CHAPTER-2-Arts.-1163-1178

TITLE I, CHAPTER 2 – Nature & Effect of Obligations (Articles !"#$% !"#$%

CHA HAPTER 2 NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLI GATI ONS ( Ar t s.11631178)

STUDY GUI DE : «

'istinguis) *+ecific'eter-inate .s/ 0enericIn1eter-inate Ting

A. DUTI ESI N A SPECI FI C REALOBLI GATI ON

1. Preser.e te ting/ (Arts. 1163 & 1173, par. 2) 

Reason for te 1ut/ 1ut/



*tan1ar1 of care re3uire1 )

(a) La4

Contract (b) Co

(c) 'iligence of a goo1 fater of a fa-il (c.1.) 5actors to be consi1ere1 ) (Art. 1173, par. 1) i. nature of obligation ii. circu-stances of +erson

iii. circu-stances of ti-e iv. iv. circu-stances of +lace

2. 'eli.er te fruits of te ting/ (Art. 1164) 

6in1s of fruits (natural, in1ustrial & ci.il



Cre1itor7s rigt to te fruits ) jus in personam personam 8 4en te obligation to 1eli.er (a) +ersonal rigt ( jus arises jus in rem rem 8 4en tere is 1eli.er 9= o4nersi+: (b) real rigt ( jus

3. 'eli.er te accessions an1 accessories/ (Art.1166)

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4. 'eli.er te ting itself/ (Art. 1165, pars. 1&3)  Te

1eli.er -ust be +ersonal (-a1e b te 1ebtor i-self, e;clusi.e (-a1e to te cre1itor onl an1 ti-el (4itout 1ela/

5. Ans4er for 1a-ages in case of breac/ (Art. 1170)  Re-e1ies

of te cre1itor in case of te 1ebtor7s failure to +erfor- is

obligation ) ( a)s+ecific +erfor-ance (if co-+liance is still +ossible + 1a-ages< OR ( b)rescission + 1a-ages< OR

(c) 1a-ages onl (4ere it is te ONLY +ossible re-e1.

B. DUTI ESI N A GENERI C REALOBLI GATI ON 1.'eli.er a ting of te 3ualit inten1e1 b te +arties/ (Art. 1246) 2.Ans4er for 1a-ages in case of breac/ (Art. 1170)  Re-e1ies

of te cre1itor in case of te 1ebtor7s failure to +erfor-

is obligation ) (a) s+ecific +erfor-ance or co-+liance< OR (i.e., te obligation is +erfor-e1 b anoter (b) substitute +erfor-ance (i.e., +erson at te 1ebtor7s e;+ense Art. 1165, par. 2! + 1a-ages< OR (c) 1a-ages onl (4ere it is te ONLY +ossible re-e1/

C.POSI TI VE PERSONALOBLI GATI ON 1. *+ecific +erfor-ance is NO" a.ailable as a re-e1 to te cre1itor as

tis tis -a -a a-ou a-ount nt to .iola .iolatition on of te te cons constititu tutition onal al +ro +roib ibititio ionn on in.oluntar ser.itu1e/

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2. Re-e1ies of te cre1itor in case of ) (Arts. 1167&1170) (a) 5ailure TO 'O 8 substitute +erfor-ance + 1a-ages +ersonal 3ualifi 3ualificat cation ionss of te 1ebtor 1ebtor 4as te #$c%pti'  If te +ersonal 1eter-ining -oti.e for te obligation contracte1, te ONL= re-e1 of te cre1itor is to reco.er 1a-ages/

(b) >reac an1or +oor e;ecution 8 +ro+er e;ecution of te obligation at te 1ebtor7s e;+ense + 1a-ages (i.e., te obligation obligation 2. R##*#R  If substitute +erfor-ance is still a.ailable (i.e., can still be +erfor-e1 at te e;+ense of te 1ebtor not4itstan1ing is failu failure re or refus refusal al to 1o so, so, te cour courtt is NO" autori?e1 to -erel grant 1a-ages to te cre1itor/

D. NEGATI VE PERSONAL OBLI GATI ON 1. Te forbi11en act sall be un1one at te 1ebtor7s e;+ense/ (Art. 116) 2. R##*#R  Non#fulfill-ent -a ta@e +lace >T s+ecific +erfor-ance is NOT a re-e1 re-e1// Tis is because because te 1ebtor 1ebtor fulfils b not 1oing 1oing 4at as been forbi11en forbi11en i-/ Hence, Hence, tere can be NO 1ela in a negati.e negati.e +ersonal +ersonal obligation/

E.DELAY

1. 'istinguis) (a) Or1inar 'ela (b) Legal 'ela 8 re3uires e;traBu1icialBu1icial 1e-an1 (Art. 116, par. 1)

2. 'e-an1 is NOT necessar to establis 1ebtor7s 1ela  (Art. 116, par. 2) (a) en +ro.i1e1 b contract< Art. 116, par. 2(1)!

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(b) en +ro.i1e1 b la4< Art. 116, par. 2(1)! (c) en ti-e is of te essence in te contract< Art. 116, par. 2(2)! (d) en 1e-an1 4oul1 be useless< Art. 116, -ar. 2(3)! en ter teree is +erf +erfor or-a -anc ncee b one one of te te +art +artie iess in reci reci+r +roc ocal al (e) en obligations/ (Art. 116, par. 3)

3. 6in1s of 'efault ) (a) Mora Solvendi (Art. 116, par. 1) 8 1ela on te +art of te 1ebtor (b) Mora Accipiendi 8 1ela on te +art of te cre1itor Compens ensat atio io Mora Moraee (Art 1ela of obli obligo gors rs in (c) Comp (Art.. 116, par par. 3) 8 1ela reci+rocal obligations

4. Re3uisites of Mora Solvendi ) (a) 5ailure of te 1ebtor to +erfor- is +ositi.e obligation on te 1ate agree1 u+on< (b) Du1icial an1 e;traBu1icial 1e-an1 -a1e b te cre1itor< an1 (c) 5ailure of te 1ebtor to co-+l 4it suc 1e-an1/

5. Effects of Mora Solvendi ) ) (a) Te 1ebtor is guilt of breac of te obligation/ (b) He is liable to te cre1itor for interest (in obligations to +a -one–Art/ 22F, or 1a-ages (in oter obligations/ s+ecific ic real obligati obligation, on, e is liable liable e.en e.en for a fortuit fortuitous ous e.ent (c) In a s+ecif (Art. 1165, par. 3).

6. Acc%/%rati' /as% 8 In a +urcase b install-ents, te contract -a +ro.i1e +ro.i1e for an Gaccel Gaccelera eration tion clause clause (a clause clause 4ic 4oul1 -a@e -a@e a// install-ents 1ue, u+on 1efault in '% install-ent/ Default in Default in te +a-ent of one install-ent 1oes not -ean 1efault in te whol wh olee a-ount/ If tere is an an acceleration clause, an1 tere is 1efault in te +a-ent of one instal-ent, 4at 4ill a++en -erel is tat te whol wholee a-ount un1er te obligation beco-e beco-ess 1ue/ 1ue/ Ho4e.e Ho4e.err, 1e-an1 is still necessa necessar r to +ut te 1ebtor 1ebtor in 1efault 4it res+ect to te 4ole a-ount/

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Morae ) (Art. 116, par. 3) 7. Effects of Compensatio Morae ) Te 1ela 1ela of te obligo obligorr canc cancel elss te te 1ela 1ela of te oblig obligee ee an1 an1 vice (a) Te versa.

(b) Te net result is tat tere is no 1efault on te +art of bot +arties/

F.GROUNDSFOR DAMA MAGES –ARTI CLE 1170 *ee Art. 2201 – easure of liabilit for 1a-ages ) i. if tere is goo1 fait ii. if tere is ba1 fait

dolo 1. 5RA' (1eceit or dolo 1olo causante (a) refers to dolo inci1ente as 1ifferentiate1 fro- 1olo causante (b) 4ai.er of action for future frau1 # JOI' (Art. 1171)

(c) 4ai.er of action for +ast frau1 # .ali1

(culpa 2. NE0LI0ENCE (culpa (a) 'efine1 (Art. 1173, par. 1) (b) 'istinguis) frau1 .s/ negligence (c) Jali1it of 4ai.er of action for future negligence ) (c.1.) si-+le negligence – .ali1 (c.2.) gross negligence (a-ounting to frau1 # JOI' (d) 6in1s of negligence (culpa contractual  (.1.) contractual (culpa (tortculpa aquiliana aquiliana (.2.) ci.il (tortculpa (culpa criminal  (.3.) cri-inal (culpa

(e) Effect of negligence on te +art of te inBure1 +art (Art. 217) (%.1.) if i--e1iate an1 +ro;i-ate cause of inBur 8 NO reco.er

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(%.2.) if contributor to inBur 8 reco.er is re1uce1

3. 'ELA= (alrea1 1iscusse1 abo.e 4. >REACH – contra.ention of te tenor of te contract G.FORTUI TOUSEVENTS –ART RTI CLE 1174 1. 'efine1/ 2. Refers to bot ) (a) acts of -an

&

(b) acts of 0o1

3. Re3uisites ) (a) in1e+en1ent of te 1ebtor7s 4ill (b) unforeseeable or una.oi1able (c) ren1ers 1ebtor7s nor-al co-+liance 4it obligation i-+ossible

() no concurrent negligence on 1ebtor7s +art 4. 'ebtor7s liabilit in case of fortuitous e.ent ) res+onsible for loss or 1a-age cause1 (a) %'%ra/ r/% A +erson is NOT res+onsible to anote anoterr resu resulti lting ng fro- fortui fortuito tous us e.ents e.ents// In suc suc a case case,, is obligation is extinguished / (Art. 1174) (i.e., +ositi.e liabilit e.en 4it a fortuitous e.ent ) (b) #$c%pti's (i.e., (Art. 1174)

(b.1.) en e;+ressl s+ecifie1 b la4, as 4en tere is ) (b.1.1.) 5rau1, negligence, 1ela or breac (Art. 1170)

(b.1.2.) 'ual +ro-ise to 1eli.er te sa-e s+ecific ting (Art. 1165, par. 3)

(b.1.3.) Obligation to 1eli.er s+ecific tings arising fro- cri-es (Art. 126)

(b.2.) en 1eclare1 b sti+ulation/

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(b.3.) en te nature of te obligation re3uires te assu-+tion of ris@/ (b.4.) en te ting to be 1eli.ere1 is generic (“genus never perishes ! Art. 1263)

H.ARTI CLE 1175

sur is no4 legal legall l non#e; non#e;ist isten ent/ t/ 1. sur sti+ulate an a-ount of interest/

Tee +art T +artie iess are are no4 no4 free free to

o4e.er, of te Ci.il Ci.il Co1e states) G No interest sall be 1ue 2. Art/ FK!, o4e.er, unless it as been e;+ressl sti+ulate1 in 4riting/

I . ARTI CLE 1176

is+uta tabl blee +resu resu-+ -+titioons on +a-e a-ent ntss of inte interrest an1 an1 +rior ior 1. 'is+u install-ents/ 2. en te +resu-+tions 1o not a++l/

J.GENERALREMEDI ESOFTHE CREDI TOR TO PROTECT OR OR ENFORCE HI S RI GHTS AGAI NST THE DEBTOR OR -ARTI CLE 1177

1. s+ecific +erfor-ance + 1a-ages

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2. e;austion of 1ebtor7s +ro+erties 3. e;ercise all rigts an1 bring all actions of te 1ebtor (accion su"rogatoria su"rogatoria 4. rescin1 or i-+ugn frau1ulent acts or contracts of te 1ebtor (accion pauliana# NO"# No/ " & No/  are subsi1iar re-e1ies to No/ 2

K. TRANSMI MI SSI BI LI TY OF RI GHTS ARTI CLE 1178

1. 0eneral rule) Rigts are trans-issible/ trans-issible/ 2. E;ce+tions ) (2.1.) 4en +roibite1 b la4 (2.2.) 4en +roibite1 b sti+ulation (2.3.) in +urel +ersonal obligations

L.OTHE HER CI TED CI VI LCODE PROVI SI ONS AR". 217. en te +laintiff7s o4n negligence 4as te i--e1iate an1 +ro;i-ate cause of is inBur, inBur, e cannot reco.er 1a-ages/ >ut if is negligence 4as onl contributor, te i--e1iate an1 +ro;i-ate cause of te inBur being te 1efen1ant7s lac@ of 1ue care, te +laintiff -a reco.er 1a-ages, but te courts sall -itigate te 1a-ages to be a4ar1e1/ AR". 2201. In contracts an1 3uasi#contracts, te 1a-ages for 4ic te obligor 4o acte1 in goo1 fait is liable sall be tose tat are te natural an1 +robable conse3uences of te breac of te obligation, an1 4ic te +arties

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a.e foreseen or coul1 a.e reasonabl foreseen at te ti-e te obligation 4as constitute1/ In case of frau1, ba1 fait, -alice or 4anton attitu1e, te obligor sall be res+onsible for all 1a-ages 4ic -a be reasonabl attribute1 to te non# +erfor-ance of te obligation/

AR". 220. If te obligation consists in te +a-ent of a su- of -one, an1 te 1ebtor incurs in 1ela, te in1e-nit for 1a-ages, tere being no sti+ulation to te contrar, sall be te +a-ent of te interest agree1 u+on, an1 in te absence of sti+ulation, te legal interest, 4ic is si; +er cent per cent per annum.

APPLI CATI ON/PROBLEMS:

1. Li?a Li?a is te o4ne o4nerr of a 2 s3uare s3uare#-e #-eter ter lot site1 site1 in a@ati/ a@ati/ On Danuar K, 2K, Lito an1 Li?a entere1 into a lease contract co.ering te sai1 lot/ Te ter- of te lease lease 4as 2 ears, or until Danuar Danuar , 2$, 2$, an1 te -ontl -ontl rental agree1 agree1 u+on b te +arties 4as P, P,// On Dune K, 2K, Li?a sol1 er a@ati lot to Rene an1 +ro-ise1 to 1eli.er te lot to Rene on No.e-ber No.e-ber K, 2K/ 2K/ On No.e-ber No.e-ber K, 2K, 2K, o4e.er o4e.er, Li?a faile1 faile1 to 1eli.er te lot an1 instea1 -a1e 1eli.er 1eli.er onl on 'ece-ber 'ece-ber K, 2K/ As te ne4 o4ner, Rene no4 clai-s fro- Li?a Lito7s rental +a-ents starting Dune K, 2K/ Is Rene7s Rene7s 1e-an1 4ell#foun1e1M obligation to 1eli.er ariseM (Art/ ! ! à Clue 3uestion) en 1oes te obligation 2. 5or a consi1eration of P2, i@e +ro-ise1 to 1eli.er to Doe, on or before Dul K, 2K, is > 4it +late No/ HRL#K2 as 4ell as a 2K 2# inc *on ega ega tele.ision set/ nfortunatel, nfortunatel, on Dul , 2K, an unusual unusual bolt of ligtning stro@e onto te roof of i@e7s ouse ouse an1 starte1 fire/ Te fire co-+lete co-+letel l gutte1 1o4n i@e7s i@e7s +ro+ert +ro+ert/ As a result, te > an1 te TJ set 4ere 4ere bot bot re1uce1 re1uce1 to ases/ ases/ Has Has te oblig obligati ation on of i@e i@e to Doe been been co-+letel e;tinguise1M e;tinguise1M generic, an1 te sa-e is à Clue 3uestion) If te ting to be 1eli.ere1 is generic, lost or 1estroe1, is te obligation to 1eli.er e;tinguise1M (Art/ !"

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3. On arc K, 2K, Engr/ 5abi entere1 into a buil1ing contract 4it r/ r/ Oni/ Oni/ It 4as agree agree11 tat tat in si; si; -ont -onts s,, Engr Engr// 5a 5abi bi 4ill finis finis te te construction of a one#@ilo-eter 1a- in >acolor, Pa-+anga to +rotect te +ro+ert of r/ Oni fro- 1a-age cause1 b te laar -u1 flo4 conse3uent of te ount Pinatubo eru+tion/ eru+tion/ It 4as also sti+ulate1 tat tat te eigt of te 1afro- te base-ent sall be four -eters, an1 cruse1 stone -easuring t4o inces inces in 1ia-eter 1ia-eter sall be use1/ Later Later, r/ Oni foun1 out tat Engr/ Engr/ 5abi use1 2#inc 1ia-eter 1ia-eter of cruse1 stone stone for te 1a-/ at are te re-e1ies re-e1ies of r/ OniM +ersonal obligation (Art/ !$ !$ à Clue) Cre1itor7s rigt in a +ositi.e +ersonal 4. >u1o an1 Into are te o4ners of t4o a1Boining +ieces of lan1 in Allen, *a-ar/ *a-ar/ On A+ril A+ril , 2K, >u1o an1 an1 Into entere1 into an agree-ent/ agree-ent/ In te te agre agreee-en ent, t, Into Into oblig oblige1 e1 i-s i-sel elff not not to cons constru truct ct an an stru struct ctur ure, e, 4eter te-+orar or +er-anent, on is (Into7s lan1 for fi.e ears because >u1o >u1o 4ill use it as is garage garage for fi.e ears/ ears/ As consi1 consi1era eratio tionn for te +ro-ise, >u1o +ai1 Into te a-ount of P2,// P2,// On arc 2, 2K, 2K, o4e.er, Into constructe1 a se-i# structure to acco--o1ate fi.e li.e#in e-+loees fro- is carinderia/ carinderia/ at is te liabilit of IntoM +ersonal obligation (Art/ !% !% à Clue) Cre1itor7s rigt in a negati.e +ersonal 5. On Dul 2, 2K, Hiss agree1 to sell is original set of Harr Potter 'J'7s to oo, an1 +ro-ise1 to 1eli.er te sa-e to oo7s ouse on Dul , 2K/ 2K/ On Dul %, 2K, 2K, oo 1e-an1e 1e-an1e11 fro- Hiss 1eli.er 1eli.er of te 'J'7s/ 'J'7s/ Hiss, o4e.er, infor-e1 oo tat on te nigt of Dul !, 2K a burglar enter entere1 e1 teir teir ouse ouse an1 an1 robbe1 robbe1 tete- of +erso +ersona nall effec effects ts a-oun a-ountin tingg to P",/ 4ic 4ic 4ere ne.er ne.er reco.ere1/ reco.ere1/ Hiss7 original set of Harr Potter 'J'7s 4ere a-ong te tings stolen/ (a) at is te liabilit of HissM (b) If, on Dul , 2K, oo a1 as@e1 is broter#la4er to 4rite a 1e-an1 letter a11resse1 to Hiss insisting on te 1eli.er of te 'J' set, 4oul1 our ans4er to te +rece1ing 3uestion be te sa-eM à Clue)

Correlate Correlat e Art/ !K, +ar/ +ar/ " 4it Art/ !F, !F, +ar/ /

14


6. Don an1 >ea 4ere 4ere engage1 engage1 to be -arrie1 on Dune Dune !, 2K/ 5or te 4e11ing ca@e, te contracte1 0ol1i#Coo@s to ba@e a fi.e#laere1 cocolate ca@e 4it 4alnut, 4alnut, 4ic 4as >ea7s >ea7s fa.ourite/ On te 1a of te te 4e11ing, an1 u+ to te ti-e 4en te ne4l 4e1s 4ere about to sare teir first slice of ca@e as usban1 usban1 an1 4ife, no ca@e arri.e1/ arri.e1/ *o, te a1 to -a@e 1o 1o 4it te lece lece flan te caterer caterer a1 +re+are1 +re+are1 for te 4e11ing 4e11ing// en Don Don an1 >ea arri.e1 fro- teir one-oon, te file1 an action for 1a-ages against 0ol1i# Coo@s 4o no4 1enies liabilit on te groun1 tat te s+ouses ne.er -a1e an 1e-an1 1e-an1 on 0ol1i#Coo@s for for te 1eli.er of te 4e11ing 4e11ing ca@e/ Is 0ol1i# 0ol1i# Coo@s liable for 1a-ages un1er te facts of tis caseM à Clue) Art/ !F, +ar/ 2/ 7. On 'ece-ber ", 2", >ra1 a1.ance1 P,/ fro- Angie an1 +ro-ise1 to +a te a-ount on 'ece-ber ", 2 at  +er annuinte intere rest st// In case case of 1efa 1efaul ult, t, >ra1 >ra1 also also obli oblige ge11 i-s i-sel elff to +a +a to Angi Angiee a11itional interest (as +enalt for te 1ela 1ela co-+ute1 at at K +er -ont/ On 'ece-b 'ece-ber er ", 2, 2, >ra1 >ra1 faile1 faile1 to +a Ang Angie ie is loan/ loan/ 5or te ne;t ne;t si; -onts, -onts, Angie Angie 1i1 not ear anting anting fro- >ra1/ >ra1/ On Dune ", 2K, 2K, Angie Angie file1 a case in court to reco.er te a-ount of P,/, co-+ute1 as follo4s) Princi+al a-ount  agree1 annual interest K agree1 +enalt interest for 1ela Total liabilit as of o f " Dune 2K 2 K

 P,/  P

,/

 P ",/ 

-140,000.00

n1er te factual circu-stances obtaining, 1oes te co-+utation of Angie on >ra17s liabilit for interest on account of 1efault a.e legal basisM à Clue) Art/ !F, +ar/ /

8. 'ean is a business-an engage1 in te bu an1 sell of secon1 an1 cars cars// He o4ns o4ns a K K s3ua s3uare re##-et eter er lot in ani anila la .alue .alue11 at PK an1 a erce1e? erce1e? >en? car 4ort 4ort P/K/ On Danuar Danuar , 2", 'ean7s 'ean7s best frien1 Tecie bougt a 2! Nissan Nissan Patrol car fro- 'ean for P/ 'ean agree1 to e;ten1 +a-ent +a-ent of te car to 'ece-ber 'ece-ber K, 2"/ 2"/ In te earl +art +art of 2, 1ue to financial re.erses, 'ean 4as able to borro4 -one fro- a 4ealt

15


frien1, Da-es, 4o loane1 i- te a-ount of P 4itout interest an1 +aable +aable on October October ", 2/ 2/ As of No.e-ber No.e-ber , 2, o4e.er o4e.er,, 'ean, 'ean, 1es+ite re+eate1 1e-an1s fro- Da-es since te obligation beca-e 1ue, as not not been been able to settle settle is obliga obligatio tion/ n/ o orst rst,, Da-es Da-es ca-e to @no4 froanoter business associate tat, as of October K, 2, 'ean a1 alrea1 sol1 sol1 is is PK PK ani anila la +ro+ +ro+er ert t 4ic 4ic 4as 4as un1e un1err reno reno.a .atition on un1e un1err te te su+er.ision of its ne4 o4ner o4ner 0ab/ 0ab/ at, un1er te factual circu-stances circu-stances of tis case, are te successi.e successi.e rigts of Da-esM à Clue) Art/ $$/

9. On Dul ", 2, Proco+io sol1 to Cor1a+io is Ni@on '$ ca-era for P,/ P,/// +on +on 1eli.er of te ca-era on te sa-e 1a, 1a, Cor1a+io +ai1 P2,// P2,// as 1o4n+a-ent/ 1o4n+a-ent/ Proco+io agree1 agree1 to acce+t acce+t +a-ent on te balance in instal-ents, as follo4s ) *e+te-ber ", 2



P,/

No.e-ber ", 2



PK,/

Danuar ", 2K



PK,/

arc ", 2K



P2,/

a ", 2K



P2,/

>alance Paable

 -0,000.00

It 4as also agree1 b te +arties tat if an instal-ent 4as not +ai1 b Cor1 Cor1a+ a+io io on ti-e ti-e,, te te re-a re-ain in1e 1err of te te un+a un+ai1 i1 inst instal al-e -ent ntss 4oul 4oul11 autoauto-ati atica call ll beco beco-e -e 1ue 1ue an1 an1 1e-an 1e-an1a 1able ble,, an1 4ill be carge carge11 a K -ontl -ontl interest interest until until co-+letel co-+letel +ai1/ On Danuar Danuar ", 2K, Cor1a+io Cor1a+io 1i1 not re-it te instal-ent instal-ent tus 1ue to Proco+io/ Proco+io/ ntil te en1 of of arc, 2K, Proco+io Proco+io 1i1 not ear ear fro- Cor1a+io/ Cor1a+io/ On A+ril A+ril K, 2K, 2K, Proco+io Proco+io file1 an action action for collec collectio tionn agains againstt Cor1a+ Cor1a+io io 1e-an 1e-an1in 1ingg +a-e +a-ent nt of te entir entiree balance 1ue frofro- Danuar ", 2K 2K in te a-ount a-ount of PKK,// 5ro- 4at ti-e soul1 te K interest for 1a-ages start to be co-+ute1 on te total a-ount 1ueM !F, +ar/ +ar/ / (*ee Note No/ ! on 'ELA= à Clue) Art/ !F,

16


10. At arou aroun1 n1 ) ) in te te e.en e.enin ing, g, ou ou are are 1ri. 1ri.in ingg alon alongg Ro;a Ro;ass >oule.ar1 4itin te area of >uen1ia/ >uen1ia/ =our fa-il is in te car 4it ou/ ou/ Te ig ig4a 4a is nornor-al all l free free frofro- +e1e +e1est stri rian anss 4o 4o are are re3u re3uire ire11 b loca locall or1inances to cross te boule.ar1 boule.ar1 using te 1esignate1 1esignate1 o.er+ass/ *u11enl, *u11enl, fro- out of no4ere, a -an in is -i1#"7s crosses te roa1/ roa1/ Te -an 4as 4earing a blac@ sirt 4ic -a1e i- e.en -ore in.isible to -o.ing .eicles/ .eicles/ >efore ou reali?e it, e 4as alrea1 rigt in front of te car a fe4 feet a4a, an1 it beca-e i-+ossible to steer clear of te -an after a ra+i1 full ste+ on te bra@es/ bra@es/ As a result, te -an -an suffere1 suffere1 serious inBuries/ ill ou be liable for 1a-ages to te inBure1 -anM 'a-ages à Clue) Art/ 2$F/ (*ee Note 29e:, 0roun1s for 'a-ages

LI STOFCASESFOR STUDY

1.i . vs. A, 0/R/ No/ 2F22, 22 Dune FF%/

(Articles) !K< $ $ in relation to 2!2< 2!K 2.#8atria/ R%a/t 9%v%/p%'t, :'c. vs. a;air "<%atr%, :'c.,, 0/R/ No/ ""%$F, 2 No.e-ber 2/ (Article !F !F 3.9*- vs. Lica'a', 0/R/ No/ KF$, 2! 5ebruar 2$/ (Article !F 4.savi's *a'> vs. ?ps. apistra', 0/R/ No/ $F2, 2% August 2"/ (Article $ in relation to Article $"< $"< 4en gross negligence a-ounts to frau1 5.?ps%s *ata/ vs. ?ps%s ?a' -%r & "i'aa, "i'aa, 0/R/ No/ !!, 2$ *e+te-ber 2!/ (Article $"< negligence – culpa aquiliana an1 culpa an1 culpa contractual 1istinguise1 6.@i/va//% ?
17


(Article $"< negligence< or1inar 1iligence 7.risst vs. A, 0/R/ No/ "%"", 2K August 2"/ (Article $"< or1inar .s/ e;traor1inar 1iligence< allegation of negligence -ust be +ositi.el +ro.en as a fact

* * *END * * *

18

CHAPTER-2-Arts.-1163-1178

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