples of cigarettes.



Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample using a physical balance and label them. Pl ace them in a dry place.



Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml beakers. Stir them with the help of a glass rod.



Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully dissolved. Collect them separately in separating funnels.



Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funner. Before pouring, ensure that the valve is closed.



After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two liquids and leave it for two days without disturbing. Two layers – one heavy layer in the bottom and the second lighter layer in the top separates out.



Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open valve. The lighter layer remains in the separating funnel.



Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each separating funnel. Again shake it vigorously in order to mix them and leave it for sometime.



Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the bottom and another lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top.



Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a test tube.



Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same procedure for the different samples and label them after the name of the cigarettes from which they have been obtained.



Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to cold water and leave them for a day or two.



Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance.


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Chemistry Project

OBSERVATIONS

S.no

Cigarette Sample

Quantity of Nicotine Suphate

1.

Country Cigarette (Beedi)

0.17 gram

2.

Sample A

0.06 gram

3.

Sample B

0.05 gram


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Chemistry Project

RESULT

The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from beedis (0.17g) as compared to cigarettes (0.05g in Sample B and 0.06g in Sample A).


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Chemistry Project

CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared to the content in company manufactured branded cigarettes.


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Chemistry Project

TOBACCO Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba,India, China, and the United States. Tobacco is a name for any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco. Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown as ornamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it is no longer known in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others. Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. After harvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which include smoking, chewing, snuffing, and so on. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke. Use of lowpH, inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases association with smoke inhalation.


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Chemistry Project

NICOTINE Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The biosynthesistakes place in the roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae. It constitutes approximately 0.6 – 3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2 – 7 µg/kg of various edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently widely used. In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high amounts (30 – 60 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant effect is the main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking. According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining addiction to heroin and cocaine. The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all major market categories of cigarettes.


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Chemistry Project

MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO

1. Filter Paper made up of 95% Cellulose Acetate 2. Tipping paper to cover the filter 3. Rolling paper to cover the Tobacco 4. Tobacco blend

Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a cellulose acetate – based filter. While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns.


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Chemistry Project

ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO Addictive Nature of Nicotine Nicotine is very addictive. It increases the release of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, which help regulate mood and behavior. One of these neurotransmitters is dopamine, which makes one feel good. Getting that dopamine boost is part of the addiction process. Nicotine dependence, also referred to as tobacco dependence, involves behavioural as well as physical factors.

Physical Addiction Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year, yet less than 5% of those who attempt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. For one simple reason: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat than most people realize. Nicotine from smoking changes the structure and function of your brain. When the brain stops getting the nicotine it's used to, you begin feeling strong withdrawal cravings. You think you want a cigarette when, actually, your brain wants nicotine. Let's take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Each puff on a cigarette sends nicotine to the brain within 10 seconds. Immediately, we feel more alert and calm. It feels good, so we have another puff. And another. Soon the brain's chemical structure actually changes. It becomes hooked into wanting more and more nicotine to make the effects last. Physical dependence on nicotine is defined by the appearance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly discontinued. So, while physical dependency can be a major factor in the psychology of addiction and most often becomes a primary motivator in the continuation of an addiction, the initial primary attribution of an addictive substance is usually its ability to induce pleasure, although with continued use the goal is not so much to induce pleasure as it is to relieve the anxiety caused by the absence of a given addictive substance,

causing

it

to

become

used

compulsively.

The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to nicotine varies with the substance, the frequency of use, the means of ingestion, the intensity of pleasure or euphoria, and the individual's genetic and psychological susceptibility. Some people may exhibit


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addictice tendencies from the moment of first intoxication, while most people can smoke socially without ever becoming addicted. Opioid dependent individuals have different responses to even low doses of opioids than the majority of people, although this may be due to a variety of other factors, as opioid use heavily stimulates pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters in the brain. Nonetheless, because of these variations, in addition to the adoption and twin studies that have been well replicated, much of the medical community is satisfied that addiction is in part genetically moderated. That is, one's genetic makeup may regulate how susceptible one is to a substance and how easily one may become psychologically attached to a pleasurable routine.

Psychosocial Addiction Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind, and leads to psychological withdrawal symptoms (such as cravings, irritability, insomnia, depression, anorexia, etc). Addiction can in theory be derived from any rewarding behaviour, and is believed to be strongly associated with the dopaminergic system of the brain's reward system (as in the case of cocaine and amphetamines). Some claim that it is a habitual means to avoid undesired activity, but typically it is only so to a clinical level in individuals who have emotional, social, or psychological dysfunctions (psychological addiction is defined as such), replacing normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained. A person who is physically dependent, but not psychologically dependent can have their dose slowly dropped until they are no longer dependent. However, if that person is psychologically dependent, they are still at serious risk for relapse into abuse and subsequent physical dependence. Psychological dependence does not have to be limited only to substances; even activities and behavioural patterns can be considered addictions, if they become uncontrollable.


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Chemistry Project

HEALTH EFFECTS Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor

for heart

attacks, strokes, chronic

obstructive

pulmonary

disease (COPD)

(including emphysema andchronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke,

has

shown

to

been cause

adverse health effects in

people

of

ages. Cigarettes

all sold

in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher

tar

content,

and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability

to

tobacco-related disease

in

these

Source: netdoctor.co.uk

regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide." Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed on packaging.


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Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause many genetic mutations. There are 45 known or suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognize hypoxic conditions, thus increasing the chance of accidental asphyxiation. Incidence ofimpotence is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, and is a key factor causing erectile dysfunction(ED).


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Chemistry Project

BIBLIOGRAPHY

o

www.en.wikipedia.com;

o

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555overview;

o

www.righthealth.com;

o

www.netdoctor.co.uk;

o

www.nicorette.com;

o

“World Health Survey” by the World Health

Organisation (WHO); o

“Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna Sagar

Publications; o

“Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition;


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Chemistry project on nicotine

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