Managerial Accounting by Kieso and WeygandtFull description
Chapter Two
The solution of all exercise and review the question of chapter 7 from the book of Data Communications and Networking By Behrouz A.Forouzan. Actually, I solved those problems for assignment during...
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CHAPTER 6 LEARNING OUTCOME Understand the concepts and applications of registers and shift registers.
SHIFT REGISTER Introduction Shift register consists of an arrangement of flip-flops and are important in applications involving the storage and transfer data in a digital system, it is a type of sequential logic circuit, mainly for storage of digital data . Most of the registers possess no characteristic internal sequence of states. All the flip-flops are driven by a common clock, and all are set or reset simultaneously.
LOGIC CIRCUIT SHIF REGISTER Since shift register is a device that store data, flip-flop that is suitable to be used is D flip-flop. D flip-flop store one (0 or 1) depending on the input data given. Since one flip-flop can only store one bit data, to store more than one bit need also more than one flip-flop.
LOGIC CIRCUIT Input data
clk
D
D
Q1
Q0
Figure 4.2 : 2 bit shift register
Serial in/serial out (SISO) Serial In/Parallel out (SIPO) Parallel in/Serial Out (PISO) Parallel In/Parallel Out (PIPO)
SISO The serial in/serial out shift register data serially, that is one bit at a time on a single bit. It produces the stored information on its output also in serial form.
SIPO o
o
Data bits are entered serially (right most bit first) into this type of register, that is one bit at a time on a single line, the difference the way in which the data bits are taken out of the register in the parallel output register, the output of each stage is available. data bits are entered serially in the same manner as discussed in the last section.
PISO A four-bit parallel in - serial out shift register is shown below the mode control line is taken to LOW and the data is clocked in. The data can be shifted when the mode control line is HIGH as SHIFT is active high. The register performs right shift operation on the application of a clock pulse,
PIPO
For parallel in - parallel out shift registers, all data bits appear on the parallel outputs immediately following the simultaneous entry of the data bits.
TEST
YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Discuss in a group
Q. What is shift register Q. What do you understand about shift register Q. Name type’s of shift available and the transfer method
Did You Know???
THE SHIFT REGISTER COUNTER
Two of the most common types of shift register counters are introduced here, The Ring counter and the Johnson counter. They are basically shift registers with the serial outputs connected back to the serial inputs in order to produce particular sequences.
RING COUNTERS A ring counter is basically a circulating shift register in which the output of the most significant stage is fed back to the input of the least significant stage. . The output of each stage is shifted into the next stage on the positive edge of a clock pulse.
JOHNSON COUNTERS counter the complement of the output of the last flip-flop is connected back to the D input of the first flip-flop (it can be implemented with other types of flip-flop as well). The 4 bit sequence has a total of eight states or patterns and that the 5 bit sequence has a total of ten states. In general, a Johnson counter will produce a modulus of 2n, where n is the number of stages in the counter. 4 stage and 5 stage Johnson counter are shown in figure below.
AN ARITHMETIC OPERATION
Shift left registers as Multiplier circuits Serial out
D
Qa
Serial in
D
Qb
D
clk
Figure 4.10: shift left
Qc
D
Qd
AN ARITHMETIC OPERATION original number shift #1 shift #2
Q. Ring Counter and Johnson Counter Q. What is the difference between these two?? Q. How many arithmetic operation can be perform using shift register and what’s is the method.
