Korea TESOL Journal, 2006 Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 179-185.
[Review]
Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide – Spoken and Written English Grammar and Usage Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pages: x + 973. (ISBN 13 978-0-521-58846-1 ISBN 10 0-521-58846-4 Paperback and CD-ROM)
Reviewed by David E. Shaffer
Grammar at your fingertips – the dream of everyone associated with language learning. This is literally what Carter and McCarthy provide with Cambridge Grammar a comprehensive guide to the grammar and usage of both spoken of English (CGE) – a and written English. Recent developments in computational techniques have made possible easier analysis of large amounts of linguistic linguis tic data. Through such an analysis, CGE is quite comprehensive in detailing the types of structures comprising the English language. Whereas Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvick (1985) provided a traditional description of written grammar, and Huddleson and Pullum (2002) provide a comprehensive description that is heavily influenced by generative grammar, neither details those structures of spoken English not common to the written form. Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, and Finegan (1999) present frequencies for spoken English as well as various written forms, but their account is not as equally weighted or as comprehensive for both written and spoken grammar as is CGE. With CGE, we are presented with a more balanced description of the English language as it is used in contemporary times. Along with the explicit description of its written form, a large corpus is drawn upon to complement this with the spoken forms that are in use.
OVERVIEW Any grammar of English needs to describe the structures of the language, from words to more complex structures, as well as aspects of the language that are less structural in character, such as speech acts and tense. To accommodate both the syntactic and semantic perspectives, CGE is divided into two sections and numerous chapters. The first section, From Word to Grammar – An A to Z, is an alphabetical
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collection of frequently used words in everyday English, and words that have multiple meanings or a grammatical individuality that is noteworthy, as well as those that are problematic for the English learner. The second, much larger, section contains a dozen grammar-related topic areas: (a) Spoken Language, (b) Grammar and Discourse, (c) Word and Phrase Classes, (d) Nouns, (e) Verbs, (f) Adjectives and Adverbs, (g) Prepositions and Particles, (h) Word Formation, (i) Sentence and Clause Patterns, (j) Time, (k) Notions and Functions, and (l) Information Packaging. The last 150 pages of the book are devoted to nine appendices (including punctuation, spelling, numbers, time, and measurement), a glossary of grammar terminology, a short bibliography, and a subject index. Available with both paperback and hardcover editions of CGE is a CDROM containing the print version in its entirety in a searchable format. The extensive cross-referencing in the print version is accessible at the click of a mouse on the CD, and audio recordings of all of the over 7,000 example sentences are included. The A to Z section is arranged alphabetically with precise and concise explanations of how the lexical items are used and with numerous and varied example sentences. The entry for about (pp. 22-24), for instance, contains twenty lines of explanation and about twice as many lines of sentential examples. Two of the examples are of commonly made errors in the use of about , indicated as such with a single line stroked through the sentence. All example sentences, in this section and throughout the book, are italicized, and bold font is used for the part of the sentence focused on. (To its credit, CGE contains more examples drawn from spoken English than from the written form.) For the about entry, and elsewhere where appropriate, scores of words are listed that about commonly follows. Compilation of these lists was facilitated by the multimillion-word Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) of spoken and written English, which contains the five-million-word Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English (CANCODE). The influence of the spoken corpus is apparent in the A to Z section, as it is throughout the book. The entry for right (pp. 135-136), for example, contains explanations of nine ways in which the word is used, five of which are solely spoken English usages. One of the spoken English entries for like was so “unconventional” for a grammar reference that it made a bit of a stir in the media in Britain. The cause of this stir was the description of like as a marker of reported speech (e.g., …and I ’ m like “Go away …”; p. 102). This incident punctuates how radically different CGE is in its
description of English by including extensive coverage of the spoken forms of the language. Two-thirds of the entry for like, for example, deals with spoken English uses of the word.
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Following the 143-page A to Z section is the major section of the book – 662 pages of thirty-three chapters on every aspect of grammar and discourse arranged into twelve topic areas. The format of these chapters is very much like that of the A to Z section. The nature of the subject matter often requires that there be more paragraphs of explanation than in A to Z, but even so, it is kept to a minimum and examples are liberally employed. Even the chapter with the densest text, Grammar and Academic English, is composed considerably more of examples than of paragraphed text. More than eighty percent of most chapters consists of useful examples, tables, word lists, and diagrams. In addition to stroked out sentences indicating erroneous usage, almost all of the chapters also contain starred boxes of material that is often problematic for English learners.
CRITIQUE Compiling a reference work of this scope is an enormous undertaking. Carter and McCarthy are to be commended for the time and detail that they have put into this groundbreaking work. CGE is exceptional in that it describes spoken English as it has never been described before. The British media clamor over the book ’s like entry was but a reaction to the seminal nature of the work as a whole. Learners of English are sure to have a much more favorable reaction to the treatment given to spoken forms of English in CGE because it is the only place where they can find such a comprehensive and authoritative account. The authors have undertaken to provide a description of English in its entirety, spoken as well as written, rather than concentrating on a description of the written language or providing prescriptive commentary. They were very fortunate to have had not only a huge corpus of written English available to them, but also a large corpus of spoken English and a corpus of learner English as well. It should be pointed out, however, that CGE is “informed” by a corpus rather than “driven” by one (p. 11). This allows for a certain degree of sanitizing of examples, e.g., the removal of pauses, repetitions, etc., for pedagogical reasons but also suggests the possibility of a reliance on manufactured examples rather than selecting real examples from the corpus. The organization of such a large amount of material into an easily accessible compilation is of great importance. Huddleston and Pullum (2002) arranged their 1800 page grammar reference into topic areas. Swan (2005) decided on a completely alphabetical listing of everything – lexical items as well as topics. CGE opted for a combination of the two. While different types of material may lend themselves to
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different types of arrangement, employing two different arrangements may add confusion. Although Jack Richards (n.d.) describes CGE as “ beautifully organized and very easy to use,” this author has not found it so. For a work of this scope, the 118 lexical items in the A to Z section is conspicuously small. For example, some and any, as well as much and many, are not found in A to Z; they are dealt with only in the topic section, mainly in the Nouns and Determiners chapter. To find this out, one may go to the table of contents, make a guess, and then scan through the chapter, or go to the index to find the word and the pages that it appears on. The author has found that the easiest way to navigate through CGE is to first refer to the index rather than go to the table of contents or to A to Z. Arranging all lexical and topical items alphabetically in a single section, similar to the arrangement in Swan (2005), would make the contents much more easily accessible. CGE bills itself as a
must have’ for any serious learner . . . of the English
“‘
language” (back cover) and as “clearly explaining” the “differences between British and American English” (Cambridge, 2005). While it may be true that the serious learner should have a copy, CGE is not as user-friendly a reference for English learners as the second claim above suggests it might be. Both A to Z and the topic chapters refer to British English only, and the only reference to the differences between British and American English is in the last appendix, North American English Grammar, a ten-page section that deals with only 21 items. While it is understandable that a grammar of English by a British-based publisher and British authors be one of British English, it would be highly desirable for the items covered in the two main sections that are distinctly British in usage to be labeled as such, just as they are in a Cambridge University Press learner ’s dictionary. Hopefully this will be included when a second edition is published. It would be gratifying to see a second edition also contain more examples of common learner errors, more boxes of problematic English, and an expanded A to Z section. The examples that the book does contain are fine but are somewhat limited in number. The entire book contains only about 500 examples, with more than one -fourth of them in A to Z. More boxes highlighting problematic areas of English would be beneficial to the language learner, as some chapters at present contain none. While CGE totes the account that it gives of spoken English, it is surprising that it gives almost no treatment to pronunciation, intonation, and other aspects of phonology. For example, there is no mention of the three different pronunciations of the past tense suffix – ed , nor that the main distinguishing factor between can and can’ t in spoken English is stress. The topic areas of the second section of CGE do not contain a chapter
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on the phonological or phonetic aspect of the language. Also, for its account of and , no mention is made of the high frequency of use in spoken English of the pattern come/go and (do) instead of come/go to (do) , (e.g., I want you to go to the index and find the page). These omissions should also be addressed in a second edition.
A number of items have been mentioned above relating to how CGE could be improved. They should not, however, detract excessively from the fact that CGE is a great achievement. It provides the most up-to-date description of the English language and by far the most comprehensive account of spoken English that has ever been made. It is a valuable resource to the English teacher, materials designer, and learner, and one that is reasonably priced (US$30.94 at Amazon.com). A practical indicator of the value of a book is how much it is used. Soon after it became available on the bookstore shelf, I noticed students not only using it, but using it as the text for their group study classes. CGE is as much for the ESOL teacher as it is for the student, if not more. Every ESOL teacher would do well to have a copy within easy reach from his or her lesson-planning desk. Cambridge Grammar of English is heartily recommended for student and teacher alike. THE R EVIEWER David Shaffer holds a Ph.D. in Linguistics and is a tenured professor at Chosun University in Gwangju, Korea. In addition to semantics and conceptual metaphor, his academic interests lie i n TEFL methodology, teacher training, and Korean lexical borrowing from English. He is considerably involved in the editing and publishing of Korea TESOL’s major publications and is a member of the organization’s executive council. Email:
[email protected] R EFERENCES Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Cambridge University Press. (2005). Cambridge grammar of English. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from http://www.cambridge.org/elt/elt_projectpage.asp?id=2500122 Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvick, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London/New York: Longman. Richards, J. (n.d.). Book reviews by Dr. Richards. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from http://www.professorjackrichards.com/work.htm Swan, M. (2005). Practical English usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
