Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, discussion and conclusions of others. The researchers has gone through reading materials, both printed and e-book through internet which has a great significant. A. Foreign Literature Knaus (2002), indicated the idea underlying procrastination is that ‘later is better’ and this is also a common illusion behind ‘tomorrow outlook’. However,
when
tomorrow
comes,
the
pattern
resurfaces,
and
procrastinators excuse themselves by promising that ‘I will do it tomorrow’. Hence, procrastination is seen as a ‘tomorrow syndrome’. Bluml, Lee, Pychyl, Thibodeau (2000), discussed that it is generally acknowledged that putting something off quite rational and makes individuals feels good. This is particularly true when they put some aversive tasks off and do some enjoyable instead.
Zuckerman & Tsai (2005) indicated that although self-handicapping may protect self-worth in the short term, research indicates that it has high long-term costs for the individual. Steel (2007) introduced that procrastination is a self-handicapping behavior that occurs when people delay completing a task they intend to complete, potentially leading to lost productivity, poor performance, and increased stress.
Ackerman & Gross (2005) discussed that procrastination dominates all areas of behavior and action but the most general form is academic procrastination which occurs in the academic settings. It is about having the knowledge that a student has to complete one or more tasks or administer any activity, for example solving a term paper, preparing for exams, completing a class project or concluding a reading assignment, but lacking in motivation to do in a specified time period.
B. Foreign Studies Clayton (2000), reported that in the second line of research, the purpose of procrastination seems to make the one’s life more pleasant but it nearly always adds the stress, disorganization and failure. Tice and Baumeister (1997) found poorer health to be another negative consequence of academic procrastination. In their research, stress levels, number of health care visits and physical symptoms in college students were gathered over the course of the semester. Procrastinators reported lower stress and Iess illness compared to non-procrastinators at the beginning of the semester, but they reported higher stress and more illness by the end of the semester. Overall, procrastinators were il1 more often and received lower grades on their assignments. The authors concluded that procrastination appears to be a self-defeating behavior pattern marked by short-term benefits and long-term costs.
Ferrari (2010) indicated that another important aspect of academic procrastination is whether students may tend to procrastinate more frequently on certain types of tasks. Research clearly indicates that academic procrastination is task-dependent and that people exhibit procrastination in a variety of behaviors and settings. In this review, the concept of procrastination and more specifically academic procrastination will be examined. Procrastination is a pervasive human event that there are over 600 self-help books addressing solutions to this phenomenon. C. Local Literature D. Local Studies
Reference Ackerman & Gross (2005). Academic Procrastination among Male and Female University and College Students. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, Winter 2014, Vol.
8,
No.2,
65-70.
Retrieved
from
http://sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/FWUJournal,Winter %202014%20Vol.8,No.2/9.%20Academic%20Procrastination%20among%20.pdf Bluml, Lee, Pychyl, Thibodeau (2000). Effects of academic procrastination on college students’ life Satisfaction.http://www.academia.edu/4285149/Effects_of_academic_procrastina tion_on_college_students_life_satisfaction
Clayton (2000). Effects of academic procrastination on college students’ life Satisfaction.http://www.academia.edu/4285149/Effects_of_academic_procrastina
tion_on_college_students_life_satisfaction
Ferrari (2010). Academic Procrastination: Prevalence Among High School and Undergraduate Student and Relationship to Academic Achievement. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=epse_diss
Knaus (2002). Effects of academic procrastination on college students’ life Satisfaction.http://www.academia.edu/4285149/Effects_of_academic_procrastina tion_on_college_students_life_satisfaction
Steel (2007). Academic Procrastination: Prevalence Among High School and Undergraduate Student and Relationship to Academic Achievement. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=epse_diss
Tice and Baumeister (1997). The Effects of an Academic Procrastination Treatment on Student Procrastination and Subjective Well-Being. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57652.pdf
Zuckerman & Tsai (2005). Fear of failure, 2 × 2 achievement goal and selfhandicapping: An examination of the hierarchical model of achievement motivation in physical education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247328810_Fear_of_failure_2_2_achie vement_goal_and_selfhandicapping_An_examination_of_the_hierarchical_model_of_achievement_mot ivation_in_physical_education