Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano Arellano Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment CHAPTER THE PR!"#E$ A%& 'TS SETT'%(S '%TR!&UCT'!%:
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimates that each day, over 4,000 people under the age of 18 try their first cigarette This amounts to more than !"0,000 ne# smo$ers each year The %inal &eport of the National 'ommission on Drug(%ree Schools indicates that children and adolescents consume more than one )illion pac$s of cigarettes every year year *ccordi *ccording ng to economist economist +enneth +enneth arner, rner, -hD, the to)acco industry needs .,000 ne# young smo$ers every day in order to maintain the total num)er of smo$ers The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates
that /0 of smo$ers )egin their tobacco usage )efore age 0 2f
these, .0 )egin to)acco use )y age 14 and . )egin their use )y age 1 'hildren are three times more sensitive to advertising as concluded in the *pril 1//3 ournal of 5ar$eting study The three most heavily advertised cigarette )rands are Marlboro , Ne#port, and 'amel The 1//4 Center for Disease Control 6'D'7 report concluded that 83 of underage smo$ers prefer one of these three )rands *s the pu)lic )ecame more educated on the effects of smo$ing, the amount of smo$ers dropped
and is currently a)out 0 hile smo$ing among adults consistently declined over time, smo$ing rates for high school students )egan to increase in the early 1//0s They did not )egin to decrease until the end of the decade 2ne study in the ournal of the *merican 5edical *ssociation *ssociation sho#ed that, Seventy(t#o percent of students reported e9perimenting #ith, formerly, formerly, or ever smo$ing cigarettes, and " reported smo$ing in the past "0 days Students #ho had participated in interscholastic sports #ere less li$ely to )e regular and heavy smo$ers Smo$ing initiation rates increased rapidly after age 10 and pea$ed at age 1" to 14 Students #ho )egan smo$ing at age 1 or younger #ere more li$ely to )e regular and heavy smo$ers than #ere students #ho )egan smo$ing at older ages 6 Escobedo LG, 200! :ifetime cigarette use among students in the -hilippines #as common ;n 000 and 00", a)out 4 in 10 students reported ever smo$ing cigarettes ;n 000 and 00", )oys #ere significantly more li$ely than girls to have ever smo$ed *)out 1 in ! students #ho had smo$ed cigarettes reported smo$ing their first cigarette )efore age 10 in 000 and 00" #ith no significant difference )y gender 'urrent to)acco use and li$ely initiation of smo$ing among students have significantly declined )et#een 000 and 00" The percentage of students #ho reported )eing a current cigarette smo$er and currently using other to)acco products fell dramatically 6ones, 6ones, 00"7 Smo$ Smo$in ing g mean meanss a pers person on has has form formed ed an un unco cont ntro roll lla) a)le le depe depend nden ence ce on cigare cigarette ttess to the point point #here #here stoppi stopping ng smo smo$in $ing g #ould #ould cause cause severe severe emoti emotiona onal, l,
and is currently a)out 0 hile smo$ing among adults consistently declined over time, smo$ing rates for high school students )egan to increase in the early 1//0s They did not )egin to decrease until the end of the decade 2ne study in the ournal of the *merican 5edical *ssociation *ssociation sho#ed that, Seventy(t#o percent of students reported e9perimenting #ith, formerly, formerly, or ever smo$ing cigarettes, and " reported smo$ing in the past "0 days Students #ho had participated in interscholastic sports #ere less li$ely to )e regular and heavy smo$ers Smo$ing initiation rates increased rapidly after age 10 and pea$ed at age 1" to 14 Students #ho )egan smo$ing at age 1 or younger #ere more li$ely to )e regular and heavy smo$ers than #ere students #ho )egan smo$ing at older ages 6 Escobedo LG, 200! :ifetime cigarette use among students in the -hilippines #as common ;n 000 and 00", a)out 4 in 10 students reported ever smo$ing cigarettes ;n 000 and 00", )oys #ere significantly more li$ely than girls to have ever smo$ed *)out 1 in ! students #ho had smo$ed cigarettes reported smo$ing their first cigarette )efore age 10 in 000 and 00" #ith no significant difference )y gender 'urrent to)acco use and li$ely initiation of smo$ing among students have significantly declined )et#een 000 and 00" The percentage of students #ho reported )eing a current cigarette smo$er and currently using other to)acco products fell dramatically 6ones, 6ones, 00"7 Smo$ Smo$in ing g mean meanss a pers person on has has form formed ed an un unco cont ntro roll lla) a)le le depe depend nden ence ce on cigare cigarette ttess to the point point #here #here stoppi stopping ng smo smo$in $ing g #ould #ould cause cause severe severe emoti emotiona onal, l,
menta mental, l, or ph physi ysical cal reacti reactions ons
ust ho# ris$y and addictive it is 'hances are that a)out one in three smo$ers #ho do not stop #ill eventually die )ecause of their smo$ing Some #ill die in their 40s, others #ill die later 2n average, they #ill die 10 to 1. years earlier than they #ould have died from other causes 5ost smo$ers #ant #ant to stop stop and and do inde indeed ed try try, )u )utt on only ly on onee in thre threee succ succee eeds ds in stop stoppi ping ng permanently )efore )efore age 30 6-N +em)o>a, 0087 0087 *ccording to the 55D*, minors #ho smo$e in pu)lic cannot )e simply arrested Smo$ers in pu)lic, once caught, are made to pay a -.00 fine, #hile those #ho cannot pay the penalty are made to render eight hours of community service 55D* 'hairman %rancis Tolentino said the agency has formed a tas$ force to closel closely y mo monit nitor or esta)l esta)lish ishme ments nts and street street vendor vendorss for for pos possi) si)le le violat violation ion of the To)acco &egulations *ct, especially those #ho are selling cigarettes to minors, including students 6The -hilippine Star, 01"7 ;nformation a)out the harmful effects of cigarette smo$ing #ill )e integrated into the )asic education curriculum, the Department of
5any %ilipinos die due to smo$ing(related diseases 2n a daily )asis, 40 %ilipinos die )ecause of these smo$ing(related diseases such as heart failure, stro$e, chronic o)structive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease and many cancers This
accounts for 8!,300 deaths due to smo$ing(related diseases in the country every year 6H2, 00/)7 ;n connection #ith these dangers of smo$ing, there are increasing num)ers of %ilipino smo$ers and an alarming num)er of youth smo$ers &epu)lic *ct of /116as cited in Department of
"ackground of t)e stud*:
Smo$ing is a practice in #hich to)acco is )urned and the smo$e is inhaled Smo$ing that contains To)acco in #hich to)acco is an agricultural product that forms nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health
Smo$ing usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to )egin Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping teenagersB attitude, )eliefs, and intentions a)out smo$ing -arents, friends and cultural influences play ma>or roles in #hether adolescents ta$e up smo$ing at such a young age Despite their $no#ledge of the unhealthy conseCuences of smo$ing, young people often fall victim to their surroundings *dolescents need to )e reminded of the potential ha=ards of smo$ing to resist the temptations so many of them face The researcher motivates to do this study, )ecause it helps to provide necessary information a)out the effects of cigarette smo$ing in the students y doing this, the researcher needs to )e a#are a)out this e9isting pro)lem and )e )etter to $no# the early prevention in the effects of cigarette smo$ing e the researchers reali=ed that )y doing this study #ill help #ill help others )y giving them additional information a)out the effects of cigarette smo$ing in among students to minimi=e the incidence in acCuiring disease regarding on this pro)lem Statement of t)e Stud*:
The researchers #ant to determine the +no#ledge of Students Smo$ers and its effect in terms of -hysical, Social, and -sychological
1 Specifically to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the follo#ingA
a *ge ) Eender c Socio(economic Status
hat is the level of +no#ledge of the Student Smo$ers regarding the effects of Smo$ing in terms ofF
a -hysical ) Social c -sychological
" ;s there a significant relationship )et#een the demographic profile of the respondents and the $no#ledge of the student smo$ers regarding on its effects
HypothesisA
There is no significant relationship )et#een the demographic profile of the respondents and the level of $no#ledge of the studentBs smo$ers and its effects
Significance of the studyA
StudentsA
This research #ill guide the student smo$ers in different facts a)out cigarette smo$ing that #ill help them to gain $no#ledge and )etter understand the ris$ of smo$ing %amilyA
;t #ill increase their a#areness on the effects of cigarette smo$ing y this it #ill influenced their children in avoiding any smo$ing practices
'ommunityA
This study #ill facilitate change )y ma$ing them reali=e the dangers of cigarette smo$ing Through methods from this study, a comprehensive community()ased care could )e utili=ed
Healt) Pro+ider:
This study #ill contri)ute to the gro#ing concern against cigarette smo$ing and provide them an additional data from assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of ongoing measures, thus continuously improving current trends #ith regards to smo$ing prevention
Sc)ool Administration
This research study #ill provide a rich )ac$ground and overvie# of student smo$ers in *rellano University This is may also serve a )asis #ith the school in providing the students in terms of -hysical, Social, and -sychological effects of 'igarette Smo$ing
(o+ernment
This study is significant endeavor in promoting proper la# implementation of among the youth today This is also helpful to those government agencies li$e Dep
%uture &esearchersA
The future researchers can assess the data provided )y this study and #ill significant literature that can )e used as a )asis for comparison of results #ith their related topics %urthermore this may serve as a guide for novice researchers #ho are eager to ta$e the path of continuing e9cellence in doing &esearch Studies
Scope and &elimitations:
This study #ill focused in student smo$ers to determine the $no#ledge of students regarding on the effects of cigarette smo$ing This #as held at *rellano University ose *)ad Santos -asay 'ampus on 4 th #ee$ of uly 01" #as the target date to collect data among the respondents )y doing an intervie#
&efinition of Terms:
Knowledge: ;t is the level of understanding of studentBs smo$ers regarding on the
effects of cigarette smo$ing Smoking: This is the practice in holding or puffing the smo$e cigarette or to)acco
Smoker: * person #ho ha)itually smo$es to)acco in .(/ stic$s a day
'igaretteA 5anufacture product made of to)acco that is used for smo$ing
P)*sical: &elating to the )ody changes result to the conseCuences of cigarette smo$ing
SocialA ;t is ho# a person communicates #ith others #ith the use of to)acco
Ps*c)ological: &elated to the mental and emotional state of a person related to cigarette smo$ing
CHAPTER ,
RE-'E. RE#ATE& #'TERATURE A%& STU&'ES :ocal Re+iew Related #iterature
'igarette smo$ing has )ecome so prevalent in the country that students have no# )ecome heavy consumers 5edical professionals prove that cigarette smo$ing among the youth targets them differently from adults *s all are a#are, Nicotine ma$es it e9tremely hard for addicted smo$ers to Cuit the )ad ha)it ;ndeed, the availa)ility of e9tremely afforda)le cigarettes ma$es it easier for the youth to start smo$ing and develop addiction 6Health ustice -hilippines 0117
The use of to)acco continues to )e a ma>or cause of health pro)lems #orld#ide There is currently an estimated 1" )illion smo$ers in the #orld, #ith 4/ million people dying )ecause of to)acco use in a year ;f this trend continues, the num)er of deaths #ill increase to 10 million )y the year 00, !0 of #hich #ill )e coming from countries li$e the -hilippines 6The &ole of Health -rofessionals in To)acco 'ontrol, H2, 00.7 The orld Health 2rgani=ation released a document in 00" entitled -olicy &ecommendations for Smo$ing 'essation and Treatment of To)acco Dependence This document very clearly stated that as current statistics indicate, it #ill not )e possi)le to reduce to)acco related deaths over the ne9t "0(.0 years unless adult smo$ers are encouraged to Cuit *lso, )ecause of the addictiveness of to)acco products, many to)acco users #ill need support in Cuitting -opulation survey reports sho#ed that appro9imately one third of smo$ers attempt to Cuit each year and that ma>ority of these attempts are underta$en #ithout help Ho#ever, only a small percentage of cigarette smo$ers 61("7 achieve lasting a)stinence, #hich is at least 1 months of a)stinence from smo$ing, using #ill po#er alone 6%iore et al 0007 as cited )y the a)ove policy paper The policy paper also stated that support for smo$ing cessation or treatment of to)acco dependenceG refers to a range of techniCues including motivation, advice and guidance, counselling, telephone and internet support, and appropriate
pharmaceutical aids all of #hich aim to encourage and help to)acco users to stop using to)acco and to avoid su)seCuent relapse
The national smo$ing infrastructure is mandated )y the To)acco &egulations *ct #hich orders the Department of Health to set up #ithdra#al clinics *s such D2H *dministrative 2rder No 1 s 00" titled The Smo$ing 'essation -rogram to support the National To)acco 'ontrol and Healthy :ifestyle -rogram allo#ed the setting up of the National Smo$ing 'essation -rogram The young and the poor, #ho smo$e and drin$ e9cessively, are dying every day Ten %ilipinos die from to)acco use every hour, resulting in 40 deaths every day and 8!,300 deaths every year This is a health crisis The main reason is lo# prices of cigarettes and alcohol The -hilippines has one of the lo#est prices of the t#o products in Southeast *sia ecause cigarettes are so cheap, the -hilippines have one of the highest smo$ing rates in the estern -acific * 00/ survey sho#ed that 8" percent of %ilipinos #ere smo$ers ;t is estimated that some 1!" million %ilipinos #ho are 1. years old engage in smo$ing To discourage %ilipinos from smo$ing, #e have to raise ta9es &aise the prices of cigarettes and alcohol, and fe#er people #ill )uy them ou cannot argue #ith the math &aise the prices of to)acco )y !0 percent and you prevent a Cuarter of all smo$ing(related deaths #orld#ide oth rich and poor smo$e, )ut it is the poor #ho get sic$ more often ThatBs )ecause the poorest sector spends more for to)acco, than for education, clothing or health 6-hilippine Daily ;nCuirer 01"7
The 'onstitution is neutral on the use of cigarettes and alcohol ;f a %ilipino citi=en #ants to smo$e and if )ig companies #ant to ma$e )ig profits from the so( called sinsG of smo$ing and drin$ing alcohol, they are free to do so ut unli$e ordinary citi=ens, %ilipinos #ho are mem)ers of 'ongress are not free to ignore the present disastrous chain of circumstances 'igarette smo$e contains some !0 chemicals #hich cause cancer Deaths from stro$e and heart attac$ are most commonly associated #ith smo$ing as a ris$ factor ;n its #isdom, the 'onstitution proclaims health as a fundamental right, and accordingly imposes on the state the duty to protect the peopleBs right to health and to in still health consciousness 6-hilippine Daily ;nCuirer 01"7 To)acco use is one of the ma>or preventa)le causes of premature death and disease in the #orld * disproportionate share of the glo)al to)acco )urden falls on developing countries, #here an estimated 84 of the #orldIs 1" )illion current smo$ers live The Elo)al outh To)acco Survey 6ETS7, part of the Elo)al To)acco Surveillance System 6ETSS7 initiated )y the orld Health 2rgani=ation 6H27 and 'D', #as developed to monitor youth to)acco use, attitudes a)out to)acco, and e9posure to to)acco smo$e, and has )een completed )y appro9imately 14 million students in 1"" countries * $ey goal of ETSS is for countries to conduct the ETS every 4 years This report presents findings from the ETS conducted in the -hilippines in 000 and 00", #hich revealed su)stantial declines in the proportions of students aged 1"((1. years #ho currently smo$ed cigarettes, currently used other to)acco products, #ere li$ely to start smo$ing
in the ne9t year, or #ere e9posed to second(hand smo$e in pu)lic place The findings also indicated an increase in the proportion of students #ho supported )ans on smo$ing in pu)lic places, had learned a)out the dangers of to)acco use in school, and had seen anti(to)acco messages in media and advertising -u)lic health authorities in the -hilippines should evaluate their current to)acco(control programs and enhance or e9pand them to further reduce youth smo$ing 655&, 00.7 The latest surveys in the -hilippines indicate that one of every three adult %ilipinos currently smo$e, "" of countryBs adult population *nother 1" count themselves as e9(smo$ers 2nly four out of ten -hilippine households are smo$e(free ith an average of .1 mem)ers per household, there #ould )e appro9imately ". million passive smo$ers in the country To)acco use in %ilipino youth is alarming *)out "0 of adolescents in the ur)an areas smo$e, and of these, more than !0 started smo$ing )et#een the ages 1"(1. 2n a national level, the study says that as much as 40 of )oys and 1/ of girls aged 10(14 are already daily smo$ers The age 1.(1/, "8 of )oth male and female %ilipinos are already considered regular smo$ers 6D2H, 0117 *nti(to)acco mass media campaigns can )e cost effective compared #ith other interventions despite the e9pense reCuired, and can have a greater impact )ecause they reach large populations Cuic$ly and efficiently 6D2H, 0117 The To)acco &egulation *ct of 00" 6&epu)lic *ct No /117 prohi)its smo$ing in all pu)lic places, and prohi)its to)acco sales #ithin 100 m of schools, playgrounds, and other facilities freCuented )y youth ;t reCuires retailers to demand proof of age from
cigarette )uyers, and display signs stating that it is an offence to sell cigarettes to persons less than 18 years *ll sponsorship shall )e )anned )y 1 uly 008 Jiolators of this ne# *ct #ill )e fined )et#een .00 pesos 6a)out USK107 to 400 000 pesos 6a)out USK!,!07 and can )e imprisoned from "0 days to three years To)acco companies have prepared for these restrictions %or e9ample, a ritish *merican To)acco )rand manager stated in 004 that future mar$eting #ould )e focused on one(to(one permission mar$etingG in order to counter restrictions placed on mass media strategies Here, consumers provide mar$eters #ith permission to send them promotional messages thus improving targeting precision -ermission mar$eting allo#s us to tal$ to consumers on their level, on their turfG %urther, the &epu)lic *ct No /11 mandated the creation of ;nter(agency 'ommittee(To)acco 6;*'(To)acco7 ;ts tas$s have included the crafting of the implementing rules and regulations 6;&&7 of the said la# and the su)seCuent e9clusive po#er of administration and implementation The ;*'(To)acco has nine mem)ers, including seven representatives from government agencies, one from the to)acco industry, and one from a non(government organi=ation The National To)acco *dministration has a long history of pro(to)acco policy The Department of Trade and ;ndustry, #hich heads the ;*'(To)acco, has also )een la)eled as pro(to)acco )y anti( to)acco activists The orld Health 2rgani=ation has concluded that 'ontinuing efforts to enact comprehensive legislation have yet to achieve victoryG in the -hilippines
S/%THES'S
To)acco smo$ing really hits the young ones around the age of 10(1/ years old Some of the factors that incurred young ones to smo$e are the follo#ing, separation of parents that are career oriented, parents are #or$ing a)road, parentBs dives not have time for their children sorted to find a group #here they can hang out together and from #hich they #ill feel secured ; #ould say that the peer group really influence the young individual especially #hen they long for their -arents emotional attachment and if and only if the peer group #ere all smo$ing, there is no #ay that young individual #ont ;t ta$es a lot of courage to have a self Lcontrol )ut most of the time and sad to say that they can easily )e dragged to develop )ad vices li$e smo$ing The good thing is the government got so involved and alarmed #ith the high rates of young people smo$ing and they came out to do a lot of studies and research on ho# they can help these young ones that got involved in smo$ing and divert their attention into more productive #ay and educate the parents so they #ill also )e involve in ma$ing it possi)le to at least change and decrease the rate of smo$ing young individual 5ost of the places they )anned the smo$ing in pu)lic places indoor restaurants and esta)lishments and hospitals, schools and even inside the apartment or houses )ecause of the ha=ardous effect to#ards individual * glo)al effect #as )eing done already a)out the )ad effects it can give them li$e ailments that #ill de)ilitate their health condition related to smo$ing
0oreign Re+iew Related #iterature
Smo$ing is a practice in #hich to)acco is )urned and the smo$e is inhaled Smo$ing that contains To)acco in #hich to)acco is an agricultural product that forms nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health Smo$ing usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to )egin Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping teenagersB attitude, )eliefs, and intentions a)out smo$ing To)acco is an her) that can )e smo$ed or che#ed, directly affects the )rain hile its primary active ingredient is nicotine, to)acco smo$e contains almost 400 other compounds and chemicals, including gases, liCuids, particles, tar, car)on mono9ide, cadmium, pyridine, nitrogen dio9ide, ammonia, )en=ene, phenol, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide Nicotine is a colorless, oily compound, and poisonous in concentrated amounts ;f you inhale #hile smo$ing, /0 percent of the nicotine in the smo$e is a)sor)ed in your )ody
addictive drug that should )e regulated %aster than an in>ection, smo$ing speeds nicotine to the )rain in seconds Nicotine affects the )rain in much the same #ay as cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines, triggering the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated #ith pleasure and addiction, as #ell as other messenger chemicals ecause nicotine acts on some of the same )rain regions stimulated )y interactions #ith love ones, smo$ers come to regard cigarettes as friends that they turn to #hen theyBre stressed, sad, or mad 6Hales, 0037
Smo$ing is one of the ma>or death causes in the #orld Since the mid t#entieth century more than 30 million people have died #orld#ide due to to)acco use 6or roles in #hether adolescents ta$e up smo$ing at such a young age Despite their
$no#ledge of the unhealthy conseCuences of smo$ing, young people often fall victim to their surroundings *dolescents need to )e reminded of the potential ha=ards of smo$ing to resist the temptations so many of them face *dolescents )ecome more li$ely to smo$e #hen a parent smo$es and the ris$ increases #ith the num)er of smo$ing parents, according to a study pu)lished in the %e)ruary 00/ issue of -ediatrics, the >ournal of the *merican *cademy of -ediatrics &esearchers from several universities, including the Harvard School of -u)lic Health, ro#n University and North#estern University, studied .34 adolescents, aged 1 to 1!, along #ith their parents The ris$ of smo$ing for adolescents increased #ith the length of time they #ere e9posed to their parentsI smo$ing 'hildren of parents #ho Cuit smo$ing #ere no more li$ely to smo$e than children of parents #ho never smo$ed, the researchers found There #as an increased chance )oys #ould smo$e #hen their fathers smo$ed 5ayo 'linic states that many adolescents smo$e as a form of re)ellion or to feel independent, the friends #ho smo$e have the a)ility to convince other teens to smo$e *dolescents may #ant to fit in #ith a group of friends and ta$e up smo$ing to feel cool Teens may smo$e thin$ing it ma$es them loo$ )etter to their peers They also ta$e up smo$ing as a #ay to lose #eight in some cases Smo$ing at a young age intensifies the ris$ of )ecoming addicted to nicotine, the US 'enters for Disease 'ontrol and -revention 6'D'7 says They tend to suffer the same $ind of #ithdra#al symptoms as
adults * 008 survey of high school students #ho smo$ed found that half tried to Cuit smo$ing cigarettes during the previous 1 months of the survey, the 'D' reports * lot of research has )een conducted in the field of ris$ factors for smo$ing initiation and continuation among adolescents -revious research on smo$ing implied that the nearest environment of an adolescent is one of the most important factors in the initiation process, especially parents and )est friends 6othmer, 5attsson M %ridlund, 007 During adolescence there is an increase of the amount of time spending #ith friends and a decrease of time spends #ith parents 6Darling M 'umsille, 00"7 -arental influence remains strong in adolescentBs decision ma$ing, and especially in areas involving adolescentBs values and long(term goals, li$e career choice 6auman, 'arver M Eleiter, 0017 Ho#ever, since the time spend #ith peerBs increases, peer influence, #hich is the mechanism in #hich adolescents )ecome more similar to their peers )y interacting #ith them, is crucial during adolescence and especially in day to day activities That is #hy this investigation #ill focus on the e9tent to #hich the nearest environment, including peers and parents, influences adolescentBs smo$ing )ehaviour 6Darling M 'umsille, 00"7 The Elo)al outh To)acco Survey 6ETS7 is a >oint pro>ect of H2, the US 'enters for Disease 'ontrol and -revention, the 'anadian -u)lic Health *ssociation and most H2 mem)er states The ETS is a schools()ased survey of teenagers aged 1"L1., #hich has ena)led consistent data collection from "/. sites encompassing 1"1 countries, plus the Ea=a Strip and the est an$ 2verall, 10 of surveyed students had used some form of to)acco product in the "0 days
prior to the survey Smo$ing rates #ere highest in the
current daily smo$ers and a concurrent decrease in less freCuent smo$ing The prevalence of youth #ho reported that they had never tried smo$ing remained unchanged for )oth grades 3L/ 6!87 and grades 10L1 6.7 ;relandIs Health ehaviour in School(aged 'hildren Survey 003 reported that 1. of 10L1! year olds #ere current smo$ers * schools()ased study in
*s of 008, there #ere 43 million adult smo$ers in the United States, according to the 'enters for Disease 'ontrol 6'D'7 That means 03 percent of people over 18 e9pose themselves to the disadvantages of smo$ing cigarettes Some are >ust inconveniences, #hile others are serious health ris$s Smo$ers face a host of disease and an increased death ris$ 6Nefer, 0107 "ccording to #H$ %20&0!, tobacco
use is the biggest contributor to the non'communicable diseases epidemic in the (orld) "nd among its e*ects include heart attac+, cancer, stro+e and emphsema)
S*nt)esis:
Smo$ing is a dangerous ha)it #hich #as no# )eing acCuired )y the young ones as early as ages 10, 1 , and 18 years old ,if #e have to see the statistics of all smo$ers ,it is indeed very alarming $no#ing that in the study that #as mentioned
earlier that the country needs at least .,000 young ones to start smo$ing to maintain their num)ers and so that means to maintain their income ;t #as said clearly that #hen u start smo$ing at a very early age of 1 then that is most li$ely )e considered a heavy smo$ers ;n my point of vie# teenagers #ho tried smo$ing has a lot of rationale )ehind it ,>ust for one e9ample a young teenager that ;Ive $no#n and very close to me has had his try to smo$e and mainly )ecause his mother is not around and he missed his mother so much )ecause his mother #or$ed as an 2% , )ut )ecause his other si)lings #ere also close to each other and ma$e him reali=ed that smo$ing is not a good outlet and that for me is one of the reason #hy young teenagers #ent to try * lot of things in their life >ust to get out of a messy #orld they have even temporarily, others got #orse )ecause there #as no parental guidance, and that for me is very crucial and most of the young ones do that )ecause they are still vulnera)le and come to thin$ a)out it #hen they smo$e they thought theyIre matured enough ut it is * good thing that our Eovernment is ma$ing use of all the precautionary measures to prevent teenagers from smo$ing and )y incorporating it in the curriculum is the )est #ay to achieve the goal of decreasing the num)ers of smo$ing teenagers, )ecause they #ill tend to $no# the importance Pessence of life and treating our )ody right i totally agree that most of the out of school youth also got easily affected of it and those that are active in sports tend not to engage themselves to such vices )ecause theyIre #ell educated to $no# the conseCuences and the )ad outcome of it for their health i donIt see no reason of not incorporating it
in the curriculum )ecause it #ill indeed enlighten a lot of our young teenagers to $no# ho# )ad it could cause to our )ody i totally agree to all the measures that the Eovernment is trying to reach young people to at least decrease the num)ers of people smo$ing especially in young ones )ecause it means there #ill )e less smo$ers in the future if that #ill )e appropriately implemented
Conceptual 0ramework
-nput
.ro/le of the respondents in terms of "ge Gender Socio' Economic status
.rocess 1no(ledge of students smo+ers on the cigarette smo+3he /gure - presents conceptual paradigm of the stud and its frame(or+
-nput
"n "ssessment
three variables input, process and output) 3he input identi/ed in this stud is the pro/le of the respondents (hich is .rogram to enhance composed of their age, the 1no(ledge of gender and Student Smo+ers and socio'economic status) 3he process (ill be The figure ; presents conceptual paradigm of the study and its frame#or$ the 1no(ledge of students presented in three varia)lesA input, process and output The input identified in this smo+ers on the cigarette study is the profile of the respondents #hich is composed of their age, gender and smo+ing in terms socio(economic status The process #illof)e the +no#ledge of studentBs smo$ers on phsical, social, the cigarette smo$ing in terms ofand physical, social, and psychological pschological) The important information )e gathered through the use of survey 3he#ill important information (ill Cuestionnaires made )y the researchers Through these survey Cuestionnaires, the be gathered through thean outcome of an assessment to the respondents #ill )e a)le to come up #ith use of surve $no#ledge of studentBs smo$ers on the cigarette smo$ing #ill serve as a )asis for 4uestionnaires
made b the future researchers in formulating their health promotion program among the call researchers) 3hrough these center agents surve 4uestionnaires, T)eoretical 0ramework the respondents (ill be able to come up (ith an outcome of
+no(ledge of students smo+ers on the cigarette The health promotion model descri)es the multi dimensional nature of persons smo+ing (ill as they interact #ithin their environment to a pursue health 6-ender, 1//37 serve as basis for future researchers in The health promotion is not >ust a)out disease prevention Health promotion formulating descri)es )ehaviors an individual can perform their health to )ring greater longevity and a high promotion Cuality of life Health promotion can )ring a)out a sense of #ell)eing and harmony program to the individual, can increaseamong energy,the andcall can also decrease social pro)lems center agents) including violence and suicide 6-eterson M redo#, 00/7 *dolescence can )e an ing in terms of important time for intervention and encouragement of health promotion *dolescents .hsical are uniCue in that they are not completely independent in their health choices and are Social much more vulnera)le to )oth negative, and positive environmental influences 6Srof .schologi cal M Jelsor(%riederich, 0037 Therefore it is critical that health promotion )e fully e9plored in this population Nola -enderBs Health -romotion Theory is one of the most freCuently used models for health promotion in adolescents 65ontgomery, 007 Nola -enderBs Health -romotion 5odel 6H-57 #as created to serve as a multivariate paradigm for e9plaining and predicting health promoting component of lifestyleG 6-ender, 1//0, p"37 The model is used to assess an individualBs )ac$ground and perceived perceptions of self among other factors to predict health )ehaviors
CHAPTER 1 Researc) $et)odolog*
This chapter presents the research methodology #hich includes the research design, sample and sampling techniCues, instrument used in data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of the data
Researc) &esign
Descriptive research is designed to descri)e the characteristics of )ehaviours of a particular population in a systematic and accurate fashion 6:eary 5 0107
3he researcher (ill use a 5uantitative Descriptive Design of research since the purpose of the stud is to have a necessar approach to complete an accurate assessment the students +no(ledge about the e*ects of smo+ing on their .hsical, Social, and .schological health status)
Sampling &esign
The sampling design that #ill )e use for the study is -urposive or udgmental Sampling ;t is a Non(-ro)a)ility sampling method in #hich the researcher selects the participantBs )ase on the Cualification set )y the researchers -urposive sampling represents a group of different non(pro)a)ility sampling techniCues *lso $no#n as >udgmental, selective or su)>ective sampling, purposive sampling relies on the >udgment of the researcher #hen it comes to selecting the units6eg, people, casesPorgani=ation, events, pieces of data7 that are to )e studied Usually, the sample )eing investigated is Cuite small, especially #hen compared #ith pro)a)ility sampling techniCues 3he main goal of purposive sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest, (hich (ill best enable ou to ans(er our research 4uestions) % Laerd D) 2006!
Respondent of t)e Stud*
The students #ho are currently enrolled this 1 st semester school year 01"( 014 in *rellano University -asay 'ampus 2nly student smo$ers are considered the respondent of the study
Researc) 'nstrument
The researchers #ill use a Cuestionnaire for collecting data in assessing the +no#ledge of Student Smo$ers a)out the harmful effects of smo$ing The Cuestionnaire is self(made #hich #as guided )y )oo$s, related literature and other references The first part is composed of demographic profile of the respondents and the second part of the Cuestionnaire is regarding the +no#ledge of the studentBs smo$ers and its effects on their health in terms of physical, social, psychological
&ata Collection2Procedure
P)ase
The researchers provided a letter sent to the Dean of 'ollege of Nursing in *rellano University ose *)ad Santos -asay 'ampus for the approval of the title and a letter of permission to conduct the said study The researchers #rote a letter to Dr hason ohn 'a)igon a University -hysician of *rellano University ose *)ad Santos -asay 'ampus and to 5s %redeilyn -ena a %aculty of
P)ase ,
;n this phase the distri)ution of Cuestionnaires to the respondents #as provided #ith consent The researchers
#ill e9plain the instructions and the
intention of the researchers to their respondents
Statistical Treatment
The statistical tools to )e used in the interpretation of data and for testing the null hypothesis of the proposed study #ill include percentage and #eighted mean %reCuency distri)ution #ill )e used on the demographic profile of the respondents as to their age, gender, socio(economic status eighted mean #ill )e used on the $no#ledge of studentBs smo$ers and its effect in terms of physical, social and psychological The formula is as follo#s #here, is the mean, ∑ is the summation, Q is the total num)er of scores, N is the total num)er of respondents
C)apter 3 &ata Anal*sis and 0indings ;n this chapter the results of the data analysis are presented The data #ere collected and then processed in response to the pro)lems posed in chapter 1 of this dissertation T#o fundamental goals drove the collection of the data and the su)seCuent data analysis Those goals #ere to develop a )ase on the +no#ledge of Smo$ers and its ectives #ere accomplished
Response Rate
&emograp)ic &ata
0indings
(eneral format
Statistical s*m4ols ithin dissertations 6and other manuscripts7 statistical sym)ols are italici=ed ords, rather than sym)ols, should )e used in the narrative, #hile sym)ols may )e used in ta)les and inside of parentheses #ithin the narrative %or e9ample, The mean of ". for )oys #as higher than the mean of "00 for girls in the sampleG ut, The )oys in the sample scored higher overall 65 R ".7 than the girls 65 R "007G *mong the more commonly used statistical sym)ols are the follo#ingA 5 R mean df R degrees of freedom SD R standard deviation t R t statistic 6t tests7 f R freCuency % R %isherBs statistic 6*N2J*7 p R pro)a)ility r R correlation coefficient 6-earson7 N , n R num)er Q R 'hi(sCuare statistic ;t is also helpful for the reader if some )asic information accompanies the statistical results presented in the te9t ;nformation usually includes such data as degrees of freedom or sample si=e The follo#ing e9amples demonstrate ho# commonly used statistics #ould )e reported in the narrative
1 &esults of the t test for independent samples indicated a significant difference in mean scores for the )oys 65 R "!.7 and girls 65 R "007, t6.07 R .4, p R 04 &esults of the chi(sCuare test indicated a significant association )et#een gender and mathematics achievement, Q6", N R 487 R 1.4, p 0. " &esults of the one(#ay analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in test scores )ased upon studentsB grade levels, %6, 147 R 44, p R 0"3 4
Summar* 5!ptional6 This final section provides a summary of the highlights of the findings from 'hapter 4 and provides a transition to 'hapter .
CHAPTER 7 Summar*8 Conclusions8 &iscussion8 and Recommendations *s #ith most other chapters, a )rief statement introduces 'hapter . p rior to the first section heading of the chapter This introduction generally articulates the contents of 'hapter . and may depict the specific headings into #hich the chapter is divided Summary The Summary section of 'hapter . provides a )rief recap of the entire study Eenerally, this section summari=es the introduction, pro)lem statement and hypothesesPresearch Cuestions,
