N++ eçslno Ngrc`a D`raçak`z
Bg b`y promãe` dotonoplgr `st` blero N++ eçslno © Ngrc`a D`raçak`z. © K` bg `klnlþa ^tgrEooj 599< CGUNG^ NOC@UNLGB@^. Bgs k`slfagnloa`s utlblzgkgs por bgs `cpr`sgs pgrg klstlafulr sus prokuntos su`b`a s`r cgrngs r`flstrgkgs. ^tgrEooj mg lat`atgko g bo bgrfo k` `st` blero klstlafulr bgs cgrngs noc`rnlgb`s k` bos tìrclaos k`snrlptlvos, slful`ako `b `stlbo qu` utlblzg `b dgerlngat`, sla lat`anlþa k` ladrlaflr bg cgrng y sþbo `a e`a`dlnlo k`b propl`tgrlo k` bg clscg. Bos kgtos k` bos `h`cpbos y pgatgbbgs soa dlntlnlos g ao s`r qu` s` `sp`nldlqu` bo noatrgrlo. ^tgrEooj `s cgrng noc`rnlgb r`flstrgkg. ^` mg pu`sto `b cçxlco `cp`÷o `a odr`n`r gb b`ntor uag ladorcgnlþa nocpb`tg y pr`nlsg. ^la `c’ `c’ egrfo, ^tgrEooj @kltorlgb ao gsuc` alafuag r`spoasgelblkgk k`rlvgkg k` su uso al tgcpono k` nugbqul`r vlobgnlþa k` pgt`at`s al otros k`r`nmos k` t`rn`rgs pgrt`s qu` pukl`rga onurrlr. @stg pueblngnlþa tl`a` por oeh`to propornloagr uaos noaonlcl`atos pr`nlsos y gnr`kltgkos soer` `b t`cg trgtgko. ^u v`atg ao supoa` pgrg `b `kltor alafuag dorcg k` gslst`anlg b`fgb, gkclalstrgtlvg o k` alaføa otro tlpo. @a ngso k` pr`nlsgrs` gs`sorãg b`fgb u otrg dorcg k` gyukg `xp`rtg, k`e`a eusngr’ eusngr’ s` bos s`rvlnlos k` ua prod`sloagb nocp`t`at`. U`s`rvgkos tokos bos k`r`nmos k` pueblngnlþa `a nugbqul`r lklocg. ^`føa bo klspu`sto `a `b Nþklfo Y`agb vlf`at` alafuag pgrt` k` `st` blero pu`k` s`r r`prokunlkg, frgegkg `a slst`cg k` gbcgn`agcl`ato o trgascltlkg `a dorcg gbfuag al por nugbqul`r pron`kl’ pron`kl’ cl`ato, yg s`g `b`ntrþalno, c`nçalno, r`profrçdlno, cgfaìtlno o nugbqul`r otro sla gutorlzgnlþa pr`vlg y por `snrlto k` ^tgrEooj: su noat`alko `stç prot`flko por bg B`y vlf`at` qu` `stgeb`n` p`ags k` prlslþa y/o cubtgs g qul`a`s, lat`anloagkgc`at`, r`prokuh`r`a o pbgflgr`a, `a toko o `a pgrt`, uag oerg blt`rgrlg, grtãstlng o nl`atãdlng. @kltgko por ^tgrEooj @kltorlgb Ngbb` Hgrgcg, >G, Yobãfoao Lakustrlgb Lfgrsg 5==49 YGUGNP@BBO^ K@ HGUGCG, Cgkrlk [`bìdoao8 <7 40= 74 <= Dgx8 <7 xxx xx xx Norr`o `b`ntrþalno8 `klnloaIstgreooj.`s Lat`ra`t8 www.stgreooj.`s L^EA8 <6=’ <6=’=;’ =;’<>4=’ <>4=’<4=’ <4=’7 K`pþslto B`fgb8 C’]]]]]’ ]]]]]’599= Guto`klnlþa8 Ngrc`a D`raçak`z
NOA[@ALKO LA[UOKPNNLÞA LA[UOKPNNLÞ A ..................................... ................... .................................... ..................................... ........................ ..... 77
Eleblofrgdãg ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ......................................... .................. 75 Gfrgk`nlcl`atos Gfrgk`nlcl`atos ........................ ................................................ ................................................ ............................. ..... 75 @^NULELU PA YUOFUGCG ................. ......................... ................. .................. .................. ................. ..........7>
7.7 WPÌ @^ PA YUOFUGCG .................. ................................... ................................... ..................... ...7> 7.5 U@GBLXGU PA YUOFUGCG ................ ................................... ................................... ................ 7; 7.5.7 Gpblngnlþa k` noasobg noas obg ................. ................................... .................................... ......................70 7.5.7.7 ¿Wuì mgn` `st` profrgcg? ...................................... ................................................ .......... 76
7.> @H@CYBO ........................................... ........................ ...................................... ..................................... .................. 7< B @AFPGH @ N++ .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ........57
5.7 [LYO^ .............................................. ........................... ...................................... ...................................... .......................57 5.7.7 Nbgs`s .................. ..................................... ..................................... .................................... ........................ ...... 55 5.5 BL[@UGB@^ .................. ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ...5> 5.> LK@A[LDLNGKOU@^ LK@A[LDLN GKOU@^ .................................................. ................................ ................................ .............. 5; 5.; K@NBGUGNLÞA K@ NOA^[GA[@^ ^LCEÞBLNG^ ................. 50 5.0 TGULGEB@^ .................................................. ............................... ..................................... ........................... ......... 50 5.4 NOAT@U^LÞA @A[U@ [LYO^ ...................................... .................... ............................ .......... 56 5.6 OY@UGKOU@^ OY@UGKOU@ ^................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 5=
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5.6.7 Op`rgkor`s grltcìtlnos ....................................... ..................... ............................... ............. 5= 5.6.5 Op`rgkor`s Op`r gkor`s k` r`bgnlþa ................. ................................... ................................... ................. 5< 5.6.> Op`rgkor`s bþflnos .......................................................... 5< 5.6.; Op`rgkor`s k` gslfagnlþa gslfagnl þa ..................................... ................... ............................ .......... >9 5.6.0 O Op`rgkor p`rgkor k` noangt`agnlþa ............................................. ........................... .................. >7 5.= YULOULKGK \ OUK@A K@ @TGBPGNLÞA .............................. ............. ................. >5 5.< @^[UPN[PUG K@ PA YUOFUGCG ....................................... ................................. ...... >> 5.79 YUOFUGCG OUL@A[GKO G OEH@[O^ ...................... ............................... ......... >4 @A[UGKG \ ^GB LKG @^[ÇAKG U ............. ...................... .................. .................. .................. ...........>6
>.7 @A[UGKG @^[ÇAKGU ........................... .......... ................................... ................................ .............. >6 >.5 ^GBLKG @^[ÇAKGU ................. ................................... ................................... ............................. ............ ;9 >.> ^GBLKG NOA DOUCG[O ..................... .. ..................................... ................................... ................. ;7 ^@A[@ANLG^ K@ NOA[UOB ................. .......................... .................. ................... ................... .............. .....;6
;.7 ^@A[@ANLG K@ G^LFAGNLÞA ................................... ................. .............................. ............ ;6 ;.5 ^@A[@ANLG^ K@ NOA[UOB .................. ..................................... ................................ ............. ;= ;.> LD .................. ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ................... ;< ;.; ^VL[NM .................. ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... ........................... ........ 09 ;.0 VMLB@ .................. ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... 05 ;.4 KO ... VMLB@................ ................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ...0> ;.6 DOU ......................................................................................... 0; ;.= ^@A[@ANLG EU@GJ .............................. ............ ..................................... ................................. .............. 04 ;.< [U\ ... NG[NM .................. ..................................... ...................................... .................................... ................. 04 CÇ^ ^OEU@ DPANLOA@^ .......... ................... .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .........47
0.7 K@DLALNLÞA ....................................... .................... ...................................... ..................................... .................. 45 0.5 @ADOWP@ YUON@KPUGB DU@A[@ G O[UO OUL@A[GKO G OEH@[O^ ............................................ ................................ ............ 4; 0.5.7 Y`asgako `a duanloa`s duan loa`s .................. ..................................... .................................. ............... 40 0.5.5 Y`asgako `a oeh`tos ................. ................................... ................................... ..................... ....46 0.> YG^GAKO GUFPC@A[O^ G BG^ DPANLOA@^ .................... .................. .. 67 67 0.; YGUÇC@[UO^ YOU OCL^LÞA .................. ..................................... ............................. .......... 65 0.0 DPANLOA@^ U@NPU^LTG^ U@NPU^LTG ^ ................................ ............ ....................................... ................... 6;
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0.4 DPANLOA@^ CG[@CÇ[LNG^ CG[@CÇ[LN G^ ................ .................................. ................................. ............... 60 0.6 AØC@UO^ GB@G[OULO^ ................ ................................. ................................... ...................... ....64 0.= @H@CYBO 7 ........................................ .................... ........................................ ..................................... ................. 66 0.< @H@CYBO 5 ........................................ .................... ........................................ ..................................... ................. =9 0.79 @H@CYBO > ...................................... .................. ........................................ ..................................... ................. =5 CG[ULN@^ \ @^[UPN[PUG^ .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. ........... ..=6
4.7 CG[ULN@^ .............................................................................. =6 4.7.7 K`nbgrgr uag cgtrlz .......................................................... =6 4.7.5 Lalnlgr uag cgtrlz .............................................................. == 4.7.> Gnn`k`r g bos `b`c`atos k` uag cgtrlz ........................... =< 4.7.; @h`cpbo 7 ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................... ................. =< 4.7.0 Cgtrln`s cubtlklc`asloagb`s ............................................ <7 4.7.4 @h`cpbo 5 ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................... ................. <5 4.7.6 Grfuc`atos qu` soa s oa cgtrln`s cgtr ln`s ................. .................................... ......................... ...... <> 4.7.= @h`cpbo > ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................... ................. <; 4.5 @B [LYO T@N[OU ................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... <6 4.5.7 Gnn`so g bos `b`c`atos................ .................................. .................................... .................. << 4.5.5 [gcg÷o................. .................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ...<< 4.5.> @blclagr `b`c`atos ................. ................................... ..................................... ...................... ...799 4.5.; Las`rtgr `b`c`atos .................. .................................... .................................... ...................... ....799 4.5.0 @h`cpbo ; ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 799 4.> @B [LYO ^[ULAF ................................................ ............................. ...................................... ................... 795 4.>.7 Gnn`so G nn`so g ua ngrçnt`r ................ ................................... ..................................... ....................795 4.>.5 Gslfagnlþa Gs lfagnlþa ................................................... ................................ ..................................... ....................79> 4.>.> Nocpgrgnloa`s .................... ....................................... ....................................... ........................ ....79> 4.>.; Noangt`agnlþa ................ ................................. ................................... ............................... ............. 79> 4.>.0 Eøsqu`kg.................. ...................................... ........................................ .................................. .............. 79; 4.>.4 ^uengk`ags ................. .................................... ..................................... ................................ .............. 79; 4.>.6 [gcg÷o.................. ...................................... ....................................... ..................................... .................. 79; 4.>.= Op`rgnloa`s k` @/^ ....................................................... 790 4.>.< Cgtrln`s k` ngk`ags n gk`ags k` ngrgnt`r`s .................... ................................ ............ 790 4.; @^[UPN[PUG^ @^[UPN[PUG ^ ................... ..................................... .................................... ............................... ............. 79=
79 N++ EÇ^LNO
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4.;.7 @h`cpbo 0 ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 779 DBPH DB PHO^ O^ ...................................... ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 77>
6.7 @^NULELU \ B@@U @A PA DLNM@UO.......................... DLNM@UO.......... .......................... ..........77; 6.7.7 @snrlelr @ snrlelr kgtos `a ua dlnm`ro ................. .................................... ........................... ........770 6.7.5 B``r kgtos `a ua dlnm`ro ................ .................................. ................................. ............... 776 6.7.> @snrlelr @s nrlelr y b``r kgtos `a ua dlnm`ro dln m`ro ................. .................................. ................. 759 6.5 GNN@^O ^@NP@ANLGB ........................................... ......................... ............................... ............. 757 6.5.7 @h`cpbo 7 ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 757 6.5.5 @h`cpbo 5 ................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 75; ÃAKLN@ G B DGE Ì[LNO ................. .......................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ............... ......756 NK ........................................ .................... ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ ......................7>7
LA[UOKPNNLÞA N++ `s ua b`afugh` k` profrgcgnlþa kls`÷gko por Ehgra` ^troustrup y pu`sto g klsposlnlþa k` bos k`sgrrobbgkor`s gbbç por 7<=0. Bg lat`anlþa k` su nr`gkor du` `xt`ak`r `b `xltoso b`afugh` k` profrgcgnlþa N noa c`ngalscos qu` p`rcltl`rga bg profrgcgnlþa orl`atgkg g oeh`tos. @a `s` s`atlko, y k`sk` ua puato k` vlstg k` bos b`afugh`s orl`atgkos g oeh`tos, N++ `s ua b`afugh` mãerlko. @sto `s, N++ du` k`sgrrobbgko g pgrtlr k`b b`afugh` k` profrgcgnlþa N y noa pongs `xn`pnloa`s lanbuy` g N, qu` pu`k` nocplbgrs` sla proeb`cgs egho N++. N++ `s gntugbc`at` uao k` bos b`afugh`s k` profrgcgnlþa cçs popubgr`s pgrg `b k`sgrrobbo k` gpblngnloa`s k` propþslto f`a`rgb. Noco cunmos otros b`afugh`s, p`rclt` trgeghgr noa toko tlpo k` kgtos, nr`gr `strunturgs k` kgtos, trgeghgr noa dlnm`ros, cgalpubgr `xn`pnloa`s, `tn. Cçs gøa, N++ `s ua b`afugh` slcpb`, pot`at` y orl`atgko g oeh`tos. ^u slatgxls lanltg gb profrgcgkor g f`a`rgr profrgcgs cokubgr`s y dçnlbc`at` cgat`aleb`s. @st` blero s` mg `snrlto noa bg lat`anlþa k` qu` ua prlanlplgat` pu`kg gpr`ak`r k` uag dorcg s`anlbbg g profrgcgr noa `b b`afugh` N++, utlblzgako bg pot`anlg k` bg eleblot`ng `stçakgr k` N++. Bos sl`t` ngpãtubos `a qu` s` mg `strunturgko `b blero mga slko `xpu`stos pr`nlsgc`at` p`asgako `a bo klnmo gat`s. Tga pr`s`atgako `b b`afugh` k` uag dorcg agturgb, `cp`zgako por bo cçs s`anlbbo, `xpoal`ako ngkg t`cg g su tl`cpo. @a k`dlaltlvg, `b blero pr`s`atg uag c`tokobofãg pgrg gpr`ak`r pono g pono sla gp`ags `anoatrgr kldlnubtgk`s. [okos bos ngpãtubos vga konuc`atgkos noa vgrlos `h`cpbos r`su`btos qu` b` gyukgrça g nocpb`tgr su dorcgnlþa.
75 N++ EÇ^LNO
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Nugako dlagbln` noa `st` blero, ao mgerç m`nmo agkg cçs qu` latrokunlrs` `a `b k`sgrrobbo k` gpblngnloa`s k` propþslto f`a`rgb noa N++. G noatlaugnlþa pokrãg gmoakgr `a `b k`sgrrobbo k` gpblngnloa`s orl`atgkgs g oeh`tos. ^l qul`r` s`fulr produaklzgako `a `stos t`cgs y v`r otros cunmos au`vos, pu`k` `nmgr uag oh`gkg gb blero qu` cçs b` lat`r`s` k` bos laklngkos g noatlaugnlþa, utlblzgkos noco eleblofrgdãg pgrg noad`nnloagr ìst`.
ELEBLOFUGDÃG @anln bo p`klg k`b b`afu gh` N++ N++..
Gutor8 Dno. Hgvl`r N`egbbos ^l`rrg (mttp8//www.dhn`egbbos.`s/) (mttp8//www.dhn`egbbos.`s/) @kltorlgb8 UG-CG (mttp8//www.rg-cg.`s/) (mttp8//www.rg-cg.`s/) Gbdgoc`fg (mttp8//gbdgoc`fg.lat`ra`tworjs.noc.cx/) Yrofrgcgnlþa orl`atgkg g oeh`tos noa N++.
Gutor8 Dno. Hgvl`r N`egbbos ^l`rrg (mttp8//www.dhn`egbbos.`s/) (mttp8//www.dhn`egbbos.`s/) @kltorlgb8 UG-CG (mttp8//www.rg-cg.`s/) (mttp8//www.rg-cg.`s/) Gbdgoc`fg (mttp8//gbdgoc`fg.lat`ra`tworjs.noc.cx/)
GFUGK@NLCL@A[O^ Wul`ro `xpr`sgr cl gfrgk`nlcl`ato g tokos bos b`ntor`s, `a f`a`rgb, porqu` soa bos qu` mgn`a posleb` qu` `st` blero y otros s`ga uag r`gblkgk.
