This document contains a brief selection of rudimentary questions and answers for those interested in cell tower layout and design. More in-depth structural analysis and calculations will be provid...
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mechanism of cell ageing and cell death are described in this presentation.Full description
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Cell site From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A T-Mobile cell site and base transceiver station in Marysville, Washington. Washington.
Mobile phone towers in Jalalpr Jattan, Jattan, !akistan
A short-mast cell site on top of a montain in Wyoming Wyoming,, "#A
$ell on wheels %$&W' wheels %$&W'
An antenna array on top of an electricity pylon
A mobile phone tower in (angaroo !oint, )eensland, )eensland, painted for aircraft visibility.
This *++ feet tall cross at piphany theran $hrch, $hrch, in ake Worth, Florida, conceals eipment for for T-Mobile T-Mobile..
$/MA $ell site antenna cable
$ell site placed atop an e0isting bilding
A cell site or cell tower is is a celllar telephone site where antennae antennae and and electronic commnications eipment are placed, sally on a radio mast, tower or tower or other high place, to create a cell %or ad1acent cells' in a celllar network. network. The elevated strctre typically spports antennae, and one or more sets of transmitter2receivers transceivers transceivers,, digital signal processors, processors, control electronics, a 3!# receiver for receiver for timing %for $/MA4+++ $/MA4+++225#-67 or or 3#M 3#M systems', primary and backp electrical power sorces, sorces, and sheltering.8*98*988third-party source needed 9 5n 3lobal #ystem for Mobile $ommnications %3#M' networks, the correct term is :ase Transceiver #tation %:T#', #tation %:T#', and colloial synonyms are ;mobile phone mast; or ;base ;base station;. station;. The term ;base station site; might better reflect the increasing co-location of mltiple mobile operators, and therefore mltiple base stations, at a single site. /epending on an operator
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Operation8edit edit99 Range8edit edit99 The working range of a cell site %the range which mobile devices connects reliably to the cell site' is not a fi0ed figre. 5t will depend on a nmber of factors, inclding, bt not limited to •
Beight of antenna over srronding terrain %ine-of-sight %ine-of-sight propagation'. propagation'.
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The freency of signal in se.
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Timing limitations in some technologies %e.g., 3#M is limited to =7 km, with C+ km being possible with special eipment'
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The transmitter
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The reired plink2downlink data rate of the sbscriber
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The directional characteristics of the site antenna array.
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>eflection and absorption of radio energy by bildings or vegetation.
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5t may also be limited by local geographical or reglatory factors and weather conditions.
3enerally, in areas where there are enogh cell sites to cover a wide area, the range of each one will be set to •
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nsre there is enogh overlap for ;handover ;handover ; to2from other sites %moving the signal for a mobile device from one cell site to another, for those technologies that can handle it - e.g. making a 3#M phone call while in a car or train'. nsre that the overlap area is not too large, to minimiDe interference problems with other sites.
5n practice, cell sites are groped in areas of high poplation density, with the most potential sers. $ell phone traffic throgh a single site is limited by the base station
The maximum range of a mast %where it is not limited by interference with other masts nearby' depends on the same circmstances. #ome technologies, sch as 3#M, normally have a fi0ed ma0imm range of =7 kilometres %44 mi', which is imposed by technical limitations. limitations. $/MA and 5/ 5/ have have no bilt-in limit, bt the limiting factor is the ability of a low-powered personal cell phone to transmit back to the mast. As a rogh gide, based on a tall mast and flat terrain, it is possible to get between 7+ and C+ km %=+?7 miles'. When the terrain is hilly, the ma0imm distance can vary from as little as 7 kilometres %=.* mi' to I kilometres %7.+ mi' de to encroachment of intermediate ob1ects into the wide center fresnel center fresnel Done of Done of the signal.879 /epending on terrain and other circmstances, a 3#M Tower Tower can replace between 4 and 7+ miles %I+ km' of cabling for fi0ed wireless networks.8@9
Channel reuse8edit edit99 The concept of ;ma0imm; range is misleading, however, in a celllar network. $elllar networks are designed to spport many conversations with a limited nmber of radio of radio channels %slices channels %slices of radio freency spectrm necessary to make one conversation' that are licensed to an operator of a celllar service. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to repeat and rese the same channels at different locations. Jst as a car radio changes from one local station to a completely different local station with the same freency when yo travel to another city, the same radio channel gets resed on a cell mast only o nly a few miles away. To do this, the signal of a cell mast is intentionally kept at low power and in many cases tilted downward to limit its reach. This allows covering an area small enogh not to have to spport more conversations than the available channels can carry. /e to the sectoriDed arrangement of antennas on a tower, it is possible to vary the strength and angle for each sector depending on the coverage from other towers in the area.
Signal limiting factor 8edit edit99 A cellphone may not work at times becase it is too far from a mast, or becase the phone is in a location where cell phone signals are attenated attenated by by thick bilding walls, hills, or other strctres. The signals do not need a clear line clear line of sight bt sight bt greater radio interference will interference will degrade or eliminate reception. When many people try to se the cell mast at the same time, e.g. dring a traffic 1am or a sports event, then there will be a signal on the phone display bt it is blocked from starting a new connection. The other limiting factor for cell phones is the ability to send a signal from its low powered battery to the cell site. #ome cellphones perform better than others nder low power or low battery, typically de to the ability to send a good signal from the phone to the mast. The base station controller %a %a central compter that specialiDes in making phone connections' and the intelligence of the cellphone keeps track of and allows the phone to switch from one mast to the ne0t dring conversation. As the ser moves towards a mast it picks the strongest signal and releases the mast from which the signal has become weakerE that channel on that mast becomes available to another ser. Further information: Frequency reuse
Geolocation8edit edit99 $elllar geolocation is less precise than by 3!# $elllar geolocation 3!#,, bt it is available to devices that do not have 3!# receivers and receivers and where the 3!# is not available. The precision of this system varies and is highest where advanced forward link methods are possible and is lowest where only a single cell site can be reached, in which case the location is only known to be within the coverage of that site. An advanced forward link is where a device is within range of at least three cell sites and where the carrier has implemented timing system se. Another method is sing angle of arrival %AoA' arrival %AoA' and it occrs when the device is in range of at least two cell sites, prodces intermediate precision. Assisted precision. Assisted 3!# ses 3!# ses both satellite and cell phone signals.
5n the "nited #tates, for emergency calling service sing location data %locally called ;nhanced ;nhanced 6**;', 6** ;', it was reired that at least 67K of celllar phones in se on =* /ecember 4++7 spport sch service. Many carriers missed this deadline and were fined by the Federal $ommnications $ommission..8C9 $ommission
Radio power and health 8edit edit99 The ".#. government agency, the F$$, says ;For e0ample, measrement data obtained from varios sorces have consistently indicated that ;worst-case; grond-level power densities near typical celllar towers are on the order of * LW2cm4 or less %sally significantly less'.; 8I9 Further information: Mobile phone radiation radi ation and health § Health hazards of base stations
$ell phones, cell towers, wi-fi, smart meters, /$T phones, cordless phones, baby monitors and other wireless devices all emit non ioniDing radio freencies, which the World Bealth &rganiDation %WB&' has 1st classified as a potential carcinogen. 5t shold be noted however that this is classified as limited evidence available for carcinogenicity, which by definition states ;chance, bias or confonding cold not be rled ot with reasonable confidence.; 869 $indy #age, co-editor of the :ioinitiative >eport writes, ; The WB& 5nternational Agency for >esearch on $ancer has 1st issed its decision that non-ioniDing radiofreency radiation is classified as a 4: %!ossible' $arcinogen. This is the same category as //T, lead, and engine e0hast. This mirrors the 4++* 5A>$ finding that e0tremely low freency %F-MF' that classified as a 4: %!ossible' $arcinogen. This pertained to power freency %power line and appliance' nonioniDing radiation. These two findings confirm that non-ioniDing radiation shold be considered as a possible risk factor for cancersE and that new, biologically-based pblic safety standards are rgently needed. ; /r. ois #lesin has been reporting on this isse for decades.8*+9
Temporary sites8edit edit99
$amoflaged monopole, called ;monopalm;, in Tcson Tcson,, AriDona
$olored to blend in with host bilding in #opot, !oland
Althogh cell antennas are normally attached to permanent strctres, carriers also maintain fl eets of vehicles, called cells-on-wheels %$&Ws', that serve as temporary t emporary cell sites. A generator may be inclded for se where network electrical power is not available, and the system may have a wireless backhal backhal link link allowing se where a wired link is not available. $&Ws are also sed at permanent cell sitesas temporary replacements for damaged eipment, dring planned otages, and to agment capacity sch as dring conventions.
Employment8edit edit99 $ell site workers are called tower climbers or climbers or transmission tower workers. Transmission tower workers often work at heights of p to *,7++ feet, performing maintenance and repair work for celllar phone and other wireless commnications companies.
Spy agency setup8edit edit99 According to docments leaked to /er #piegel, the #A sells a N?+,+++ ;active 3#M base station; to be sed as a tool to mimic a mobile phone tower and ths monitor cell phones.8**9 5n ovember 4+*?, the Wall #treet Jornal reported Jornal reported that the Te Technical chnical &perations 3rop of the ".#. Marshals tiliDes spy devices, known as ;dirtbo0es;, to mimic powerfl cell tower signals. #ch devices are designed to case mobile phones to switch over to the tower, as it is the strongest signal within reach. The devices are placed on airplanes to effectively create a ;dragnet;, gathering data 8*4988*=9 abot phones as the planes travel above poplated areas.8*49
Off-grid systems8edit edit99 This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by article by adding citations to reliable sources. sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and remove this template template message ) removed. (April 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove An off-grid cell site is not connected to the pblic electrical grid. grid. "sally the system is off-thegrid becase grid becase of difficlt access or lack of infrastrctre.
An off-grid power system for a celllar site.
Fel cell or cell or other backp power systems systems are added to critical cell sites to provide emergency power. 8*?98*79 *79 More sites se internal-combstion-engine-driven generator sets.8*?98
Bowever, being less efficient than pblic power, they increase operating e0pense and are a sorce of polltion %atmospheric, acostic, etc.' and some are in areas protected by environment and landscape conservation. >enewable sorces, sorces, sch as solar power and and win wind d powe powerr8*@9 may be available where cell sites are placed. They can be backed p by a fel generator system which allows the cell site to work when the renewable sorces are not enogh. &ne sch energy prodction system consists of •
#olar power generator generator
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Wind generator
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lectro-chemical generator fel cells lectrical energy from intermittent sorces is stored in secondary batteries which are sally designed to have an average of 7 days of self-sfficiency, to allow time for maintenance personnel to arrive at site when a repair is needed. The renewable energy systems spply electrical power when available. The fel cells are activated only when the natral sorces are not enogh to spply the energy the system needs. The emergency power spply %the fel cells' is designed to last an average of *+ days. 5n this way the strctre is completely self-sfficient this enables the maintenance team to pay only few visits to the site, since it is sally hard to get to.
Camouflage8edit edit99
Telestyle Te lestyle a steel strctre decorated with colored glass, in !iaDDa Matteotti, M atteotti, Treviso Treviso,, 5taly
There is often local opposition to new masts for reasons of safety of safety and appearance. The latter is sometimes tackled by disgising the mast as something else, sch as a flag pole, street lamp, lamp, or a tree tree %e.g. %e.g. palm trees, pine trees, cypress..' or rooftop strctres or rban featres sch as chimneys or panels. These concealed cell sites can sites can distingish themselves by foliage shape and bark type. The foliage of all these antennas is composed of leaves made of plastic material accrately designed, taking into consideration antity, shape and array sitable to completely conceal the antennas and all accessory parts in a natral manner. The materials sed garantee absolte radio-electric transparency and resistance to "OA rays. icknames inclde ;monopalm monopalm;; for a monopole disgised as a palm tree or ;!sedopins telephoneyensis; for a mast disgised as a pine tree.8*C9 5n
monopoles, the directional antennas are sometimes hidden in a plastic hosing near the top of the pole so that the crossbars can be eliminated. >ooftop strctres sch as concealment chimneys or panels, @ to *4 meters high, may conceal one or more mobile telephone operators on the same station. >oofmask panels can be fi0ed to e0isting rooftop strctres, restyling them th em ickly and cheaply. Mobile telephone base stations are becoming a contemporary symbol, connected and intertwining with material and immaterial networks. Telestyles Telestyles are architectrally blended cell towers, the reslt of cooperation with designers and architects.
Miniature8edit edit99 >esearchers at Alcatel-cent at Alcatel-cent have have developed a cell site called light>adio that fits in the palm of a personbik
Cellular network From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For history of mobile phones, including the history of cellular networs, see History of mobile phones!! phones
Top To p of a celllar radio tower Part of a of a series on
Antennas
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Hotspot Municipal wireless networ
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A cellular network or mobile network is a commnication network where the last link is wireless. The network is distribted over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fi0edlocation transceiver , known as a cell site or or base base station. station. This base station provides the cell with the network coverage which can be sed for transmission of voice, data and others. A cell might se a different set of freencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide garanteed service ality within each cell. cell.8*9 When 1oined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large nmber of portable transceivers %e.g., mobile phones, phones, pagers pagers,, etc.' to commnicate with each other and with fi0ed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving throgh more than one cell dring transmission. $elllar networks offer a nmber of desirable featres featres8*9 •
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More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same freency can be sed for mltiple links as long as they are in different cells Mobile devices se less power than with a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are closer arger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added indefinitely and are not limited by the horiDon
Ma1or telecommnications providers have deployed voice and data celllar networks over most of the inhabited land area of the arth. This allows mobile phones and phones and mobile compting devices compting devices to be connected to the pblic switched telephone network and network and pblic 5nternet 5nternet.. !rivate celllar networks can be sed for research849 or for large organiDations and fleets, sch as dispatch for local pblic safety agencies or a ta0icab t a0icab company.8=9 Contents
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Concept8edit edit99
0ample of freency rese factor or pattern *2?
5n a celllar radio system, radio system, a land area to be spplied with radio service is divided into reglar shaped cells, which can be he0agonal, sare, circlar or some other reglar shapes, althogh he0agonal cells are conventional. ach of these cells is assigned with mltiple freencies %f * f @' which have corresponding radio base stations. stations. The grop of freencies can be resed in other cells, provided that the same freencies are not resed in ad1acent neighboring cells as that wold case cochannel interference. interference. The increased capacity capacity in in a celllar network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile commnication switching system developed by Amos by Amos Joel of Joel of :ell abs8?9 that permitted mltiple callers in the same area to se the same freency by switching calls made sing the same freency to the nearest available celllar tower having that freency available and from the fact that the same radio freency can be resed in a different area for a completely different transmission. 5f there is a single plain transmitter, only one transmission can be sed on any given freency. "nfortnately, "nfortnately, there is inevitably some level leve l of interference of interference from from the signal from the other cells which se the same freency. This means that, in a standard F/MA F/MA system, system, there mst be at least a one cell gap between cells which rese the same freency. 5n the simple case of the ta0i company, each radio had a manally operated channel selector knob to tne to different freencies. As the drivers moved arond, they wold change from channel to channel. The drivers knew which freency freencycovered covered appro0imately what area. When they did not receive a signal from the transmitter, they wold try other channels ntil they fond one that worked. The ta0i drivers wold only speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator %this is, in a sense, time division mltiple access %T/MA''. access %T/MA''.
Cell signal encoding 8edit edit99 To distingish signals from several different transmitters, time division mltiple access %T/MA', access %T/MA', freency division mltiple access %F/MA', access %F/MA', code division mltiple access %$/MA', access %$/MA', 8*9 and orthogonal freency division mltiple access %&F/MA' access %&F/MA' were developed. developed. With T/MA, the transmitting and receiving time slots sed by different sers in each cell are different from each other.
With F/MA, the transmitting and receiving freencies sed by different sers in each cell are different from each other. 5n a simple ta0i system, the ta0i driver manally tned to a freency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal and to avoid interference from signals from other cells. The principle of $/MA is more comple0, bt achieves the same resltE the distribted transceivers transceivers can can select one cell and listen to it. &ther available methods of mltiple0ing sch as polariDation division mltiple access %!/MA' cannot be sed to separate signals from one cell to the ne0t since the effects of both vary with position and this wold make signal separation practically impossible. Time division mltiple access is sed in combination with either F/MA or $/MA in a nmber of systems to give mltiple channels within the coverage area of a single cell.
Frequency reuse8edit edit99 The key characteristic of a celllar network is the ability to re-se freencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As As described above, ad1acent cells mst se different freencies, however there is no problem with two cells sfficiently far apart operating on the same freency, provided the masts and celllar network sers< eipment do not transmit with too mch power.8*9 The elements that determine freency rese are the rese distance and the rese factor. The rese distance, " is calclated as , where # is is the cell radis and $ is is the nmber of cells per clster. $ells may vary in radis from * to =+ kilometres %+.@4 to *I.@? mi'. The bondaries of the cells can also overlap between ad1acent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.879 The freency rese factor is the rate at which the same freency can be sed in the network. 5t is %&' %or %or ' according according to some books' where ' is is the nmber of cells which cannot se the same freencies for transmission. $ommon vales for the freency rese factor are *2=, *2?, *2C, *26 and *2*4 %or =, ?, C, 6 and *4 depending on notation'.8@9 5n case of $ sector sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve different sectors. $ is is typically =. A reuse pattern of $&' denotes denotes a frther division in freency among $ sector sector antennas per site. #ome crrent and historical rese patterns are =2C %orth American AM!#', AM!#', @2? %Motorola AM!#', and =2? %3#M'. 5f the total available bandwidth bandwidth is is (, each cell can only se a nmber of freency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of (&' , and each sector can se a bandwidth of (&$' . $ode division mltiple access-based access-based systems se a wider freency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as F/MA, bt this is compensated for by the ability to se a freency rese factor of *, for e0ample sing a rese pattern of *2*. 5n other words, ad1acent base station sites se the same freencies, and the different base stations and sers are separated by codes rather than freencies. While $ is is shown as * in this e0ample, that does not mean the $/MA cell has only one sector, bt rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individally. /epending on the siDe of the city, a ta0i system may not have any freency-rese in its own city, bt certainly in other nearby cities, the same freency can be sed. 5n a large city, on the other hand, freency-rese cold certainly be in se. >ecently also orthogonal freency-division mltiple access based access based systems sch as T T are being deployed with a freency rese of *. #ince sch systems do not spread the signal across the freency band, inter-cell radio resorce management is important to coordinate resorce allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are varios
means of 5nter-$ell 5nterference $oordination %5$5$' already defined in the standard. 8C9 $oordinated schedling, mlti-site M5M& or mlti-site beam forming are other e0amples for inter-cell radio resorce management that might be standardiDed in the ftre.
$ell towers freently se a directional signal to signal to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. 5n the "nited #tates, the F$$ limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to *++ watts of power. 5f the tower has directional antennas, the F$$ allows the cell operator to broadcast p to 7++ watts of effective radiated power %>!' power %>!'..8I9 $ell phone companies se this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside bildings like stadims and arenas.8I9 As a reslt, a cell phone ser may be standing in sight of a cell tower, bt still have troble getting a good signal becase the directional antennas point in a different direction. direction.8I9 Althogh the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a celllar map can be redrawn with the celllar telephone towers located at the corners of the he0agons where three cells converge.869 ach tower has three sets of directional antennas aimed in three different directions with *4+ degrees for each cell %totaling =@+ degrees' and receiving2transmitting into three different cells at different freencies. This provides a minimm of three channels, and three towers for each cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a sable signal from at least one direction.
The nmbers in the illstration are channel nmbers, which repeat every = cells. arge cells can be sbdivided into smaller cells for high volme areas.8*+9
Broadcast messages and paging 8edit edit99 !ractically every celllar system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be sed directly for distribting information to mltiple mobiles. $ommonly, for e0ample in mobile telephony systems, telephony systems, the most important se of broadcast information is to set p channels for one-to-one commnication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called paging. The three different paging procedres generally adopted are seential, parallel and selective paging. The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, bt normally we know a limited nmber of cells where the phone is located %this grop of cells is called a ocation Area in the 3#M 3#M or or "MT# "MT# system, system, or >oting Area if a data packet session is involvedE in T T,, cells are groped into Tracking Areas'. Areas'. !aging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. !aging messages can be sed for information transfer. This happens in pagers pagers,, in $/MA $/MAsystems systems for sending #M# #M# messages, messages, and in the "MT# "MT# system system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.
Movement from cell to cell and handing over 8edit edit99 5n a primitive ta0i system, when the ta0i moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the ta0i driver manally switched from one freency to another as needed. 5f a commnication was interrpted de to a loss of a signal, the ta0i driver asked the base station operator to repeat the message on a different freency. 5n a celllar system, as the distribted mobile transceivers move from cell to cell dring an ongoing continos commnication, switching from one cell freency to a different cell freency is done electronically withot interrption and withot a base station operator or manal switching. This is called the handover handover or or handoff. Typically, a new channel is atomatically selected for the mobile nit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile nit then atomatically switches from the crrent channel to the new channel and commnication contines. The e0act details of the mobile system
Moile phone network 8edit edit99
3#M network 3#M network architectre
The most common e0ample of a celllar network is a mobile phone %cell phone' network. A mobile phone is a portable telephone telephone which which receives or makes calls throgh a cell site %base site %base station', or transmitting tower. >adio waves are waves are sed to transfer signals to and from the cell phone. Modern mobile phone networks se cells becase radio freencies are a limited, shared resorce. $ell-sites and handsets change freency nder compter control and se low power transmitters so that the sally limited nmber of radio freencies can be simltaneosly sed by many callers with less interference. A celllar network is sed by the mobile phone operator to operator to achieve both coverage and capacity for their sbscribers. arge geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to spport a large nmber of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to telephone e0changes %or e0changes %or switches', which in trn connect to the pblic telephone network.. network * 5n cities, each cell site may have a range of p to appro0imately P 4 mile %+.I+ km', while in rral areas, the range cold be as mch as 7 miles %I.+ km'. 5t is possible that in clear open areas, a ser may receive signals from a cell site 47 miles %?+ km' away.
#ince almost all mobile phones se celllar technology, inclding 3#M 3#M,, $/MA $/MA,, and AM!# and AM!# %analog', the term ;cell phone; is in some regions, notably the "#, sed interchangeably with ;mobile phone;. Bowever, satellite phones are phones are mobile phones that do not commnicate directly with a grond-based celllar tower, bt may do so indirectly by way of a satellite. There are a nmber of different digital celllar technologies, inclding 3lobal #ystem for Mobile $ommnications %3#M', $ommnications %3#M', 3eneral !acket >adio #ervice %3!>#', cdma&ne cdma&ne,, $/MA4+++ $/MA4+++,, voltion-/ata &ptimiDed %O-/&', nhanced /ata >ates for 3#M voltion %/3', voltion %/3', "niversal Mobile Telecommnications #ystem %"MT#', /igital nhanced $ordless Telecommnications Telecommnications %/$T', /igital AM!# %5#AM!# %5#*=@2T/MA', and 5ntegrated /igital nhanced etwork %i/'. The transition from e0isting analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in rope and the "#.8**9 As a conseence mltiple digital standard srfaced in the "#, while rope and many contries converged towards the 3#M standard.
Structure of the mobile phone cellular network 8edit edit99 A simple view of the celllar mobile-radio network consists of the following •
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•
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A network of radio base stations forming stations forming the base station sbsystem. sbsystem. The core circit switched network for handling voice calls and te0t A packet switched network for handling mobile data The pblic switched telephone network to network to connect sbscribers to the wider telephony network
This network is the fondation of the 3#M 3#M system system network. There are many fnctions that are performed by this network in order to make sre cstomers get the desired service inclding mobility management, registration, call set-p, and handover . Any phone connects to the network via an >:# %>adio %>adio :ase #tation' #tation' at a corner of the corresponding cell which in trn connects to the Mobile switching center %M#$'. %M#$'. The M#$
provides a connection to the pblic switched telephone network%!#T'. network%!#T'. The link from a phone to the >:# is called an uplin while while the other way is termed downlin . >adio channels effectively se the transmission medim throgh the se of the following mltiple0ing and access schemes freency division mltiple access %F/MA', time division mltiple access %T/MA', access %T/MA', code division mltiple access %$/MA', access %$/MA', and space division mltiple access %#/MA'. access %#/MA'.
Small cells8edit edit99 Main article: )mall cell
#mall cells, which have a smaller coverage area than base stations, are categorised as follows •
Microcell,, less than 4 kilometres Microcell
•
!icocell,, less than 4++ metres !icocell
•
Femtocell,, arond *+ metres Femtocell
Cellular handover in mobile phone networks 8edit edit99 Main article: Hando*er
As the phone ser moves from one cell area to another cell while a cal l is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. &nce a new channel is fond, the network will command the mobile nit to switch to the new channel and at the same time switch the call onto the new channel. With $/MA $/MA,, mltiple $/MA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by sing a psedonoise psedonoisecode code %! code' specific to each phone. As the ser moves from one cell to another, the handset sets p radio links with mltiple cell sites %or sectors of the same site' simltaneosly. This is known as ;soft handoff; becase, nlike with traditional celllar technology, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell. 5n 5#-67 5#-67 inter-freency inter-freency handovers and older analog systems sch as MT it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while commnicating. 5n this case other technies have to be sed sch as pilot beacons in 5#-67. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the commnication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk of an ne0pected retrn to the old channel. 5f there is no ongoing commnication or the commnication can be interrpted, it is possible for the mobile nit to spontaneosly move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal.
Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks 8edit edit99 Main article: +ellular frequencies
The effect of freency on cell coverage means that different freencies serve better for different ses. ow freencies, sch as ?7+ MBD MT, serve very well for contryside coverage. 3#M 6++ %6++ MBD' is a sitable soltion for light rban coverage. 3#M *I++ %*.I 3BD' starts to be limited by strctral walls. "MT# "MT#,, at 4.* 3BD is ite similar in coverage to 3#M *I++. Bigher freencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, bt it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. !ico cells, covering e.g. one floor of a bilding, become possible, and the same freency can be sed for cells which are practically neighbors. $ell service area may also vary de to interference from transmitting systems, both within and arond that cell. This is tre especially in $/MA based systems. The receiver reires a
certain signal-to-noise ratio, ratio, and the transmitter shold not send with too high transmission power in view to not case interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the power control algorithm control algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As As the interference %noise' rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased any more, the signal becomes corrpted and eventally nsable. 5n $/MA-based systems, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name, cell breathing . &ne can see e0amples of cell coverage by stdying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites or by looking at independently crowdsorced maps sch as &pen#ignal &pen#ignal.. 5n certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter, in others it can be calclated by working ot the point of strongest coverage. A celllar repeater is repeater is sed to e0tend cell coverage into larger areas. They range from wideband repeaters for consmer se in homes and offices to smart or digital repeaters for indstrial needs.
Coverage comparison of different frequencies 8edit edit99 The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the freency of a $/MA4+++ network8*49 Frequency (!"#
Cell radius (km#
Cell area (km$#
Relative Cell Count
%&'
%(.)
*&+,
,
)&'
+-.)
++-)
.
,(''
,%.'
-,(
,+.+
+,''
,+.'
%%)
,-.+
!ist of moile network operators of the "sia #acific region From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of all mobile phone carriers in the Asia !acific >egion and their respective nmber of sbscribers. There are an estimated 4.@ billion mobile phones activated throgh varios carriers in the region. Contents
8hide9 •
* Afghanistan
•
4 American #amoa
•
= Astralia
•
?:angladesh
•
7:htan
•
@:rnei /arssalam
•
C$ambodia
•
I$hina
•
6$ook 5slands
•
*+Fi1i *+ Fi1i
•
**French ** French !olynesia
•
*43am *4 3am
•
*=Bong *= Bong (ong
•
*?5ndia *? 5ndia
•
*75ndonesia *7 5ndonesia
•
*@Japan *@ Japan
•
*C(aDakhstan *C (aDakhstan
•
*I(iribati *I (iribati
•
*6(yrgyDstan *6 (yrgyDstan
•
4+aos 4+ aos
•
4*Maca 4* Maca
•
44Malaysia 44 Malaysia
•
4=Maldives 4= Maldives
•
4?Marshall 4? Marshall 5slands
•
47Micronesia, 47 Micronesia, Federated #tates of
•
4@Mongolia 4@ Mongolia
•
4CMyanmar 4C Myanmar
•
4Iar 4I ar
•
46epal 46 epal
•
=+ew =+ ew $aledonia
•
=*ew =* ew Qealand
•
=4ie =4 ie
•
==orfolk == orfolk 5sland
•
=?orth =? orth (orea
•
=7orthern =7 orthern Mariana 5slands
•
=@!akistan =@ !akistan
•
=C!ala =C !ala
•
=I!apa =I !apa ew 3inea
•
=6!hilippines =6 !hilippines
•
?+#amoa ?+ #amoa
•
?*#ingapore ?* #ingapore
•
?4#olomon ?4 #olomon 5slands
•
?=#oth ?= #oth (orea
•
??#ri ?? #ri anka
•
?7Taiwan ?7 Taiwan
•
?@Ta1ikistan ?@ Ta1ikistan
•
?CThailand ?C Thailand
•
?ITimor-este ?I Timor-este
•
?6Tonga ?6 Tonga
•
7+Trkmenistan 7+ Trkmenistan
•
7*Tval 7* Tval
•
74"Dbekistan 74 "Dbekistan
•
7=Oanat 7= Oanat
•
7?Oietnam 7? Oietnam
•
77#ee 77 #ee also
•
7@>eferences 7@ >eferences
•
7C0ternal 7C 0ternal links
"fghanistan8edit edit99 As of Jne 4+*7, the penetration rate in Afghanistan in Afghanistan was estimated at CCK 4?.7=8*9 millions sbscribers over a poplation estimate of =*.I million. The contryeglatory Athority % AT>A AT>A'. '. Ran k
"merican $amoa8edit edit99 As of 4++?, American 4++?, American #amoa has #amoa has =4,+++ sbscribers in total,8?9 or an I7K penetration rate. Ran k
%perator
Technology
, ;lue 0y >ommunications
(&' MH1 /0M (&' MH1 UMT0 UMT033 H0PA7
American 0amoa + Telecommunications Authority 2A0T>A6
('' MH1 >5MA +'''=4B5? !ev.A
Su&scri&ers
%wnership
(in millions#
'.'+'[%] 2+',+6
Amper 0pA
/overnment of American 0amoa
"ustralia8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the nmber of mobile phone sbscriptions in Astralia was recorded to be 46.4I million which corresponds to a penetration rate of *46.?I4K over an estimated poplation of arond 8798@9 @9 4*.I million.8798 The contry
Ran k
Bodafone 2&'96 Hutch Bodafone 2&'96 ison Telecom 2&'96 Telecom 2&'96
Bangladesh8edit edit99 At the end of Jne 4+*@, :angladesh :angladesh has has !"!#$ million sbscribers in total. total.8*+9 The contryeglatory $ommission $ommission %:T>$' %:T>$'
robi 2awaiting merger with airtel airtel66 airtel %
2awaiting merger with robi robi66
& teletal
+,'' MH1 UMT0 UMT033 H0PA H0PA33 H0PA7
Bhutan8edit edit99 As of Jne 4+*@, the penetration rate in :htan :htan was was @6+,+++ sbscribers in total, or over 6+K 8**9 penetration rate. rate. Ran k
Brunei Darussalam 8edit edit99 As of /ecember 4+*?, the penetration rate in :rnei /arssalam was /arssalam was **?K,8*=9 over a poplation estimate of over ?++,+++. The contry
%perator
Camodia8edit edit99 As of Jne 4+*=, the penetration rate in $ambodia $ambodia was was estimated at @6.=*IK over a poplation 8*79 estimate of over *?.C million.
>ellcard=Mobite /0M#)'' /0M#)'' MH1 l +,'' MH1 UMT0
% Gb
/0M#,('' MH1 /0M#,('' +,'' MH1 UMT0
'.'&[
& 0eatel
$55#T4 (&'MH1
'.', 2Duly +',&6
0outh 4ast Asia Telecom Telecom /roup
- >ootel
/0M#)''=,('' /0M #)''=,('' MH1
Not Yet Yet Available Available
citation needed ]
China8edit edit99 As of &ctober 4+*=, $hina has *.4*I billion sbscribers in total.8*69 Another estimate made in Agst 4+*= fond a penetration rate of @6.4K over a poplation estimate of over *.= billion.84+9 The contry
,
Cook %slands 8edit edit99 As of 4++I, $ook 5slands has 5slands has @,C++ sbscribers in total.8449 Ran k
%perator
, ;luesy
Su&scri&ers
Technology
/0M#)'' /0M#)'' UMT0
%wnership
(in millions#
Not Yet Yet Available Available
0par
Fi&i8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in Fi1i Fi1i was was estimated at C6.67CK over a poplation estimate 84=9 of arond +.6 million. million. Ran k
Amalgamated Telecom Holdings3 *+.-9 owned by the $iJi
o&ile 'irtual etwork %perators ('%s#
%wnership
'.+&[+-]
5igicel ,''9
,('' MH1 T T4 46
French #olynesia 8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in French !olynesia was !olynesia was estimated at 6I.CK over a poplation estimate of arond 4@I.+++.84C9 Ran k
(ong )ong8edit edit99 As of /ecember 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in Bong (ong was estimated esti mated at 4*+K over a poplation 8469 estimate of over C.* million. The special administrative region
%perator
Technology
Su&scri&ers (in millions#
%wnership
csl 2formerly >06, 2,?,?3 , one+free3 0un Mobile and P>>" mobile6
*. $# and ew World Mobility merged in April 4++@ and became $# ew World Mobility 3rop. The two networks operated separately ntil 4+*+ when the network of ew World Mobility was merged into the network of $#. 4. ew World Mobility %WM' is made p of Telecom /igital imited and $#. =. Jly 4++7 B(T imited%also known as !$$W', former owner of $#, has agreed in Jne to by the 76.6K stocks of #nday held by the two biggest shareholders at B(N+.@7 each share. The acisition has received approval from &ffice of t he Telecommnications Athority, and and has progressed to a mandatory nconditional cash offer t o by the remaining stock at B(N+.@7 per share. Total cost to !$$W will be appro0 B(N*.6?4bn, allowing its reentry into the wireless market by possessing #nday
%ndia8edit edit99 Main article: ist of mobile networ operators of ndia
As of Jne 4+*@, 5ndia 5ndia has has *.+=? :illion sbscribers in total or I*.**K penetration rate.8==9 The contryeglatory Athority of 5ndia %T>A5 %T>A5'. '. Ran k
%ndonesia8edit edit99 As of Jne 4+*?, the nmber of mobile phone sbscriptions in 5ndonesia was recorded to be 44+ million which corresponds to a penetration rate of 64K over an estimated poplation of arond 4=C.@ million.8=C9 The contryeglasi Telekomnikasi Telekomnikasi 5ndonesia %5ndonesian Telecommnication Te lecommnication >eglatory Athority'.
)a+akhstan8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in (aDakhstan was estimated at ** ***.?@7K *.?@7K over a poplation poplati on 8??9 estimate of arond *7.7 million. Ran k
Pinoy ( 0mart 2uses >elcom >elcom66 me ) ;u11 2uses U Mobile Mobile66 $!i4<5i ,' Mobile
Birgin Mobile Middle Mobile Middle 4ast L Africa
2uses U Mobile6 Mobile6
Telin Malaysia. Malaysia. Telin Malaysia is a Joint venture 2DB6 company between >ompudyne Telecommunication 0ystems 0dn. ;hd and PT Telin3 a company fully owned by PT. Teleomuniasi :ndonesia 2Telom6. 2Telom6.
Telin Malaysia ,, 28artu As6 2uses U Mobile6 Mobile6
[*']
N0 mobile24>: Multimedia ,+ >ommunication s6 2uses U Mobile6 Mobile6
:#Tel
:#tel Mobile
2uses U Mobile6
Maldives8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in Maldives Maldives was was estimated at ** **@.?7@K @.?7@K over a poplation 8C*9 estimate of arond +.? million. Ran k
Marshall %slands 8edit edit99 As of 4++I, Marshall 5slands has 5slands has *+++ sbscribers in total.8C?9 Ran k
%perator
,
Su&scri&ers
Technology
/0M
%wnership
(in millions#
'.'''*[*%] 2+''(6
M:
Micronesia, Federated $tates of 8edit edit99 As of 4++I, Micronesia, Federated #tates of has has =?,+++ sbscribers in total.8C79 Ran k
,
%perator
$0M Telecom
Technology
/0M##)'' /0M
Su&scri&ers
%wnership
(in millions#
'.'+*%[*&] 2+''(6
$0MT>
Mongolia8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in Mongolia Mongolia was was estimated at I+.*4+K over a poplation 8C@9 estimate of arond =.* million.
Myanmar8edit edit99 As of April 4+*@, the penetration rate in Myanmar Myanmar was was estimated at I4K over a poplation estimate of arond 7*.? million. Ran k
-auru8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in ar ar was was estimated at ?4.6+6K over a poplation estimate of arond 6,+++ people. people.8I49 The World Factbook shows @,C++ @, C++ sbscribers in 4+**.8I=9 Ran k
%perator
, 5igicel
Technology
/0M##)'' /0M
Su&scri&ers
%wnership
(in millions#
'.''*
5igicel Pacific td.
-epal8edit edit99 As of May 4+*@, the penetration rate in epal was estimated at *+6.@7K over a poplation estimate of arond [email protected] million.8I?9 Ran
#alau8edit edit99 As of 4+*4, !ala !ala has has *C,*7+ sbscribers in total.8*+*9 Ran k
%perator
, P<>>
Technology
/0M##)'' MH1 /0M
Su&scri&ers (in millions#
,*3,&'
%wnership
Palau ommunications >orp.
#apua -ew 'uinea 8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in !apa ew 3inea was 3inea was estimated at ?C.767K over a poplation estimate of arond @.4 million.8*+49 Ran k
Teliom P
#hilippines8edit edit99 As of Agst 4+*7, the nmber of sbscribers in the !hilippines !hilippines was was estimated at appro0imately *47.7 million, a *47K penetration rate The contry
%perator
$ingapore8edit edit99 As of April 4+*@, the penetration rate in #ingapore was estimated at *?6.*K over a poplation estimate of arond 7.@* million.8*+?9
$ri !anka8edit edit99 #ri anka has 4?.C million sbscribers in total, or a **@.CK penetration rate.8**=9 %Jne 4+*@' The contryeglatory $ommission of #ri anka %T>$#'.. %T>$#'
>8 Hutchison Holdings Hold ings imited im ited [,+']
#H0PA7
& Hutch
%wnership
Not Yet Yet Available Available
Taiwan8edit edit99 As of Jne 4+**, the penetration rate in Taiwan Taiwan was was estimated at *+7.=7?K over a poplation 8*4*9 estimate of arond 4= million. Ran k
Ta&ikistan8edit edit99 As of 4+*+, Ta1ikistan has an estimated ?.7 million sbscribers in total, a ?4K penetration rate.8*4C9 The Telecom Telecom >eglator is the $ommnications >eglatory Agency %$>A'.
As of 4++I, Tval has 4,+++ sbscribers in total.8*?+9 Ran k
%perator
, TT>
Technology
/0M
Su&scri&ers
%wnership
(in millions#
'.''+[,%'] 2+''(6
TT>
0+ekistan8edit edit99 As of March 4+**, 4+**, the penetration rate in "Dbekistan was estimated at I*.4+7K over a poplation estimate of arond 4I.* million.8*?*9 The contry
%perator
1ietnam8edit edit99 As of May 4+*4, the penetration rate in Oietnam was estimated at *4+K over a poplation estimate of arond 6* million. million.8*?79 Ran k
Moile country code From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia networ% operators o$ :t has been suggested that this article be merged merged into into List o$ mobile networ% &urope. 25iscuss 25iscuss66 Proposed since 'eptember 201.
The 5T"-T 5T"-T >ecommendation >ecommendation .4*4 .4*4 defines defines mobile contry codes as well as mobile network codes. The mobile contry code consists of = decimal digits and the mobile network code consists of 4 or = decimal digits %for e0ample M$ of ++* is not the same as M$ of +*'. The first digit of the mobile contry code identifies the geographic region as follows %the digits * and I are not sed' •
A mobile country code %M$$' is sed in combination with a mobile network code %M$' %also known as a ;M$$ 2 M$ tple;' to niely identify a mobile network operator %carrier' sing the 3#M %inclding 3#M-> 3#M->', ', "MT# "MT#,, and T T pblic land mobile networks. networks. #ome bt not all $/MA $/MA,, i/ i/,, and satellite satellite mobile mobile networks are identified with an M$$2M$ tple as well. For WiMAR WiMAR networks, networks, a globally nie :roadband &perator 5/ can be derived from the M$$2M$ tple.8*9 TT>A TT>A networks networks se the mobile contry code from 5T"-T >ecommendation .4*4 together with a *+-bit binary mobile network code. Bowever, a TT>A network may be assigned an .4*4 network code as well. #ome network operators do not have their own radio access network at network at all. These are called mobile virtal network operators %MO&' operators %MO&' and are marked in the tables as sch. ote that MO&s withot their own M$$2M$ %that is, they share the M$$2M$ of their host network' are not listed here. The following tables attempt to provide a complete list of mobile network operators. $ontry information, inclding 5#& =*@@-* contry codes is provided for completeness. Mostly for historical reasons, one .4*4 M$$ may correspond to mltiple 5#& contry codes %e.g. M$$ =@4 corresponds to :), $W, and #R'. #ome operators also choose to se an M$$ otside the
geographic area that it was assigned to %e.g. /igicel ses the Jamaica M$$ throghot the $aribbean'. 5T"-T 5T"-T pblishes pblishes an official list of mobile network codes from time to time in the 8498=98 =98?98 ?98798 798@98 @98C98 C98I98 I98698 698*+98 *+98**98 **98*498 *498*=98 *=98*?98 *?98*798 *798*@98 *@98*C98 *C98*I98 *I98*698 *6984+98 4+984*98 4*984498 44984=98 4=984?98 4?984798 47984@98 4@984C98 4C984I98 4I984698 4698=+98 =+98=*98 =*98=498 =498==98 ==98=?98 =?98=798 =798=@98 =@98=C98 =C98=I98 =I98=698 =698?+98 ?+98?*98 ?*98?498 ?498?=98 ?=98??98 ??98?798 ?798?@98 ?@98?C98 ?C98?I98 ?I98?69 ?69 &perational :lletin. :lletin.8498 87+987*98 87+98 7*987498 74987=98 7=987?98 7?987798 77987@98 7@987C98 7C987I98 7I987698 7698@+98 @+98@*98 @*98@498 @498@=98 @=98@?9 @?988@798 @798@@9 @@988@C98 @C98@I9 @I988@69 @6988C+9 C+988C*9 C*988C49 C4988C=9 C=988C?9 C?988C79 C7988C@9 C@988CC9 CC988CI9 CI988C69 "nfortnately, the official list is often incomplete as national M$ Athorities do Athorities do not forward changes to the 5T" in a timely manner. The official list does not provide additional details sch as bands and technologies and may not list dispted territories sch as AbkhaDia as AbkhaDia or or (osovo (osovo.. Contents
8hide9 •
*Test networks
•
4ational operators o
4.* AbkhaDia 4.* AbkhaDia - 3-A:
o
4.4 Afghanistan 4.4 Afghanistan - AF
o
4.= Albania 4.= Albania - A
o
4.? Algeria 4.? Algeria - /Q
o
4.7 American 4.7 American #amoa %"nited #tates of America' - A#
o
4.@ Andorra 4.@ Andorra - A/
o
4.C Angola 4.C Angola - A&
o
4.I Angilla 4.I Angilla %"nited (ingdom' - A5
o
4.6 Antiga 4.6 Antiga and :arbda - A3
o
4.* .*+ + Argentina - A>
o
4.** Armenia - AM
o
4.* .*4 4 Arba %(ingdom of the etherlands' - AW AW
o
4.* .*= = Ascension 5sland - A$
o
4.* .*? ? Astralia - A"
o
4.* .*7 7 Astria - AT AT
o
4.* .*@ @ ADerbai1an - AQ
o
4.* .*C C:ahamas - :#
o
4.* .*I I:ahrain - :B
o
4.* .*6 6:angladesh - :/
o
4.4 .4+ +:arbados - ::
o
4.4 .4* *:elars - :S
o
4.4 .44 4:elgim - :
o
4.4 .4= =:eliDe - :Q
o
4.4 .4? ?:enin - :J
o
4.4 .47 7:ermda - :M
o
4.4 .4@ @:htan - :T
o
4.4 .4C C:olivia - :&
o
4.4 .4I I:onaire, #aba, #int statis %(ingdom of the etherlands' - :)
T4 bands & = [(']/0M to shut down ' 0eptember +',*[)]
5epartment of 5efence
?perationa Unnown l
Private networ
;rand was taen over by Telstra Telstra..
Telstra
&'&
'
&'&
'%
&'&
'&
?1itel
&'&
'-
Bodafone Hutchison
Bodafone Hutchison Australia and Australia and Telstra Telstraende ende d their networ sharing agreement on , August +',+. The T40T!A
networ was shut down on this date.
&'&
'*
Bodafone
Bodafone
Unnown
&'&
'(
?ne.Tel
?ne.Tel i imited
;rand was dissolved.
&'&
')
Airnet
&'&
,'
?perationa /0M )'' l
&'&
,,
Telstra
Telstra Telstra >orporation td.
&'&
,+
Bodafone Hutchison
&'&
,
!ailcorp
!ailcorp3 Transport for
$or use by 0ydney ?perationa /0M#! ,('' Trains 5igital Trains 5igital Train !adio l [)%][)&][ )&][)-] )-] 0ystem[)%][
&'&
,%
AAPT
TP/ Telecom
?perationa MB
"holesale from Bodafone Hutchison Australia
&'&
,&
/:0
Taen over by Bodafone Bodafone..
&'&
,-
BicTrac
Bictorian !ail Trac
Unnown
Unnown
Unnown
[,]
[,]
0ee M< M<> '-
?perationa 5igital Train !adio /0M#! ,('' l 0ystem
/lobalstar 0atellite2no 0atellite 2no longer in service3 locally6.
0ingtel ?ptus Proprietary imited
?perationa Unnown l
?ne.Tel
;rand was dissolved. !ail operators purchased ,('' spectrum.
%ustria %ustria - %4 %48edit edit99 C C
C
++
',
++
'+
++
'
2rand
A,.net
T#Mobile AT
%perator
Status
2ands (!"#
References and notes
A, Teleom Austria
/0M )'' = /0M ,('' = former A, = ?perationa UMT0 +,'' = T4 Mobilom = l [)*][)(] )(] ('' = T4 +-'' PTA [)*][
A, Teleom Austria
!eserved
T#Mobile Austria
former MaE.Mobil = /0M )'' = /0M ,('' = ?perationa national UMT0 +,'' = T4 l roaming ,('' = T4 +-'' agreement with ++#,' [)*]
++
'%
T#Mobile AT
T#Mobile Austria /mbh
Unnown
Unnown
[,]
++
'&
Hutchison 5rei Austria
owned by Hutchison 5rei ?perationa /0M )'' = /0M ,('' = Austria = l UMT0 +,'' former ?range former ?range Austria = = ?ne = Austria >onnect [)*]
++
'-
?range AT
?range Austria /mbH
M<> [,][&,][ &,][))] ))] withdrawn[,][
++
'*
tele.ring
T#Mobile Austria
?perationa MB
brand of T# T# Mobile Austria
++
'(
ycamobil e
ycamobile Austria
?perationa MB
++
')
Tele+Mobil
A, Teleom Austria
?perationa MB
division bought from Tele+ Tele+ by by A, Teleom Austria customers moved to bob 2++#,,6
++
,'
Hutchison 5rei Austria
?perationa UMT0 +,'' = T4 l ,('' = T4 +-''
national roaming agreement with ++#'3 one# way national roaming agreement with ++#',[(']
++
,,
bob
A, Teleom Austria
?perationa MB
brand of A, A, Teleom Austria
++
,+
yesssO
A, Teleom
?perationa MB
owned by A,
++
,
++
,%
upc
Bectone Mobile
Teleom Austria = one#way national roaming agreement with ++#'&
Austria
l
UP> Austria
?perationa MB
Hutchison 5rei Austria
!eserved
Mundio Mobile Austria
?perationa MB
Unnown
former ;arablu Mobile Austria3 uses A,[,'']
++
,&
++
,-
Hutchison 5rei Austria
!eserved
Unnown
++
,*
MA00 !esponse 0ervice /mbH
Unnown
Unnown
[))]
++
,(
smartspace /mbH
Unnown
Unnown
[))]
++
,)
Tele+ Telecommunicatio n /mbH
Unnown
Unnown
[))]
++
+'
MT4 AustriJa /mbH
Unnown
Unnown
[&,][))] [&,][ ))]
++
),
/0M#! A
V;;
?perationa /0M#! l
railways communication
++
)+
Argo<4T
Argo<4T /mbH
?perationa >5MA %&' l
machine to machine
communication for critical infrastructure [))] %see Vsterreichischer Mobilfnkmarkt and Mobilfnkmarkt and Te Telefonvorwahlen lefonvorwahlen der sterreichischen MobilfnknetDe for MobilfnknetDe for frther information'
