UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL TECNOLÓGICA DE LIMA SUR
TEMA: INFORME 2, CALDERA DE MARCET ESPECIALIDAD: INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA GRUPO: A PROFESOR: MERA ANDIA JOSE LUIS CURSO: TERMODINÁMICA I CICLO: IV ALUMNOS:
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ARTURO HU HUILLCA RICARDO CO CORNEJO MIGU MIGUEL EL RO ROM MERO ERO VA VARGAS GAS GIANNY AMES
1
ÍNDICE
Introd!!"#n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% O&'(t")o*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$+ Mr!o t(#r"!o$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$+$$. D(*!r"/!"#n d(0 /rto$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1 Cr!t(r*t"!* t3!n"!*$$$$$$$$$$$$$+$++4 5ro!(d"6"(nto$$$$$$$$$$$$$++$$$$$77 Nor6* d( *(8r"dd$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$++72 5rt( (9/(r"6(nt0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$+++7% D"*!*"#n d( r(*0tdo*$$$$$$$$$$$+$$$+7:
2
INTRODUCCIÓN
Cndo J6(* ;tt o&*(r)# ;tt o&*(r)# <( *( /odr t"0"=r (0 )/or !o6o n >(r= (!on#6"! <( r(6/0=r 0 >(r= n"60 ? 6n0, *( (6/(=# d(*rro00r 0 >&r"!!"#n d( !0d(r*, @*t 00(8r 0* <( !t06(nt( t"(n(n 6?or *o (n 0* d"*t"nt* "nd*tr"*+ L !0d(r (* n 6<"n 6<"n o o d"*/o*"t")o d( "n8(n"(r d"*(Bdo /r 8(n(rr )/or+ E*t( )/or *( *( 8(n(r tr)3* d( n trn*>(r(n!" d( !0or /r(*"#n /r(*"#n !on*tnt(, !on*tnt(, (n 0 !0 (0 >0"do, or"8"n06(nt( (n (*tdo 0<"do 0<"do,, *( !0"(nt ? !6&" * >*( >*( )/or *trdo+
3
OBJETIVOS
N(*tro* o&'(t")o* *on - E*t E*td" d"rr (0 >n! >n!"on "on6 6"( "(nt nto o d( 0* 0* !0d(r* - Cono Cono!( !(rr 0 "6/o "6/ort rtn n!" !" d( 0* 0* !0 !0d( d(r r** d(ntro d( 0 "nd*tr"
4
MARCO TEÓRICO L !0d(r d( Mr!(d o0"(r d( Mr!(t /(r6"t( d(t(r6"nr 0 !orr(*/ond(n!" (ntr( 0o* )0or(* d( 0 /r(*"#n ? d( 0 t(6/(rtr /r (0 )/or *trdo @6(do d(0 8 tod* 0* /r(*"on(* !o6/r(nd"d* (ntr( 0 /r(*"#n t6o*>3r"! ? 71 &r(*+ E0 tn<( !"0ndr"!o *( 00(n !on n )o06(n !ono!"do d( 8, 0(8o *( d !0or+ En la administración de agua caldera de calor es el total de volumen constante y presión constante, por lo que la evaporación gradual de líquidos aumenta en volumen cerrado y por lo tanto tanto temperatura” temperatura”
5RINCI5IOS FÍSICOS RELATIVOS AL CAMIO DE ESTADO LÍUIDO-AERIFORME
Con*"d(r(6o* 0 trn*>or6!"#n d( n !(r/o d(*d( (0 (*tdo 0<"do 0 (*tdo (r">or6( o )"!()(r* ()/or!"#n o !ond(n*!"#n+ S" (n n 6&"(nt( (n (0 !0 r("n n /r(*"#n "n)r"&0( *( d !0or n 0<"do, 30 6"*6o *( !0"(nt, /(ro n !"(rto /nto 0 t(6/(rtr !(* d( 6(ntr ? !o6"(n= 0 trn*>or6!"#n d(0 0<"do (n )/or ? 0 t(6/(rtr no )r" @*t <( @? /r(*(n!" d( 0<"do ()/orr+ Un )/or !0<"(r (n /r(*(n!" d(0 0<"do d(0 !0 (* /rod!"do ? (n !ond"!"on(* d( (<"0"&r"o t3r6"!o !on (0 6"*6o t"(n( n t(6/(rtr /(r>(!t6(nt( d(t(r6"nd /or !d )0or d( 0 /r(*"#n+ 5r 0o* )0or(*, /or tnto, (* /o*"&0( (*!r"&"r n r(0!"#n Ψ(pt) =0 <( <( (9/r(* 0 !orr(*/ond(n!" (ntr( 0o* )0or(* d( 0 /r(*"#n ? d (0 t(6/(rtr+ 5(ro (* n(!(*r"o t(n(r (n !(nt n d)(rt(n!"+ S( @ @&0do d( )/or (n /r(*(n!" d(0 0<"do d(0 !0 (* /rod!"do+ Si en el espacio no ocupado por el líquido no se encuentra solo su vapor, sino tambin un gas, por e!emplo aire, el problema se complica" E* n(!(*r"o /or tnto @!(r d( 6n(r <( (0 "r(, 5
"n"!"06(nt( /r(*(nt( (n (0 @(r)"dor /r(*"#n 6&"(nt( *( @8 *0"r nt(* d( "n"!"r 0 6(d"!"#n d( 0* /r('* d( )0or(* d( /r(*"#n ? t(6/(rtr+ S" *( *6"n"*tr !0or 0 8 !ont(n"d (n (0 @(r)"dor, (0 r(*0tnt( 6(nto d( !t")"dd n")(0 6o0(!0r /ro)o! n *"(6/r( !r(!"(nt( 0"&(r!"#n d( 0* 6o03!0* d(*d( 0 */(r>"!"( d(0 0<"do @*t o&t(n(r (0 (<"0"&r"o+ L !ond"!"#n d( (<"0"&r"o (* >n!"#n d( 0 /r(*"#n <( !t *o&r( 0 */(r>"!"( d( *(/r!"#n 0<"do-)/or, !nto 6(nor (* 0 /r(*"#n, 6?or *(r 0 >!"0"dd !on (0 !0 0* 6o03!0* &ndonrn 0 */(r>"!"( 0<"d, ? /or tnto *(r *>"!"(nt( *6"n"*trr n 6(nor !nt"dd d( !0or /r 0!n=r (0 /nto d( (<"0"&r"o (&00"!"#n+ L t(6/(rtr 0 !0 *( )(r">"! 0 !ond"!"#n d( (<"0"&r"o n d(t(r6"nd /r(*"#n *( d(no6"n t(6/(rtr d( *tr!"#n+ En (0 @(r)"dor 0 *6"n"*tr!"#n d( !0or 0 8 *( r(0"= )o06(n tot0 !on*tnt(, no /r(*"#n !on*tnt(, /or 0o !0 0 ()/or!"#n /ro8r(*") d(0 0<"do d(t(r6"n n 6(nto d( 0 /r(*"#n (n (0 )o06(n !(rrdo, ? /or tnto d( 0 t(6/(rtr d( *tr!"#n+
DETERMINACIN DE LA RELACIN 5RESIN-TEM5ERATURA Con)(rt"r 0* 0(!tr* d( /r(*"#n r(0t") (n /r(*"#n &*o0t Bd"(ndo 0 /r(*"#n t6o*>3r"! (n &r ? !0!0r 0 t(6/(rtr 6(d" !d /r(*"#n+ Trn!r"&"r (*t* t(6/(rtr* (n n d"8r6 !rt(*"no (n >n!"#n d( 0* /r(*"on(* &*o/0t*+ Tr=r 0(8o n 8r>"!o !o6/rt")o t0"=ndo 0o* )0or(* d( 0* /ro/"(dd(* d(0 )/or d(0 8 (9trd*, ( 9trd*, /or ('(6/0o, d( 0 T&+ T&+ I, o&t(n"do* d( 0* t&0* d(0 V/or V/or !(o *trdo 0 (*tdo 06"t(K7+ S( trn*!r"&(n !ont"n!"#n 0* r(0!"on(* n0t"!* t"0"=r /r tr=r (0 d"8r6 !rt(*"no+
6
DESCRIPCIÓN DEL APARATO
7+ H(r)"dor !"0ndr"!o, (n (0 !0 !0 *( "ntrod!( "ntrod!( (0 8 n(!(*r" /r (0 (n*?o+ 2+ Cdro (03!tr"!o d( !ontro0 !ontro0 d( 0 r(*"*t(n!" (03!tr"! /r (0 !0(nt6"(nto ? 0 ()/or!"#n d(0 8+ %+ V0)0 V0)0 d( d(*! d(*!r r8+ 8+ + V0)0 V0)0 d( 0"6(nt! 0"6(nt!"#n+ "#n+ .+ Mn#6(tro /r 0 0(!tr 0(!tr d( 0 /r(*"#n r(0t") r(0t") (n (0 @(r)"dor+ @(r)"dor+ :+ T(r6#6(tro d( 6(r!r"o /r /r 0 0(!tr 0(!tr d( 0 t(6/(rtr t(6/(rtr (n (n (0 @(r)"dor+ 1+ V0)0 V0)0 d( *(8 *(8r"d r"dd d++ + V0)0 /r /r r(80r r(80r 0 !nt"dd 69"6 d( 8 (n (0 @(r)"dor @(r)"dor 4+ R(*"*t(n R(*"*t(n!" !" (03!t (03!tr"! r"! &0"ndd &0"ndd+ + 7+ 5r(*o*t 5r(*o*tto to d( d( *(8r" *(8r"dd+ dd+
7
8
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS
Mt(r"0 @(r)"dor !"0ndr"!o A!(ro
Mt(r"0 "*0nt( @(r)"dor Ln d( ro!
C/!"dd 69"6 8 % 0"tro*
5r(*"#n r(0t") 69"6 d( tr&'o 71 &r(*
5r(*"#n 69"6 d( (n*?o %. &r(*
C0"&r!"#n )0)0 d( *(8r"dd 7 &r(*
T(r6#6(tro d( 6(r!r"o -72.C, d")"*"#n 7C
Mn#6(tro -2. &r(*, d")"*"#n 7 &r
R(*"*t(n!" (03!tr"! &0"ndd 22P2V 6ono>*"! .H= d( 2;
C0"&r!"#n /r(*o*tto d( *(8r"dd 71 &r(*
D"6(n*"on(* d(0 8r/o .. 9 9 4@$ 5(*o 1Q8
9
PROCEDIMIENTO 10
C(rrr 0* )0)0* % +
Introd!"r 8 (n (0 @(r)"dor &r"(ndo 0 )0)0 d( 0"6(nt!"#n ? 0 )0)0 d( r(80!"#n @*t <( (0 8 *08 d(*d( (0 /ort8o6 d( 0 6"*6+
C(rrr 0 )0)0 d( 0"6(nt!"#n +
D('ndo &"(rt 0 )0)0 d( r(80!"#n , "n*(rtr 0 r(*"*t(n!" (03!tr"! 4 /0*ndo (0 &ot#n n(8ro d(0 !dro (03!tr"!o 2+
E*/(rr @*t <( (0 )/or *08 0"&r(6(nt( d( 0 )0)0 + E*to *"r)( /r !(r!"orr*( d( <( todo (0 "r( @? *"do (9/0*do d(0 @(r)"dor+
Ad<"r"r
0 t(6/(rtr t(6/(rtr d(0 t(r6#6(tro t(r6#6(tro : ? 0 /r(*"#n 6&"(nt( 5t6, 0(8o !(rrr 0 )0)0 ? *!r (0 t&o d(*d( (0 /ort8o6 d( 0 )0)0 +
5ro*(8"r (n (0 !0(nt6"(nto ? d<"r"r 0 0(!tr d(0 t(r6#6(tro : t!0 !on 6(nto* d( /r(*"#n r(0t") d( n &r /or 6(d"o d(0 6n#6(tro ., @*t n /r(*"#n r(0t") 69"6 d( 71 &r+
D(*!on(!tr (0 !0(ntdor 4 /0*ndo (0 &ot#n ro'o d(0 !dro (03!tr"!o 2 ? /ro!(d(r n* n0o8* *(r"(* d( 0(!tr* d(0 t(r6#6(tro : t (n>r 6(d"d <( 0 !0d(r *( (n>r+
IMPORTANTE:
Drnt( 0 ('(!!"#n d(0 (n*?o no *( d(&(n &r"r nn! 0* )0)0* % +
NORMAS DE SEGURIDAD
11
Drnt( 0 ('(!!"#n d(0 (n*?o no *( d(&( "nt(r)(n"r nn! (n 0o* 6ndo* d( /(rtr ?Po !"(rr( d( 0* )0)0* % + En 0 !0d(r @n *"do "n*t0do* /or 6ot")o* d( *(8r"dd do* d"*/o*"t")o* d(!do* /r "nt(r)(n"r (n !*o* d( 60 >n!"on6"(nto d(0 !0(ntdor+ E0 /r"6(ro, 6ontdo (n 0 /rt( */(r"or d(0 @(r)"dor, (* n )0)0 d( *(8r"dd 1 !0"&rd (n (0 &n!o n /r(*"#n d( 7 &r(*+ L* )0)0* d( *(8r"dd, "n*t0d* (n n t&(r o (n n r(!"/"(nt( (n /r(*"#n, "6/"d(n <( 0 /r(*"#n d(0 >0"do */(r( n d(t(r6"ndo )0or+ Cndo 0 /r(*"#n 0!n= n )/or d( !0"&r!"#n, 0 )0)0 !o6"(n= &r"r*( to6t"!6(nt(, d(*!r8ndo (0 !d0 d(0 >0"do n(!(*r"o /r d"*6"n"r 0 /r(*"#n &'o (0 )0or d( !0"&r!"#n+ E0 *(8ndo, 6ontdo (n 0 /rt( "n>(r"or d(0 @(r)"dor, (* n /r(*o*tto d( *(8r"dd 7 !0"&rdo (n (0 &n!o n /r(*"#n d( 71 &r(*+ Lo* /r(*o*tto*, d"*/o*"t")o* to6t"!o* d( !ontro0 "n*t0do* (n t&(r* o r(!"/"(nt(* (n /r(*"#n, "nt(r)"(n(n !o6o 0* )0)0* d( *(8r"dd !ndo (0 >0"do !ontro0r d(*rro00 n /r(*"#n */(r"or 0 )0or /r(d(t(r6"ndo o d( !0"&r!"#n+ Ut"0"=do* /r (*t( >"n 0o* /r(*o*tto* d( *(8r"dd !tn *o&r( 0 0"6(nt!"#n (03!tr"! (n n(*tro !*o *o&r( 0 r(*"*t(n!" (03!tr"! 4, ? 0 "nt(rr6/(n !ndo *( 0!n= (0 )0or /r(!on>"8rdo+ NOTA: •
5or 6ot")o* d( *(8r"dd no *( d(&( "nt(r)(n"r nn! *o&r( (0 torn"00o d( !0"&r!"#n d( 0 )0)0 d( *(8r"dd 1 ? *o&r( 0o* torn"00o* d( !0"&r!"#n d(0 /r(*o*tto 7+
PARTE EXPERIMENTAL 12
For60* ¯ ¿ ¿
Patm ¿
¯ ¿
Pass = Prel+ P atm ¿
t media=
t rise + t raff 2
P calentamiento + Penfriamiento Pmedia = 2
Dto* •
5r(*"#n ? t(6/(rtr (n (0 !0(nt6"(nto 13
•
Temperatu ra 100
Presión
110
0.4
120
1.1
130
1.8
140
2.8
150
3.8
160
5
0.2
5r(*"#n ? t(6/(rtr (n (0 (n>r"6"(nto Temperatu ra 160
Presión
150
3.6
140
2.6
130
1.6
125
1
120
0.2
115
0
5
T&0 d( dto* 8r/do* 14
Temperatu ra
Presión en el calentami ento
Presión absoluta
Presión en el enfriamie nto
Presión absoluta
Presión media
0. 0.2
1.2
0
1
1.1
0.4
1.4
0.2
1.2
1.3
1. 1.1
2.1
1
2
2.05
130
1.8
2.8
1.6
2.6
2.7
140
2.8
3.8
2.6
3.6
3.7
150
3.8
4.8
3.6
4.6
4.7
5
6
5
6
6
100
110 120
160
C0!0o* P calentamiento + Penfriamiento Pmedia = 2
Presion vs Temperatur 180
P1=
1.2+ 1 2
160
=1.1
140 120
P2=
1.4 + 1.2 2
100
=1.3
Temperatura
80 60 40
P3=
2.1 + 2 2
20
=2.05
0 0
1
2
3
presion
15
4
5
P4 =
P5=
P6=
2.8 + 2.6 2
3.8 + 3.6 2
4.8 + 4.6 2
= 2.7
=3.7
= 4.7
16
P7=
6 +6 2
=¿
DISCUCIÓN DISCU CIÓN DE D E RESULTADOS RESULTADOS
E9/0"!r /or<( (* n(!(*r"o nt(* (9/0*r (0 "r( d(0 @(r)"dor+
Co6/rr 0 !r) o&t(n"d !on 0o* dto* (9/(r"6(nt0(*, !on 0 !r) o&t(n"d d( 0o* dto* t&0do* ? ()"d(n!"r !0<"(r >(nt( d( (rror+
D"*!t"r 0* /ro/"(dd(* d( n 0<"do ? * )/or, !o6o *( "0*tr !on (*t( (9/(r"6(nto ? !"tr ('(6/0o* d( ntr0(= /r!t"! o "nd*tr"0 (n 0o* !0(* *( /(d( !o6/ro&r 0 (>"!"(n!" d( (*t r(0!"#n+
