Causes of Failure of National Integration in Pakistan Politics Essay

8/8/2016

C au auses Of Fail ur ur e Of Nati on onal Integr at ati on on In Paki st stan Pol ititi cs cs Essay

Causes Of Failure Of National Integration In Pakistan Politics Essay Published: 23, March 2015

The struggle lunched by all Indian Muslims under the inspiring leadership of the Quaid-eAzam Muhammad Ali Jinnah for a separate homeland in South Asia was crowned with success. But unfortunately, Pakistan began its life in extremely adverse circumstances and had to struggle hard for its survival. [i] National building remains a di䏇cult process in Pakistan. It was the opinion of the Muslims of sub continent that this piece of o f land would be ful䎼lled their dreams, but unfortunately the structure of this country a bifurcated state with its two wings separated by 1,600 Km couldn't draw out their expected result. The country also faced the in䏁ux of refugees from India in its initial days. The new state also faced the problems of administrative personnel and material assets along with economic crises which which lead un-sustainability to the to the government. The death of Quaid was another severed blow to the nation. From its inception Pakistan has passed through many politicaleconomic and constitutional problems. The phenomena of Islamic constitution with w ith the needs of modern state, ethnic and provincial tensions, political rivalries and security considerations a䏎ecting national development in Pakistan in its early stage. Consequently a civil war started in the country result res ult the loss of East Pakistan in 1971. [ii] (/services/essay-writing-service.php) Pakistan has also failed in the establishing of stable e䏎ective political system or institutions. During 65 years Pakistan has been governed under 5 constitutions one inherited from the British and its own formations run by various political systems, 4 Martial laws and one civil Martial. [iii] This continuous political instability led to the catastrophe of disintegration of Pakistan. The terrible result was Bangladish and now it is directed towards other parts of the country. In the past it aggravated the feelings of secessionism secess ionism and provincialism in Pakistan and till today we are facing a grave problem of national integration. But the real roots of political instability and disintegration lie elsewhere which are to be probed deeply. In this regard we argue that roots of the problem of the national integration in Pakistan lay leadership, consequent policies and the resulting injustice. Every government in Pakistan was under the in䏁uence of the three institutional bodies i.e. Constituent Assembly, the Civil Service and the Army. There were other forces such as the landed gentry and several sections of the people in general. [iv] The Political parties have su䏎ered from regionalism, factionalism and lack of vision. The shifting of power from political to civil military establishment and regional and ethnic forces have threatened national unity. However the struggle for national building was continued and in 1988 the restoration re storation of democracy and peaceful transfer of power to civil government in 1990 and 1993 showed s howed Pakistan interest for political stability. [v] Pakistan from the very beginning has been confronted with identity crisis. Successive Pakistani regimes never came to a reasonable understanding with the 䎼ve major ethnolinguistic groups i.e. Bangalis, Sindhis, Baluchis, Punjabs and Pakhtoons. Ethnic and linguistic di䏎erences arose in the very beginning of the emergence of Pakistan. [vi] It cannot create ethnic or national homogeneity throughout the country. It only means to establish a common socio-political system, common state, common citizenship and the https:/ s://www. www.ukess kessa ays. ys.com/ com/e essa ssays/ ys/politic litics/ s/ca cau usesses-o of-fa -failure ilure-o -off-na -nation ional-in l-integrat ration ion-in-p -in-pa akist kista an-po -politic liticss-e essa ssay.php

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C auses Of Fail ur e Of Nati onal Integr ati on In Paki stan Pol iti cs Essay

sense of identity of belonging together. It means building unity on top of the accessible uniformity and not substituting an imitation new identity for the old ones. Due to the regular failure of national building and national integration it was/ is very di䏇cult to convert the masses into one single citizenship. [vii] The processes of disintegration started in Pakistan 䎼rst by the question of language. This was one of the major problem that not only became ultimately the decisive cause of disintegration but also gave birth to other problems. The major factors responsible for these severe problems were the attitude of the army and the bureaucracy, who are the direct descendents of the British and were unable to provide an independent nation and democratic government. It was bureaucracy both civil and military, which does not belong to any nationality and any region of Pakistan but it is a supera-nationality and supra regional class. [viii] (/order/) My assignment is concerned with the causes of failure of National Integration in Pakistan. The concentration of the entire work is bringing forth only the internal causes of disintegration and to put forward suggestions for integration. Di䏎erent websites, books articles and research works have been reviewed. Interviews from di䏎erent stakeholders have been conducted.

Causes of Failure of National Integration in Pakistan There were/are so many factors which became the causes of failure of national integration in Pakistan. Some of the important factors are as under:

Linguistic Issue The dynamic process of national integration, generated by the enthusiasm of a separate homeland, was disrupted by the language controversy only after three months of independence. The enthusiasm and the emotions which were shown by the freedom 䎼ghters during Pakistan movements cooled down gradually and slowly. In this condition tolerance, patience was very necessary for the country. The lacked of a stable constitution and considering political stability danger for the growth of democracy by the political leaders for their self interest created the feelings of disparity among the masses. The issue started from Educational Conference, held at Karachi on November 1947. Fazlur Rehman, Bengali Minister of Education introduced reforms in educational system, which would dropped Bengalis from all government stationeries, including money order forms, envelopes and postcards, which would be printed only in Urdu and English. Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan. Tamaddun Majlish and other Bengalis in the conference opposed this decision. [ix] The imposition of Urdu as national language resulted one of the major causes for the loss of East Pakistan. Bengali was the mother tongue of 54 percent of the people of all Pakistan and 98 percent of East Pakistan. According to the principle of democracy Bengali should have been the 䎼rst choice as the state language of Pakistan. But the political Elite in Pakistan made all e䏎orts to made Urdu, the mother tongue and a spoken language of only 4 percent of the people of Pakistan, as the only state language. Naturally, the Bengalis reacted very sharply and strongly opposed this decision. [x] The situation became worsted that Quaid visited Dacca and control the situation. But after his death, once again the students of Dacca University as well as Bangali leaguers demanded to declare Bengali as the national Language. Syed Sulaiman Nadvi and Khwaja Nazim ud Din favored Urdu and their statement had fueled the 䎼re. The campaign reached from bad to worse and ultimately the constituent Assembly, discussed a constitutional draft to declared Urdu and Benagli as the o䏇cial language of the country. The bill was passed by the Assembly in May 1953. [xi] https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php

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This decision of the assembly gave courage to other ethnic groups who started agitation for their own concerned and thus in 1970 Sindhis also riots on language issues and was argued that learning of Urdu is simply for national communicational requirements under Urdu-dominated system of the country. [xii] National language is supposed to unite a country but in Pakistan, national language became the sources of failure of national integration and due it regionalism phenomena up their heads in the country.

Bureaucrats Setup There is a direct relationship between bureaucracy and National Integration of Pakistan. Pakistan had inherited its bureaucrat setup from British. After independence people of this country struggling for achieving their objectives, but the bureaucracy in its pursuit of power has contrived to keep the people divided. [xiii] In Pakistan whatever it was during the military regimes of Ayyub and Yahya or the civilian governments of pre-1958 and Bhutto's government, the main instrument of formulating and implementing the nation-building policies was the bureaucracy. [xiv] (/services/example-essays/) In Pakistan bureaucracy forced the various regions of the country to stay under the umbrella of one nation but failed to create a sense of nationhood in the society. While they tired their level best for centralize administration and communication in order to maintain the unity of the state but failed. People all over the country feel this deprivation. However the people responded di䏎erently in di䏎erent areas. While attitude of people in di䏎erent provinces were di䏎erent toward the bureaucratic setup of the country. The people of Punjab accepted it while in the region like Baluchistan and Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa was critic. The policies of the bureaucracy has helped to build the state but failed to promote national building process. [xv] Pakistan is one of the bureaucratic states and it's the most powerful institution in the country. The political parties and weak press have always been under the controlled by bureaucracy and therefore ine䏎ective. Only judiciary has some independence but during Zia regime it was also reduced to the status of a loyal and obedient servant. [xvi] Democracy is the basic element for national integration unfortunately in Pakistan it always depended on bureaucracy for guidance and help. This dependence would ultimately lead to the rule of bureaucracy. Thus it became the solo power of the country and destroyed constitutional and democratic process. The bureaucrats remain aloof from the masses, and consider them their subjects. All the policy makers whether it was in Ayub khan Government or his Martial Law of the dictatorship of Yahya Khan or in the Bhutto,s civil martial law or the other governments, were bureaucratic in nature. It was because the politicians were incapable to from a policy and to implement it. That's why bureaucracy has to control the whole nation. It also abrogated the constitution of 1956-62 and also ended the rule of Bhutto, these all were the causes which led the country towards disintegration. [xvii] There are many causes of the segregation of East Pakistan but the bureaucracy's role is very important. After 1970 election when bureaucracy interfered in postponed the date of National Assembly meeting rift the national integration. The bureaucracy in Pakistan has been referred to as a self-sustaining group which is supra regional in character, and thus their nature is in obstacle in the way of national building.

Ethnic Issue https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php

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Pakistan is the country with multi ethnic diversity. Di䏎erent diameter such as religion, language, territory and caste, give birth violent con䏁icts among di䏎erent ethnic identities of Pakistan. The issue gave birth after the linguistic movement run by East Pakistanis in 1948.The event which gave rebirth to ethnic identities was the attitude of Bengalis towards Objective Resolution in 1949. Than the attitude of religious leaders towards minority's rights and especially on the issue of Ahmedies opened ways for minorities to strengthen their status and they demanded more rights for their existence. [xviii] Ethnicity and Ethnic Con䏁ict in Pakistan Political in䏁uential of di䏎erent provinces, who had lost their turfs and were too weak to reinforce their personalities after partition, projected regional sentiments. Sindh Mutthida Mahaz, Jeay Sindh, Baloch Verna, Pakhtun Zalmry and National Awami Party, these parochial parties became active in putting demands on political system of Pakistan for giving them provincial autonomy. [xix] Central ruling authority intentionally or unintentionally adopted such policies, which widened gap between these groups particularly in East Pakistan. The economic strategies followed by the central government, kept East Pakistan under-developed. The door of the power structure (politico, administrative and military) was closed on the Bengalis on one cause or the other. For example, the Ayub Khan period especially shield an ethnic bias. 22 families controlled 2/3 of Pakistan's industries assets 70% of insurance companies and 80% of banking most of them belong to West Pakistan. Such economic condition became a major source to create a sense of insecurity among Bengalis, Sheikh Mujeeb put forward his Six-Point Agenda, which was ethnically triggered, politically mobilized and ethnically fuelled, brought serious upheavals. The 1971 election were also failed to overcome the gap between East and West wing. In result East Pakistan became a new state in shape of Bangaladish. [xx] These centrist identities are in turn challenged by regional/provincial and ethnic identities, that include Pashtun, Baloch, Sindhi, Punjabi and since 1980s the Muhajir (refugees from India who came to Pakistan after 1947). There are other identities challenging for identi䎼cation along with these. They include Saraiki, Makranis and Barohis, Chitralis, Gilgitis and Hazarawals in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa. [xxi] Like Bengalis Pukhtoon national movement was launched by former Congress members. They wanted to rename North West Frontier Province as Pukhtoonistan in 1948.Pukhtoon identity has also become an obstacle for Pakistani state identity since the beginning. [xxii] Thus the Pukhtoon issue has an international and regional dimension. Pakistan state in external dimension used religion as a tool of policy that explains Pakistan's use of Muslim opposition to Soviet interference in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Pakistan's linkages with the Pukhtoon religious forces started in the 1970s. This mind set is at least to some extent responsible for Pakistan's support for Taliban in Afghanistan. Which to some extent e䏎ect Pukhtoon identity to Talibanization/Islamization. Due to this issue secular Pukhtoon identity that is averting Pakistan from going all out in its declared policy of adhering itself with 'War against Terrorism' today. In 1971 Sindhi ethnic movement was one of the most aware and sound movement of the di䏎erent identities of Sindhis. The Sindh largest areas such as Karachi and Hyderabad are occupied by non Sindhis. They have the feeling and fairs of becoming a minority in their own province. Most Urdu speaking Muhajar from India after 1947 have chosen these cities to live in. The non Sindhi population have been multiplied various large scale movement of industrial labour from all parts of the country, especially Pukhtoon and Punjabis to the urban centre's of Sindh. Sindhi also riots in 1970s, when the government of Pakistan Peoples' Party introduced Sindhi as compulsory language in Sindh schools. This movement was started by Altaf Hussain who added a new aspect to identity politics in Pakistan. It shows has relationship with the Pakistani establishment of both love and hate. A movement of urban middle class, challenge the feudal structure of Pakistani state and society as well as the religious right in urban centers of Sindh. This movement was rejected by Sindhi's nationalists. [xxiii] https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php

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Baluch identity movement has been the most vocal and violent. Pakistani State has used military force on three times 1962, 1973, and 2004 to handle and controlled the violent situation over there. Balochistan got the status of a full province in 1970. So this result the issue of Baluch identity is their smaller number and a very large territory, being the biggest province of Pakistan. They have to compete with Pakistani State on one side and Pukhtoon identity on the other, as they are almost forming 50% percent of Balochistan's population. Then they sit on enormous resources of energy, thus attracting a lot of international and regional strategic and 䎼nancial interests. They are tribal and educationally far behind the rest of the ethnicities that make up Pakistan. Their essentially tribal and feudal leadership represents their national aspirations. The Pakistani state has tried to increase its in䏁uence and assimilate their identity into the unitary Pakistani identity by using modernization, education and anti-tribalism as slogans. [xxiv] Inter -ethnic group con䏁ict in Pakistan, has destroyed National Integration and undermine foundations of the state. The inter-tribal con䏁ict in the tribal areas, the Sindhi and nonSindhi violent con䏁ict in Sindh, Shia-Sunni cruel and regressive activities have become a norm of Pakistani society.

Sectarian issue The sectarian war between Shias and Sunnis in Pakistan has deep roots with the objectives of foreign agencies e.g., RAW, KJB and Mosad. This issue has now somewhat amalgamated with all militant groups working in Pakistan in the name of jihad. Available 䎼gures indicate that, between January 1989 and May 31, 2005 a total of 1,784 Pakistanis were killed, and another 4,279 injured in 1,866 incidents of sectarian violence and terror across the country. [xxv] It was the Zaia-ul-haq who supported the jehadi and sectarian groups during Afghan war and created uncontrolled monsters, which now rise to consume their own creators. The sectarian and ethnic essentialism that came into its own in organized, militant form during the Zia period, now poses an ever more serious challenge to the state. The spirit of sectarian violence refuses to be bottled and even as President Musharraf advises the people of Pakistan to adopt 'enlightened moderation', the country's tentative quest for a non-discriminatory liberal democracy continues to unravel. Pakistan continues to be caught in the trap of extremist Islamist militancy and terror. [xxvi] Thus sectarian violence is the most vital factor responsible for the poor national integration of the country.

Provincial Autonomy After the emergence, Pakistan has been hostage to provincialism. One of the major demands of East Pakistan in constitutional term was full provincial autonomy in all spheres except Defense and Foreign A䏎airs. The Basic Principles Committee (BCP), formed in 1949 to determine the basic principles for the Constitution of Pakistan, submitted its blueprint known as the interim report of the BPC on October 7, 1950, but failed to deny adequate autonomy to the provinces. [xxvii] The demands got multiplied with the years, and took a crystalline shape in the Jugto Front's 21-Points in1954. Interestingly, the key supporter to this point (including Fazlul Haq and Suhrawardy) would later become closely related with the Central government and became the stronger supporter of 1956 constitution in terms of provincial rights, defending that it having 98 %of provincial autonomy. But the progress in terms of national integration made during 1955-58 when the East Pakistani regional elites were accommodated in the structure of power and in decision-making came to be wiped out in the aftermath of Ayub's ascension to power in October 1958. The imposition of the 1962 constitution, with its principles of central authoritarianism, was obviously irritating to the East Pakistani political elites, and Ayub's "management" of 1965 elections, resulting in the defeat of Fatima Jinnah, who represented the last hope of a return to democratic politics and an East-West consensus in the middle 1960s, led East Pakistan to a point of no return. The resultant Six-Point charter https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php

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of survival, set in clamorous strains, was, however, initially a bargaining counter. Even the somewhat justi䎼ed grumble of the Pukhtun and Baluchi NAP leaders against the Bhutto regime in early 1970s was often cast in provincial terms; so were the grievances of G.M. Syed, Mumtaz Bhutto, Rasul Baksh Palejo, Qadir Magsi and other Sindhi nationalists against the inherently Sindhi-oriented Benazir regimes during 1988-90 and 1993-96, and the Zardari regime 2008-12. [xxviii] The Baluchi movement for provincial autonomy was a very sever nature because they know that a zone of rich natural resources, characterized by economic backwardness, lack of development and non availability of basic facilities of life would only be achieved after achieving provincial rights. They revolted against the overdeveloped federal state structure and demanded more provincial autonomy. [xxix] The target killing and the destruction of worse situation in baluchistan was/is out of control. Baluchistan has been an area of special interest for regional and global powers owing to its key strategic position. Every e䏎ort made at mass development in this area met with secret 䎼ghting from hostile competitors present in the region. The latest insurgency too coincided with the work on mega project of Gwadar port. And lastly, the security agencies of the country see this entire situation in security perspective. While focusing on covert activities of hostile actors in the region, the economic, political and social grievances of the people have been largely ignored. Consequently, the angry youth of Baluchistan fell an easy prey to the nefarious designs of our enemies. Thus the situation has grown complex and requires a holistic approach in order to be improved. [xxx]

Political instability A䏎ective leaders make a nation strong, stable and well integrated. They are the real nation builders and their motto is security of a nation and state. The task of national integration is basically the job of the ruling elite. So it's the politicians, statesmen, the artful manager, whose policies and decisions put great impact on national integration. After independence Muslims league was not the only creator of Pakistan, but also its saviour, the healing balm for the wounds of East Pakistanis and more over the symbol of integrity. But its sel䎼sh leadership discouraged Bengalis, although the Muslims League had won 96% seats of the Muslims population. The Muslims league popularity came down sharply due to the lack of development in the standard of life of the common man in East Pakistan. [xxxi] With the passage of time Muslims League lost its position and in 1954 election, the United Front won majority seats. As the United Front had no political tentacles in West Pakistan, it could not claim a national stature. The absence of political leadership with National outlook retarded the process of national integration. This led to the dismissal of the newly elected Assembly only after two month and imposition of Governor's rule. The central government for the dismissal of provincial government gave the grounds that it was leading disintegration of the country. [xxxii] The decision led the country to the brink of disaster. The Bengalis hatred against the Center and West Pakistan, they projected that East Pakistan had been deprived of the democratic government because of the Centered dominated by the West Pakistan bureaucrats and politicians. [xxxiii] The political process was shaped by four interrelated developments in Pakistan. The 䎼rst was the failure of the Muslims league as a national democratic party. The the second was highly centralized system. Thirdly Mahajar Punjabi elite's control over the key posts. Finally regional tension, which is now the basic problem of the country. [xxxiv] The establishment of one unit also fueled disintegration. The policy makers were and are making policies which favoured a few industrialists, Khans, Choudhris and Waders. Therefore we do not feel any change in the economic condition of the common people and particularly the far 䏁ung inhabitants of Baluchistan, Shind, KPK and Punjab. [xxxv] https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php

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The quick changes of political governments in Pakistan from its beginning, the changing of loyalties of political leaders for their self interest, imposition of di䏎erent martial's, and the formation of various political parties further rifted the political stability and a䏎ect the national integration of the country.

Regionalism Issue Regionalism has also brought about a great block in the way of national harmony and unity.Â Last but not the least; socio-economic injustice has created regionalism in the country. The regionalism has separated our parts and divided the united masses and the classes into paltry small assets. It has developed fractions, groups, and sects working for their vested interests. JEAY SINDH and BALOUCH LIBERATION ARMY, LASHKAR-E-JUNGUI, SAPA SAHBA etc want separation from the federation. Thus, the question of national integration remains unsolved and is kept at bottom level.Â Besides, there is an environment of promotion of self interests, group interests, faction's interests, sect's interests instead of national interests, such as personal development personal accumulation of wealth and recognition. Some talk of Sindhis, Balochis, Pakhtoons and Punjabis instead of Pakistani. Therefore, these groups and factions such JEAY SINDH, BALOUCH LIBETION ARMY, LASHKAR-E-JUNGUI, SAPA SAHBA and other nationalist parties have widened the gulf between provinces and shackles of disintegration have been strengthened forward in the country.Â Lack of national solidarity and unity have not only confused the values for which Pakistan was created but also spoiled the rhythm of national progress, in turn the nation has become un䎼lled from within in terms of national integration.Â [xxxvi]

Economic Disparity We have been unable to exploit our growth potential due to distrust among the federating units of the country. By harnessing the potential of each province Pakistan could become a leading global economy in a decade. Pakistan came into existence as a nation by integration of di䏎erent regions speaking di䏎erent languages but united on the basis of religion. In this condition Marxist de䎼nition of nation couldn't apply to Pakistan a n ation having one language with one nationality. [xxxvii] The provincial government did not have any control over its own economy as everything was controlled by the centre. This situation creates the feelings of economic disparity among di䏎erent provinces' particularly in the East wing of the country. As all Trading bodies and foreign missions were established in West Pakistan, and most of the foreign aid and the national development budget were allocated for the west wing. From 1947-48 and 1960-61 capital investment for development allocated for East wing was 172 corers while for West wing it was 430 corers. At the same time, the earning of East Pakistan from foreign trade, of jute was diverted to West Pakistan too .As a result, the economic gap between the two wings increased signi䎼cantly over the years. Per capita income increased in West Pakistan from Rs.330 in 1949-50 to Rs.373 in 1959-60; whereas in East Pakistan it declined from Rs. 305 to Rs. 288. This economic disparity among the two wings lead rift in the national integration of Pakistan and thus in 1971 the evident of fall of Dacca happened. [xxxviii] The four provinces of the country have di䏎erent economic advantages. Baluchistan the UK ESSAYS (/) largest province by area is bestowed with natural resources like gas, minerals and oil. These resources have not been exploited fully because of local tribes (/myaccount/)   2the mistrust ofthe against the federal government. Pakistan could become self-su䏇cient in energy and could 

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export minerals if by giving the local population their due share in the natural resources. It essay.php)  (https://twitter.com/intent/tweet? harbors could be developed to provide the shortest sea route to the land locked states of text=Causes%20Of%20Failure%20Of%20National%20Integration%20In%20Pakistan%20Politics%20Essay&url Central Asia. [xxxix] of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php&via=ukessays)

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The Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa has the ability to produce most of hydroelectric potential to url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-e produce most of the hydroelectric potential of 54000 MW present in the Indus water system. KPK is the gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia and also to China. The development of road infrastructure and peace in the province would make Pakistan, the hub of trade transit activities. The KPK has the most charming sites in the world. Its locations are more charming and enchanting than Switzerland. But unfortunately tourism as an industry has not been properly developed and means of communication along with reasonable hotel chains are missing from the region because terror tag attached to the area. Otherwise kPK has the potential to earn more foreign exchange from tourism than current exports of Pakistan. [xl] Punjab should have been the granary of the country but unfortunately we import food items worth over $4 billion annually as agricultural planners fail to increase the productivity in the province. Punjab is the hub of textile production of the country as well. Textiles account for over 63% of country's exports. The Northern Punjab could well become a tourist attraction if the hill stations are improved and global perception about the country is improved. The concept of nationality has been found to be less than adequate to address some major and minor issues of group identi䎼cation. Whenever we meet someone we tell him/her that we are Punjabi, Sindhi, Baluchi, etc but we always forget that 䎼rstly we are Muslims then we are Pakistani.

Recommendations Introduction of a system of social justice free from all sorts of corruption and exploitation. The foundations of a country rest on justice and merit. Justice must be done and seen to be done. Therefore, judiciary should be strengthened to remove clouds of social injustice as a great factor behind the poor national integration.Â Revolutionary changes in the educational system our educational institutions enabling to provide manpower really competent to answer our national demands. Establishing and strengthening social welfare, political, economic and educational institutions. Reconstruction of bureaucracy and their training according to the requirements of running a free ideological state. For ensuring the integrity of the country only those political parties should be allowed to come into or to share power who are voted by a 䎼xed ratio of voters from all the constituent provinces. Education should be contested on proper proportionate basis. Â Through good governance all sorts of misunderstandings should be removed between the provinces and to make them go through the process and the prosperity. National integration has become the challenge from the start of Pakistan in the modern times so that it is the good governance that can get together the masses and the classes on one platform of unity and integrity.Â SSAYS for UK Efreedom (/)its decisions on the con䎼dence Parliament should be supplied with limitless of its own. 

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The  media of the country has all along been playing its major role in destabilizing national integration. It should aware the multitudes about national integration.Â

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text=Causes%20Of%20Failure%20Of%20National%20Integration%20In%20Pakistan%20Politics%20Essay&url The emergence of Pakistan on the map of the world as an ideological state is based on the of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-essay.php&via=ukessays)  (https://m.reddit.com/sub ideology of Islam. The Muslims who launched a movement for the creation of Pakistan url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/causes-of-failure-of-national-integration-in-pakistan-politics-e were extremely in䏁uenced by their glorious past. After independence, the Muslims league shouldered the responsibilities of administering the new state and formed the government in the Center as well as the provinces. From the time of creation Pakistan, was facing formidable problems, in spite of geographically separated regions of Pakistan politically integrated providing it state with an agreed constitution, it faced numerous social, economic and administrative problems. This challenging situation required devoted and dedicated leadership and these qualities, unfortunately, the successors of the Quaid lacked it, and the Muslim League also disappointed the masses. The spirit of amity and good will engendered by the movement was not utilized for consolidation and integration.

A part from weak leadership and political institution the problem which led the country toward segregation was the language controversy. The declaration of Urdu as a national language create severe linguistic problem in 1948 but Quaid digni䎼ed personality tackled the situation. But again in 1953 the issue was raised and gain memorandum, so the assembly passed Act in 1953 and also gave Bengali as the status of national language. In 1970 Sindhis also riot on the language issue. So in Pakistan the language became the cause of disintegration of the country. The phenomenon of disintegration was the logical outcome of the politics of the 䎼rst two decades. The process of constitution making, the abrogation of constitutions one after another and the imposition of martial's segregated and disintegrated the country a lot. We cannot avoid the role of bureaucracy and the narrow attitude of majority of the Panjabi and Urdu speaking bureaucrats towards the non Punjabi and especially towards Bengalis, which became the major causes for the weakness of national integration. Even now their attitude does not di䏎er when these bureaucrats serve in di䏎erent areas of Pakistan. Another factor which rift national integration of the country was/is the denial of proportionate share in the distributions of political power and economic assets of the country. The emergence of di䏎erent ethnic group with the emergence of the country developed identity crises and stopped the feeling of unity and common identity. Every ethnic group started struggle to safeguard their own ethnicity and still the country is under the crises of identity the situation is worse in Baluchistan and Sindh. These situations became barriers in the growth of national integration of the country. Regionalism has also brought about a great block in the way of national harmony and unity.Â Last but not the least; socio-economic injustice has created regionalism in the country, which led to disintegration. For the national building of our country and to provide strengthen to the national integration in a diverse country like Pakistan it s the need of the time that equal opportunities should given to all the provinces. Hope so that the recommendations suggested in this study should play a vital role in the improvement of the process of national integration in Pakistan if reviewed Inshallah. UK ESSAYS (/) 

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Causes of Failure of National Integration in Pakistan Politics Essay

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