Chapter 2 (Water Pressure)

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K Icnptkr ’ = \ntkr _rkssurk Kxkrigsk -= Neswkr >

Lgvke:>. Agfkesgde d` phntk

6 >?f * =f

=. Arn`t

6 3f 9

Akesgty d` Y\

6 >.?=;t/f

3f

=f

>? f Nrkn

6 Hkeltc * Mrkntc

Nrkn

6 >?f * =f

Nrkn

6 =?f

=

Qcrust 6 (_rkssurk) * Nrkn Qcrust 6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * Nrkn Qcrust 6 3 * >.?=; * =? Qcrust 6 >01 t Qcrust kxpkrgkeika my `hnt bkkh phntk gs >01t

Neswkr =

Lgvke:>. Agfkesgdes d` vksskh 6 >;?f*=?f*>=f =. ]A d` A\ 6 >.?>? 9. Arn`t d` vksskh 6 >?f Qdtnh prkssurk kxkrtka de n lgvke sur`nik gs inhhka ns tcrust.

_nlk > d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K

>= f >? f =? f >;? f

Qdtnh prkssurk nt sgaks sgaks 6 (_rkssurk) (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qdtnh prkssurk prkssurk nt sgak sgak

6 (Akptc/= * Akesgty) Akesgty) * (Hkeltc * Arn`t)

Qdtnh prkssurk nt sgak

6 (>?f/= * >.?>) * (>;?f * >?f)

Qdtnh prkssurk nt sgak

6 <;<;t

Qdtnh prkssurk nt kea

6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn)

Qdtnh prkssurk nt kea

6 (Akptc/= * Akesgty) * (Hkeltc * Arn`t)

Qdtnh prkssurk nt kea

6 (>?f/= * >.?>) * (=?f * >?f)

Qdtnh prkssurk nt kea

6 >?>?t

Qdtnh prkssurk nt bkkh

6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn)

Qdtnh prkssurk prkssurk nt bkkh

6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * (Hkeltc * Arn`t)

Qdtnh prkssurk prkssurk nt bkkh

6 (>?f * >.?>) * (>;?f * =?f)

Qdtnh prkssurk nt bkkh 6 9?9??t

Qdtnh prkssurk 6 (=*_rkssurk nt sgaks) + (=*_rkssurk (=*_rkssurk nt keas) + (Qdtnh prkssurk nt bkkh) Qdtnh prkssurk prkssurk 6 (=*<;<;) + (=*>?>?) + (9?9??) Qdtnh prkssurk 6 1<1
_nlk = d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K Neswkr 9

Lgvke:=

>. Yur`nik Nrkn d` sumfnrgek 6 0;?f =. Qdtnh wntkr prkssurk td wgtcstnea 6 >99=;??t Akesgty d` Y\ 6 >.?=;t/f

9

Qdtnh _rkssurk 6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qdtnh _rkssurk _rkssurk 6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * Nrkn >99=;??

6 Akptc * >.?=; * 0;?

=???f

6 Akptc

Yumfnrgek wduha idhhnpsk nt =???f d` wntkr akptc.

Neswkr 1

Lgvke:>. =. 9. 1. ;.

Agfkesgdes d` hdib lntk 6 1?f * =?f ]A> 6 >.?> (Ygak >) Akptc> 6 >= f (Ygak >) ]A= 6 >.?= (Ygak =) Akptc= 6 >>f (Ygak =)

1? f

=? f

>> f

]A 6 >.?=

]A 6 >.?>

Qcrust>

6 (_rkssurk>) * (Nrkn>)

Qcrust>

6 (Akptc/= * Akesgty) * (Hkeltc * Arn`t)

Qcrust>

6 (>=f /=* >.?>) * (1?f * >=f)

Qcrust>

6 =7?3.3t

>= f

_nlk 9 d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K Qcrust=

6 (_rkssurk=) * (Nrkn=)

Qcrust=

6 (Akptc/= * Akesgty) * (Hkeltc * Arn`t)

Qcrust=

6 (>?f/= * >.?=) * (1?f * >>f)

Qcrust=

6 =103.1t

]ksuhtnet Qcrust 6 Qcrust > ’ Qcrust= ]ksuhtnet Qcrust 6 =7?3.3t ’ =103.1t ]ksuhtnet Qcrust 6 11?.1t ]ksuhtnet Qcrust 6 11?.1t tdwnras scnhhdwkr sgak

Neswkr ;

Lgvke:>. Agfkesgdes d` hdib lntk 6 90f * =?f =. Akptc> 6 >0 f (Ygak >) ]A d` @\ 6 >.??? 90 f

=? f

>0 f

]A 6 >.?=

]A 6 >.?=;

Qcrust>

6 (_rkssurk>) * (Nrkn>)

Qcrust>

6 (Akptc/= * Akesgty) * (\gatc * Akptc)

Qcrust>

6 (>0f/= * >.??) * (90f * >0f)

Qcrust>

6 10?3t

\k bedw, tcrust de dek sgak gs kqunh td dtckr Qcrust=

6 (_rkssurk=) * (Nrkn=) _nlk 1 d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K

Qcrust=

6 (Akptc= /=* Akesgty) * (\gatc * Akptc =)

10?3

6 (Akptc= * >.?=; * 90 * Akptc =)/=

=17.<;0

6 (Akptc=)

√=17.<;0

6 Akptc=

>;.3?1f

6 Akptc=

=

Akptc d` Y\ rkqugrka td kqunhgzk tck tcrust gs >;.3?1f

Neswkr 0

Lgvke:>. Mrkntc d` trgnelhk =. Ckglct d` trgnelhk 9. Ydueagel Akesgty d` Y\ 6 >.?=;t/f

6 >=f 6 >;f 6 9f 9

>= f

@

M

I

>; f

L A

9f C

K

N

Ge trgnelhk NAK nea trgnelhk NMI >. =. 9.

N 6 N NAK 6 NMI NKA 6 NIM

(Idffde nelhk) (Idrrkspdeagel nelhks) (Idrrkspdeagel nelhks)

Edw trgnelhk NAK gs sgfghnr td trgnelhk NMI. \k bedw tcnt sgfghnr trgnelhks nrk ge kqunh rntgd. N@ 6 MI _nlk ; d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K NL AK >; 6 >= 9 AK AK 6 >=*9 >; AK 6 =.1f

Nrkn d` trgnelhk NAK 6 > * NL * AK = Nrkn d` trgnelhk NAK 6 > * 9 * =.1 = Nrkn d` trgnelhk d` NAK 6 9.0f

=

Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk d` gsdsikhks trgnelhk 6 > * ckglct 9 Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk d` gsdsikhks trgnelhk 6 > * 9 9 Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk d` gsdsikhks trgnelhk 6 >f

Qcrust

6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn)

Qcrust

6 (Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk * Akesgty) * (Nrkn)

Qcrust

6 (> * >.?=;) * (9.0f )

Qcrust

6 9.07t

=

Qcrust kxpkrgkeika my @drk _knb tneb gs 9.07 t

Neswkr <

Lgvke:1. Mrkntc d` trgnelhk ;. Ckglct d` trgnelhk 0. Ydueagel Akesgty d` Y\ 6 >.?=;t/f

6 >1f 6 >=f 6 7f 9

_nlk 0 d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K

>1 f

@

M

I

>= f L

A

C 7f

K

N

Ge trgnelhk NAK nea trgnelhk NMI 1. ;. 0.

N 6 N NAK 6 NMI NKA 6 NIM

(Idffde nelhk) (Idrrkspdeagel nelhks) (Idrrkspdeagel nelhks)

Edw trgnelhk NAK gs sgfghnr td trgnelhk NMI. \k bedw tcnt sgfghnr trgnelhks nrk ge kqunh rntgd. N@ 6 MI NL AK >= 6 >1 7 AK AK 6 >1*7 >= AK 6 >?.;f

Nrkn d` trgnelhk NAK 6 > * NL * AK = Nrkn d` trgnelhk NAK 6 > * 7 * >?.; = Nrkn d` trgnelhk d` NAK 6 1<.=;f

=

Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk d` gsdsikhks trgnelhk 6 > * ckglct 9 Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk d` gsdsikhks trgnelhk 6 > * 7 9 _nlk < d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K

Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk d` gsdsikhks trgnelhk 6 9f

Qcrust

6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn)

Qcrust

6 (Akptc d` lkdfktrgi iketrk * Akesgty) * (Nrkn)

Qcrust

6 (9 * >.?=;) * (1<.=;f )

Qcrust

6 >1;.9t

=

Qcrust de muhbckna gs >1;.9 t

Neswkr 3

Lgvke:>. =. 9. 1. ;. 0. <. 3.

Mnsk d` trgnelhk 6 >1f Ygak d` trgnelhk 6 >;f ]nagus d` gespkitgde cdhk 6 ?.;f Iketrk nmdvk mnsk 6 ?.3f Iketrk d` fnecdhk `rdf idrekr 6 >.0f ]A d` dgh 6 ?.7; Ydueagel d` tneb 6 >?f ∄ 6 9.>1>0

N

K

>?f @ >.0 f

>; f

?.;f ?.3f

M

A >1 f

I

AI 6 > MI (NA gs pkrpkeagiuhnr mgskitdr `dr gsdsikhks trgnelhk) = AI 6 > * >1 =

_nlk 3 d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K AI 6
Ge trgnelhk NAI:=

=

=

=

(NI)  6 (NA)  + (AI) (>;)  6 (NA)  + (<) ==; ’ 17 6 (NA)

=

(_ytcnldrns Qckdrkf)

=

=

√><0 6 NA

>9.=0
=

Nrkn d` fnecdhk 6 9.>1>0 * (?.;)

=

Nrkn d` fnecdhk 6 9.>1>0 * ?.=; Nrkn d` fnecdhk 6 ?.<3;f

=

\k bedw K@ gs akptc d` fnecdhk iketrk AK 6 A@ + K@ >? 6 ?.3 + K@ 7.=f 6 K@

Qcrust 6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qcrust 6 (Lkdfktrgi iketrk akptc * Akesgty) * (Nrkn) Qcrust 6 7.= * ?.7; * ?.<3; Qcrust 6 0.30> t Qcrust de tck fnecdhk idvkr gs 0.30>t

_nlk 7 d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K Neswkr 7

Lgvke:>. Agfkesgdes d` tneb 6 ==f * =?f * >?f =. Agfkesgdes d` trueb 6 ;f * 1f * ?.=f 9. Akptc 6 =.01 f nmdvk irdwe Akesgty d` Y\ 6 >.?=;t/f

9

N

I

=.01 f M ?.= f ;f

A

1f

>? f

=? f == f

IA 6 NM + ckglct d` trueb wny =.01f 6 NM + ?.=f =.11f 6 NM

Akptc d` tneb hga 6 =.11f Nrkn d` tneb hga 6 H * M Nrkn d` tneb hga 6 ;f * 1f Nrkn d` tneb hga 6 =?f

=

Qcrust 6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qcrust 6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * (Nrkn) Qcrust 6 =.11 * >.?=; * =? Qcrust 6 ;?.?=t Qcrust de tck tneb hga gs ;?.?=t

_nlk >? d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K Neswkr >?

Lgvke:>. Agfkesgdes d` tck tneb 6 =;f * =?f * =f =. Qneb tdp prksska td tck ckna d` 6 >0f 9. Arn`t d` vksskh 6 >?f Akesgty d` Y\ 6 >.?=;t/f

9

>0 f =? f

>3 f

=; f >? f =f

Qcrust de tneb tdp 6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qcrust de tneb tdp 6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * (H * M) Qcrust de tneb tdp 6 (>0 * >.?=;) * (=; * =?) Qcrust de tneb tdp 6 3=??t

Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf tdp 6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf tdp 6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * (H * M) Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf tdp 6 (>3 * >.?=;) * (=; * =?) Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf tdp 6 7==;t

Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf mdttdf 6 (_rkssurk) * (Nrkn) Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf mdttdf 6 (Akptc * Akesgty) * (H * M) Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf mdttdf 6 (>? * >.?=;) * (=; * =?) Qcrust de tneb mdttdf `rdf tdp 6 ;>=;t

_nlk >> d` >=

ICN_QK] ’ = \NQK] _]KYY[]K

7==; t

1>?? t (]ksuhtnet)

;>=; t

]ksuhtnet Qcrust 6 7==;t ’ ;>=;t ]ksuhtnet Qcrust 6 1>??t (dutwnras) ]ksuhtnet tcrust de tneb mdttdf gs 1>?? t (dutwnras)

-d?d-

_nlk >= d` >=