Calvius and the Boy Gladiators

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Oeg i` bi|{rl( wal lhlclew i` rlq|oh }lelw{owjie ohri o{i|rlg wal rogjrwjb oeg pizl|{jrwjb jerwjebwr je wal [icoe b{ivg( vajba o{l a|coe jerwjebwr waow o{l ohvozr }{lrlew je o ho{fl }{i}i{wjie i` wal a|coe }i}|howjie% Jw jr ohri pl{z {lplohjef wi eiwl waow hlfohhz fhogjowi{r( oeg iwal{ }l{ì{cl{r je wal o{leo( vl{l bhorrj`jlg vjwa }{irwjw|wlr ‒ kiwa cohl oeg `lcohl% Je oggjwjie( wal Howje vi{g ì{ wal fhogjowi{‚r w{ojel{ !hoejrwo*( vor gl{jplg `{ic wal Howje vi{g ì{ o }jc} !hlei* or( hjdl }jc}r oeg }{irwjw|wlr( }|khjb }l{ì{cl{r r|ba or obwi{r oeg fhogjowi{r rihg walj{ kigjlr ì{ wal glhlbwowjie i` iwal{r( j` iehz pjr|ohhz% Lple ci{l wlhhjef( wal vi{g fhogj|r ( cloejef rvi{g je Howje( `{ic vajba wal vi{g fhogjowi{ jr gl{jplg( vor ohri wal biccie p|hfo{ Howje vi{g ì{ }lejr( oeg je }o{wjb|ho{ wal l{lbw }lejr% Wal [icoe walow{l( je wal ? rw Blew|{z( klbocl o rw{ief je`h|lebl ie wal }{ig|bwjier rwoflg je wal o{leo% Wal [icoe walow{l vl{l pl{z gj``l{lew wi wal walow{l i` ci{l {lblew wjclr% Obwi{r gjg eiw aopl oez i` wal o{wjrwjb oeg jewlhhlbw|oh }{lwlerjier i` biewlc}i{o{z obwi{r( oeg vl{l( or vl aopl oh{logz rlle( hlfohhz l|owlg vjwa }{irwjw|wlr oeg }jc}r% Wal cirw }i}|ho{ walow{jboh ì{c je wal ? rw Blew|{z vor wal Cjcl( vajba vor riclval{l klwvlle o c|rjboh oeg o kohhlw( k|w vjwa wal }{jebj}hl obwi{r pijblr kljef r|krwjw|wlg kz o bai{|r% Coez i` wal Cjclr vl{l korlg ie F{lld czwar( oeg jepihplg lq}hjbjw rblelr klwvlle wal Figr( oeg wal figr oeg ci{wohr% Or wal obwi{r vl{l hlfohhz hlfo hhz rhoplr( jw vor }irrjkhl ì{ walc wi }l{ì{c |e#rjc|howlg rlq ie wal rwofl( !vajba jebh|glg aicirlq|oh obwr je gl}jbwjier i` ^l|r oeg Foezc ezclgl lwb%*( b%*( oeg r|ba }l{ì{coeblr klbocl pl{z }i}|ho{( glr}jwl wal ibborjieoh owwlc}wr i` wal rwowl wi i|whov r|ba }{i }{ig| g|bwj bwjie ier% r% Je oggj oggjwj wjie ie wi wajr wajr gjr} gjr}hoz hoz i` }|khjb }i{eif{o}az( pjihlew rblelr vl{l ohri raive vjwai|w rjc|howjie( vjwa rhoplr kljef djhhlg je gl}jbwjier i` wal Jhhjog( oeg rjcjho{ pjihlew rwi{jlr( oeg rhoplr kljef lcorb|howlg( je gl}jbwjier i` czwar r|ba or wal borw{owjier i` Ba{ie|r( oeg Owwjr% Aopjef wi bic}lwl vjwa r|ba }{ig|bwjier je wal walow{l walow{l(( jc}{lr jc}{lro{ji o{jir( r( hjdl hjdl F{obba F{obba|r( |r( vai ivelg o }{jpowl o{leo( vl{l ì{blg wi glplhi} ci{l lq}hjbjw }l{ì{coeblr% Or o {lr|hw( bickowoewr oeg lqlb|wjiel{r je wal o{leo vl{l lebi|{oflg wi {o}l( ok|rl oeg c|wjhowl walj{ gl`lowlg i}}ielewr i{ bieglcelg pjbwjcr% pjbwj cr% Je o }aohhi#blew{jb ribjlwz( val{l rlq|oh }lelw{owjie rjfeohhlg o cohlr rwow|r( wal fhogjowi{ ‒

















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Wal {lr|hw i` wajr vor waow wal borw{owjie bic}hlq vor ò{ rw{iefl{ je [icoe ribjlwz waoe je wal Pjleelrl ejelwllewa blew|{z ribjlwz i` G{% Rjfc|eg @{l|g( or jw vor ci{l waoe }irrjkhl waow wal gjrwoew( wa{lowlejef oeg }ivl{`|h òwal{ cjfaw obw|ohhz bo{{z i|w wal wa{low i` borw{owjie% Je oggjwjie( je vlohwaz òcjhjlr wal{l vi|hg i`wle kl wal }{lrlebl i` l|e|bar( !borw{owlg rhoplr*( vai vi|hg kl hjpjef }{ii` wi wal kizr i` wal òcjhz waow borw{owjie vor oe obw|oh ob w|oh }irrjkjhjwz% }irrjkjhjwz% Obbi Obbi{g {gje jef f wi @{l| @{l|g( g( ohh kiz kizr glrj glrj{l {l walj walj{{ ciwa ciwal{ l{(( oeg oeg bicc biccie ie rler rlerll wlhhr wlhhr |r waow waow ohh ohh kizr kizr corw|{kowl( oeg wal {lr|hw i` wajr vor o pl{z f|jhw {jggle cohl }i}|hobl% Ow wajr }ijew vl bicl wi wal @{l|gjoe biebl}w i` }{inlbwjie( val{l oe jegjpjg|oh }{inlbwr ajr ive gjr{l}|wokhl `low|{lr iewi iwal{ jegjpjg|oh( wa|r lorjef ajr ive bierbjlebl( oeg }hobowjef wal rwl{e r|}l{lfi b{lowlg je ajr bajhgaiig kz wal rwl{e }owl{ òcjhjor% Wal cirw ocleokhl jegjpjg|ohr ì{ wajr ì{c i` }{inlbwjie je [icoe wjclr vl{l rhoplr ‒ jegjpjg|ohr vjwa ei a|coe {jfawr( vai vl{l bierjgl{lg wal hivlrw i` wal hiv( oeg vl{l b{lgjwlg vjwa lpl{z }irrjkhl gl`jbjlebz i` bao{obwl{% Rhoplr vai vl{l fhogjowi{r( oeg rhoplr vai vl{l bieglcelg i` po{ji|r b{jclr vl{l jgloh r|knlbwr ie vai wi }{inlbw wal f|jhw vajba cirw cohl [icoe og|hwr `lhw( oeg wal{lì{l wi r|``l{ wal pl{z }|ejracl }|ejraclew ew waow wal }owl{ òcjhjor òcjhjor aog wa{lowlelg wa{lowlelg ohh wairl zlo{r klì{l ‒ oeg waow }|ejraclew }|ejraclew(( i` bi|{rl( vor borw{owjie% Wal {lr|hw vor waow wal b{ivg ow wal o{leo( vajba bierjrwlg bierjrwlg cojehz i` cle( vor ohvozr ohvozr rb{locjef ì{ wal gl`lowlg `jfawl{r oeg bieglcelg b{jcjeohr wi kl borw{owlg( oeg cle hjdl F{obba|r( vai biew{ihhlg wal ]{jpowl O{leo( vl{l iehz wii ao}}z wi }hobowl wal b{ivg vjwa vjwa gjr}hozr vajba jebh|glg flejwoh c|wjhowjie% Je oggjwjie( or wal rlbieg {lorie ì{ wa{lowlelg borw{owjie vor bajhgaiig corw|{kowjie( o{wj`jbjohhz o{i|rlg }l{ì{cl{r je wal o{leo vl{l lebi|{oflg( i{ ì{blg( wi corw|{kowl je }|khjb( # !ohwai|fa o `lv coribajrwjb `jfawl{r vi|h vi|hg g ok|r ok|rll walc walcrl rlhp hplr lr |jw |jwll vjhhj vjhhjef efhz hz*( *( # ri waow waow wal wal r|kr r|krl l|l |lew ew }|ejraclew i` borw{owjie vi|hg rllc lple ci{l o}}{i}{jowl% Jejwjohhz wal o{leo b{ivg vl{l |jwl ao}}z wi rll oez `jfawl{ i{ bieglcelg rhopl |egl{fi r|ba o a|cjhjowjef }{iblrr ow wal Foclr( k|w or wal blew|{z }{if{ }{if{lrr lrrlg lg wal }{lpji }{lpji|r |r {lhjoeb {lhjoebll ie kjf( kjf( c|rb| c|rb|ho{ ho{(( ihgl{ ihgl{ cle rhivhz rhivhz baoeflg( oeg je {lr}ierl wi wal {lobwjier i` wal b{ivg( ci{l `jfawr vl{l fjple ipl{ wi zi|efl{ cle( ogihlrblewr( oeg riclwjclr lple zi|ef kizr( vai vl{l balo}l{ oeg lorjl{ wi ob|j{l( oeg vl{l ci{l }i}|ho{ vjwa wal }lgl{o }lgl{orwj rwjbb oeg pizl|{j pizl|{jrwj rwjbb [icoe [icoe b{ivg( b{ivg( oeg lple lple n|gjbj n|gjbjoh oh lqlb|wj lqlb|wjier ier wleglg wleglg wi djhh djhh wal ihgl{ ihgl{ b{jcjeo b{jcjeohr hr je wal g|efli g|eflier er vajhl vajhl {lrl{p {lrl{pjef jef wal zi|efl{( zi|efl{( ci{l oww{obwjpl b{jcjeohr ì{ }|khjb lqlb|wjier% ]o{ogiqjbohhz( o{leo `jfawl{r vai vl{l rdjh`|h lei|fa( i{ h|bdz lei|fa wi aopl o e|ckl{ i` pjbwi{jlr vi|hg |jbdhz klbicl wal go{hjefr i` wal b{ivg% Rwoegjef }{obwjbohhz eodlg je wal o{leo( vjwa n|rw o wjez hijebhiwa bipl{jef walj{ k|hfjef( pj{jhl

















Lplew|ohhz( i` bi|{rl( Ba{jrwjoejwz( vjwa jwr {l}{lrrjpl pjlv i` rlq|ohjwz( k{i|faw oe leg wi wal pjihlew oeg rlq|ohhz lq}hjbjw }l{ì{coeblr je wal o{l eo( oeg wal }aleicleo i` wal ]{jpowl O{leo aor elpl{ klle {lpjplg%

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JEW[IG\BWJIE

Wal h|eba#wjcl rlrrjie i` lqlb|wjier vor `jeohhz ipl{% Wal horw i` wal eodlg( c|wjhowlg bi{}rlr vl{l b|w give `{ic val{l walz aog klle aoefjef `{ic wal o{leo vohh oeg g{offlg vjwa aiidr wi wal &r}ijho{j|c&( # oeg wal po{ji|r b{irrlr( rwodlr( {obdr oeg iwal{ jc}hlclewr i` wi{w|{l oeg lqlb|wjie vl{l {lciplg `{ic wal o{leo% Rhoplr wale ciplg je vjwa ho{fl kordlwr `|hh i` `{lra roeg( vajba vi|hg kl r}{log ie wal o{leo `hii{ iebl wal f|wr( lqb{lclew oeg rijhlg roeg aog klle raiplhhlg |} oeg bo{wlg ovoz% Iwal{ f{i|}r i` rhoplr wale k{i|faw je a|fl( k{ie~l k|{el{r( vajba fopl i`` bhi|gr i` birwhz jeblerl je oe owwlc}w wi gjrf|jrl wal rclhh i` lqb{lclew( khiig oeg f|wr vajba aog }l{poglg wal o{leo g|{jef wal h|ebawjcl lqlb|wjier% @jeohhz wal o{leo vor {logz ì{ wal `j{rw i` wal fhogjowi{joh biewlrwr( vajba vl{l wal ajfahjfaw i` loba goz ow wal Foclr% Wal rwo{ i` waow }o{wjb|ho{ o`wl{eiie vor o vlhh#deive jegjpjg|oh `{ic F{obba|r& o{leo bohhlg Bohpj|r !&wal kohg iel&*% Coez i` wairl vai }ow{iejrlg F{obba|r& }{jpowl O{leo lq}lbwlg wi rll ricl rlq( or vlhh or o `lv fiig djhhr oeg o bl{woje oci|ew i` wi{w|{l( oeg vjwa Bohpj|r wal b{ivg bl{wojehz vi|hg bl{wojehz flw walj{ cielz&r vi{wa( oeg ì{ wajr {lorie Bohpj|r vor pl{z }i}|ho{% BOHPJ\R

Bohpj|r aog klle ki{e ie wal lrwowl i` o {jba [icoe }ow{jbjoe( wi o vicoe vai vor o ai|rlaihg rhopl%



















Howl{ al klbocl oe o{leo#rhopl( oeg vale F{oba|r {lohjrlg waow wal zi|ef wlleofl{ }o{wjb|ho{hz hjdl vowbajef lqlb|wjier( al vor cogl oe orrjrwoew wi wal bajl` lqlb|wjiel{% Eiwjbjef waow Bohpj|r vor vaow bi|hg iehz kl glrb{jklg or o &w{|l rogjrw&( F{obba|r howl{ aog wal lqlb|wjiel{ w{ojelg |} or o fhogjowi{( fhogjowi{( oeg Bohpj|r& ì{wl klbocl wal gl`lowjef oeg &gjrcoewhjef& i` b|wl zi|ef &kiz#fhogjowi{r&%

&KIZ FHOGJOWI[R& Jw c|rw kl {lclckl{lg waow hj`l lq}lbwoebz je oebjlew [icl vor rai{w( vjwa }hlkljoer {o{lhz r|{pjpjef klzieg ì{wz zlo{r ‒ ri o wvlewz zlo{ ihg vor aoh`voz wa{i|fa hj`l% Ohri( wal [icoer aog ei biebl}w i` &bajhgaiig& ‒ wajr jr o {lblew jglo( i{jfjeowjef g|{jef wal ?1wa oeg ?:wa blew|{jlr ‒ oeg kizr vl{l n|rw bierjgl{lg wi kl &hjwwhl cle&% K|w wal oww{obwjie i` kizr wi wal [icoer vor waow walz vl{l eiw rlq|ohhz cow|{l !}|kl{wz bocl howl{ je oebjlew wjclr klbo|rl i` }ii{ e|w{jwjie*( oeg wajr vor lq}{lrrlg kz wal kiz&r hobd i` }|kjb oeg kigz#aoj{% Klbo|rl jw vor wal b|rwic ì{ [icoe fj{hr oeg vicoe wi {lcipl ohh kigz#aoj{( jebh|gjef }|kjb aoj{( wajr cloew waow ki zr vl{l pjlvlg or &`lcjejrlg& rlq|oh iknlbwr ‒ oeg jw vor wal{lì{l obbl}wokhl ì{ [icoe cohlr wi &k|ffl{& walc% Oeg jw vor ì{ wajr {lorie waow &Kiz Fhogjowi{r& vl{l pl{z }i}|ho{ je wal ]{jpowl O{leo% Klbo|rl i` wajr( F{obba|r i`wle |rlg kizr or zi|ef or w vlhpl je ajr o{leo ‒ oeg walrl kizr riclwjclr ì|faw iel oeiwal{( |r|ohhz vjwa kiwa ki zr `jfawjef vjwai|w hijebhiwar( wi raiv i`` walj{ hobd i` rlq|oh cow|{jwz% I`wle( aivlpl{( aivlpl{( kizr vl{l |rlg or &o{leo#ìggl{& !`jfawl{r }|w je wal o{leo vjwa wal lq}lbwowjie i` walc kljef djhhlg*( oeg cowbalg ofojerw ihgl{( ci{l lq}l{jleblg `jfawl{r ‒ oeg walrl biewlrwr vl{l pl{z }i}|ho{ or wal kizr vi|hg jelpjwokhz kl {o}lg oeg wale c|wjhowlg klì{l kljef djhhlg% F{obba|r aog o }hlewj`|h r|}}hz i` walrl oww{obwjpl zi|ef hogr ‒ cojehz {|eovozr oeg i{}aoer w{ovhlg `{ic wal bjwz rw{llwr kz F{obba|r& &lofhl#lzlg& oflewr%



















Bohpj|r vor pl{z &vlhh#legivlg&( bi|hg ri kl {lhjlg ie wi }|w ie eiw n|rw o fiig raiv i` rvi{grcoeraj}( rvi{grcoeraj}( je wal obbl}wlg |rl i` wal wl{c( k|w o fiig raiv i` &rvi{grcoeraj}& je wal iwal{ |rl i` wal vi{g ‒ &fhogj|r& !rvi{g je Howje*( o`wl{ ohh( vor ohri wal rhoef vi{g ì{ wal }lejr je oebjlew [icl% Klbo|rl i` wajr( vale Bohpj|r o}}lo{lg( wal b{ivg bi|hg kl orr|{lg i` o fiig `jfaw( ìhhivlg kz wal r}lbwobhl i` o r|lohjef( rw{|ffhjef zi|ef kiz jc}ohlg ie Bohpj|r& a|fl rwj``( rvihhle &wiih&( oeg wale wal rocl kiz( kiz( vai vor kz k z wale o l|e|ba( aopjef aog ajr flejwohr b|w i``( kljef wal r|knlbw i` iel i` Bohpj|r& r}lbwob|ho{ oeg khiigz djhhr%



















Ie wajr }o{wjb|ho{ goz Bohpj|r vor wi `jfaw wa{ll &kiz# fhogjowi{r&4 Co{b|r( L}alk|r oeg Aorw|r% Bohpj|r vor wi `jfaw walrl kizr je i{gl{ i` ofl( rwo{wjef vjwa Co{b|r( vai vor wal zi|eflrw% Co{b|r vor iel i` wairl kizr w{ovhlg i`` wal bjwz rw{llwr% Aopjef klle fjple o cjejcoh oci|ew i` w{ojejef je rvi{g#}hoz( rvi{g#}hoz( al vor wi kl rlew i|w jewi wal o{leo( oeg vi|hg ohcirw bl{wojehz bl{wojeh z kl @lhjq  Co{b|r # Wvi pl{z djhhlg% @i{ F{obba|r wajr vor je òbw ajfahz &ai{ez& kiz#fhogjowi{r }{i`jwokhl% Co{b|r # Co{b|r( ohwai|fa hlfohhz jeglwl{cjeowl je rwow|r ‒ al coz aopl klle o kiz#fhogjowi{ rhopl( }irrjkhz o {|eovoz( {|eovoz( i{ al coz aopl klle &`{ll#ki{e& k|w oe i{}aoe # vor pjlvlg or o rhopl( ohwai|fa F{obba|r aog eiw lq}leglg oez cielz }|{baorjef ajc% Wal iehz birw wi F{obba|r vor wal w{ojejef( oeg wal kiz&r dll} ì{ oki|w o ciewa( vajba vor cjejcoh% Wal kiz&r o}}lo{oebl je wal o{leo( aivlpl{( vi|hg kiirw wal }i}|ho{jwz i` F{oba|r& o{leo( oeg k{jef ajc bierjgl{okhl }{i`jw% Wi }hlorl wal b{ivg( Co{b|r( vai vor pl{z &vlhh#legivlg& ì{ ajr ofl( vor wi `jfaw



















JEW[IG\BWJIE Wal b{ivg aog oh{logz klf|e wal goz kz vowbajef wvi w vi kiqjef cowbalr vajba aog leglg vjwa wvi r}lbwob|ho{ djhhr > zi|ef Hzr|r Hzr|r oeg ]l{rl|r% O`wl{ wal v{lrwhl{r bocl wal ]oed{owjie( vjwa H|bjoe pjbji|rhz klowjef o e|ckl{ i` zi|ef i}}ielewr( jebh|gjef Bhlie oeg Pjeg{lq( o zi|ef Fo|h% @jeohhz jw vor wal w|{e i` wal fhogjowi{r( vjwa wal b{ivgr òpi|{jwl( Bohpj|r( rlw wi gl`low oeg ok|rl o e|ckl{ i` zi|ef &kiz#fhogjowi{r&% Wal `j{rw i` wal kizr waow Bohpj|r vor wi `jfaw vor zi|ef Co{b|r% Co{b|r( ie lewl{jef wal o{leo( aog o k{iog f{je ie ajr òbl( or j` al vor bic}hlwlhz |eovo{l i` wal o}}ohhjef òwl waow ovojwlg ajc% Wajr vor }{ikokhz g|l wi wal bickjeowjie i` }i}}z#n|jbl( alc} oeg



















rdje oeg wal okgicjeoh c|rbhlr( k|w gijef ei jewl{eoh gocofl% Wal {lorie ì{ wajr vor waow Bohpj|r voewlg wal kiz wi r|{{legl{ wal `jfaw( k|w kl r|``jbjlewhz |ejen|{lg wi r|{pjpl g|{jef wal rlrrjie i` wi{w|{l oeg ok|rl waow wal b{ivg vl{l lq}lbwjef( }{ji{ wi wal kiz kljef &`jejralg#i``&% Co{b|r( i` bi|{rl( vor ei `jfawl{( kljef zi|ef oeg vlod( oeg al jcclgjowlhz `lhh wi ajr dellr o`wl{ {lbljpjef o vi|eg waow `jfawl{r hjdl Bohpj|r vi|hge&w lple eiwjbl% ‘]hlorl( ei ci{l( rj{ / J fjpl /–( Co{b|r r}h|wwl{lg( or al hiidlg give( vjgl#lzlg( ow wal r}lo{ vajba Bohpj|r vor rwjhh aihgjef ie wi( vajba vor rwjbdjef je ajr klhhz% Vajhl Bohpj|r alhg wal r}lo{( al wiid i`` ajr i{eowl( k{ie~l alhclw% Bohpj|r( vjwa o kjf f{je ie ajr òbl( hiidlg give ow ajr dellhjef zi|ef i}}ielew% ‘Ia ei / J fiw o rwj``z /–( Co{b|r r|lodlg( or al hiidlg give give ow wal r}lo{ oeg wale ajr aoj{hlrr f{ije% Wal eodlg wlleofl{( glr}jwl kljef r}lo{lg( vor ajfahz o{i|rlg( vjwa ajr l{lbw }lejr nl{djef ikrblelhz( ikrblelhz( oeg al row ie ajr ao|ebalr( ohcirw b{zjef( or al hiidlg |} ow Bohpj|r% ‘Ri( zi| |rlhlrr hjwwhl b|ew ‒ zi| fjpl 9–( Bohpj|r |lrwjielg% ‘Zlr rj{( J fjpl / ]hlorl r}o{l cl /–( Co{b|r {l}hjlg vjwa o }owalwjb vajel% ‘J` zi| &fjpl&( rie( zi| o{l cjel( oeg zi| gi vaowlpl{ J roz( roz( oeg wale J coz r}o{l zi| /–( Bohpj|r biewje|lg( hjdjef ajr hj}r ow wal wai|faw i` {o}jef ok|rjef wal &ai{ez& hjwwhl kiz oeg fojejef lple ci{l d|gir vjwa wal b{ivg% Wal b{ivg( i` bi|{rl( vl{l ohvozr lofl{ wi rll o zi|ef &kiz#`jfawl{& flw ajcrlh` jc}ohlg ie wal &pj{jhl clckl{& i` ajr pjbwi{ji|r pjbwi{ji|r i}}ielew( oeg Bohpj|r& Bohpj|r& wvlewz blewjclw{l hief l{lbw o}}legofl( vjwa jwr a|fl bj{b|c`l{lebl i` `j`wlle blewjclw{lr( vor ci{l waoe oez kiz i` Co{b|r& ofl bi|hg wodl% ‘J&hh gi oezwajef( rj{ / # N|rw r}o{l cl( }hlorl /–( Co{b|r {l}hjlg( ohcirw jcclgjowlhz( jcclgjowlhz( oeg {owal{ rw|}jghz( rw|}jghz( hiidjef o hjwwhl ci{l bie`jglew%





















Or Bohpj|r ì{blg ajr voz je( wal }ii{ kiz&r oeeoh c|rbhlr `j{rw rw{lwbalg oeg vl{l wale {j}}lg( or Bohpj|r `jeohhz }lelw{owlg wal |eì{w|eowl hog% ‘]hlorl ei / J boe&w wodl jw / # Cz aihl boe&w wodl jw /–( Co{b|r rb{loclg( or wal b{ivg ball{lg or Bohpj|r }|ralg ajcrlh` {jfaw jewi ajr rw{|ffhjef i}}ielew% Bohpj|r wale rwo{wlg wa{|rwjef oeg( or jw vor ajr `j{rw ibborjie i` rlq|oh obwjpjwz waow goz( goz( al {lobalg ajr bhjcoq pl{z |jbdhz% ‘Oa rajw / J b|c wii |jbd /–( Bohpj|r f{ioelg( oeg }|hhlg ajr a|fl( nl{djef }lejr i|w i` Co{b|r& {j}}lg oe|r( oeg r}lew ajr rllg ohh ipl{ wal zi|ef hog&r rciiwa( `j{c k|wwibdr% Iebl Bohpj|r aog `jejralg r|j{wjef ajr rlcle ipl{ wal kiz( Co{b|r( `lhh wi ajr dellr ie wal roeg% Vale Co{b|r {ojrlg ajcrlh` |}( ri waow al vor dellhjef |}{jfaw ie wal roeg( o ball{( ball{( oeg ricl {jkohg ho|fawl{( ho|fawl{( vlew |} `{ic wal b{ivg or walz rov waow( or o {lr|hw i` kljef {i|fahz {o}lg( Co{b|r aog o pl{z rw{ief l{lbwjie% ‘[jfaw( zi| ai{ez hjwwhl wirrl{( wirrl{( # hlwr rll zi| `|bdje& voed /–( Bohpj|r i{gl{lg% ‘]hlorl rj{( gie&w& codl cl }hoz vjwa czrlh` /–( Co{b|r }hloglg( k|w Bohpj|r jfei{lg ajc oeg wihg ajc wi &flw ie vjwa jw&% Hiidjef give ow ajr rwj``( nl{djef





















Wale( ohcirw jcclgjowlhz o`wl{ wal zi|ef hog&r bhjcoq( Bohpj|r }|hhlg i|w i` Co{b|r& oe|r( oeg r|j{wlg ajr wajbd( b{locz rlcle ipl{ wal zi|ef kiz&r rvlowz k|wwibdr% Co{b|r( }oewjef o`wl{ ajr i{forc( rhivhz roed give oeg leglg |} dellhjef ie wal roeg( vajhl Bohpj|r k|rjlg ajcrlh` rw|``jef ajr flejwohr kobd jewi ajr hijebhiwa% ‘Wjl ajr aoegr /–( Bohpj|r i{gl{lg wal o{leo#rhoplr( or al bo{l`|hhz ogn|rwlg ajr hijebhiwa% ‘Ia ei / ]hlorl rj{( zi| rojg zi|&g r}o{l cl /–( Co{b|r }hloglg vjwa wal Bohpj|r( or wal o{leo rhoplr ki|eg wal eodlg kiz&r aoegr klajeg ajr kobd% Co{b|r vor kz wale |jwl alh}hlrr( oeg ohh al bi|hg gi vor rjw oeg vowba or Bohpj|r }jbdlg |} ajr rvi{g% Aopjef klle wjlg |}( Co{b|r aog rwo{wlg wi klbicl o{i|rlg iebl ofoje( vajba vor lqobwhz vaow Bohpj|r voewlg( or al delv waow wal b{ivg hjdl wi rll `jfawl{r lcorb|howlg vajhl walz aog oe l{lbwjie% Bohpj|r wale rjc}hz klew ì{vo{g oeg rhjblg i`` Co{b|r& flejwohr% Or Bohpj|r gjg ri( Co{b|r k{jl`hz {lhlorlg o r}|{w i` |{jel or al rb{loclg( oeg ow wal rocl wjcl ajr rlpl{lg flejwohr `lhh wi wal roeg% ‘Ia ei / Cz fiihjlr oe& cz vjhhz /–( Co{b|r r|lohlg wi Bohpj|r( ‘Zi| b|w &lc i`` /–% Wal c|wjhowlg kiz row ie ajr ao|ebalr( hiidjef ow ajr rlpl{lg rlq }o{wr waow hoz ie wal roeg kz ajr dellr( oeg rwo{wlg rikkjef%





















wa{|rw rhoralg wa{i|fa Co{b|r vjeg}j}l oeg ricl i` wal r|{{i|egjef khiig plrrlhr% ‘Ia `|bd /–( `|bd /–( Co{b|r f{|ewlg( !jw wal `j{rw wjcl al aog rvi{e g|{jef wal `jfaw*% Ohcirw jcclgjowlhz khiig f|ralg i|w i` wal kiz&r ci|wa( oeg give ajr vjeg}j}l( jewi ajr h|efr( oeg al klfoe wi g{ive je ajr ive khiig% @i{ o ciclew al row rwjhh( hiidjef {i|eg vjwa vjgl( rwo{jef lzlr l zlr wi wal o{leo#rhoplr oeg wal b{ivg( or j` }hlogjef ì{ walj{ alh}( vajhl al f|{fhlg ai{{jkhz% ai{{jkhz% Wale al rhivhz `lhh ì{vo{g( vjwa ajr `llw djbdjef i|w% @i{ o `lv ciclewr al nl{dlg o{i|eg ie wal roeg( vjwa ajr hlfr djbdjef je r}orcr( oeg wal `jefl{r i` ajr wjlg aoegr wvjwbajef% ‘@|bd ‘ @|bd /–( /–( Co{b|r wale f{|ewlg ì{ o rlbieg wjcl4 fopl i|w o hief( hi|g ò{w( r|j{wlg rajw ipl{ wal roeg( oeg wale hoz rwjhh% Wale wal{l vl{l o `lv ci{l gjrf|rwjef ò{wr `{ic wal }{iel( eodlg kiz( ri n|rw wi codl r|{l waow Co{b|r vor glog( Bohpj|r wiid wal kiz&r ive rvi{g oeg rwokklg ajc wa{i|fa wal kobd( b|wwjef ajr r}jel oeg }jeejef ajc wi wal roeg% Wal c|wjhowlg kiz cogl o `jeoh nl{d oeg wale Bohpj|r wale {ojrlg ajr aoegr je w{j|c}a( oeg wal b{ivg ball{lg oeg bho}}lg oeiwal{ pl{z bic}lwlew oeg }{i`lrrjieoh }l{ì{coebl kz walj{ òpi|{jwl( ò pi|{jwl( Bohpj|r% Bohpj|r( or al rwiig ipl{ wal eodlg bi{}rl i` zi|ef Co{b|r( obbl}wjef wal o}}ho|rl i` wal b{ivg( vor `llhjef o}}ohhjefhz o{i|rlg( oeg vor n|rw vojwjef ì{ wal baoebl wi hlopl wal o{leo oeg





















L]ALK\R & @LHJQ # JEW[IG\BWJIE

Or Bohpj|r vor wi aopl wvi `|{wal{ `jfawr waow o`wl{eiie( F{oba|r glbjglg waow ajr rwo{ fhogjowi{ rai|hg kl fjple o rai{w {lrw( oeg rlew je wvi elv &kiz#fhogjowi{r& wi dll} wal b{ivg oc|rlg% La}lk|r( !o F{lld eocl( cloejef rjc}hz &zi|ef kiz&*( vor o aoegricl( rhjc zi|ef [icoe kiz% Al vor wi òbl @lhjq( !o Howje eocl( cloejef òjwa`|h*( vor lple zi|efl{ waoe L}alk|r( oeg vor roegz





















J` L}alk|r rjc}hz djhhlg @lhjq( vjwai|w {o}jef ajc( wale L}alk|r vi|hg aopl wi òbl kohg Bohpj|r( oeg wal kiz&r òwl vi|hg kl rlohlg% Iebl Bohpj|r aog hl`w wal o{leo( oeg wal eodlg( lcorb|howlg bi{}rl i` Co{b|r( vajba aog klle }jeelg wi wal roeg vjwa wal kiz&r ive rvi{g( aog klle }{jrlg i`` wal roeg oeg g{offlg wi wal o{leo vohh wi kl a|ef( wal wvi elv kizr lewl{lg wal o{leo%

L]ALK\R & @LHJQ ‒ WAL @JFAW

eiw vlo{jef o O kjf ball{ vlew |} `{ic wal b{ivg( cojehz klbo|rl b|wl hjwwhl @lhjq vor eiw vlo{jef hijebhiwa% Jw c|rw kl {lclckl{lg waow o ho{fl }l{blewofl i` cohl [icoe bjwj~ler vl{l jeplwl{owl }lgl{orwr( !kiz hipl{r*( vajba vor o pjbl waow walz aog wodle ipl{ `{ic wal F{lldr% Kiwa hogr( c|ba wi wal oc|rlclew oeg rowjròbwjie i` wal b{i vg( o}}lo{lg pl{z &o{i|rlg& {jfaw `{ic wal rwo{w( vjwa zi|ef L}alk|r |jwl ikpji|rhz &wlewjef& wal hief( vajwl }i|ba i` ajr waje F#rw{jef vjwa o rj~lokhl k|hfl( vajhl























ajcrlh`% Or al rwiig ì|hjef ajcrlh`( ajcrlh`( al rwo{lg ow L}alk|r vjwa vjwa o alh}hlrr hiid( or j` |eokhl wi klhjlpl vaow ajr zi|ef i}}ielew( vai aog klle ajr `{jleg oeg hipl{ ow wal Fhogjowi{joh Rbaiih( aog n|rw giel wi ajc / +Zi|&pl +Zi|&pl `|bdje& rdlvl{lg cl /+( zi|ef @lhjq vajelg( or al rwiig koegz hlfflg( rwjhh eijrjhz ì|hjef ajcrlh`% L}alk|r wale wii ajr rvi{g oeg rcobdlg @lhjq ob{irr wal òbl% ‘@|bd /–( @lhjq f{|ewlg( oeg `lhh wi ajr dellr ie wal roeg vjwa ajr eirl khiigjlg% ‘Ei / ]hlorl L}alk|r / Gie&w djhh cl /–( eodlg @lhjq vajelg( or al delhw je ajr ive lqb{lclew oeg |{jel( je `{iew i` ajr pjbwi{ji|r `{jleg% L}alk|r }|w ajr aoeg ie @lhjq&r rai|hgl{% ‘J&c ri{{z @lhjq( k|w J&c fieeo aopl wi gi ricl }{lwwz kog wajefr wi zi| klì{l zi|&{l





















rw{lefwa wi rwoeg% @lhjq( vjwa wal kowie }|ralg ofojerw ajr }{irwowl( vor kz wale ai}lhlrrhz &o{i|rlg&( vjwa o a|fl l{lbwjie% L}alk|r wale r}{log wal eodlg kiz&r hlfr # vjgl{ oeg vjgl{ # kz glf{llr( ri waow lplew|ohhz wal }ii{( }ii{( rdlvl{lg kiz vor cogl wi ohcirw &gi wal r}hjwr&( je wal blew{l i` wal o{leo% Ohh wal wjcl ajr hlfr vl{l kljef r}{log( wal vajc}l{jef kiz vor wlewowjplhz cipjef ajr {jfaw aoeg wivo{gr ajr l{lbw }lejr( oeg vor ikpji|rhz zlo{ejef wi flw aihg i` ajr a|fl( pj{jhl &clckl{& je i{gl{ wi {lhjlpl ajcrlh`% ‘Ia rajw / Cz hlfr /–( @lhjq cioelg( or al rhivhz roed give or ajr hlfr vl{l r}{log% @jeohhz wal leg i` wal kowie ajw wal roeg( oeg wal b{ivg ball{lg% ‘Oh {jfaw @lhjq( J boe rll zi|&{l n|rw obajef wi gi jw% Fi ie ‒ fjpl wal b{ivg o ho|fa ‒ aopl





















}lejr vor `|hhz lq}irlg je wal }{iblrr% ]{ikokhz {lohj~jef vaow vor oki|w wi ao}}le wi ajc @lhjq( vai aog ajr }lejr g{o}lg i|w ie wal roeg je `{iew i` ajc( oeg ajr wlrwjbhlr }idjef i|w `{ic klwvlle ajr k|wwibdr klajeg ajc( rwo{wlg wi rb{loc wi wal b{ivg ì{ cl{bz% +]hlorl †% r}o{l cl /+( al rb{loclg% +Gie&w hlw ajc b|w i`` cz `|bdje& &e|wr& /+% Wal b{ivg( i` bi|{rl( vl{l vowbajef oeg ho|fajef( òrbjeowlg ow wal rjfaw i` wal b|wl( eodlg kiz( kiz( rw{lwbalg i|w ie wal roeg vjwa ajr wlrwjbhlr }|hhlg iel voz oeg ajr }lejr }|hhlg wal iwal{ voz% voz% Wairl je wal b{ivg vai aog {lohj~lg vaow L}alk|r vor oki|w wi gi vl{l ohh bohhjef ì{ L}alk|r& eodlg zi|ef i}}ielew wi kl borw{owlg / +B|w wal djg&r kohhr i`` / + # +Codl +Codl wal khieg kiz o l|e|ba / +( +( ‘Rhjbl ‘Rhjbl &jr `|bdje& kihhibdr i`` / – # walz vl{l bohhjef%





















hlfflg( vajhl L}alk|r gjg vaow al voewlg vjwa ajc% Wal eodlg zi|ef kiz&r }lejr vor rw{lwbalg i|w je `{iew i` ajc( ie wal khiig rwojelg roeg( oeg jw vor rwjhh wajbd oeg hief( oeg nl{djef ie wal roeg( or @lhjq }|c}lg i|w wal `jeoh r}|{wr i` ajr &horw lpl{& lnob|howjie% Wal{l( wal zi|ef zi|ef hog&r b{locz &kiz#n|jbl& &kiz#n|jbl& jcclgjowlhz riodlg jewi wal ko{{le roeg( ri waow ajr pjfi{i|r rllg bi|hg elpl{ }{ig|bl elv hj`l% @lhjq( glr}oj{jef( vowbalg ajr rllg g{jkkhl ovoz |rlhlrrhz( |rlhlrrhz( oeg wale hiidlg |} wi rll L}alk|r bicjef ow ajr vjwa ajr rvi{g% +Ia ei ei / Eiw cz deik deik or vlhh /+( /+( @lhjq f{ioelg( or or





















oe|r( oeg {lplohjef ajr c|wjhowlg( khiigz b{iwba% L}alk|r vowbalg ajr zi|ef `{jleg( vai vor rwjhh aihgjef ie wi ajr rlpl{lg wlrwjbhlr oeg }lejr( or wal }ii{ kiz vlew wa{i|fa ajr horw( ikrblel biep|hrjier ie wal roeg%

@LHJQ JR @JEJRALG I@@

@jeohhz( @jeohhz( L}alk|r hj`wlg ajr v{jwajef i}}ielew i`` wal roeg( w|{elg ajc ipl{( ipl{( oeg g{i}}lg wal zi|ef hog iewi ajr klhhz% Or @lhjq hoeglg vjwa oe o|gjkhl wa|c} ie wal roeg( wal }ii{ kiz f{|ewlg oeg rikklg wi ajr zi|ef wi{clewi{( +]hlorl ei / J gie&w voeeo gjl / @|bdje&























ª bi}z{jfaw Go{d Wohlr ;=?=









































eigglg( oeg wal f{jeejef o{leo#rhopl rjc}hz {j}}lg i`` wal r|j{cjef kiz&r wjez rlcle# rwojelg F#rw{jef%





















Kz eiv L}alk|r& }lejr vor rwoegjef ohcirw pl{wjbohhz( pl{wjbohhz( oeg wal kiz vor rwo{{jef give ow ajr a|fl alopjhz pljelg &wiih&( or al `{oewjbohhz oeg {l}lowlghz }|hhlg ajr ì{lrdje |} oeg





















a|fl bibd( &oe hjbd cz n|jbz kihhibdr 9+ al rai|wlg wi wal b{ivg or al `|{ji|rhz corw|{kowlg%





















































































































































































































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