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MRC Family School Biology CAPE Unit 2 Transport in Plants and Humans Name:___________________________________ 1.
Date:__________________________
The diagram below shows some blood cells that may be seen in a stained blood film when observed under a microscope.
A B
C
10 m
In the table below, name the cells A, B and C and give one function of each cell. Blood cell
Name of cell
One function
A
B
C (Total 6 marks)
2.
(a)
The table below refers to mammalian blood plasma and tissue fluid. If the statement is correct, place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross ( ) in the appropriate box. Statement
Blood plasma
Tissue fluid
Contained in vessels Very low hydrostatic pressure Contains white blood cells (3)
1
(b)
Most of the tissue fluid is reabsorbed into the blood in the capillaries. Suggest why this reabsorption is reduced in people whose diet is very low in protein. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
3.
The diagram below shows cross-sections of three different types of blood vessel, A, B and C.
A
B
5 m m
(a)
C
5 m m
0 .0 0 5 m m
Name the blood vessels A and B. A ............................................................................................................................... B ............................................................................................................................... (1)
(b)
State two ways in which blood vessel C is adapted to enable the formation of tissue fluid. 1 ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... (2)
(c)
Give one function of tissue fluid. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… (1)
2
(d)
When tissue fluid is not efficiently reabsorbed, it collects in tissues causing swelling (oedema). Suggest one factor that could cause oedema. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… (1) (Total 5 marks)
4.
The diagram below shows the structure of the heart and some associated blood vessels.
(a)
Name the parts labelled A, B and C. A ................................................................................................................................... B ................................................................................................................................... C ................................................................................................................................... (2)
(b)
Describe how the structure of the left ventricle and the parts labelled B and C enable the left ventricle to carry out its function. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 3
The graph below shows changes in the blood pressure in the aorta and the left ventricle during two complete cardiac cycles.
(a)
On the graph, draw an arrow to show when the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve closes. (1)
(b)
Use the information in the graph to calculate the heart rate. Show your working.
Answer .................................. (2)
(c)
During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle falls to a much lower level than in the aorta. Suggest an explanation for this difference. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… (3)
4
(d)
During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the right ventricle rises to a maximum of about 3.3 kPa. Suggest reasons for the difference between this pressure and the maximum pressure in the left ventricle. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… (3)
6.
The graph below shows oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin at two different partial pressures of carbon dioxide.
(a)
(i)
From the graph, determine the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at a partial pressure of oxygen of 4.2 kPa, at low and at high partial pressures of carbon dioxide. Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide ................................................................. High partial pressure of carbon dioxide ................................................................ 5
(1)
(ii)
High partial pressures of carbon dioxide are found in active tissues such as muscle. Suggest why the difference between the percentage saturation of haemoglobin at low and at high partial pressures of carbon dioxide is important for the functioning of such tissues. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (3)
(b)
Describe how the carbon dioxide produced in tissues is transported in the blood to the lungs. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (5) (Total 9 marks)
7
Stomata open when water enters the guard cells by osmosis. The mechanism which controls the opening and closing of stomata is unclear. Explain the possible role of potassium and hydrogen ions in the opening of the stomata. (4m) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
8
___________________________________________________________________________________________ There are many theories to explain how materials are moved along the sieve tube cells. The most likely is the mass-flow or pressure-flow hypothesis. Explain this theory (4m) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
___________________________________________________________________________________________ For each of the following explain why it affects rate of transpiration. a Wind speed (3m) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ b
Temperature (3m) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
10 The mean number of stomata on the lower surface of a leaf of two different species, A and B, was found. An experiment was also carried out to determine the rate of water loss from each leaf in one hour. The mean number of stomata and the rate of water loss for each leaf is given in the table below.
(a)
(i)
M ean num ber of sto m a ta p e r c m 2
R a te o f w a te r lo s s ( a rb itra ry u n its )
L eaf A
1850
2 .1
L eaf B
6300
5 .0
Suggest how you could find the surface area of a leaf. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ (2)
(ii)
Describe how you would find the mean number of stomata per cm 2 of a leaf. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 7
....................................... (4) (b)
Describe the relationship between the number of stomata and the rate of water loss. ................................................................................................................................. ... ................................................................................................................................. ... (1)
(c)
Give one environmental factor that influences water loss from a leaf and explain its effect. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. .........................................
(3) (Total 10 marks) 11 The diagram below shows part of a section at low magnification through the root of a dicotyledonous plant.
(a)
Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D. A .............................................................................................................................. . B .............................................................................................................................. . C .............................................................................................................................. . 8
D .............................................................................................................................. . (2) (b)
Describe how water passes from part A to part D. ………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………….. (4)
(c)
A root takes up mineral ions in addition to water. An investigation was carried out –
into the effects of aeration on the uptake of nitrate ions (NO 3 ) by plant roots. Sections of root, including the root hairs, were immersed in a culture solution containing 6.3 mmol per dM3 of nitrate ions. The solution was aerated (air was bubbled through it). After nine hours the root sections were removed and the concentration of nitrate ions in the root cells was determined.
The procedure was repeated with a second batch of root sections from which the root hairs had been removed. Both procedures were then repeated without aeration. The results are shown in the table below.
C o n c e n tr a tio n o f n itra te io n s / m m o l d m R o o t s e c tio n
(i)
–3
W ith ro o t h a ir s
W ith o u t ro o t h a ir s
W ith a e ra tio n
3 7 .5
6 .2
W ith o u t a e ra tio n
7 .1
6 .3
Suggest an explanation for the difference between the results with and without aeration when the root hairs were present. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 9
......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... (4) (ii)
Suggest reasons for the results obtained when no root hairs were present. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ....... (2) (Total 12 marks)