Chemistry Investigatory Project on foaming action of soaps

Chemistry Investigatory Project By-Yash G.Desai 12th A

Certificate This is to Certify that Master YASH G.DESAI of Class Twelve has successfully completed his Ivesti!atory "ro#ect i Chemistry for All Idia Seior School Certificate E$amiatio %AISSCE& '()* o the topic Stuy of !oaming Ca"acity #f Soa"s uner my guiance. Boars $o%% &o. '()*'+* Date of Su,mission Sign of Interna% aminer Sign of terna% aminer Sign of the Princi"a%

Ac/no0%egement I sicerely tha+ my Chemistry Teacher ad Head of the Chemistry Dept. Mr. S.,."aul- who stayed lo! hours after school to help us. ithout his support ad !uidace this pro#ect would/t have 0ee completed. I tha+ him for providi! us with his la0oratory ad ameities. I would also li+e to tha+ our "ricipal Mr. A1I2 M3HA1 for !ivi! us a opportuity to do this pro#ect.

!oaming Ca"acity #f Soa"s

Contents Itroductio Aim of the E$perimet Materials 4e5uired Theory Details of "rocedure 30servatios Coclusio 6i0lio!raphy

• • • • • • • •

Introuction 

hat is soap7

Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps are maily used as surfactats for washi!- 0athi!- ad cleai!- i te$tile spii! ad are importat compoets of lu0ricats.



How are soaps made7

Soaps for cleasi! are o0taied 0y treati! ve!eta0le or aimal oils ad fats with a stro!ly al+alie solutio. 9ats ad oils are composed of tri!lycerides: three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a si!le molecule of !lycerol. The al+alie solutio 0ri!s a0out a chemical reactio +ow as sapoificatio. I sapoificatio- the fats are first hydroly;ed ito free fatty acids- which the com0ie with the al+ali to form crude soap. Glycerol %!lyceri& is li0erated ad is either left i or washed out ad



Cleasi! Actio of Soap

The cleasi! actio of soap is determied 0y its polar ad o
Illustratio

Oil



Hard water

Hard water is water that has hi!h mieral cotet %i cotrast with =soft water=&. Hard water is formed whe water percolates throu!h deposits of limestoe ad chal+ which are lar!ely made up of calcium ad ma!esium car0oates. 

Effect of soap o Hard water

he soap is added to hard water %water that cotais calcium Ca '> ad ma!esium M!'> ios&- isolu0le compouds are formed which appear as a stic+y scum. This scum leaves a deposit o clothes- s+i- ad hair. he 0oiled- hard water leaves a deposit of calcium car0oate- CaC3 ?. Calcium ad ma!esium ios react with 1a 'C3? to produce isolu0le car0oates of hi!her fatty acids. 'C)@H?C331a > Ca'> %ater solu0le&

'C)@H?C331a > M!'>

%C)@H?C33&'Ca > '1a> %ppt&

%C)@H?C33&'M! > '1a>

Aim of the "eriment To compare the foami! capacities of five differet commercial soaps- ad thus rate them accordi! to the amout of foam they produce.

ateria%s $euire

•

 test tu0es • coical flas+s %)(( ml& •Test tu0e stad •6use 0urer •Stop watch. •6urette ad Titratio Stad • differet samples of soap ad distilled water

3heory The foami! capacity of a soap sample depeds upo the ature of soap ad its cocetratio. This ca 0e compared for various samples of soaps 0y ta+i! the same cocetratio of solutio ad sha+i! them. The foam is formed ad the time ta+e for disappearaces of foam i all cases is compared. The lesser the time ta+e 0y a solutio for the disappearace of foam- the lower is its foami! capacity.

Proceure •

9ive coical flas+s %)(( ml each& are ta+e ad um0ered ) to . •I each of these flas+s e5ual amouts %say  !m& of the !ive samples of soap shavi!s or !raules are ta+e ad ( ml of distilled water is added. •Each coical flas+ is heated few miutes to dissolve all the soap completely. •I a test
3e ml of the five soap solutio is the poured i the test tu0es of correspodi! um0er. )( ml. of distilled water is the added to each test tu0e. Test tu0e o ) is the sha+e vi!orously  times. The foam would 0e formed i the empty space a0ove the cotaier. Stop watch is started immediately ad the time ta+e for the disappearace of foam is oted. Similarly the other test tu0es are sha+e vi!orously for e5ual um0er of times %i.e.-  times& with appro$imately with the same force ad the time ta+e for the disappearace of foam i each case is recorded. •

• • •

•

#,servation •

Amout of each soap sample ta+e  ) !m •Amout of distilled water ta+e  ' ml •olume of each soap solutio ta+e  ) ml •olume of distilled water added  )( ml

#,servation ta,%e Sr. 1o.

Soap Sample

Time ta+e %secods&

). '. ?. . .

Conc%usion

The soap for which the time ta+e for the disappearace of foam is hi!hest has ma$imum foami! capacity ad is the 0est 5uality soap amo! the soaps tested. •The hi!hest time ta+e for the disappearace of soap isF •1ame of the soap F

Bi,%iogra"hy •Comprehensive

practical Chemistry- Class 12. •Study of Soaps by www.niton.com • www.icbse.com • Wikipedia