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Abdullah Sahly
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(Kinematics)
1-2
:
. . . . .
. (
)
(
(path) (position) (velocity)
.(acceleration) 45
)
. . – 2-2
.(kinematics) .
(dynamics)
. . (inertial frame of reference)
.
(initial conditions)
.(
)
(position vector)
. (Average Velocity) 50
2-2 200 km
.km/h 200 km (average velocity)
(average speed)
.
(
z
A
∆r r1
) p
)
(1-2)
B
r2
((origin)
A
y
t 1
.t 2
x
(1-2)
B A
r1
B
r2 (displacement)
: ∆r = r2 − r1
(1-2)
.B
A 46
:
: ∆t = t 2 − t 1
(2-2)
:
B A
v av =
(3-2)
∆r r2 − r1 = ∆t t 2 − t 1
. .m/s .
80
km/h
.
.
(1-2) (m/s)
1-2
:
3 × 108 3.4 × 10 2
1500
/ 24.4
4.0 × 10
4
1.1 × 10
4
9.6 × 10
2
6.3 × 10
5
7.5 × 10
5
2.0 × 10
2
1.02 × 10
1
∆r
. . B A
. 47
. . – 2-2 (2-2)
. :
y 3 y 2
∆r = r2 − r1 = y 2 − y 1 = h
h
y 1 r3
r2
r1
t 2 t 1
y max
: ∆r = r3 − r0 = y max
(2-2)
∆r = 0 ∆t
!2y max (
)
)
y max / ∆t
.
( . ) .( (
x
(3-2)
p 1 ∆x
x 2 x 1
)
p 2
∆t
( p 2 p 1
0
p 1 p 2
t 1 (3-2)
t 2
t
) .
x =0
. ∆t = t 2 − t 1
∆x = x 2 − x 1 ∆x / ∆t
(3-2)
. . 48
:
(
) −5 m/s
.
+10 m/s
. (Instantaneous Velocity)
3-2
vA
y
B'''
A
∆r r1 r2
o
(4-2)
A
B'' B'
(3-2) A
B
B
∆r
∆t vB
AB
x
(4-2)
:
A
∆r d r = ∆r →0 ∆t dt
v = lim
(4-2)
∆t →0
. .
( (
)
.
5-2
49
)
. 3-2 . – (4-2)
:
oz oy ox v = v x i + v y j + v z k
(5-2)
v z =
(6-2)
dz dt
v y =
dy
v x =
dt
dx dt
1-2
x (t ) = 6t 2 − t + 1
() .
t =0
( )
t
( )
t =3 s
() x (0)=1
x
t =3 s
t =0 s
() :
t =0 s
:
.m
(4-2) v = v x =
dx dt
v (t ) = 12t − 1
:
v (0) = − 1 m/s
1 m/s
:
t =0
1m
. . ( )
t =3 s
: v (3) = 12(3) − 1 = +35 m/s
.(
)
35 m/s
:
t =3 s t =0 s
( )
s = ∆x = x (3) − x (0) = 51 m
(
) 50
:
:
()
t =3 s t =0 s v av =
∆x 51 = = 17 m/s ∆t 3
: r=
(7-2)
(4-2)
∫ vdt 2-2
v(t ) = 2ti + t 2 j − 3 k
v
( )
() .
t =0
t =0
t m/s
5m
() : .(
v(0) = −3k
t =0
3 m/s
)
oz
: r=
( )
(7-2)
∫ vdt = ∫ [2ti + t
2
j − 3k]dt = t 2 i +
1 3
t 3 j − 3tk + c
c
t =0
r=5 i m
:
r
c=5 i
r = (t 2 + 5)i + 13 t 3 j − 3t k m
(Acceleration)
4-2
. (
) ( .
51
. . –
4-2
A
v1
t 1
(7-2)
:
.v2 a av =
(8-2)
y
A
aav
B
.m/s2
v2
v1 v2
t 2
∆v v 2 − v 1 = ∆t t 2 − t 1
∆v
v1
B
:
∆v x
o
:
(7-2)
∆v d v d 2 r = = a = lim dt dt 2 ∆t →0 ∆t
(9-2)
. :
oz oy ox a = a x i + a y j + a z k
(10-2)
(11-2)
a z =
dv z
=
dt
d 2 z
a y =
dt 2
dv y dt
=
d 2 y dt 2
a x =
dv x dt
=
d 2 x dt 2
:
∫
v = adt
(12-2)
(
) .
52
: 3-2
. v (t ) = 3t + 5
m/s
: a =
:
dv = 3 m/s2 dt
. :
∫
x (t ) = vdt =
∫ ( 3t + 5 ) dt =
3 2
t 2 + 5t + c
: s = x ( 3 ) − x (0) = [ 32 (3)2 + 5(3) + c ] − [ 32 (0)2 + 5(0) + c ] = 28.5 m
.
c
5-2
.
9.80 m/s2
. : v = at + v 0
(13-2)
.t =0
(
) : r=
(14-2)
.t =0 53
(12-2)
1 2
v0
(7-2) at 2 + v 0 t + r0
r0
. . – 6-2
.oz
oy ox
1
: v AB =
(15-2)
.( (
2
v1 + v 2 2
)
=
s t
t
s
) . v0 v0=3 j m/s
r0
.t =0
r0=5 i m
(
)
-
( .
) 6-2
.
ox
.
oy ox
: (16-2)
v av =
x 2
x 1
∆x x 2 − x 1 = ∆t t 2 − t 1
54
: x 2>x 1 x 1>x 2
.(
) .
. −8 m/s
−5 m/s
–4 m/s
.
+6 m/s
. . : v =
(17-2)
dx dt
x A
x 2
C
(8-2)
x 1
AB
B o
t 1 (8-3)
t 2
t
B A
.
C 4-2
: () . ( )
t
x (t ) = 3t − 4t 2 + t 3
x
( )
t =4 s t =0 s
t =1,2,3,4 s
t =4 s t =2 s
:
:
x 4
3
2
1
0
t (s)
12
0
−2
0
0
x (m)
: 55
t =4 s t =0 s
. . –
7-2
s = x (4) − x (0) = 12 − 0 = 12 m
: v av =
:
∆x x (4) − x (2) 12 − (−2) = = =7 m 4−2 2 ∆t
()
t =3 s
(17-2) v (t ) =
( )
t =4 s t =2 s
dx = 3 − 8t + 3t 2 dt
⇒
v (3) = 6 m/s
7-2
. :
(14-2)
(13-2)
v = at + v 0
(18-2)
x =
(19-2)
1 at 2 2
+ v 0 t + x 0
: v 2 − v 02 = 2a (x − x 0 ) = 2as
(20-2)
.x a
.
x 0
s
(18-2) a ≠0
.(9-2)
a
(9-2)
56
: 5-2
.(10-2) . v (m/s) A t 2 B
F
t 0
t 3
t 1
t 4
t (s)
(10-2)
:
t =0
(A (B (C
) )
t 1
t 2
(D
t 0
t 1
)
t 3
(
t 2
)
F
)
(E
.
)
)
t 4
.( . 6-2
200 m
30 m/s
.10
m/s 1 m/s2
:
x
:
(19-2)
(11-2)
x
200 m
(11-2)
57
200+x
. . 8-2
– x + 200 =
2 1 at 2
+ 30t
x = 10t
x = 200 (m)
: :
x = 200 + x = 400 m
:
(20-2) v 2 − v 02 = 2as
⇒
v = 10 m/s
(Free Fall)
8-2
(Galileo Galilee 1564-1642)
) ( (gravitational acceleration)
.(
)
9.801 m/s2
. g
. a =−g
: (21-2)
(22-2)
(20-2)
(19-2)
(18-2)
v = −gt + v 0 y = − 12 gt 2 + v 0 t + y 0
58
:
v 2 − v 02 = 2(−g )(y − y 0 ) = −2gs
(23-2)
.s =y −y 0 a =+g
. . . . . 7-2 V 0=5 m/s
50 m
y= 0
() . 50 m
5 m/s
( ) y= 50
)
(11-2)
: (
a =−g
.(11-2) .y 0=0
v 0=+5 m/s
() :
(23-2)
v 2 − v 02 = 2(−g )(y − y 0 ) ⇒ 0 − 25 = 2( −9.8)s ⇒ s = 1.28 m
:(23-2)
59
y =0
y 0=1.28 m
. . 8-2
–
v 2 − v 02 = 2(−g )(y − y 0 ) ⇒ v 2 − 0 = 2( −9.8)(0 − 1.28) ⇒ v 0 = −5 m/s
. . ( ) y 0=0 y =−50 m
:
v 0=+5 m/s
.
(22-2)
y = − 12 gt 2 + v 0t + y 0
⇒ 0 = 12 (−9.8)t 2 + 5t − 50 ⇒ t = 3.75 s
t 2
t 1
.t =t 1+t 2 t 1
5 m/s
: v = −gt + v 0
⇒
0 = −9.8t1 + 5
⇒
t1 = 0.51 s
y =−(50+1.28)= −51.28 m
t 2
: y = − 12 gt 2 + v 0t + y0 ⇒ −51.28 = − 12 ( −9.8)t 22 + 0 + 0 ⇒ t 2 = 3.24 s t = t1 + t 2 = 3.75 s
: .
-
427
965
-
354
) .( 1038 .
. 80
.
-
60
:
v av =
∆r ∆t
d r dt ∆v = ∆t
v = a av
d v d 2 r a = = dt dt 2
⎫ ⎪⎪ r = 12 at 2 + v 0 t + r0 ⎬ ⎪ v 2 − v 02 = 2as ⎪⎭ ⎫ a = g ⎪⎪ v = gt + v o ⎬ ⎪ y = 12 gt 2 + v 0 t + y 0 ⎪ ⎭ v = at + v 0
(
)
1-2
80 km/h
2-2
5 m/s
. 10 s
.2004
3-2
100 m 49.39
13
5000 m
5000 m
.
4-2
100 m/s 30 m
(
)
. .( 61
5-2
21,600 km/h
)
1.4×109
. . – 6-2
100 km/h
( ) .88
km/h
( )
50 m
.
20 s
( ) .80 s
10 s
7-2
100 m
( ) 8-2
4 m/s
( 45°
)
.2 m/s 9-2
60 km/h
. .
50
20
30 m/s
2.4 s
10-2
18 m/s
( t =0
( ) .30
) 11-2
20 m/s m/s
( ).
.1.8
s
x
12-2
1600 km/h
. r = (t 2 + t )i + (3t − 2) j − (2t 3 − 4t 2 )k
13-2
.t =2 s
.
t
r
r = t 3 i + 6 j t − 2t 2 k
r
14-2
. .
100 km/h
2.2 s
t
15-2
62
:
.
16-2
40 cm
50 km/h 40 m
17-2
100 km/h
.
0.4 s
.(
)
x (t ) = 10t 2 − 0.5t 4 + 3
x
t =3 s
18-2
() .
t =2 s
t
( ) v (t ) = 2t + 3t 2 − 1
19-2
.
/
t
20-2
v (m/s)
.(12-2)
3 2 1 -1 -2 -3
v
t (s) 1 2 3
x =1 m
t =0
45
21-2
.
t
x (t ) = 50t + 10t 2
x
(12-
t =3 s 22-2
.100 m
1m
0.1 m/s
(
) 23-2
3×106
.4 cm 20 m
m/s 24-2
5 m/s
. .1.5 100km/h
63
s
60 km/h
25-2
. . –
.15
s
26-2
600 m
27-2
1.2 m/s2
. 1100 m
.1.25
m/s2
28-2
5×106 m/s
15 m
29-2
50 m
. 30-2
1 m/s2 10 s
5 cm/s2
.5 s :
31-2
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
22
20
15
10
5
2
0
0
( ) .1
(m/s)
.
cm≡2 m/s
() 1 cm≡1 s
.
1
.t =13 s 10
(s)
(t ,v )
t =8 s 4s
cm2 32-2
4 m/s2
.
8 m/s2 d
2 m/s2
33-2
3 m/s2 d
.15
m/s
2 s
60 m
.75 m 34-2
64
: 5 m
.1
35-2
10 m/s
m/s2
40 m
36-2
15 m/s
.5 m/s2
0.7 s
37-2
2 m/s2
.10 m/s 30
38-2
30 km/h
.8
m/s2
m 0.75 s
v B v A
.
B A
B
a
A
. v A − v B ≤
( ) .90
39-2
d
2ad
.36 m
40-2
.380 m
41-2 42-2
m/s
( ) .3 s 23
43-2
(stunt)
44-2
() . ( )
100 m 140 cm
( ) .4 s
45-2
1m
( )
65
. . – 46-2
10 m
.4 s 5 m/s
.3 s
47-2
60 m
48-2
. .12
49-2
m/s 10 s
( )
( ) .30 m/s
50-2
( )
6s n
51-2
.a .3
.
(n −1/2)g 52-2
m/s 2m
53-2
29.4 m/s
.
. 54-2
20 m/s2
. .15
m/s
55-2
1 kg E =
. .1 m
m
1 mv 2 2
+ mgh h 56-2
66
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