Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids Acids and Bases MULTILE C!"ICE
1. Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s: a. High body surface–to–body size ratio b. Slow metabolic rate c. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses d. Inability to communicate adeuately when he or she is thirsty !"S: #
$enal mechanisms that regulate fluid and electrolyte conser%ation are often not mature enough to counter the losses& conseuently' dehydration may rapidly de%elop. Infants can be susceptible to changes in total body water because of their high metabolic rate and the turno%er of body fluids caused by b y their greater body surface area in proportion to their total body size. (he inability to communicate their thirst is is a problem only when they are poorly cared for. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,-
. /besity creates a greater ris0 for dehydration in people because: a. !dipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling. b. (he metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults. c. (he rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean
adults. d. (he thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effecti%ely. effecti%ely. !"S: !
(he percentage of total body bod y water (234 %aries with the amount of body fat an d age. 2ecause fat is water repelling hydrophobic4' %ery little water is contained in adipose cells. Indi%iduals with more body fat ha%e proportionately less (23 and tend to be more susceptible to fluid imbalances that cause dehydration. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,-
5. ! patient’s patient’s blood gases re%eal the following findings: pH' 6.5& bicarbonate H#/54 6 m*78&
carbon dio9ide #/4' ; mm Hg. 3hat is the interpretation of these gases< a. $espiratory al0alosis c. $espiratory acidosis b. =etabolic acidosis d. =etabolic al0alosis !"S: #
(he %alues pro%ided in this uestion characterize only acute uncompensated respiratory acidosis. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1>?15,
-. 3a 3ater ter mo%ement between the intracellular fluid I#+4 compartment and the e9tracellular fluid
*#+4 compartment is primarily a function of: a. /smotic forces c. !ntidiuretic hormone b. )lasma oncotic pressure d. Hydrostatic forces
!"S: !
(he mo%ement of water between the I#+ and *#+ compartments is primarily a function of osmotic forces. /smosis and other mechanisms of passi%e transport are discussed in #hapter 1.4 )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,
. In addition to osmosis' what force is in%ol%ed in the mo%ement of water between the plasma p lasma
and interstitial fluid spaces< a. /ncotic pressure b. 2uffering
c. "et filtration d. Hydrostatic pressure
!"S: @
3ater mo%es between the plasma and interstitial fluid through the forces of only osmosis and 3ater hydrostatic pressure' which occur across the capillary membrane. 2uffers are substances that can absorb e9cessi%e acid or base to minimize pH fluctuations. "et filtration is a term used to identify fluid mo%ement in relationship to the Starling hypothesis. /ncotic pressure encourages water to cross the barrier of capillaries to enter the circulatory system. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,
Benous obstruction is a cause of edema ede ma because of an increase in which pressure< A. Benous a. #apillary hydrostatic c. #apillary oncotic b. Interstitial hydrostatic d. Interstitial oncotic !"S: !
Venous obstruction can increase the hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the capillaries enough to cause fluid to escape into the interstitial spaces. (he remaining options are not causes of edema resulting from %enous obstruction. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,A
6. !t the arterial end of capillaries' fluid mo%es from the intra%ascular space into the interstitial
space because the: a. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure. b. #apillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. c. Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. d. #apillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. !"S: 2
!t the arterial end of capillaries' fluid mo%es from the intra%ascular space into the interstitial because capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,
;. 8ow plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure< a. #apillary hydrostatic c. )lasma oncotic b. Interstitial hydrostatic d. Interstitial oncotic !"S: #
Losses or diminished production production of plasma albumin is the only option that contributes to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure.
)(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,A?1,6
>. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone !@H4 and the percep tion of thirst are stimulated by an4: a. @ecrease in serum sodium c. Increase in glomerular filtration rate b. Increase in plasma osmolality d. @ecrease in osmoreceptor stimulation !"S: 2
Secretion of !@H and the perception of thirst are primary factors in the regulation of water balance. (hirst is a sensation that stimulates stimulates water?drin0ing beha%ior. beha%ior. (hirst (hirst is e9perienced when water loss euals C of an indi%idual’s body weight or when osmotic pressure increases. (he other options do not accurately describe how !@H and the perception of thirst are related. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,>
1,. (hirst acti%ates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma< a. !ntidiuretic hormone c. Hydrostatic pressure b. !ldosterone d. /smotic pressure !"S: @
(hirst is e9perienced when water loss euals C of an indi%idual’s body weight or when osmotic pressure increases. @ry mouth' hyperosmolality' and plasma %olume depletion acti%ate osmoreceptors neurons located in the hypothalamus that are stimulated by increased osmotic pressure4. (he other options do not accurately identify what increases to acti%ate osmoreceptors. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,>
11. It is true that true that natriuretic peptides: a. @ecrease blood pressure and increase sodium an d water e9cretion. b. Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water e9cretion. c. Increase heart rate and decrease potassium po tassium e9cretion. d. @ecrease heart rate and increase potassium e9cretion. !"S: !
"atriuretic peptides are hormones that include atrial natriuretic peptide !")4 produced by the myocardial atria' brain natriuretic peptide 2")4 produced b y the myocardial %entricles' and urodilatin within the 0idney. "atriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water e9cretion. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,>
1. 3hen changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes'
what type of alteration occurs< a. Isotonic b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic d. "ormotonic
!"S: !
/nly isotonic alterations occur when proportional changes in electrolytes and water accompany changes in total body water .
)(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,>?11,
15. 3hich enzyme is secreted by the Du9taglomerular cells of the 0idney when circulating blood
%olume is reduced< a. !ngiotensin I b. !ngiotensin II
c. !ldosterone d. $enin
!"S: @
3hen circulating blood %olume or blood pressure is reduced' renin, an enzyme secreted by the Du9taglomerular cells of the 0idney' is released in response to sympathetic ner%e stimulation and decreased perfusion of the renal %asculature. (he other options are not released by the situation described in the uestion. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,;?1,>
1-. 3hat mechanism can cause hypernatremia< a. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone b. Hypersecretion of aldosterone c. 2rief bouts of %omiting or diarrhea d. *9cessi%e diuretic therapy !"S: 2
Hypernatremia occurs because of 14 inadeuate free water inta0e' 4 inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution e.g.' sodium bicarbonate for treatment of acidosis during cardiac arrest4' 54 high sodium le%els as a result of o%ersecretion of aldosterone as in primary hyperaldosteronism4' or -4 #ushing #ushing syndrome caused by the e9cess secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone E!#(HF' which also causes increased secretion of aldosterone4. (he other options do not result in hypernatremia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 111
1. 3hat causes the clinical manifestations of confusion' con%ulsions' cerebral hemorrhage' and
coma in hypernatremia< a. High sodium in the blood %essels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood %essels' causing brain cells to shrin0. b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out o f the blood %essels into the brain cells' causing them to swell. c. High sodium in the blood %essels pulls potassium out of the brain cells' which slows the synapses in the brain. d. High sodium in the blood %essels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water' causing the brain cells to swell. !"S: !
Hypertonic hyperosmolar4 imbalances result in an e9tracellular fluid concentration greater than ,.>C salt solution e.g.' water loss or solute gain4& cells shrin0 in a hypertonic fluid see (able (able 5?64. (his shrin0ing of cells results in the symptoms described in the uestion. (he other options do not accurately describe the cause of these symptoms as they relate to hypernatremia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 111
1A. Bomiting?induced omiting?induced metabolic al0alosis' resulting in the loss of chloride' causes: a. $etained sodium to bind with the chloride ch loride b. Hydrogen to mo%e into the cell and e9change with potassium to maintain cation
balance c. $etention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance d. Hypo%entilation to compensate for the metabolic al0alosis !"S: #
3hen %omiting with the depletion of *#+ and chloride hypochloremic metabolic al0alosis4 causes acid loss' renal compensation is not effecti%e& the %olume depletion and loss of electrolytes sodium E"aGF' potassium EK GF' hydrogen EHGF' chlorine E#l – F4 stimulate a parado9ic response by the 0idne ys. (he 0idneys increase sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption with the e9cretion of hydrogen. 2icarbonate is reabsorbed to maintain an anionic balance because the *#+ chloride concentration is decreased. (he other options do not accurately describe the mechanism that results from %omiting?induced metabolic al0alosis. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1;
16. (he pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism< a. Sodium depletion b. @ecreased capillary hydrostatic pressure c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure d. 8ymphatic 8ymphatic obstruction !"S: @
(he pathophysiologic process of edema is related to an increase in the forces fa%oring fluid filtration from the capillaries or lymphatic channels into the tissues. (he most common mechanisms are increased capillary hydrostatic pressure' pressure' decreased plasma oncotic pressure' pressure' increased capillary membrane permeability and lymphatic obstruction' and sodium retention. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,
1;. Insulin is used to treat hyper0alemia because it: a. Stimulates sodium to be remo%ed from the cell in e9change for potassium. b. 2inds to potassium to remo%e it through the 0idneys. 0 idneys. c. (ransports potassium potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. d. 2rea0s down the chemical components of potassium' causing it to be no longer
effecti%e. !"S: #
Insulin contributes to the regulation regulation of plasma potassium levels by levels by stimulating the "aG' potassium–adenosine triphosphatase K G –!()ase4 –!()ase4 pump' thereby promoting the mo%ement of potassium simultaneously into the li%er and muscle cells with glucose transport after eating. (he intracellular mo%ement of potassium pre%ents an acute hyper0alemia related to food inta0e. (he other options do not accurately describe how insulin is used to treat hyper0alemia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11-
1>. ! maDor determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of
ner%e impulses is the ratio between:
a. Intracellular and e9tracellular "aG b. Intracellular and e9tracellular K G
c. Intracellular "aG and e9tracellular K G d. Intracellular K G and e9tracellular "aG
!"S: 2
(he ratio of K G in the I#+ to K G in the *#+ is the maDor determinant of the resting membrane potential' which is necessary for the transmission transmission and conduction of ner%e impulses' for the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms' and for the s0eletal and smooth muscle contraction. (his is not true of the other options. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11-
,. @uring acidosis' the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in e9change for which electrolyte< a. /9ygen c. )otassium b. Sodium d. =agnesium !"S: #
In states of acidosis' hydrogen ions shift into the cells in e9ch ange for intracellular fluid potassium& hyper0alemia and acidosis therefore often occur together. together. (his is not true true of the other options. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 116 )ages 1A?16
1. #auses of hyper0alemia include: a. Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition b. Bomiting and diarrhea c. $enal failure and !ddison disease d. Hyperaldosteronism and #ushing disease !"S: #
Hyper0alemia should be in%estigated when a history of renal disease' massi%e trauma' insulin deficiency' !ddison disease' use of potassium salt substitutes' or metabolic acidosis e9ists. (he other options are not 0nown to be causes of hyper0alemia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11>
. In hyper0alemia' what change occurs occ urs to the cells’ resting resting membrane potential< a. Hypopolarization c. @epolarization b. Hypere9citability d. $epolarization !"S: !
If e9tracellular potassium concentration increases without a significant change in intracellular potassium' then the resting membrane potential becomes more positi%e i.e.' changes from – >, to –;, mB4 and the cell membrane is hypopolarized i.e.' the inside of the cell becomes less negati%e or partially depolarized Eincrease e9citabilityF4. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 116?11;
5. (he calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances< a. )arathyroid hormone' %asopressin' and %itamin @ b. )arathyroid hormone' calcitonin' and %itamin @ c. (hyroid hormone' %asopressin' and %itamin !
d. (hyroid hormone' calcitonin' and %itamin ! !"S: 2
(hree hormones regulate calcium and phosphate balance: parathyroid hormone )(H4' %itamin @' and calcitonin. Basopressin' Basopressin' thyroid hormone' and %itamin ! do not influence calcium and phosphate balance. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11>
-. It is true that true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: a. !n9iety is a cause of respiratory acidosis. b. ! compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. c. @iabetic 0etoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis. d. =ore o9ygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis. !"S: 2
@eep' rapid respirations Kussmaul respirations4 are indicati%e of respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis. (he other options are not true. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1;
. #h%oste0 and (rousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance< a. Hypo0alemia c. Hypocalcemia b. Hyper0alemia d. Hypercalcemia !"S: #
(wo (wo clinical signs of h ypocalcemia are the #h%oste0 sign and (rousseau sign. (hese clinical signs are not indicati%e of any of the other options. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,
A. !n e9cessi%e use of magnesium?containing antacids and aluminum?containing antacids can
result in: a. Hypomagnesemia b. Hypophosphatemia
c. Hyponatremia d. Hypo0alemia
!"S: 2
(he most common causes of hypophosphatemia h ypophosphatemia are intestinal malabsorption and increased renal e9cretion of phosphate. Inadeuate absorption is associated with %itamin @ deficiency' the use of magnesium and aluminum?containing antacids which bind with phosphorus4' long? term alcohol abuse' and malabsorption syndromes. (he e9cessi%e use of such antacids will not result in the other options. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11
6. (he most common cause of h ypermagnesemia is: a. Hepatitis c. (rauma to the hypothalamus b. $enal failure d. )ancreatitis !"S: 2
$enal failure usually causes hypermagnesemia' in which magnesium concentration is greater than . m*78. Hypermagnesemia is not a result of the other options.
)(S: 1
$*+: )age 1
;. )hysiologic pH is maintained at appro9imately 6.- be cause bicarbonate H#/54 and carbonic
acid H#/54 e9ist in a ratio of: a. ,:1 b. 1:,
c. 1,: d. 1,:
!"S: !
(he relationship between H#/5 and H#/5 is usually e9pressed as a ratio. 3hen the pH is 6.-' this ratio is ,:1 H#/5:H#/54. (he other options do not accurately identify physiologic pH by the correct ratio of H#/5 and H#/5. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1-
>. 3hich arterial pH will initiate the formation of ammonium "H-4 from ammonia "H54'
referred to as academia' academia' in the tubular lumen of the 0idney< a. 6. c. 6. b. 6.5 d. 6.A !"S: !
)athophysiologic changes in the concentration of hydrogen ion or base in the blood lead to acid?base imbalances. !cidemia is a state in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 6 .5. "H5 is produced from glutamine in the epithelial cell and diffuses to the tubular lumen' where it combines with HG to form "H-. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1A
5,. (wo (wo thirds of the body’s water is found in its: a. Interstitial fluid spaces c. Intracellular fluid compartments b. Bascular system d. Intraocular fluids !"S: #
(wo (wo thirds of the body’s water is in the intracellular fluid I#+4 compartment' and one third is in the e9tracellular fluid *#+4 compartment. (he two main *#+ compartments are the interstitial fluid and the intra%ascular fluid' which is the blood plasma. blood plasma. /ther *#+ compartments include the lymph and the transcellular fluids' such as the syno%ial' intestinal' biliary' hepatic' pancreatic' and cerebrospinal fluids& sweat& urine& and pleural' syno%ial' peritoneal' pericardial' and intraocular fluids. intraocular fluids. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,5?1,-
51. It is true that true that when insulin is administered: a. (he "aG' K G –!()ase –!()ase pump is turned off. b. )otassium is mo%ed out of muscle cells. c. (he li%er increases its potassium le%els. d. lucose transport is impaired. !"S: #
Insulin contributes to the regulation regulation of plasma potassium levels by levels by stimulating the "aG' K G – !()ase !()ase pump' thereby promoting the mo%ement of potassium simultaneously into the li%er and muscle cells with glucose transport after eating. (he other options do not accurately describe the effect of insulin administration.
)(S: 1
$*+: )age 11-
5. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of: a. 8osses or diminished production of plasma albumin b. Inflammation resulting from an immune response c. 2loc0age within the lymphatic channel system d. Sodium and water retention !"S: @
Increased capillary hydrostatic hydrostatic pressure pressure can can result from %enous obstruction or sodium and water retention. (he other options do not accuratel y describe the cause of edema related to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,A
55. (he e9istence of hyper0alemia is li0ely to result in which changes to a person’s
electrocardiogram *#4< a. +lattened J wa%es b. )ea0ed ( wa%es
c. @epressed S( segments d. )ea0ed ) wa%es
!"S: 2
/bser%ed *# changes include pea0ed ( wa%es' prolonged )$ inter%al' and absent ) wa%e with a widened $S comple9. (he other options are not related to hyper0alemia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11;
MULTILE #E$"%$E
5-. 3hich groups are at ris0 for fluid imbalance< (Select all that apply.) a. 3omen b. Infants c. =en d. /bese persons e. /lder adults !"S: 2' @' @' *
Kidney function' surface area' total body water' and the hydrophobic nature of fat cells all contribute to the increased ris0 for fluid imbalance among obese indi%iduals' infants' and older adults. ender alone is not a ris0 factor for fluid imbalance. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,-?1,
5. @ehydration can cause which result< (Select all that apply.) ap ply.) a. =oist mucous membranes b. 3ea0 pulses c. (achycardia d. )olyuria e. 3eight loss !"S: 2' #' #' *
Significant water deficit is demonstrated by symptoms of dehydration that include h eadache' thirst' dry s0in and mucous membranes' ele%ated temperature' weight loss' and decreased or concentrated urine with the e9ception of diabetes insipidus4. S0in turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of hypo%olemia include tachycardia' wea0 pulses' and postural hypotension. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 11
5A. #auses of hypocalcemia include: (Select all that apply.) a. $epeated blood administration b. )ancreatitis c. @ecreased reabsorption of calcium d. Hyperparathyroidism e. Kidney stones !"S: !' 2
2lood transfusions are a common cause of hypocalcemia because the citrate solution used in storing whole blood binds with calcium. )ancreatitis causes a release of lipases into soft?tissue spaces& conseuently' the free fatty acids that are formed bind calcium' causing a d ecrease in ionized calcium. (he other options are not recogn ized causes of hypocalcemia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 1,
56. (he electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia e9hibits hyponatremia e9hibits which clinical manifestations< (Select
all that apply.) a pply.) a. Headache b. Seizures c. )aranoia d. #onfusion e. 8ethargy !"S: !"S: !' 2' 2' @' @' *
2eha%ioral and neurologic changes characteristic of hyponatremia include lethargy' headache' confusion' apprehension' seizures' and coma. )aranoia is not associated with hyponatremia. )(S: 1
$*+: )age 115
5;. (he electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia e9hibits which clinical manifestations< (Select all
that apply.) a. @iarrhea b. #alcium based 0idney stones c. *# showing narrow ( wa%es d. 8ethargy e. 2radycardia !"S: 2' @' @' *
+atigue' wea0ness' lethargy' anore9ia' nausea' and constipation are common. 2eha%ioral changes may occur. Impaired renal function freuently de%elops' and 0idne y stones form as precipitates of calcium salts. ! shortened ( segment and depressed widened ( wa%es also also may be obser%ed on the *#' with bradycardia and %arying degrees of heart bloc0.
)(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,?11
5>. (he electrolyte imbalance hypo0alemia e9hibits which clinical man ifestations< (Select all that
apply.) a. )aralytic ileus b. Sinus bradycardia c. !trio%entricular bloc0 d. @ry mucous membranes e. (etany !"S: !' 2' 2' #
! %ariety of dysrhythmias may occur' including sinus brad ycardia' atrio%entricular bloc0' paro9ysmal atrial tachycardia' and paralytic ileus. (he other options are not related to hypo0alemia. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 11A?116
-,. ! third of the body’s fluid is contained in the e9tracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include:
Select all that apply.) a. Jrine b. Intraocular fluids c. 8ymph d. 2lood plasma e. Sweat !"S: !"S: !' 2' 2' #' #' *
(wo (wo thirds of the body’s water is in the intracelluarl fluid I#+4 compartment' an d one third is in the e9tracellular fluid *#+4 compartments. (he two main *#+ compartments are the interstitial fluid and the intra%ascular fluid' such as the blood plasma. blood plasma. Interstitial *#+ compartments include the lymph and the transcellular fluids' such as the syno%ial' intestinal' biliary' hepatic' pancreatic' and cerebrospinal fluids& sweat& urine& and pleural' syno%ial' peritoneal' pericardial' and intraocular fluids. intraocular fluids. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,5?1,-
-1. !n imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions< (Select dysfunctions< (Select all that apply.) a. 3e 3ea0ness a0ness s0eletal muscles b. #ardiac dysrhythmias c. Smooth muscle atony d. Bisual impairment e. Hearing loss !"S: !' 2' 2' #
Symptoms of hyper0alemia %ary' but common characteristics are muscle wea0ness or paralysis and dysrhythmias with changes in the *#. ! wide range of metabolic dysfunctions may result from hypo0alemia. "euromuscular e9citability is decreased' causing s0eletal muscle wea0ness' smooth muscle atony' and cardiac dysrhythmias. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 11A?11;
-. 3hich statements regarding total body water (234 are true< true< (Select all that apply.)
a. b. c. d. e.
@uring childhood' (23 slowly decreases in relationship to body weight. ender has no influence on (23 until old age. =en tend to ha%e greater (23 as a result of their muscle mass. *strogen plays a role in female (23. /lder adults e9perience a decrease in (23 as a result of decreased muscle mass.
!"S: !"S: !' #' #' @' @' *
@uring childhood' (23 slowly decreases to A,C to AC of b ody weight. !t adolescence' the percentage of (23 approaches adult proportions' and gender differences begin to appear. appear. =en e%entually ha%e a greater percentage of body water as a function of increasing muscle mass. 3omen 3omen ha%e more body fat and less muscle as a function of estrogens and therefore ha%e less body water. 3ith 3ith increasing age' the percentage of (23 declines further still. (he decrease is caused' in part' by an increased amount of fat and a decreased amount of muscle' as well as by a reduced ability to regulate sodium and water balance. )(S: 1
$*+: )ages 1,-?1,
MATC!I%&
Match the electrolytes with with the corresponding descriptions. Terms Terms may be used more more than once. LLLLLL !. Sodium LLLLLL 2. #hloride LLLLLL #. )otassium LLLLLL @. =agnesium LLLLLL *. )hosphate -5. --. -. -A. -6.
$egulates osmolality in the e9tracellular fluid *#+4 space. Is in%ersely related to H#/5 concentration. Is a maDor determinant of resting membrane potential. !n intracellular metabolic form is adenosine triphosphate !()4. !()4. #hanges in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte.
-5. !"S: ! )(S: 1 $*+: )age 1, =S#: Sodium is the the most abundant *#+ ion and is is responsible for the osmotic osmotic balance of the *#+ space. )otassium maintains the osmotic balance of the I#+ space. --. !"S: 2 )(S: 1 $*+: )age 1,> =S#: #hloride le%els le%els are in%ersely related to H#/5 concentration. concentration. -. !"S: # )(S: 1 $*+: )age 11=S#: (he ratio of KG in the I#+ to KG in the the *#+ is the maDor maDor determinant of of the resting membrane potential' which is is necessary for the transmission transmission and conduction conduction of ner%e impulses' for the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms' and for s0eletal and smooth muscle contraction. =embrane transport and membrane potentials are discussed in #hapter 1.4 -A. !"S: * )(S: 1 $*+: )age 11> =S#: )hosphate acts as an intracellular intracellular and e9tracellular e9tracellular anion buffer buffer in the regulation regulation of acid?base acid?base balance& it pro%ides pro%ides energy for muscle contraction contraction in the form of !(). (). -6. !"S: # )(S: 1 $*+: )age 116 =S#: In states of acidosis' hydrogen hydrogen ions shift shift into the cells in e9change e9change for I#+ potassium& potassium& hyper0alemia and acidosis therefore often occur together.
