CHAPTER 1
CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES
Classification Principles Study of
Plant classification is known as
Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms. Taxon means group nomenclature (the naming Taxonomy have two branche s of organisms) and systemat ics (the placing of organisms in groups) Systematics is a dynamic and flexible science in which the diversity of organisms and their relat ionships are studied Nomenclature = naming of organisms and a taxa to wh ich they belong
Classif icat ion of organisms is important for the following reasons: i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
It is essent ial that we are able to distinguish between beneficial and harmful varieties. It is important to record the worlds biodiversity To communicate biological knowledge efficiently between scient is ist s To develop strategies for protection and conservation of endangered species.
Classification system
There are two types of classif icat ion: A. Art if icial B.
classif icat ion Natural classif icat ion A. Artificial
classification
This classif icat ion often categorize the organism based on economic or pract ical purpose Several characterist ics are simple and easy to observe (eg.flower color, habit ) Many plant s in a category are not closely related to each other by descent cent from from a common ancestor
B. Natural Natural
classification
Natural classif icat ion consider embryological, morphological, anatomical, physiological and behavioral of the organ isms to determine the different or similarity among them. There are ba sically two type of natura l classif icat ion schemes:
Phenet ic Phylogenet ic
A. Phenetic Phenetic
classification
Phenetic classification is a classification system which based on overall similar similarities ities It is based on the number of shared observable characteristics between organisms It is a quantitative approachapproach - tthe he more more mo measurable similarities there are, the more likely two organisms are to belong to the same group
.Phylogenetic B Phylogenetic
classification
Phylogenetic classification is a classification system which based on evolutionary history, history, or pattern of descent Organisms are grouped based on shared characteristics which reflect evolutionary relationship This
means that organisms in the same group are believed to have a common ancestor
Classif icat ion hierarchy
Classif icat ion hierarchy= Taxonomy hierarchy Nature is character ized by diversity. No two individuals are exact ly alike. These classif icat ions can be arranged in order from the most inclusive group (kingdom) to the least inclusive group (species)
THE SEVEN M AIN TAXONOMIC RANK KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
The highest taxonomic category A group of organisms constructed on a similar plan and thought to be evolutionary relate
A group of related order A category of taxonomic classification ranking above the family and below the class A group of related plants or animal forming a category ranking above a genus and below an order and usually comprising several to many genera A class, kind, or group marked by common characteristics or by one common characteristic A category of biological classification ranking immediately immediately below the genus or subgenus
Major Taxonomic Ranks
Taxa
K ingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus (plural:genera) Species
Plantae Magnoliophyta
Liliopsida Arecales Arecaceae Cocos Cocos nucif era
Eg. Magnoliophyta is a taxon placed at the rank of phylum; Liliopsida is a taxon placed at the ran k of class
Major Taxonomic Ranks
K ingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus (plural:genera) Species Eg. Chordata is a taxon placed at the rank of phylum; Mammalia is a taxon placed at the rank of class
Taxa Animalia Chordata Mammalia
Primates Homonidae Homo sapiens
Living thing
Cell type
Cel l type
Prokaryotic
Domain Eubacteria - Kingdom bacteria
Domain Archea - Kingdom Euryachaeota
Eukaryotic
Domain Eukarya - Ki Kingdom plantae - Kingd Kingdom om animalia animalia - Kingd Kingdom om fungi fungi
Carolus Linnaeus
Lat inized as Carolus Linnaeus or Carl Linnaeus , also known as Carl von Linné (May 23, 23, 1707 1707 January 10, 10, 1778), was a Swedish b botan otanist , physician and zoologist who lead the foundat ions for the modern scheme of nomenc of nomenclat ure. He is known as the "father "father of modern taxonomy." He is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology.
Nomenclature: omenclature: Linnaeus system
o
Nomenclature refer to the naming of organisms based on the Binomial Linneaus system. Binomial system devised by Carolus Linnaeus Each type of organism is given a two two--part -part Lat in name: First word is the genus name , begins with capital letter. Second word is the species name and begins with small letter The scient if ic name is printed in italics or underlined when handwritten When scient if ic names are used, there is no two species can have the same scient if ic name
M AJOR CROPS TAXONO MY K K-- Plantea
D-- Magnoliophyta D C C-- Liliopsida OO- Areca Arecales F F-- Arecaceae Arecaceae G G-- Elaeis SS- guineensis, oleifera eis is g guineensis uin ee eensis = Elae KK - Plantea D- Magnoliophyta DC- Liliopsida COO- Areca Arecales FF- Arecaceae Arecaceae GG- Coc Cocus SS- nusifera Cocus nusif nusif e errra a = Cocus nusif
KK DDCCOOFFGGSS-
Plantea Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Hevea Hevea bra brasiliensis Heve v ea b brrasili asili e en nsis nsis = He
KK DDCCOOFFG G-SS-
Plantea Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Poo Pooles Poaceae Poaceae Ory Oryza sat iva = Oryza sativa
Classification of Plantae
-cells, Plantae:- a group of organisms mult i-ce eukaryote and autotroph and contain chlorophyllll.. At least 9 phylum/division can be recognize in Plantae kingdom such as: Bryophyta,Filicinophyta,Spenophyta,Lycopodophyta,Gingkoph yta,Coniferophyta,Cycadop ferophyta,Cycadophyta,Gnetophyt hyta,Gnetophyta a and Angiospermatophyta
The important phylum is Angiospermatophyta
Angiospermatophyta
The main characterist ic of Angiospermatophyta:1.
2. 3.
Seed produce in ovary that develop to fruit Flowering and fruiting Complex vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
This phylum divided into 2 main classes:
Monocotyledon
Dicotyledon
SEED LEAVES
LEAF VEINS
ST EMS
FLOWERS
ROOTS
MONOCOTS
One cotyledon
Main veins usually parallel
Vascular bundles in Floral parts usually complex in multiples of three arrangement
Fibrous root system
DICOTS
Two cotyledons
Main veins usually netlike
Vascular bundles arranged in ring
Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five
Taproot usually present
5.1
COMPARISION BETWEEN«.
Monocotyledon
One
cotyledon
Dicotyledon
Two cotyledon
Veins usually parallel
Veins usually netlike
Vascular bundles usually complex arranged
Vascular bundles usually arranged in ring
Fibrous root system
Taproot usually present
No cambium
Have cambium
Floral parts usually in multiples of three
Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five
Quiz 1.
2.
3.
Def ine the following terms:- Taxonomy Taxonomy - Nomenc Nomenclat ure Why organism classif icat ion are important? State 7 main taxonomy rank
