MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This
Chapter
literatures relevant studies how
far
and
presents
studies
with
the
cited
paved
researcher
some
which
the
present
study.
the
in
has
way gone
foreign researchers Such
local
are
deemed
literatures
determining
through
and
along
the the
and
extent area
of
under
investigation.
Related Literature Foreign Literature Crime Prevention In the book of Smith (2012) entitled “Crime Prevention Program”
wrote
relationship
about
in
a
crime,
law
community.
He
and
society
closely
and
dissected
their such
relationships by examples and case studies. He noted that society
always
relates
to
law
and
crime
incidences
in
a
community where people reside and live. According to Jones (2011) in his book entitled “Crime Prevention statement
and of
have
in
“The
mutual
Community
philosophy
order
to
Policing”
which
establish
advantages
of
a
the
cited
police
the
following
department
workable
community
friendly
relationship
must
relations: between
the people of a community and their police force should be
14
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology widely
understood
and
more
fully
appreciated.
The
success
of a police department in the performance of its duties is largely measured by the degree of support and cooperation it receives from the people it serves. It is of paramount importance,
therefore,
confidence,
respect
to
and
secure
for
approbation
this of
department
the
public.
the The
cultivation of such desirable attitudes on the part of the public is dependent upon reciprocal attitudes on the part of the police department.” According
to
Skew
(2013)
in
his
book
entitled
“Community-Oriented Policing” further said that fundamental to the concept of Community-Oriented Policing (COP) is the formation
of
a
cohesive,
working
partnership
between
the
police and the community to address both crime problems and quality of life issues which may have an impact, indirectly on
the
crime
aggressively their
situation.
solicits
input
perceptions
individually, collectively
of
through through
Community-Oriented from
the
citizenry
neighborhood one-on-one
regular
regarding
problems,
street
community
Policing
contacts
council
both and
meetings,
church groups, schools, recreation centers, etc. According
to
Whitenand
(2012)
in
his
book
entitled
“Community Policing” discussed police relationship with the
15
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology community, citing that police work depends largely relationship community
with
the
assistance,
bottlenecks,
wrong
community. law
turns
He
enforcers and
noted
would
obstacles
that
be
on
on its without
hampered their
by
crime-
solving missions. According
to
Walker
(2013)
in
his
book
entitled
“Police Visibility Patrol” stated that the police are the most visible entity of the criminal justice system. This by design,
as
the
organizations visibility
police
is
responsible
allows
rapid
one in
of
the
few
handling
recognition
public
service
emergencies.
of
law
enforcement
officers by innocent citizens as well as criminals. are
positive
aspects
to
this
visibility.
High
The
There
readily
identifiable badge and uniform allow the officer to assume command of a situation quickly, thus, eliminating the time consuming
procedure
of
producing
identification
to
verify
that the person is a police officer.
Local Literature Police Visibility According
to
Peace
reorganization
of
the
Executive
Order
No.
and
Peace
309
shows
Order and the
Councils
Order
(2014),
brought
critical
the
about
by
importance
of
16
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology the participation of the citizenry in the peace and order situation
of
the
community.
The
Peace
and
Order
Council
which is a measure to counteract the threat of peace and order
posed
by
criminality,
insurgency
and
subversion
requires the dedicated efforts of all government officials and the citizens. According “Police
to
Campos
Visibility
(2011)
Patrol”
in
his
regards
book
entitled
social
service
activities as one good motivating factor to attract public participation.
These
social
service
activities
include
emergency medical care, assisting the helpless, eliminating physical
hazards,
juveniles,
giving
providing
directions,
legal
aid,
counseling
relief
and
of
mercy
operations, disaster control, etc. According
to
Coronel
(2013)
in
his
book
entitled
“Crime Prevention” Crime prevention is one of the foremost duties
of
a
police
work
solved
nor
police is
officer.
hardly
by
the
Criminality
is
best
occurrence.
Crime
Success
measured number
combated
prevention,
of
by
and
effectiveness
the
number
criminals
through
of
rests
cases
prosecuted.
prevention
however,
of
of
or
crime
depends
largely upon intelligence and effective patrol, yet much of the
success
of
the
intelligence
lies
on
the
scope
and
17
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology variability data, its
the
of
informants.
civilian
wide
mass
therefore,
public
base.
affords
A
the
Of is
good
all the
sources most
agency
intelligence
effective
relationship
police
of
with
with an
owing
the
to
public
intelligence
source that could effectively lead the police not only to successful
crime
prevention,
but
also
to
solution
of
crimes.
Related Studies Foreign Studies Community Relations According to Gonzales & Maghamil (2012) in their study entitled
“Community
participation
is
an
Participation” expression
of
states a
deep
community sense
of
commitment of the people involved in the community. People are
more
aware
and
more
socially
skilled
than
the
other
sectors in the community. The Community Extension Services (CES)
is
a
component
of
La
Salle's
development
framework
which conveys its commitment to service, and is driven by humanitarian and Christian ideals. It is providing service to peoples, groups, and communities inside and outside the University.
18
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology According
to
the
study
of
Martin
(2013)
entitled
“Police Community Relations in support to Crime Prevention” states
that
the
academic
people
are
in
the
position
to
recognize social problems and take effective steps to solve the problems. As a group, they are supposed to be trained and experienced in social criticism and thus be able to cut through rhetoric and apologetics to the roots of problems. They are granted 'academic freedom' which should enable to unfetter creative thinking and bold experimentation towards the solution of social problems. Finally, the academics are supposed to be self-reflective, to critically examine their own ideas and actions. According
to
the
study
of
Fishbein
and
Ajzen
(2012)
entitled “Community Relations with the Police” states that a person's beliefs, a representation of the information a person
has
about
an
object
or
a
situation,
can
determine
attitude, which can then have an effect on one's behavior towards an object or situation. According
to
the
study
of
Myers
(2013)
entitled
“Organization of Local Police in the Community” states that battled
for
organization
the and
most
personnel.
important He
covers
resources well
the
of nature
any of
personnel administration from handling personnel problems,
19
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology diagnosing
organizational
maintaining
work
teams
stability,
and
building
finally
wages
and
and work
administration plus employee services and programs. To this author,
management
is
organization
can
bodies.
Even
with
program
and
operate
personnel
operate the
without
coming the
administration,
of
personnel, robotics,
robots
in
as
for
no
the
warm
personnel
must
factories.
Personnel
administration must be the concern of all. According “Intensified speed
by
to
the
Police
which
study
of
Community
police
Harris
(2012)
Relations”
states
respond
to
distress
entitled that
calls
by
the the
public is perhaps the single, most important measure on the effectiveness of a police organization. Harris outlines the impact police
of
time
action
within as
which
follows:
police a)
response
Police
car
to is
calls
for
able
to
apprehend the offender while in the act of committing the crime, b) a hot pursuit is facilitated as offenders scamper to
their
escape,
c)
police
is
able
to
obtain
fresh
and
vivid information from available witnesses. According “Strengthened the
benefits
to
the
Community that
study
of
Jenning
Relations” states timely
police
(2012) that
entitled
tribute
response
to
against
criminality gain for the police in the performance of its
20
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology law enforcement functions. He said that police standing in the community is boosted positively with their ability to respond quickly to information concerning ongoing criminal offense.
Jenning
particularly
immediate
police
action
muggings,
robberies,
violence,
among
and
emphasized
timely
extortion,
others.
Timely
the
arrival
gang
at
wars,
arrival
of
need
for
scenes
and
of
juvenile
police
at
the
scene of ongoing criminal offenses has been instrumental in saving lives of victims of violence especially stabbing and gunshots. been
Police
reportedly
victims
prior
violence
trained
in
responsible to
accounted
basic for
the
arrival
for
nearly
life-saving
saving of 36%
lives
skills of
paramedics. of
calls
have
violence Domestic
for
police
action in the United States. Of these crimes, close to 72% of victims are women and about 23% landed up in hospitals for
serious
intervene crucial
in
in
injuries.
Early
domestic
violence
saving
the
lives
arrival
of
incidents 2.4
policemen was
of
some
of
Medduterron
to
reportedly
million
battered
wives in the United States. According French
to
Gendarmes
performance
in
the
study
Quick dealing
Reaction with
Force
crisis
for
(2013) their
situation
hailed
sterling incidents
within the bounds of the City of Paris during the period
21
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology 2010-2013
on
his
book,
“Gendarmes
for
Emergency”.
Medduterron specifically pointed out to two strategic means by
which
the
French
Police
in
Paris
dealt
with
emergency
situations involving criminal acts, such as: a) assignment of mobile patrol units for the sole purpose of responding to
crisis
calls,
technology
day
in
Headquarters
and
night;
communication
to
communicate
and
b)
enabling
with
field
use
of
the
modern
Gendarmes
units
under
any
weather conditions. Such capabilities are what police needs in dealing with citizen calls for help and assistance under threat of crime victimization.
Local Studies Police Visibility in the Community According “Strengthened PNP”
states
to
the
study
Relationship that
worked
of
Mercado
between
on
the
the
(2012) Barangay
Relationship
entitled and
the
between
the
Barangay and the PNP. In his findings, he pointed out the role of the “tanods” and the “rondas” in helping the police maintain law and order in the community. According “Strengthened
to
the
Police
study
of
Visibility
Santos of
(2013) Manila
entitled Police
Department” studied the problems of crime prevention of the
22
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology Manila Police Department. He presented the problems in the implementation study along
of
a
threshed-out budgetary
good
that
crime
prevention
program.
there
were
problems
and
lack
of
support
His
encountered
trained
men
to
implement the program. In the light of these problems, he recommended
for
full
logistic
support
and
good
training
along crime prevention and assistance for other government agencies. He also suggested the participation of the nongovernment sector. According
to
the
study
Comprehensive
Coverage
the
In
Country.
Crimes
in
relationship
his
the of
of
the
study
Community” crime
of
and
Magtibay
Causal
entitled studied,
society
(2013)
Factors “Causal he
of
was
a
Crime
in
Factors
of
sought
enumerating
on
for
the
the
various
significant factors of crime occurrence. He found out that the development of delinquency was based on the following; biological, psychological and environmental. According entitled
to
the
“Community
study
Relations
of
Padua-Pontanal
with
Minors”
(2012)
focused
on
analyzing trends and patterns in police management of cases in conflict with the law for a certain period; discussing the
policies,
the
police
programs
level
for
and
projects
children
in
of
the
conflict
government with
the
at
law.
23
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE College of Criminology Padua-Pontanal stressed the PNP as premier law enforcement agency responsible in protecting the rights of the
people
and promoting the welfare of children in conflict with the law.
Synthesis The related literature and studies, foreign and local herein discussed are both related in a way that it deals on the
police
visibility,
community
relations
and
crime
were
cited
prevention program of the police. The because
above-cited of
literatures
its
literatures
bearing
discussed
to
have
and
the
studies present
similarities
of
study. the
The
present
study because it sought to assess the police visibility of the local police in relation to crime prevention like the study
made
by
Santos
(2013)
and
Mercado
(2012).
they differ on the setting and locale of the study.
However,
