Designation: C210 − 95 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Sco Scope pe
4. Appar Apparatus atus
1.1 This test method covers covers the determination determination of the permanent linear (and volume) change of insulating firebrick upon reheating under prescribed conditions.
4.1 The te 4.1 test st ki kiln ln sh shal alll be ca capa pabl blee of ma main inta tain inin ing g th thee required temperature with a variation of not more than one half a stan standar dard d pyr pyrome ometric tric cone ove overr the hearth area dur during ing the prescribed heating schedule. If a gas- or oil-fired kiln is used, it shall be of the downdraft type and of such a design as not to permit per mit the flame fro from m the burner burner to imp imping ingee upo upon n the test specimens. The kiln atmosphere during the test shall be kept as oxidizing as is practicable.
1.2 The values stated in inch-poun inch-pound d units are to be regar regarded ded as th thee st stan anda dard rd.. Th Thee va valu lues es gi give ven n in pa pare rent nthe hese sess ar aree fo forr information only. 1.3 Thi Thiss sta standa ndard rd does not purport purport to address address all of the safetyy co safet conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Pro Procedu cedure re 5.1 Test Specimens and Measurements: 5.1.1 The test specimens shall shall consist of three three brick (Note (Note 1) 1) 1 1 measuring 9 by 4 ⁄ 2 by 2 ⁄ 2 or 3 in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76 mm)) or th mm thre reee pi piece ecess of th these ese di dimen mensio sions ns cu cutt ou outt of la larg rger er shapes.
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 C24 Test C24 Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of Fireclay and High Alumina Refractory Materials C155 Classificat C155 Classification ion of Insula Insulating ting Firebr Firebrick ick E230 Specifi Specification cation and Tempera emperatureture-Electro Electromotive motive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples E1256 Test Metho Methods ds for Radiatio Radiation n Therm Thermometer ometerss (Sing (Single le Waveband Type)
NOTE 1—Three supporting brick from the same lot as the test specimens are required also, so that the test sample is comprised of six brick.
5.1.2 Each specimen 5.1.2 specimen sha shall ll be labe labeled led wit with h cer cerami amicc pain paint, t, and before and after heating they shall be carefully measured for length ( length (Note Note 2), 2), width, and thickness. Three measurements (Note 3) 3) to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall be taken for each dime di mens nsio ion n an and d th thee av aver erag agee of th these ese sh shall all be us used ed.. Ea Each ch dimension shall be measured in three places along the longitudinal center line on opposite faces, one measurement at the center of the line and one 1 ⁄ 2 in. (13 mm) in from each edge. Fig. 1 shows 1 shows the location at which these measurements are to be made.
3. Sign Significan ificance ce and Use 3.1 Ins Insula ulatin ting g fire firebri brick ck (IF (IFB) B) are clas classifi sified ed by the their ir bul bulk k density and reheat change (see Classification C155 Classification C155). ). This test method meth od defi defines nes ther thermal mal stab stabilit ility y by meas measure uremen mentt of IFB IFB’s ’s reheat change following 24 h at a test temperature.
NOTE 2—For classifying IFB according to Classification C155 Classification C155,, obtain the reheat change from the 9-in. (228-mm) dimension measurements only. NOTE 3—Because of the large pore size of some IFB, it is difficult to measure by means of calipers directly on the brick surfaces. Accuracy may be obtained by holding two small pieces of flat polished steel plate of known thickness against the faces between which the dimension is to be obtained, and calipering on the outside steel surfaces rather than directly against the brick surfaces. It is permissible to use a measuring device to obtain the dimensions of the brick, provided the measurements are not affected by large pores in the surface.
3.2 Since this test exposes exposes the entire sample sample to an isothermal isothermal tempera temp eratur turee con conditi dition, on, the use userr sho should uld be awa aware re that most applica app licatio tions ns for IFB inv involv olvee a the therma rmall gra gradie dient nt whi which ch may cause the IFB’s dimensions to change differentially. 1
Thiss tes Thi testt met method hod is und under er the jur jurisd isdict iction ion of ASTM Com Commit mittee tee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties. Current Curre nt editio edition n approv approved ed Sept. 1, 2014. Published Published Novem November ber 2014. Originally Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C210 – 95 (2007) 1. Originally part of C93. DOI: 10.1520/C0210-95R14. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5.2 Placing Test Specimens in Kiln: 5.2.1 5.2 .1 Pla Place ce the tes testt spe specime cimens ns in the kiln so tha thatt each will 1 rest on a 9 by 2 ⁄ 2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face. Place each specimen upon the 9 by 21 ⁄ 2 or 3-in. face of a supporting brick that shall be from the same lot as the test specim specimen. en. Place
ε
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
C210 − 95 (2014) 8.2 Reheat W hen th thee re rehe heat at vo volu lume me Reheat Volum olumee Cha Change— nge— When change is requested, calculate it from the average measurement for the three dimensions obtained before and after reheating, as follows: V 5 @ ~ V o 2 V f ! / V V o # 3 100
(1)
where: volume chang change, e, percen percent, t, V = volume origin ginal al v volu olume, me, and V o = ori finall vol volume ume.. V f = fina 8.3 Report— When When the test is conducted for evaluating IFB in accord accordance ance with Classification Classification C155, C155, the ave averag ragee line linear ar change cha nge for the 9-i 9-in. n. (22 (228-m 8-mm) m) dim dimens ension ion only shall be reported; otherwise, or when specified, the average of the reheat change for the length, width, and thickness shall be reported and, if requested, the average reheat volume change.
NOTE 1—The dots on the center line of each face are 1 ⁄ 2 in. (13 mm) in from each edge, and the cross on the axis is in the center. These positions indicate the points at which three measurements for each dimensions are to be made. FIG. 1 Test Brick Showing Measurement Locations
between the test specimen and the supporting member a layer of suitable refractory material, that is nonreactive under the test cond co nditi ition onss an and d pa pass sses es an AS ASTM TM No No.. 16 (1 (1.1 .188-mm mm)) si siev evee (equivalent to a 14-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retained on an ASTM No. 40 (425-µm) sieve (equivalent to a 35-mesh Tyler Standard Series). Place each specimen no closer than 1 1 ⁄ 2 in. (38 mm) from either the other test specimens or the furnace wall and parts.
9. Pre Precisi cision on and Bias 9.1 Interlaboratory Test Program— An An interlaboratory test program between six laboratories was conducted. Each laboratory received 3 samples each of three IFBs, K-20, K-26 LI, and K-3000. The bricks were provided by Thermal Ceramics. The laboratories participating were C.E. Minerals, Orton RRC, North American Refractories, National Refractories, Thermal Ceramics, and Premier Refractories.
6. Temperatur emperaturee Measurement 6.1 Measu Measure re the temperature temperature within the kiln by means of an appropria approp riate te cali calibra brated ted ther thermoc mocoup ouple. le. Refe Referr to Tabl ablee 1 and Table 2 of Standard E230 for the tolerances and upper temperatu per ature re limi limits ts for use of var variou iouss ther thermoc mocoup ouples les.. At hig higher her tempera temp eratur tures, es, the ther thermoc mocoup ouple le may be wit withdr hdrawn awn and a calibrated optical or radiation pyrometer (refer to Test Method E1256)) can be used. Place the hot junction of the thermocouple E1256 or sight the pyrometer so as to register the temperature of the test spe specime cimens. ns. Mak Makee tem temper peratu ature re rea readin dings gs at int interv ervals als not grea gr eate terr th than an 15 mi min. n. Ch Chec eck k th thee ki kiln ln pe peri riod odic ical ally ly by thermocouples, pyrometers, or pyrometric cones (refer to Test Method C24 C24)) to ensure that temperature over the hearth does not differ by more than 25°F (14°C) or one-half cone.
9.2 Precision: 9.2.1 Repeatability— The The maximu maximum m permis permissible sible dif differen ference ce duee to tes du testt er erro rorr be betw twee een n tw two o te test st re resu sults lts ob obtai taine ned d by on onee operato ope ratorr on the same mat materia eriall is giv given en by the repeatabi repeatability lity interval interv al and the relativ relativee repeata repeatability bility interval (coef (coeffficient of variation). The 95 % repeatability intervals are given in Table in Table 2. Two Two te test st re resu sult ltss th that at do no nott di difffe ferr by mo more re th than an th thee repe re peata atabi bilit lity y in inter terva vall wi will ll be co cons nsid ider ered ed th thee sa same me an and, d, conver con versel sely y, two tes testt res result ultss tha thatt do dif differ fer by mor moree tha than n the repeatability repeat ability interval will be consid considered ered dif differen ferent. t. 9.2.2 Reproducibility— The The max maximu imum m per permiss missibl iblee dif differ fer-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by two operators opera tors in dif different ferent laboratories laboratories on the same type of materia materiall usin us ing g th thee sa same me ty type pe of te test st eq equi uipm pmen entt is gi give ven n by th thee reproducib repro ducibility ility interv interval al and relativ relativee repro reproducibi ducibility lity interv interval al (coeffficient of variati (coef variation). on). The 95 % repro reproducib ducibility ility interv intervals als are given in Table in Table 2. 2. Two test results that do not differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered the same and, conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered different.
7. Test Temperatur Temperaturee Schedules and Duration of Test 7.1 The temperature temperature to be used for the test shall depend on the classification into which the IFB falls (see Classification C155). C155 ). 7.2 The heating heating schedules schedules for the various classes classes of IFB are given in Table 1. 1. Main Maintain tain the max maximu imum m temp tempera eratur turee for a period of 24 h, and leave the specimens in the kiln until the temperature has fallen to about 800°F (430°C). Blisters may develop on the surface of the test brick, in which case remove them by rubbing their surfaces very lightly with a fine abrasive block before remeasuring in accordance with 5.1.2 5.1.2..
9.3 Bias— No No justifiable bias statement is possible since the true values of the properties of the reference material are not defined.
8. Calc Calculat ulation ion and Report 10. Keyw Keywords ords
8.1 Reheat Change— Calculate Calculate the reheat change in percent from fro m the ave averag ragee mea measur sureme ement nt for the dim dimens ension ion obt obtaine ained d before and after reheating.
10.1 insulating firebrick; permanent permanent linear change; refractories; reheat change
2
C210 − 95 (2014) TABLE 1 Heatin Heating g Schedu Schedule le for Reheat Change of Var Various ious Groups of Insul Insulating ating Firebrick Elapsed Time from Start of Heating, h
Allowable Deviation from Schedule, ±°F (°C)
1 11 ⁄ 2 2 21 ⁄ 2 3
31 ⁄ 2 4
41 ⁄ 2 5
51 ⁄ 2 6 61 ⁄ 2 7 71 ⁄ 2
Temperature of Test Specimen, °F (°C) (The highest temperature in each column shall be maintained for 24 h) Group 16 1550°F (845°C) Test
Group 20 1950°F (1065°C) Test
Group 23 2250°F (1230°C) Test
Group 26 2550°F (1400°C) Test
Group 28 2750°F (1510°C) Test
Group 30 2950°F (1620°C) Test
Group 32 3150°F (1730°C) Test
Group 33 3250°F (1790°C) Test
50 (28) 35 (19.5) 20 (11) 15 (8.5) 15 (8.5)
1050 (565) 1260 (680) 1420 (770) 1520 (825) 1550 (845)
1310 (710) 1580 (860) 1790 (975) 1910 (1045) 1950 (1065)
1470 (800) 1820 (995) 2050 (1120) 2200 (1205) 2250 (1230)
1750 (955) 2130 (1165) 2370 (1300) 2510 (1375) 2550 (1400)
15 (8.5) 15 (8.5)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1750 (955) 2130 (1165) 2370 (1300) 2560 (1405) 2680 (1470) .. . .. . .. . .. . 2 73 0 (1500) 2 75 0 (1510)
15 (8.5) 15 (8.5)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1750 (955) 2130 (1165) 2370 (1300) 2560 (1405) 2680 (1470) .. . .. . .. . .. . 2810 (1545) 2880 (1580) .. . .. . .. . .. . 29 3 0 (1610) 29 5 0 (1620)
15 (8.5) 15 (8.5) 10 (5.5) 10 (5.5) 10 (5.5)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1750 (955) 2200 (1205) 2430 (1330) 2640 (1450) 2800 (1540) .. . .. . .. . .. . 2890 (1590) 2960 (1625) .. . .. . .. . .. . 3020 (1660) 3060 (1680) .. . .. . .. . .. . 3 10 0 (1705) 3 12 5 (1720) 3 15 0 (1730)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1750 (955) 2200 (1205) 2500 (1370) 2700 (1480) 2840 (1560) .. . .. . .. . .. . 2960 (1625) 3040 (1670) .. . .. . .. . .. . 3100 (1705) 3150 (1730) .. . .. . .. . .. . 3175 (1745) 3200 (1760) 3225 (1775) 3 24 0 (1782)† 3 2 50 (1790)
...
†Editorially corrected.
TABLE 2 Precision Statistics Average Linear % Attribute
Reheat Change K 20 Reheat Change K 26 LI Reheat Change K 3000
0 .0 1 − 0 .2 6 − 0. 24 −0
Precision Data Standard Standard Deviation Deviation Within Between Laboratories, Laboratories, % % Sr SR 0 .0 3 0 .0 9 0 .0 8
0 .0 3 0.11 0. 1 8
Relative Precision
Repeatability Interval, % r
Reproducibility Interval, % R
Within Laboratories, % Vr
Between Laboratories, % VR
Relative Repeatibility, % r
Relative Reproducibility, % R
0 .0 8 0 .2 4 0 .2 3
0 .0 8 0. 31 0. 50
3 8 7 .3 0 −33.48 −33.66
3 8 7 .3 0 − 4 2 .9 6 − 7 3 .4 1
1 0 8 4 .4 4 − 9 3. 74 − 9 4 .2 3
1 0 8 4 .4 4 − 1 2 0 .2 8 − 2 0 5 .5 4
3
C210 − 95 (2014) ASTM International International takes no positi position on respecting the validi validity ty of any patent rights assert asserted ed in connec connection tion with any item mentio mentioned ned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible respon sible technical technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address addr ess or at 610610-832832-9585 9585 (pho (phone), ne), 610610-832832-9555 9555 (fax (fax), ), or serv service@ ice@astm astm.org .org (e-m (e-mail) ail);; or thro through ugh the ASTM webs website ite (www.astm. (www .astm.org). org). Permission Permission rights to photocopy the standa standard rd may also be secure secured d from the Copyri Copyright ght Clearance Center, Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
4