CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 – Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$
SECTI ON 5 DI VI SI BLE AND I NDI VI SI BLE OBLI GATI ONS ( Ar t s.12231225)
STUDYGUI DE :( WEEK 5–31Jul y) 1. Disting%is& bet'een a divisible and an indivisible obligation.–
obliga gatition on t&e t&e res resta tatition on o) '&ic '&ic&& is caa caabl blee o) art artia iall (a) Divisible – an obli er)or*ance. (E+a*le to deliver 5- ilos o) rice$ Indivisible – an obligation t&e restation o) '&ic& is not caable o) artial (b) Indivisible er)or*ance. (E+a*le to deliver a re)rigerator$ e+a*le )or 2. /&at are t&e inds o) division0 1e able to disting%is& and give an e+a*le eac& ind. division – one one based on 2%alit3. 2%alit3. (a) Qualitative division – division – one one based on 2%antit3. (b) Quantitative division –
(c) Ideal or intellectual division – one '&ic& e+ists onl3 in t&e *inds o) t&e arties. 3. /&at are t&e inds o) indivisibilit30
Legal – '&en an ob4ect or restation, '&ic& is divisible b3 nat%re, is declared (a) Legal – indivisible b3 seci)ic rovision o) la'. (Art. 1225, par. 3) (E+a*le T&e obligation to a3 inco*e ta+es on or be)ore Aril 5 ever3 3ear.$ 3ear.$
(b) Conventional – '&en an ob4ect or restation, '&ic& is divisible b3 nat%re, is declared indivisible b3 *%t%al agree*ent o) t&e arties. (Art. 1225, par. 3) (E+a*le D ro*ised to a3 C &is P--,--- debt on A%g%st , !-5.$
(c) Natural or Absolute – '&en an ob4ect or restation, b3 its ver3 nat%re, is not caable o) division. (Art. 1225, par. 1)
CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 – Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$
(E+a*le D ro*ised to deliver &is car to C on A%g%st , !-5.$ TEST TO DETERI!E I!DI"ISI#I$IT%& ro* t&e above categori6ation, 'e can t&en in)er t&at i.e., not &3sicall3 s%scetible o) (a) /&en t&e restation is indivisible b3 its ver3 nat%re, i.e., not artial er)or*an er)or*ance, ce, t&e obligation obligation is al'a3s and de)initel3 de)initel3 indivisible. indivisible. T&e arties cannot agree contrari'ise. E+a*le D oblige obligedd &i*s &i*sel) el) to delive deliverr a 17/ 17/ car car to C. Since t&e car is not &3sicall3 divisible, even i) D and C agree to *ae t&e obligation divisible, t&e sa*e 'o%ld res%lt res%lt in an abs%r abs%rdd sit%ati sit%ation. on. I*agine I*agine i) D 'o%ld deliver &al) o) t&e car toda3, toda3, and t&e ot&er &al) a 'ee a)ter. J
(b) Alt&o%g& t&e restation is divisible b3 its nat%re, t&e arties *a3 agree on t&e obligation8s indivisibilit3 indi visibilit3.. E+a*le D obliged &i*sel) to deliver -- coies o) n%rser3 r&3*es boos to C. In t&is case, t&e obligation is divisible b3 its ver3 nat%re beca%se D *a3 *ae a staggered deliver3 deliver3 o) t&e boos to C, e.g. , , !5 coies ever3 'ee )or )o%r 'ees. D and C, &o'ever, C, &o'ever, can sti%la sti%late te and agree t&at t&e obligati obligation on 'ill beco*e beco*e indivisi indivisible. ble. T&%s, T&%s, D *a3 be obliged to deliver t&e entire -- coies at one ti*e onl3 on a artic%lar date agreed %on b3 t&e arties. r i anov s .Ubat ,G. READ T'IS CASE I! ITS ORII!A$ TET& So R.No. L11633,Januar y31,1961.
4. Arts.!-9 and !!: on ;oint Indivisible Obligations
revio%sl3 disc%ssed disc%ssed in Section Section :, in a 4oint indivisible indivisible obligation, t&e ob4ect o) t&e (a) As revio%sl3 obligation is indivisible, b%t indivisible, b%t t&e liabilities o) t&e debtors are 4oint. Illustrative Example: D1 and D1 and D2 are D2 are 4ointl3 liable to deliver to C (o'ner o) a la%ndro*at$ a /&irlool Dr3er 'it& serial serial no. ::<: val%ed at P!5,---.--. T&e deliver3 date is set on Dece*ber 5, !-:. D1 and D2 )or (b) P%rs%ant to Art. 12*+, C &as to *ae a si*%ltaneo%s de*and %on D1 and t&e deliver3 o) t&e dr3er. dr3er. T&is is beca%se, '&ile t&e liabilit3 o) t&e debtors are *erel3 4oint, co*liance is ossible onl3 o nl3 i) all a ll t&e 4oint debtors act toget&er. Hence, C cannot
CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 – Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$
*ae a de*and onl3 on eit&er D1 or D2 )or t&e deliver3 o) &is roortionate s&are o) t&e obligation – t&at is, one#&al) o) t&e dr3er. J (c) /&at is t&e e))ect o) t&e debtors8 non#co*liance 'it& t&eir 4oint indivisible obligation0 P%rs P%rs%a %ant nt to Art. 122, 122, t&e obligation is converted into a *onetar3 obligation )or da*ages to be borne b3 t&e 4oint debtors as )ollo's (-.1) T&e innocent innocent debtor 'ill 'ill be liable liable onl3 onl3 )or )or &is &is roo roort rtion ionat atee s&ar s&aree in t&e t&e obligation. (-.2.) In addition to &is roortionate s&are in t&e obligation, t&e g%ilt3 debtor is t&e onl3 one liable )or t&e da*ages s%stained b3 t&e creditor. =et %s al3 al3 t&e t&e r%le r%less in letter letter (-) to o%r ill%stra ill%strativ tivee e+a*l e+a*lee in letter letter (a). =et %s (d) =et ass%*e t&at t&e dr3er '&ic& D1 D2 ro*ised 'as sent to t&e /&irlool service center beca%se it needed relace*ent o) *a4or arts to beco*e )%nctional again. T&ee rea T& reair ir cost cost a*o% a*o%nte ntedd to P-, P-,----.-.--. -. D2 D2 'as able to co*e % 'it& &is roortionate art in t&e reair cost a*o%nting to P5,---.--. D1, &o'ever, lost &is P5,---.-P5,---.-- in a coc)ig&t coc)ig&t bet. As a res%lt, res%lt, t&e dr3er dr3er co%ld not be delivered delivered to C on Dece*b Dece*ber er 5, !-:. 1eca%s 1eca%see o) t&e non#deliv non#deliver3 er3,, C lost a lot o) orders )ro* &is la%ndro*at la%ndro*at c%sto*ers c%sto*ers costing costing P>,5--.--. P>,5--.--. /&at are no' t&e liabilities liabilities o) D1 and D1 and D2 to C/ T&e obligation to deliver t&e /&irlool dr3er to C is converted into a *onetar3 obligation to give P!5,--- to C. (d.1) D2 'ill D2 'ill be liable to C )or t&e a*o%nt o) P!,5--.--, P!,5--.--, &is roortionate roortionate s&are in t&e obligation. (d.2.) D1 'ill D1 'ill be liable to C )or t&e a*o%nt o) P!,5--.-P!,5--.-- (&is roortionate roortionate s&are in t&e obligati obligation$ on$,, l%s t&e conse2 conse2%en %ential tial da*ages da*ages s%))ere s%))eredd b3 C in t&e a*o%nt o) P>,5--.--, or a total o) P!,---.--. 12*+, s&o%ld D1 beco*e D1 beco*e insolvent, D2 'ill D2 'ill (e) P%rs%ant to t&e second sentence o) Art. 12*+, s&o%ld not be liable )or D10s s&are. Hence, in case case o) o) D10s insolvenc3, D2 is D2 is still obliged obliged to a3 onl3 P!,5--.-- to C. D1 and D20s obligation being (f) =et %s ass%*e t&at in t&e receding roble*, instead o) D1 and 4oint and indivisible, t&e sa*e is solidar3 and indivisible. in divisible. /&at 'o%ld be t&e e))ect on t&e debtors8 resective liabilities0
CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 – Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$
Ans'er Ans'er S%c& being t&e case, case, C can de*and t&e /&irlool dr3er, or its rice o) P!5,---.--, l%s t&e P>,5--.-- conse2%ential da*ages )ro* D2 alone. Ho'ever, Ho'ever, D2 can D2 can later on recover rei*b%rse*ent )ro* D1 )or D1 )or D18s D18s roortionate s&are in t&e oblig obligat ation ion a*o%n a*o%ntiting ng to P!, P!,5-5--..--- l%s l%s t&e t&e P>,5 P>,5--. --.--- da*a da*age gess – a tota totall o) P!,---.--. /e al3 Art. 1221, par. 2. 5. Obligations t&at are dee*ed indivisible (Art. 1225, par. 1)
(e.g., to to give t&is car, car, or a &o%se$. (a) Obligations to give de)inite t&ings (e.g., Obligation tionss '&ic& '&ic& are not s%sce s%scetibl tiblee o) artial artial er)or er)or*an *ance ce (e.g., to render a (b) Obliga ?Tiniling@ dance resentation, or to &ost a birt&da3 art3$. 6. Obligations t&at are dee*ed divisible (Art. 1225, par. 2)
(a) /&en t&e ob4ect o) t&e obligation is t&e e+ec%tion o) a certain n%*ber o) da3s o) 'or. Example: Example: 7s. D is &ired b3 7r. C to do so*e encoding 4ob )or "- da3s.
(b) /&en t&e ob4ect o) t&e obligation is t&e acco*lis&*ent o) 'or b3 *etrical %nits. Example: D is &ired b3 C to constr%ct a ig en " *eters 'ide and " *eters long.
(c) /&en t&e ob4ect o) t&e obligation is t&e acco*lis&*ent o) 'or s%scetible o) artial er)or*ance. Example: /&en Example: /&en t&e debtor &as obliged &i*sel) to a3 &is P-,---.-- debt in ten (-$ e2%al *ont&l3 instal*ents.
APPLI CATI ON/PROBLEMS: 1. On ;an%ar3 , !--:, ;%n signed signed a ro*issor3 ro*issor3 note )or P57 in )avor o) S3lvia. In t&e said note, ;%n obliged &i*sel) to a3 S3lvia &is debt in t'o (!$ e2%al install*ents P!.57 to be aid on 7a3 , !--5, and t&e balance o) P!.57 to be aid on Dece*ber , !--5. S3lvia S3lvia is given given b3 la' a rescri rescritive tive eriod eriod o) - 3ears 3ears to collect collect on on &er credit. credit. I)
CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 – Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$
S3lvia )iles an action )or collection against ;%n %nder t&is obligation on ;%l3 !-, !-5, &o' *%c& can S3lvia collect )ro* ;%n0 2. On ebr%ar3 5, !-5, ;a3, ;oe, and ;ess ro*ised to deliver to ;ing and ;osie a 17/ car, car, 'it& late n%*ber A1C#!", A1C#!", 'ort& P7. T'o T'o 'ees be)ore t&e deliver3 date set in t&eir contract, ;oe drove t&e 17/ car and sla**ed it into a ten#'&eeler tr%c '&ile overseeding overseeding along a baranga3 road road in 7anila. 1eca%se 1eca%se o) t&e non#deliver3 o) t&e car, car, ;ing and ;osie s%))ered s%))ered b%siness b%siness loses a*o%nting a*o%nting to P"--,---.--. P"--,---.--. On *at%rit3 *at%rit3 date, i) ;ing goes to ;ess de*anding er)or*ance %nder t&is obligation, &o' *%c& can ;ess be co*elled to a30 3. In t&e receding roble*, ass%*e t&at t&e ob4ect '&ic& t&e debtors ro*ised to deliver to t&e creditors 'as a !-5 red To3ota To3ota =and Cr%iser car 'ort& P7. Ass%*e also t&at t&e sa*e )act%al )act%al circ%*s circ%*stan tances ces revaile revailed. d. /ill /ill 3o%r 3o%r ans'er to t&e reced receding ing 2%estion still be t&e sa*e0
* * * END * * *
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
“The “The expe expect ctati ation onss of life life depen depend d upon upon diligence; the mechanic that would perfect his work must first sharpen his tools.” “It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” “The will to win, the desire to succeed, the urge urge to reach reach your your full full potent potential… ial…the these se are the keys that will unlock the door to personal excellence.”
CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 – Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$
Confucius
