CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
TI TLE I ,CHAPTER I I I SECTI ON 4–JOI NTAND SOLI DARYOB OBLI GATI ONS
( Ar t s .12071222)
WE WEEK 5( 27JULY)
ADVANCE LECTURE
1.
%&at ar' t&' inds o) obligations a**ording to t&' n+b'r o) -arti's
(a) Individual – t&'r' is only on' d'btor or on' *r'ditor in an obligation. and0or t/o or or' *r'ditors *r'ditors in on' and (b) Collective – t&'r' ar' t/o or or' d'btors and0or t&' sa' obligation. It ay ay b' joint b' joint or or solidary.
2.
Ho/ do yo+ disting+is& b't/''n a oint and solidary obligation (Art. 1208)
– on' /&'r' t&'r' is a *on*+rr'n*' o) s'2'ral *r'ditors or s'2'ral or s'2'ral d'btors, or (a) Joint – on' o) s'2'ral s'2'ral *r'ditors and and d'btors, d'btors, by 2irt+' o) /&i*& 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors *r'ditors &as a rig&t to d'and /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is bo+nd to r'nd'r *o-lian*' only /it& &is proportionate part of the prestation /&i*& prestation /&i*& *onstit+t's t&' ob'*t o) t&' obligation. “To each his own.” In ot&'r /ords, 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors *r'ditors is 'ntitl'd to d'and t&' -ay'nt o) only a -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' *r'dit, /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is liabl' )or t&' -ay'nt o) only a -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' d'bt. – on' /&'r' t&'r' is a *on*+rr'n*' o) s'2'ral *r'ditors or s'2'ral or s'2'ral d'btors, (b) olidary – on' or o) s'2'ral *r'ditors and and d'btors, d'btors, by 2irt+' o) /&i*& 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors &as a rig&t to d'and, /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is bo+nd to r'nd'r entire co!pliance /it& t&' -r'station, /&i*& *onstit+t's t&' ob'*t o) t&' obligation. “One for all, all for one.” In ot&'r ot&'r /ords, /ords, 'a*& 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditor *r'ditorss is 'ntitl' 'ntitl'dd to d'and t&' -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' *r'dit, /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is liabl' )or t&' -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' d'bt.
35
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
Pr's'nt'd b'lo/ ar' t&' ill+strati2' '))'*ts o) oint and solidary obligations in 3. tab+lat'd )or. – "1 and "2 ar' "2 ar' oint d'btors o) C )or P!,!!!.!!. (a) "1 and Joint 3' 3'btors
3'btors d+ d+ty
Cr'ditor s *l *lai
Indi2id+al Cr Cr'ditor
"1 "2
P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!!
P!,!!!.!!
C
Total liability
P!,!!!.!!
P!,!!!.!!
Total *lai
"1 "1 an and "2 ay ay b' *o*o-'l 'll' l'dd to -ay -ay only only P1!, P1!,!! !!!. !.!! !! 'a*& 'a*&,, /&i* /&i*&& is t&'i t&'irr -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' total obligation. "1 is a d'btor o) C1 and C2# oint C2# oint *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!. (b) "1 is Indi2id+al 3'btor
3'btors d+ty
Cr'ditors *lai
Joint Cr'ditors
"
P!,!!!.!!
P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!!
C1 C2
Total liability
P!,!!!.!!
P!,!!!
Total *lai
C1 C1 an and C2 C2 *an d'and only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' total *r'dit /&i*& is P1!,!!!.!! 'a*&. "1 and "2 ar' "2 ar' oint d'btors o) C1 and C2# also oint *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!. (c) "1 and Joint 3'btors
3'btors d+ty
Cr'ditors *lai
Joint Cr'ditors C1 C2 C1 C2 Total *lai
"1
P1!,!!!.!!
"2
P1!,!!!.!!
P5,!!!.!! P5,!!!.!! P5,!!!.!! P5,!!!.!!
Total liability
P!,!!!.!!
P ! ,! ! ! .! !
36
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
Art. Art. 1!6 1!6 stat's stat's t&at /&'n an obligati obligation on is joint# joint# t&' total *r'dit or d'bt s&all b' di2id'd into as any '7+al s&ar's as t&'r' ar' *r'ditors or d'btors, t&' *r'dits or d'bts b'ing *onsid'r'd *onsid'r'd distin*t distin*t )ro on' anot&'r. anot&'r. ( d'btors 8 *r'ditors *r'ditors 9 4 d'bts0*r'dits$ d'bts0*r'dits$ H'n*', 'it&'r "1 or "1 or "2 *an "2 *an b' *o-'ll'd to -ay only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' d'bt in t&' ao+nt o) P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!! 'a*& (P5,!!!.!! (P5,!!!.!! to C1 and C1 and P5,!!!.!! to C2$. C2$. On t&' ot&'r &and, 'it&'r C1 or C1 or C2 *an C2 *an d'and only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' *r'dit in t&' ao+nt o) P1!,!!!.!! 'a*& (P5,!!!.!! )ro "1 and "1 and P5,!!!.!! )ro "2$. "2$. "1 and "2 ar' "2 ar' oint d'btors o) C1 and C2# solidary *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!. (d) "1 and Joint 3'btors
3'btors d+ty
"1 "2 Total liability
P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!!
Cr'ditors *lai P!,!!!.!! P ! ,! ! ! .! !
Solidary Cr'ditors C1 C2 Total *lai
As solidar solidaryy *r'dit *r'ditors ors,, 'it&'r 'it&'r only C1 C1 or only C2 C2 *an *oll'*t t&' 'ntir' P!,!!!.!! *r'dit *r'dit.. Ho/'2' Ho/'2'rr, t&' obligatio obligationn o) t&' d'btors d'btors b'ing b'ing oint, oint, t&' 'ntir' 'ntir' P!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!! d'bt *annot b' *oll'*t'd )ro only 'it&'r "1 or "2. O) t&' P!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!! *r'dit *r'dit /&i*& /&i*& 'it&'r C1 or C2 /ill C2 /ill *oll'*t, only P1!,!!!.!! *an b' d'and'd )ro "1 and "1 and t&' ot&'r P1!,!!!.!! )ro "2. "2. "1 and "2 ar' "2 ar' solidary d'btors o) C1 and C2# oint C2# oint *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!. (e) "1 and Solidary 3' 3'btors
3'btors d+ty
Cr'ditors *lai
Joint Cr'ditors
"1 "2
P!,!!!.!!
P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!!
C1 C2
Total liability
P!,!!!.!!
P!,!!!.!!
Total *lai
Sin*' "1 and "1 and "2 ar' "2 ar' solidary solidary d'btors, anyon' o) t&' ay b' *o-'ll'd *o-'ll'd to -ay t&' 'ntir' P!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!! d'bt. Ho/'2'r Ho/'2'r,, t&' *r'ditors obligation obligation b'ing 'r'ly oint, oint, n'it&'r C1 nor C2 *an C2 *an d'and -ay'nt b'yond t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' *r'dit. In ot&'r /ords, /&il' t&' 'ntir' d'bt ay b' -aid by only on' o) t&' d'btors ('it&'r "1 or "2$, "2$, t&' -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' *r'dit *annot b' d'and'd by only on' o) t&' *r'ditors ('it&'r C1
37
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
or C2$. C2$. H'n*', C1 and C2 *an C2 *an d'and only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' s&ar' o) t&' obligation, /&i*& is P1!,!!!.!! 'a*&, )ro 'it&'r 'it&' r "1 only "1 only or "2 only. only.
(f)
"1 and "1 and "2 ar' "2 ar' solidary d'btors o) C1 and C2# solidary *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!. Solidary 3'btors
3'btors d+ty
Cr'ditors *lai
Solidary Cr'ditors
"1 "2
P!,!!!.!!
P!,!!!.!!
C1 C2
Total liability
P!,!!!.!!
P ! ,! ! ! .! !
Total *lai
Sin*' t&' obligations o) bot& -arti's ar' solidary, any on' o) t&' *r'ditors ('it&'r C1 or C2$ C2$ ay d'and d'and -ay'nt )or t&' t&' 'ntir' *r'dit. *r'dit. In t&' sa' ann'r ann'r,, any on' o) t&' d'btors ('it&'r "1 or "1 or "2$ "2$ ay b' ad' liabl' )or t&' 'ntir' d'bt. (i.e., t&'r' t&'r' ar' t/o or or' 4. Art. 1208. – %&'n t&' obligation is *oll'*ti2' (i.e., d'btors or t/o or or' *r'ditors$, t&' obligation is presu!ed to presu!ed to b' joint. b' joint. H'n*', H'n*', solidarity in a *oll'*ti2' *oll'*ti2' obligation is n'2'r -r's+'d. -r's+'d. T&'r' ar' only t&r'' instan*'s /&'n solidarity ay b' d'and'd :
;inds o) Solidarity A**ording to So+r*' :
5.
(a) Conventional – – /&'n t&' *ontra*ting -arti's '<-r'ssly agr'' and sti-+lat' t&at t&' obligation is solidary. ($) Legal – – /&'n t&' la/ d'ands solidarity. (c) Real – /&'n t&' nat+r' o) t&' obligation r'7+ir's t&' liability to b' solidary. solidary.
%&at ar' t&' inds o) solidarity a**ording to t&' -arti's bo+nd :
active – solidarity on t&' -art o) t&' *r'ditors. %&(d) a$ove' (a) active – passive – solidarity on t&' -art o) t&' d'btors. %&(e) a$ove' (b) passive – – solidarity on t&' -art o) t&' d'btors and *r'ditors. %&(f) a$ove' (c) mixed –
38
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
6.
Ho/ do yo+ disting+is& b't/''n a oint and indi2isibl' obligation
(a) %&'n /' say oint obligation, it &as -arti*+lar r')'r'n*' to t&' +ridi*al ti' /&i*& binds t&' -arti's to t&' obligation. obligation. It s-'as o) t&' r's-'*ti2 r's-'*ti2'' obligations o) t&' -arti's. -arti's. H'n*', as -r'2io+sly dis*+ss'd, t&' -arti's in a oint obligation ar' liabl' only )or t&'ir proportionate shares. shares. (b) On t&' ot&'r &and, /&'n /' say indi2isibl' obligation, t&is &as -arti*+lar r')'r'n*' to t&' -r'station o) t&' obligation – t&at is, t&' -ossibility or i-ossibility o) -artial )+l)ill )+l)ill'n 'ntt o) t&' -arti's -arti's -r'statio -r'station. n. H'n*', H'n*', /&'n t&' obligat obligation ion is indi2is indi2isibl' ibl',, it 'ans t&at t&' -r'station r'7+ir'd to b' -'r)or'd by t&' d'btor is not s+s*'-tibl' o) di2ision. Example: T&' -r'station -r'station to d'li2'r d'li2'r a *ar is indi2isibl' indi2isibl' b'*a+s' b'*a+s' t&' d'btor *annot d'li2'r &al) o) t&' *ar today and d'li2'r t&' ot&'r &al) toorro/.
(c) An obligation, t&'r')or', ay b' =oint and di2isibl'>, =oint and indi2isibl'>, =solidary and di2isibl'> di2isibl'>,, or =solida =solidary ry and indi2isib indi2isibl'> l'> (Art (Art.. 1210 1210). ). %' /ill +nd'rstand t&' *ons *ons'7 '7+'n +'n*' *'ss o) t&is t&is *las *lasss o) obliga obligatitions ons b'tt b'tt'r 'r /&'n /&'n /' go to S'*t S'*tio ionn 5 on “Divisible and Indivisible Obligations.” ?'t ?'t +s say say t&at t&at "1, "1, "2 @ "& ar' ar' ointly ointly liab liabl' l' to gi2' C a *ar 2al+'d at 7. P4,!!!.!!. P4,!!!.!!. T&is is an an '
%&at ar' t&' rig&ts o) *r'ditors in solidary obligations
(a) T&' rig&t to d'and 'ntir' -ay'nt o) t&' d'bt or t&' 'ntir' *o-lian*' /it& t&' -r'station )ro any on' o) t&' d'btors. (Art. 120) BS'' No. ('$ @ ()$ abo2'.D (b) T&' rig&t to )il' an a*tion )or *o-lian*' /it& t&' obligation against on', so' or all o) t&' d'btors si+ltan'o+sly. (Art. 121# 1st sentence) (c) I) t&' d'bt &as not b''n )+lly *oll'*t'd )ro on' d'btor, t&' *r'ditor &as t&' rig&t to d'and -ay'nt )ro t&' r'aining d'btors. (Art. 121# 2nd sentence)
39
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
(d) T&' rig&t to do /&at'2'r ay b' +s')+l to t&' ot&'r *r'ditors, b+t not anyt&ing t&at ay b' -r'+di*ial to t&' ot&'r *r'ditors. (Art. 1212) (e) T&' rig&t to assign &is rig&ts +nd'r t&' solidary obligation, FT ON?G /it& t&' *ons'nt o) t&' ot&'r solidary *r'ditors. (Art. 121&) (f) T&' rig&t to a' a no2ation, *o-'nsation, *on)+sion or r'ission o) t&' d'bt. (Art. 121*) ?'t +s a--ly t&' )or'going -r'*'-ts to an ill+strati2' *as' : "1# "2 @ "&# 9. solidary d'btors, o/' C1# C2 @ C&# solidary C&# solidary *r'ditors, t&' s+ o) P!!,!!!.!! -ayabl' on 3'*'b'r 15, !15. ay d'a d'and nd )ro )ro "1# "2 OR "& "& -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' (a) C1# C2 AN30OR C& ay P!!,!!!.!!. C1# C2 AN30OR C& ay d'and )ro "1# "2 AN30OR "& -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' (b) C1# P!!,!!!.!!. AN30OR C& d'ands -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! only )ro "1# and "1# and (c) I) C1# C2 AN30OR C& "1 is not abl' to -ay or -ays only P!!,!!!.!!, C1# C2 AN30OR C& AN30OR C& *an still -ro*''d against "2 AN30OR "& AN30OR "& )or P!!,!!!.!! (i) "1 did "1 did not -ay any ao+nt$, or t&' 'ntir' r'aining balan*' o) P4!!,!!!.!! (i) "1 -aid "1 -aid only P!!,!!!.!!$. ( i.e., t&' t&' rig&t o) on' to a*t )or and (d) T&is r+l' is bas'd on t&' t&'ory o) +t+al ag'n*y (i.e., in t&' na' o) t&' ot&'rs$ aong t&' solidary *r'ditors. (d.1.) E
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
o) t&' )a*t t&at t&' noti*' o) *ondonation *a' )ro on' o) t&' solidary *r'ditors /&o is d'''d to &a2' *ondon'd t&' 'ntir' obligation )or and in b'&al) o) t&' ot&'r solidary *r'ditors, C2 @ C&. Ho/'2'r, t&' a*t b'ing -r'+di*ial to C2 @ C&# C1 &as C1 &as to r'ib+rs' C2 @ C& t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!! 'a*&, t&' latt'rs r's-'*ti2' s&ar's in t&' 'ntir' *r'dit. (Art. 121*)
(e) S&o+ld on' o) t&' solidary *r'ditors d'*id' to assign &is rig&t to anot&'r -'rson, &' *an only do so i) &' obtains t&' *ons'nt o) A?? t&' ot&'r solidary *r'ditors. (Art. 121&) T&' r'ason b'&ind t&is -ro&ibition -ro&ibition is t&at 'a*& *r'ditor *r'ditor r'-r's'nts r'-r's'nts t&' ot&'rs, ot&'rs, and t&' assign'' (t&' -'rson to /&o t&' *r'dit /as assign'd$ ay not &a2' t&' *on)id'n*' *on)id'n*' o) t&' original solidary solidary *r'ditors. *r'ditors. It is r'asonabl' r'asonabl' )or t&' ot&'r solidary *r'd *r'dito itors rs to anti* anti*i-a i-at' t' t&' t&' -oss -ossib ibili ility ty t&at t&at t&' t&' *r'di *r'dito tor#a r#ass ssig ign'' n'' a)t'r a)t'r r'*' r'*'i2 i2ing ing -ay'nt ay not gi2' t&' s&ar's o) &is *o#solidary *r'ditors. (f) No2ation, *o-'nsation, *on)+sion or r'ission o) t&' d'bt &as on' +ni)or '))'*t on t&' obligation obligation – its '
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
obligation /ill b' '
(b) To -ay &is *orr's-onding s&ar' in t&' d'bt in *as' on' o) t&' solidary d'btors ad' )+ll -ay'nt -ay'nt o) t&' obligation, /it& t&' int'r'st int'r'st )or t&' -ay'nt alr'ady ad'. ad'. I) t&' -ay'nt is ad' b')or' t&' d'bt is d+', no int'r'st )or t&' int'r2'ning -'riod ay b' d'and'd. (Art. 121# par. 2) ($.1.) ?'t +s go ba* to t&' ill+strati2' *as' in No. 9. I) on 3'*'b'r 15, !15, "1 -ays -ays t&' t&' 'ntir 'ntir'' P!! P!!,! ,!!!. !!.!! !! (/&i* (/&i*&& &' is oblig oblig'd 'd as solid solidar aryy d'bto d'btor$ r$,, "1 *an t&'r'a)t'r d'and r'ib+rs''nt )ro "2 and "& )or "& )or t&'ir -ro-ortionat' s&ar's in t&' *r'dit. *r'dit. In ot&'r /ords, /ords, /&il' t&' obligation obligation &as no/ b''n '
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
b+t "& *annot r')+nd t&' P!!,!!!.!! P!!,!!!.!! to "1 b'*a+s' o) &is ("&) insol2'n*y Fnd'r Art. 11", -ar. , &o/ +*& is "2 oblig'd "2 oblig'd to r')+nd "1 in "1 in addition to "23s -ro-ortionat' s&ar' o) P5!,!!!.!! Art. 11", -ar. says t&at t&' s&ar' o) t&' insol2'nt solidary d'btor s&all b' born' by &is *o#d'btors *o#d'btors in -ro-ortion to t&' d'bt o) 'a*&. Ho/ do /' *o-+t' t&is Sol2'nt 3'btors
Pro-ortionat' S&ar' in t&' 3'bt
R'ib+rs''nt S&ar' in t&' Insol2'nt 3'btors S&ar'
"1
15!,!!!.!!
15!,!!!04!!,!!! 9 0 06
"2
5!,!!!.!!
5!,!!!04!!,!!! 9 506
TOTA?
4!!,!!!.!!
6 06
Insol2'nt 3'btors S&ar'
Pro-ortionat' S&ar' to b' orn' by t&' Sol2'nt 3'btors (Art. 121# par. &) 06 o) P!!,!!! 9 P "5,!!!
P!!,!!!.!! TOTA?
506 o) P!!,!!! 9 P15,!!! P!!,!!!.!!
So, i) "& b'*o's insol2'nt, "2 &as "2 &as to r'ib+rs' "1 &is -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' 'ntir' d'bt (/&i*& is P5!,!!!.!!$, -l+s "23s r'ib+rs' "23s r'ib+rs''nt 'nt s&ar' in t&' -ro-ortionat' -ro-ortionat' d'bt o) t&' insol2'nt d'btor in t&' ao+nt o) P15,!!!.!! – a total o) P"5,!!!.!!. (c.2.) I) a solidary d'btor, &o/'2'r, a's -ay'nt a)t'r t&' obligation &as b''n '
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
and C2. C2. In s+*& a *as', "2 &as no obligation to r'ib+rs' "1 )or "1 )or t&' P!,!!!.!! o) "23s -ro-ortionat' s&ar' /&i*& /as a))'*t'd a))'*t'd by t&' r'ission. Ho/'2'r, Ho/'2'r, "2 is "2 is still liabl' to C1 and C2 )or C2 )or P!,!!!.!!, t&' r'aining -ortion o) &is -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' 'ntir' P1!!,!!!.!! d'bt o/ing.
(d) To -ay )or &is s&ar' in t&' d'bt in *as' t&' d'bt &ad b''n totally -aid by anyon' o) t&' d'btors b')or' t&' r'ission /as '))'*t'd (Art. 1215). (d.1.) T&is ay aris' in a sit+ation /&'r' t&' *r'ditor a's a r'ission o) t&' s&ar' /&i*& a))'*ts on' o n' o) t&' solidary d'btors. In t&is *as', t&' solidary d'btor /&o is t&' b'n')i*iary o) t&' r'ission by t&' *r'ditor, a)t'r )+ll -ay'nt by &is *o#d'btor, is still oblig'd to r'ib+rs' t&' d'btor#-ayor )or &is (t&' d'btor#b'n')i*iary$ -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' d'bt. (d.2.) Ill+strati2' '
44
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
(d.&.1.) (d.&.1.) Can "1# a)t'r &a2ing -aid )or t&' 'ntir' d'bt, as )or r'ib+rs''nt )ro "& )or "& )or t&' latt'rs -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' obligation 67. 67. %&'n "1 -aid t&' 'ntir' obligation on M'br+ary 14, !15 (in*l+si2' o) t&' P5!!,!!!.!! -ro-ortionat' s&ar' o) "&$ "&$# C &ad alr'ady r'itt'd t&' s&ar' o) "&. H'n*', as o) Jan+ary 15, !15, !15, t&' -ro-ortio -ro-ortionat nat'' s&ar' s&ar' o) "&# /&i*& "&# /&i*& /as r'itt'd by C# C# &ad alr'ady b''n '
11. 11. Art. 1211. Solidarity ay '
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
to t&' r'*o2'ry o) t&' ao+nt o/'d by t&' d'btor /&os' obligation &as alr'ady at+r'd, l'a2ing in s+s-'ns' &is rig&t to r'*o2'r t&' s&ar's *orr's-onding to t&' ot&'r d'btors /&os' obligations &a2' not y't at+r'd. T&is liitation on t&' *r'ditors rig&t do's not d'stroy d'stroy t&' solidary *&ara*t'r *&ara*t'r o) t&' obligation b'*a+s', +ltiat'ly, &' *an still *o-'l on' and t&' sa' d'btor, i) t&at is &is /is&, /is&, to -ay t&' 'ntir' obligation. obligation. T&'r')or', T&'r')or', on 3'*'b'r 1, !14, /&'n "23s obligation "23s obligation s&all &a2' at+r'd, C *an *oll'*t t&' ao+nt o) P15!,!!!.!! )ro 'it&'r "1# "2 or "&. And on J+n' !, !15, C *an again *oll'*t t&' r'aining r'aining balan*' o) P1!!,!!!.!! P1!!,!!!.!! )ro any o) t&' solidary d'btors. d'btors. Ass+ing Ass+ing t&at C# as C# as o) J+n' !, !15, &ad not *oll'*t'd anyt&ing )ro t&' solidary d'btors, t&is ti' C *an *oll'*t &is 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! )ro any on' o) t&' solidary d'btors "1# "2 or "&.
12. %&at ar' t&' rig&ts and obligations o) solidary d'btors in *as' o) loss or i-oss i-ossibil ibility ity o) t&' -r'stati -r'station on Ho/ ar' s+*& rig&ts rig&ts and obligati obligations ons a))'*t' a))'*t'dd by t&' &a--'ning o) a )ort+ito+s '2'nt, and t&' ons't o) d'lay (Art. 1221) (a) I) /it&o+t )a+lt or d+' to a )ort+ito+s '2'nt – no liability is atta*&'dK t&' obligation is '
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
liabl' -/ &' -/ &' *an lat'r on r'*o2'r )ro t&' g+ilty d'btor, "1# t&' "1# t&' ao+nt o) daag's or int'r'st int'r'st t&at &' -aid C. T&is T&is is b'*a+s b'*a+s'' &ad &ad "1 not "1 not b''n at )a+lt, t&' obligation /o+ld &a2' b''n alr'ady '
13. %&at d')'ns's ay a solidary d'btor a2ail against t&' *r'ditor (Art. 1222) In a*tions )il'd by t&' *r'ditor, t&' solidary d'btor /&o is s+'d ay a2ail &is'l) o) t&'s' d')'ns's : *o-l't' d')'ns'. (a) All d')'ns's d'ri2'd )ro t&' nat+r' o) t&' obligation. T&is is a *o-l't'
(b) 3')'ns's /&i*& ar' -'rsonal to &i. (c) 3')'ns's -'rtaining to &is s&ar'. (d) %it& r's-'*t to t&' -'rsonal d')'ns's a2ailabl' to &is *o#d'btors, &' ay a2ail &is'l) o) t&os' d')'ns's only as r'gards t&at -art o) t&' d'bt )or /&i*& &is *o# d'btors ar' r's-onsibl'. Ill+strati2' E
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
o) dis*laiing liability )or "13s s&ar "13s s&ar'. '. H'n*', H'n*', &a2ing &a2ing only a -artial d')'ns', d')'ns', "2 *an still b' &'ld liabl' )or P!!,!!!.!!.
APPLICATION OR PROBLEMS:
The groups are hereby directed to apply the provisions on this section to the problems problems given below. below. Discuss Discuss the problems problems together together,, and make sure all the members in the group are versed with the principles used.
Joo and Jaa sold 1,!!! sa*s sa*s o) ri*' to ;io and ;aa )or P1.5. On ;ios ;ios 1. r'7+'st and a)t'r -aying t&' -ri*' t&'r')or, Joo and Jaa d'li2'r'd to &i t&' 1,!!! sa*s o) ri*'. ?at'r, ;io r'sold r'sold t&' ri*' )or P and did not t+rn o2'r any -art o) it or its -ri*' to ;aa. ;aa no/ d'ands )or t&' d'li2'ry o) t&' ri*'. ay ;aa *o-'l Joo and Jaa to d'li2'r /&at /&at &' bo+g&t I) so, &o/ +*& /ill /ill Joo and Jaa b' liabl' to ;aa +nd'r +nd'r t&' )a*t+al *ir*+stan*'s o) t&' *as' On M' M'br br+a +ary ry 15, 15, !14 !14,, ?yn and and Ros' Ros',, in a soli solida dary ry obli obliga gatition on,, bo+n bo+ndd 2. t&'s'l2's to -ay P1.5 to Jona, ?arry, and 3on s+b'*t to t&' )ollo/ing t'rs and *onditions: *onditions: Jonas Jonas s&ar' /ill /ill b' d+' on J+n' 1, !14K ?arry /ill /ill g't &is s&ar' s&ar' only i) &' -ass's t&' !14 ar E
/'nt to Ros' and so+g&t to r'*o2'r t&' 'ntir' P1.5 . 3on all'g'd t&at sin*' ?yn and Ros' /'r' solidarily d'btors, anyon' o) t&' ay b' ad' to ans/'r )or t&' 'ntir' P1.5 obligation. ay 3on r'*o2'r )ro ?yn I) so, so, &o/ +*& (b) On A-ril 15, !15, t&' r's+lts o) t&' ar E
? grad+ation grad+ation rit's rit's too too -la*'. -la*'. ot& ?arry ?arry and and 3on ad' ad' it. F-on &'aring &'aring t&' t&' n'/s, n'/s, Jona, /&o /as ?arrys sist'r, i'diat'ly /'nt to ?yn and so+g&t to r'*o2'r +nd'r t&' d'btors obligation. Ho/ +*& *an Jona r'*o2'r r'*o2'r )ro ?yn ?yn J'ro', Sa and Nii -rois'd to gi2' a Toyota Altis *ar /ort& P1.5 in 3. )a2or o) Sy, Sy, ?'i, 3an' and i'r. J'ro' J'ro' b'*a' insol2'nt, insol2'nt, so t&' ot&'r d'btors *o+ld not -+r*&as' t&' *ar to b' gi2'n to t&' *r'ditors. ?at'r, 3an' and i'r in)or'd t&' d'btors t&at t&at t&'y /'r' gi2ing gi2ing +- and /ai2ing t&'ir rig&ts rig&ts +nd'r t&' obligation. obligation. In ot&'r 48
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
/ords, 3an' and i'r /'r' no long'r int'r'st'd in t&' obligation. Ho/ +*& *an t&' r'aining *r'ditors Sy and ?'i 'a*& *oll'*t )ro 'a*& o) t&' d'btors 'ni' oblig'd to gi2' solidary *r'ditors Conni' and Al'o P1!!,!!!.!! on J+n' 4. !, !15. On ay 15, !15, Conni' assign'd &is rig&t to *oll'*t +nd'r t&' obligation to aby. aby. Conni' in)or'd in)or'd 'ni' 'ni' abo+t abo+t t&' assign' assign'nt. nt. On J+n' J+n' !, !15, !15, as -rois'd, -rois'd, 'ni' -aid t&' 'ntir' P1!!,!!!.!! P1!!,!!!.!! obligation obligation to aby. aby. On J+ly 1, !15, all'ging all'ging t&at &' &as as y't not r'*'i2'd any -ay'nt, Al'o d'and'd )ro 'ni' &is -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' *r'dit in t&' ao+nt o) P5!,!!!.!!. 3o's 'ni' still &a2' an obligation to Al'o T'otio and i*'nt', solidary d'btors, -rois'd to -ay ?ydio, Ison, and S')a, 5. solidary solidary *r'ditors, *r'ditors, t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!! P!!,!!!.!! on 3'*'b'r 3'*'b'r 1, !14. On Jan+ary 15, !15, t&' la/y'r o) S')a s'nt a d'and l'tt'r to T'otio d'anding )or -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!!. Ho/'2'r, i*'nt', /&o did not no/ o) t&' d'and, &ad -aid ?ydio ?ydio t&' 'ntir' 'ntir' P!!,!!! P!!,!!!.!! .!! on t&' 2'ry 2'ry sa' day t&' d'and d'and /as ad'. ad'. Is t&' d'btors d'btors obli obliga gatition on no/ no/ '
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
On Jan+ary 15, !14, 3onna, 3iana and 3ora sign'd a -roissory not' /&i*& 9. r'ad as )ollo/s : =Mor 2al+' r'*'i2'd, r'*'i2'd, /' -rois' -rois' solidarily solidarily to -ay Caloy and Car'l t&' s+ o) P!!,!!!.!! P!!,!!!.!! on or b')or' J+n' J+n' !, !15.> On 3'*'b'r 3'*'b'r 5, !14, Car'l Car'l )'ll in lo2' /it& 3iana, 3iana, and r'itt'd r'itt'd &'r s&ar' in t&' obligation. obligation. On Jan+ary Jan+ary 6, !15, 3onna 3onna b'*a' insol2'nt.
(a) On J+ly 1, !15, Caloy /'nt to t&' &o+s' o) 3iana and /ant'd to r'*o2'r t&' 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! P!!,!!!.!! only )ro )ro 3iana. 3iana. Can Caloy Caloy do so Ho/ +*& +*& *an Caloy Caloy &old 3iana 3iana liabl' +nd'r t&' )a*t+al *ir*+stan*'s (b) A)t'r 3onna &ad b'*o' insol2'nt, on M'br+ary 5, !15, 3ora -aid t&' 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! obligation to Caloy /&o a*no/l'dg'd r'*'i-t o) t&' 'ntir' ao+nt. A)t'r A)t'r -aying -aying t&' said ao+nt, ao+nt, 3ora no/ s''s r'ib+r r'ib+rs' s''nt 'nt )ro 3iana. Ho/ +*& is 3ianas liability to 3ora alt'r*ation on t&' o**asion o**asion o) on' o) t&'ir drining drining s-r''s. (c) Caloy and Car'l &ad an alt'r*ation T&'r'a)t'r, or on J+n' !, !15, to a' s+r' t&at Car'l /o+ld not b' abl' to do anyt&ing to *&'at Caloy o+t o) &is s&ar' in t&' obligation, Caloy instr+*t'd &is la/y'r to s'nd a d'and l'tt'r to 3iana d'anding )ro &'r -ay'nt o) Caloys s&ar' in t&' *r'dit *r'dit in t&' ao+nt o) o) P!!,!!!.!!. P!!,!!!.!!. 3o's Caloy Caloyss a*t &a2' &a2' l'gal basis basis Can 3iana b' *o-'ll'd to -ay Caloy t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!! d's-it' t&' r'ission 'arli'r grant'd by Car'l in &'r )a2or
10. C'dri* and att ar' solidarily oblig'd to gi2' ;at a !14 Mord E<-lor'r -i*#+ /ort& P1 on 3'*'b'r 15, !14. On No2'b'r !, !14, ;at /as abl' to *los' a d'al /it& Joo /&o /as /illing to -ay )or P1.5 )or t&' -i*#+- +-on d'li2'ry. C'dri* dro2' t&' -i*#+- and )ig+r'd in an a**id'nt a)t'r &' b'at t&' r'd lig&t along t&' int'rs'*tion o) Ro
CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 – Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$
-roissory not', t&' solidary d'btors bo+nd t&'s'l2's to -ay Mran*is, on A-ril 15, !15, t&' ao+nt o) P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!!.. %&'n at+rity at+rity dat' *a', *a', t&' d'btors did did not a' good t&'ir -rois' -rois' +nd'r t&' not'. H'n*', on A-ril !, !15, Mran*is Mran*is )il'd an a*tion against against ladys d'anding d'anding )or t&' -ay'nt -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' P1!,!!!.!! P1!,!!!.!! obligation. obligation. Ho/ +*& +*& is lad ladys ys liabl' liabl' to Mran Mran*i *iss +nd' +nd'rr t&' t&' -ro -rois isso sory ry not', not', and and *ons *onsid' id'ri ring ng t&' t&' )a*t )a*t+al +al *ir*+stan*'s
* * *END * * *
Being forced to work, and forced to do your best, will breed in you temperance and selfcon ontr trol ol,, dil diligen igencce and strengt ength h of will ill, chee cheerf rful ulne ness ss and and cont conten ent, t, and and a hu hund ndre red d virtues which the idle will never know. Charles Kingsley
Diligence is the mother of good luck. Benjamin Franklin
What we hope ever to do with ease, we must learn first to do with diligence. Charles Kingsley
51
