C++ Examples

Amer Daradkah

A-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int count = 1; while ( count <= 10 ) { cout << (count % 2 ? "*****" : "+++++") << endl; ++count; } return 0; }

Output ***** +++++ ***** +++++ ***** +++++ ***** +++++ ***** +++++ Press any key to continue

B-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int row = 10, column; while ( row >= 1 ) { column = 1; while ( column <= 10 ) { cout << (row % 2 ? "*" : "$"); ++column;

1

Amer Daradkah } --row; cout << endl; }

return 0; }

Output $$$$$$$$$$ ********** $$$$$$$$$$ ********** $$$$$$$$$$ ********** $$$$$$$$$$ ********** $$$$$$$$$$ ********** Press any key to continue

C-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int x, y; cout << "Enter two integers in the range 1-20: "; cin >> x >> y; for (( int i = 1; i <= y; i++ ) { for for ( int j = 1; j <= x; j++ ) for ( cout << '@'; cout << endl; }

return 0; }

Output Enter two integers in the range 1-20: 5 3 @@@@@ @@@@@ @@@@@

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Amer Daradkah Press any key to continue

D-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int total, // sum of grades gradeCounter, // number of grades entered grade, // one grade average; // average of grades // initialization phase total = 0; gradeCounter = 1;

// clear total // prepare to loop

// processing phase while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) { // loop 10 times cout << "Enter grade: "; // prompt for input cin >> grade; // input grade total = total + grade; // add grade to total gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter } // termination phase average = total / 10; // integer division cout << "Class average is " << average << endl; return 0; }

Output Enter grade: 85 Enter grade: 88 Enter grade: 88 Enter grade: 73 Enter grade: 82 Enter grade: 97 Enter grade: 81 Enter grade: 67 Enter grade: 62 Enter grade: 51 Class average is 77

Press any key to continue

E-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int c; c = 5; cout << c << endl;

// print 5

3

Amer Daradkah cout << c++ << endl; // print 5 then postincrement cout << c << endl << endl; // print 6 c = 5; cout << c << endl; // print 5 cout << ++c << endl; // preincrement then print 6 cout << c << endl; // print 6 return 0; }

Output 5 5 6 5 6 6 Press any key to continue

F-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int counter = 1;

// initialization

while ( counter <= 10 ) { // repetition condition cout << counter << endl; ++counter; // increment } return 0; }

Output 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Press any key to continue

G-)

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Amer Daradkah

#include using namespace std; int main() { // Initialization, repetition condition, and incrementing // are all included in the for structure header. for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ ) for ( cout << counter << endl; return 0; }


H-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int sum = 0; for (( int number = 2; number <= 10; number += 2 ) for sum += number; cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; return 0; }

Output

Sum is 30 Press any key to continue

K-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int i=0.5; while (i<20.5) {cout<
5

Amer Daradkah i+=5; } cout<<"just\n"; return 0; }

Output 0 5 10 15 20 Press any key to continue

just

L-) #include using namespace std; int main() { int counter = 1; do { cout << counter << " "; } while ( ++counter <= 10 ); cout << endl; return 0;}


M-) #include using namespace std; int main() { // x declared here so it can be used after the loop int x; for (( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { for if ( x == 5 ) if ( break ; // break loop only if x is 5 cout << x << " "; } cout << "\nBroke out of loop at x of " << x << endl; return 0; }

Output 1234 Broke out of loop at x of 5 Press any key to continue

6

Amer Daradkah

N-) #include using namespace std; int main() { for (( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { for if ( x == 5 ) if ( continue;; // skip remaining code in loop continue // only if x is 5 cout << x << " "; } cout << "\nUsed continue to skip printing the value 5" << endl; return 0; }

Output 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Used continue to skip printing the value 5 Press any key to continue

O-) #include using namespace std; int cube( int y ); int main() { int x; for ( x = 1; x <= 5; x++ ) for ( cout << cube( x ) << endl; return 0; } int cube( int y ) { return y * y * y; }

Output 1 8 27 64 125

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Amer Daradkah Press any key to continue

P-) #include using namespace std; double PI = 3.14159; double sphereVolume(double sphereVolume(double r ) { return 4.0 / 3.0 * PI * r * r * r; } // function prototype +Function definition int main() { double radius; cout << "Enter the length of the radius of your sphere: "; cin >> radius; cout << "Volume "Volume of sphere with radius " << radius r adius << " is " << sphereVolume( sphereVolume( radius ) << endl; return 0; }

Output Enter the length of the radius of your sphere: 1 Volume of sphere with radius 1 is 4.18879 Press any key to continue

Q-) #include using namespace std; int mystery( int int,, int ); // function prototype int main() { int x, y; cout << "Enter two integers: "; cin >> x >> y; cout << "The result is " << mystery( x, y ) << endl; return 0; } // Parameter b must be a positive // integer to prevent infinite recursion int mystery( int a, int b ) { if (( b == 1 ) if return a; else return a + mystery( a, b - 1 ); // Function definition }

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Amer Daradkah

Output Enter two integers: 1 3 The result is 3 Press any key to continue

R-) #include using namespace std; int square( int ); // function prototype int main() { for (( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) for cout << square( square( x ) << << " "; cout << endl; return 0; } // Function definition int square( int y ) { return y * y; }


S-) #include using namespace std; int maximum( int int,, int int,, int ); // function prototype int main() { int a, b, c; cout << "Enter three integers: "; cin >> a >> b >> c; // a, b and c below are arguments to // the maximum function call cout << "Maximum is: " << maximum( a, b, c ) << endl; return 0;

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Amer Daradkah } // Function maximum definition // x, y and z below are parameters to // the maximum function definition int maximum( int x, int y, int z ) { int max = x; if ( y > max ) if ( max = y; if ( z > max ) if ( max = z; return max; }

Output Enter three integers: -3 10 8 Maximum is: 10 Press any key to continue

T-) #include #include using namespace std; double cube(double cube(double s ) { return s * s * s; } // function prototype +Function definition

int main() { cout << "Enter the side length of your cube: "; double side; cin >> side; cout << "Volume of cube with side " << side << " is " << cube( side ) << endl; return 0; }

Output Enter the side length of your your cube: 3 Volume of cube with side 3 is 27


V-)

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Amer Daradkah int square( int x ) { return x * x; } double square( double y ) { return y * y; } void nothing1( int a, float b, char char c, c, int *d ) { } // empty function body char *nothing2( char char *nothing2( char a, a, int b, float *c, double *d ) { return 0; } int main() { return 0; }

Output NO Output Press any key to continue

W-) #include using namespace std; int main() { for (int i=1;i<=5;i++) { for (int j=1 ; j<=i ; j++) if (i==j||i==5||j==1) if (i==j||i==5||j==1) cout<<"*"; else cout<<" "; cout<
Output * ** ** * * ***** Press any key to continue

X-) #include using namespace std;

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Amer Daradkah int main() { int x=1; while (x<=5) { x++; cout<<"The Value Value of x is : "<
Output The Value of x is : 2 The Value of x is : 3 The Value of x is : 4 The Value of x is : 5 The Value of x is : 6 The Final Value Value Of x Is : 6 Press any key to continue

Y-) #include using namespace std; int main() { for (int i=1 ; i<=5 ; i++) { switch (i) { case 1: cout<<"The value of x is 1\n"; break ; case 3: cout<<"The value of x is 3\n"; case 5: cout<<"The value of x is 5\n"; default : cout<<"The value of x is neither 1,3 nor 5\n"; }}

return 0; }

Output The value of x is 1 The value of x is neither 1,3 nor 5 The value of x is 3

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Amer Daradkah The value of x is 5 The value of x is neither 1,3 nor 5 The value of x is neither 1,3 nor 5 The value of x is 5 The value of x is neither 1,3 nor 5 Press any key to continue

Z-) #include using namespace std; int main() { for (int x=1; x<=10 ; x++) { if (x==7) if (x==7) break ;; break if (x==3) if (x==3) continue ; cout<< x <<" "; } cout<< endl<<"The final Value Value of x is :"<< x <
Output 12456 The final Value of i is :7 Press any key to continue

a-)

#include using namespace std; int main() { int i=1 ; for (;i<=10;i++); (;i<=10;i++); cout<
Output The final Value of i is :11 Press any key to continue

b-)

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Amer Daradkah

#include using namespace std; int main() { for (int i=1 ; i<=5 ; i++) { switch (i) { case 3: cout<<"i=3\n"; break ; case 5: cout<<"i=3\n"; continue ; case 4: cout<<"Just"; default : cout<<"*** i = "<
Output *** i = 1 *** i = 2 i=3 Just*** i = 4 i=3 Press any key to continue

c-)

#include using namespace std; int main() { int i = 5; for ( ; ; i+=5) { cout<< i <
Output 5 Press any key to continue

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Amer Daradkah

d-)

#include #include using namespace std; int main() { double x = -5.49; cout << ceil(x) <
Output -5 5.49 -6 Press any key to continue

e-)

#include #include #include using namespace std; int main () { bool flag = true ; int x=2 ; if (!flag) if (!flag) x=4; cout<< x+flag << endl;

return 0; }


f-)

#include #include #include bool prime(int prime(int)) ; using namespace std;

// Prototype for Function prime

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Amer Daradkah

int main() { int count=0; for (int loop=2;loop<=100;loop++) { if (prime(loop)) (prime(loop)) { cout << setw(5) << loop; count ++;

// calling statement

if (count (count % 10==0) cout << "\n"; } //end if } // end for cout << endl; return 0; } bool prime(int prime(int n) // Function definition { for ( int i=2 ; i<=(n-1) ; i++) if (n if (n % i ==0)

return false false;; return true true;; }

Output 2 3 5 7 11 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 Press any key to continue

g -)

#include using namespace std ; void a( void ); // function prototype void b( void ); // function prototype void c( ); // function prototype int x = 1;

// global variable

int main() { int x = 5; // local variable to main cout << "local x in outer scope of main is " << x << endl;

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Amer Daradkah {

}

// start new scope int x = 7; cout << "local x in inner scope of main is " << x << endl; // end new scope

cout << "local x in outer scope of main is " << x << endl; a(); b(); c(); a(); b(); c();

// a has automatic local x // b has static local x // c uses global x // a reinitializes automatic local x // static local x retains its previous value // global x also retains its value

cout << "local x in main is " << x << endl; return 0; } void a( void ) { int x = 25; // initialized each time a is called cout << endl << "local x in a is " << x << " after entering a" << endl; ++x; cout << "local x in a is " << x << " before exiting a" << endl; } void b( void ) { static int x = 50; // Static initialization only // first time b is called. cout << endl << "local static x is " << x << " on entering b" << endl; ++x; cout << "local static x is " << x << " on exiting b" << endl; } void c( void ) { cout << endl << "global x is " << x << " on entering c" << endl; x *= 10; cout << "global x is " << x << " on exiting c" << endl; }

Output local x in outer scope of main is 5 local x in inner scope of main is 7 local x in outer scope of main is 5

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Amer Daradkah local x in a is 25 after entering a local x in a is 26 before exiting a local static x is 50 on entering b local static x is 51 on exiting b global x is 1 on entering c global x is 10 on exiting c local x in a is 25 after entering a local x in a is 26 before exiting a local static x is 51 on entering b local static x is 52 on exiting b global x is 10 on entering c global x is 100 on exiting c local x in main is 5


h -) // Comparing call-by-value and call-by-reference // with references. #include using namespace std ; int squareByValue( int ); void squareByReference( int & ); int main() { int x = 2, z = 4; cout << "x = " << x << " before squareByValue\n" << "Value returned by squareByValue: " << squareByValue( squareByValue( x ) << endl << "x = " << x << " a fter squareByValue\n" squareByValue\n" << endl; cout << "z = " << z << " before squareByReference" << endl; squareByReference( z ); cout << "z = " << z << " after squareByReference" << endl; return 0; } int squareByValue( int a ) { return a *= a; // caller's argument not modified } void squareByReference( int int& & cRef ) { cRef *= cRef; // caller's argument modified }

Output x = 2 before squareByValue squareByValue Value returned by squareByValue: 4 x = 2 after squareByValue squareByValue

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Amer Daradkah z = 4 before squareByReference z = 16 after squareByReference Press any key to continue

k -) // References must be initialized #include using namespace std ; int main ( ) { int x = 3, &y = x; // y is now an alias for x cout << "x = " << x << endl << "y = " << y << endl; y = 7; cout << "x = " << x << endl << "y = " << y << endl; return 0; }

Output x=3 y=3 x=7 y=7 Press any key to continue

l -) // References must be initialized #include using namespace std ; int main ( ) { int x = 3, &y; // Error: y must be initialized cout << "x = " << x << endl << "y = " << y << endl; y = 7; cout << "x = " << x << endl << "y = " << y << endl; return 0; }

Output

NO Output Error executing cl.exe. Cpp1.exe - 1 error(s), 0 warning(s)

m -) #include using namespace std ; int whatIsThis( int [ ], int );

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Amer Daradkah int main ( ) { const int arraySize = 5; int a[ arraySize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int result = whatIsThis( a, arraySize ); cout << "Result is " << result << endl; return 0; } int whatIsThis( int b [ ], int size ) { if (( size = = 1 ) if return b[ 0 ]; else return b[ size - 1 ] + whatIsThis( b, size - 1 ); }

Output Result is 15 Press any key to continue

n -)

#include using namespace std ; void someFunction( int [ ] , int ); int main ( ) { const int arraySize = 5; int a[ arraySize ] ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; cout << "The values in the array are:" << endl; someFunction( a, arraySize ); cout << endl; return 0; } void someFunction( int b [ ], int size ) { if (( size > 0 ) if { someFunction(& b[ 1 ], size - 1 ) ; cout << b[ 0 ] << " " ; } }

Output The values in the array are: 5 4 3 2 1 Press any key to continue

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Amer Daradkah

p -)

#include using namespace std ; #include int main ( ) { int i , n[ 10 ]; for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) for ( n[ i ] = i+2;

// initialize array

cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" "Value" << endl; for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) for ( // print array cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl; return 0; }

Output Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


q -)

#include using namespace std ; #include int main ( ) { int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 }; cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" "Value" << endl; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++ ) for ( cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl; return 0; }

Output

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Amer Daradkah

Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 32 27 64 18 95 14 90 70 60 37


r -) // Initialize array s to the even integers from 2 to 20. #include using namespace std ; #include

int main ( ) { const int arraySize = 10; int j , s[ arraySize ]; for ( j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ ) // set the values for ( s[ j ] = 2 + 2 * j; cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" "Value" << endl; for ( j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ ) // print the values for ( cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl; return 0; }

Output

Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20


s -)

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Amer Daradkah

// Using a properly initialized constant variable #include using namespace std ; int main ( ) { const int x = 7 ; // initialized constant variable cout << "The value of constant variable x is: " << x << endl; return 0; }

Output The value of constant variable x is: 7


t -)

// A const object must be initialized #include using namespace std ; int main ( ) { const int x; // Error: x must be initialized x = 7;

// Error: cannot modify a const variable

return 0; }

Output


v -)

// Static arrays are initialized to zero #include using namespace std ; void staticArrayInit( void ); void automaticArrayInit( void );

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Amer Daradkah int main ( ) { cout << "First call to each function:\n"; staticArrayInit ( ); automaticArrayInit ( ); cout << "\n\nSecond call to each function:\n"; staticArrayInit ( ); automaticArrayInit ( ); cout << endl; return 0; } // function to demonstrate a static local array void staticArrayInit( void ) { static int array1[ 3 ]; int i ; cout << "\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n"; for ( i = 0 ; i < 3; i++ ) for ( cout << "array1[" << i << "] = " << array1[ array1[ i ] << " "; cout << "\nValues on exiting staticArrayInit:\n"; for ( i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++ ) for ( cout << "array1[" << i << "] = " << ( array1[ i ] += 5 ) << " "; } // function to demonstrate an automatic local array void automaticArrayInit( void ) { int i, array2[ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 }; cout << "\n\nValues on entering automaticArrayInit:\n"; for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) for ( cout << "array2[" << i << "] = " << array2[ array2[ i ] << " "; cout << "\nValues on exiting automaticArrayInit:\n"; for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++ ) for ( cout << "array2[" << i << "] = " << ( array2[ i ] += 5 ) << " "; }

Output First call to each function: Values on entering staticArrayInit: array1[0] = 0 array1[1] = 0 array1[2] = 0 Values on exiting staticArrayInit: array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5

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Amer Daradkah Values on entering automaticArrayInit: array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3 Values on exiting automaticArrayInit: array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8 Second call to each function: Values on entering staticArrayInit: array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5 Values on exiting staticArrayInit: array1[0] = 10 10 array1[1] = 10 array1[2] = 10 Values on entering automaticArrayInit: array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3 Values on exiting automaticArrayInit: array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8


w -)

// Passing arrays and individual array elements to functions #include using namespace std ; #include void modifyArray( int [ ], int ); // appears strange void modifyElement( int ); int main() { const int arraySize = 5; int i, a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; cout << "Effects of passing entire array call-by-reference:" << "\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n"; for ( i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) for ( cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ]; cout << endl; // array a passed call-by-reference modifyArray( a, arraySize ); cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n"; for ( i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) for ( cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ]; cout << "\n\n\n" << "Effects of passing array element call-by-value:" << "\n\nThe value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << '\n'; modifyElement( a[ 3 ] ); cout << "The value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << endl; return 0; }

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Amer Daradkah

// In function modifyArray, "b" points to the original // array "a" in memory. void modifyArray( int b [ ], int sizeOfArray ) { for (( int j = 0; j < sizeOfArray ; j++ ) for b[ j ] *= 2; } // In function modifyElement, "e" is a local copy of // array element a[ 3 ] passed from main. void modifyElement( int e ) { cout << "Value "Value in modifyElement is " << ( e *= 2 ) << endl; }

Output Effects of passing entire array call-by-reference: The values of the original array are: 0 1 2 3 4 The values of the modified array are: 0 2 4 6 8

Effects of passing array element call-by-value: The value of a[3] is 6 Value in modifyElement is 12 The value of a[3] is 6


x -)

// Demonstrating the const type qualifier #include using namespace std ; void tryToModifyArray( const int [ ] ); int main ( ) { int a [ ] = { 10, 20, 30 }; tryToModifyArray( tryToModifyArray( a ); ); cout << a[ 0 ] << ' ' << a[ 1 ] << ' ' << a[ 2 ] << '\n'; return 0 ; } // In function tryToM tryToModifyArray, odifyArray, "b" cannot be used // to modify the original array "a" in main. void tryToModifyArray( const int b [ ] ) { b[ 0 ] /= 2; // error b[ 1 ] /= 2; // error

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Amer Daradkah b[ 2 ] /= 2;

// error

}

Output


y -)

// This program sorts an array's values into // ascending order #include using namespace std; #include int main ( ) { const int arraySize = 10; int a[ arraySize ] = { 2, 6, 4, 8, 10, 12, 89, 68, 45, 37 }; int i, hold; cout << "Data items in original order\n"; for ( i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) for ( cout << setw( 4 ) << a[ i ]; for (( int pass = 0 ; pass < arraySize - 1; pass++ ) // passes for for (( i = 0 ; i < arraySize - 1; i++ ) for if ( a[ i ] > a[ i + 1 ] ) { if ( hold = a[ i ] ; a[ i ] = a[ i + 1 ] ; a[ i + 1 ] = hold ; }

// one pass

// one comparison // one swap

cout << "\nData items in ascending order\n"; for ( i = 0 ; i < arraySize ; i++ ) for ( cout << setw( 4 ) << a[ i ]; cout << endl ; return 0 ; }

Output Data items in original order 2 6 4 8 10 12 89 68 45 37 Data items in ascending order 2 4 6 8 10 12 37 45 68 89


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Amer Daradkah

z -)

#include using namespace std; #include int main ( ) { string A1 = "Amer daradkah" ; string A2 = " Osama omar"; string A3 = "Just University"; string A4 = A1 + " in " + A3 ; cout << A4 << endl; cout << "A2.length = "<< A1.length ( ) <
Output Amer daradkah in Just University A2.length = 11 A2.size = 11 A2.size = 24 A1.find('a') = 6 A2.find('o') = 7 A3.substr(4,6) = Unive A4.find (" in ") = 13 A3.find ('s',3) = 11 A4.find ('x') = 4294967295 // outputs the value of string :: nops


rand ( ( ) ) you must use this order #include < cstdlib > * To use rand : To Print random numbers between 2 numbers (α ,β ) use this order *

Cout << α + rand ( ) % ((β - α ) +1) Eg. : [ 2 , 27 ] Cout << 2 +rand ( ) % ( 27-2+1 ) ;

Cout << 2 + rand ( ) % 26 ; 28

Amer Daradkah

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Amer Daradkah

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Amer Daradkah

Important Examples į) #include using namespace std ; int a=5; void f( int a ) // function prototype { a+=5; cout<
void main ( ) { cout<< a <<" "; int a=10; f(a); start new scope //

}

cout << a++ <<" "; int a = 4; // New initialized i.e. ( a other ( a ) = 4 ) // New f(a); f1( ); end new scope //

{

cout<
31

Amer Daradkah

Output 5 15 10 9 7 11 Press any key to continue

įį )

#include #include using namespace std ; void a1( ); void a2( ) ; int x=2; void main ( ) { cout<

32

Amer Daradkah

įįį ) #include #include using namespace std ; int x=20 ; void f1( ) { cout<< x<<" "; x++ ; } void main ( ) { f1( ); { int x = 2 ; cout << x << " "; ::x = x+1 ; } cout << x << " "; ::x = ::x+2 ; f1( ); }

Output 20 2 3 5 Press any key to continue

IV ) #include #include using namespace std ; void main ( ) { int i = 7 ; while ( i != 10 ) i++ ; for (( i ; i < 12 ; i++ ) for cout << i << " "; }

Output 10 11 Press any key to continue

Good Luck 33

Amer Daradkah

Amer Daradkah

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C++ Examples

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