Business Grammar Builder

FlrlN^Mo, StiI or spa.kling? o h . ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .e. i. t. h. .e. .rw . .o. .u. .l d b e f i n e .( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.f.I. . . . . . . . . . just ruke a quick c.l - I didnt 8ct . chanceearlier. r4RN.Mo, (5)

Go right ahea.r.

Oh, rheret no sign.l. Never nnnd. Un, yotr hevea wonderfrl building here.It looks re.Iy nnpressivelion rhe ourside. FEkNANDo, It's very nev - we only moved in lasryear.It's designedby ouc of our most famous rrchitccB,Ce$r Pelli.(6) .................-.......................... show you .round l.ter? Tlunk. (7) . . r.EnN^NDo, Now rhen.(8) --------

--, -,---(9) set down to business? your int€rest teling ne . lirde rbout in our mxrket?Whrt exactlyrre your long+erm objecriveshere in Brazil? Er, perlmps(10) ............................................ begin by expl.inins i little.bout the history of o u r c o n r p a n y .hI a v ea s b o * p r e s e n t a r i o n m y h p t o p .( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. .e. .e.i t. ? .....

RNANDo,

(12)

Exercise 5Sffi[fffi Readthefo owingmpolitedialoque between a hotelrecept onn and a guert Re(eptionist Guest --rrI Givemeyournam€. 2 lt3lessop. lt3 lessop. t-3 Spelir 4 lt! !E-s-S-O-P r Le.veyourpasipod. 6 Ol w.nr an Farlvrornrnqcall ? Of courre 9 lt't lrcm seven 10 Also,lmustleavearnessag€ thirtyuntilten. a/'> fora colleague. r+ 11 Doyouwaniapen? 12 Thank you. Nowrewrtethefollowinglinesfrcmihe dialoque. Thewordsin b.ackets will hep you.

pre*")......14+.v...1...ku*...yegr...a4Ng,..ele4t9.?............. Lin€1(May/have/name L i l e 3 r c o - d / s p e l l / r h d t / Tpel e o s e. l. . . . . . . . . . . Li1e5 rwould/T _d/yourpas>port) Lr1e6 /Do/rr'nl/book me/e.rly nor^ n9) l F e 8 f l w o n d e r / y o , / L eTl e l w h e r ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . L e l0 lwould/l _d if l/mes5dqe/colleague)

uestions1 A Yeslno questions and answers a

+ mainverb. Questlonswththe dnswefyesor no areformedwth an aux aryvelb + sLrbject Theauxiliarycdn be do, be hayeof a modalverbllke can,will, wauld Shortanswersrepeatthe

Present simple

A: Do yau speakFrencha

Present continuous A: Arcyau staying at the Metropole? A: Did you .he& all the invaices2

Pastsimple

Pastconlinuols Pan pe.fedr pedect Present Wlll Can

A: Wereyou living in Romeat the tlnet A: Had you alreadyleft when I phoned? A: Have you seenmy new PalnPilot? A: Wi yau be back befote lun(h? A: Can you spe.k F.ench?

B: yes,I do./No, I don,t. B Yes,tam./No, I'n not. B: Y6, I did /Na, I didnl B: Ye| twat./Na, twasn't B: Yes,I had./Na, I hadn't. B: Yes,I have./No, I haven't. B: yes,I witt /No, I won,t. B: Yes,I can tNa, I .an't.

Haft\ik\ duJlkrtidr bectttishtt rN tlr $t etpl. tl tkns? Do youd..eptyalk n o ydt l.tBA t olrdfi pirh,tt ary ttork.V.tic.t(? Cat yot Sit. rlt'litdr(. ort dtluittdt th. h6t uutt ol flni'r lh.ld$hip!? (tsusinessweek rvebsue) .

Thema n verbbe comesbelorcthe lubjectin a qlest on ls it time for the meeting? Arc you rcadya

B Question word questions a Quenionwordsare:what,when,whete,which,who, whose,why andhaw '|fu kt),t. tk'dKtuu h th,lnrn. eill ht ta Oi( dod,ar l).!tu,,ith th. qBtirt'Whdt do I na ?'drd ktr'How do I p.tsrddelt.!".^hit. ],Ntlt? Ou l\h |ith ttu qAtnu'tt/hat do thq,pant?'rrd thot 'Hotu&n thi\ beuatu h).fui'na.n a\Mnu larya!? - t.nr D nku (lDdusrrvweek stbsirc) a Afterthequenionwod we usethesamesirucrure asa yeslnoquenion: auxilafyveft + suDtecl4manvero Present s rnpe Present contnuous Pastsimpe Pasrconnnuous P.stperle.t Prelentperiect Can

Whendo you usuallyleave wo*? whi.h prcjedsarcyauwo*ing on at thenanent? whosecatdid youhottow? Wherewercyoulivingat thetime? How nu.h rcsearchhad you done befaretheprcducttaunch? Why have yau decidedta cut ba.k on tnvestnentthisyeat? Whenwi yau be ba*? Whatlanguaget.anyau speak?

c Questionphrases a We oft€n Lrsewhat.fd '?h,.h wth a noun: What time arc you aftiving? What areas do we need ta cover in the neetinq? Whdt settorrlaakptuflti\itlrdt tlti' ti'ft? I hat impliutiots u,otttjtherebeif the priceoJoit .a.l.hua to ri.? (Businesweek website)

'15 QUESTIONsl 67

Whtlr is rnoreusualwith peopleand organisations, and when thereis a imitednumberof possible answe6: Which .ustoner seryice rcWsentative wereyou speakingto? which couier seNice did we use last ti.r'e? which way is it? a we can usev"hich ot ot Mich one: Whi.h ot the Woposals dtd you accept? Whi.h one did you accept? We cannotusewrafin this wdy a We can mak€ phraseswilh haw: how many,haw nuch, how old, how fa, how often, how long, how fast. How often do you travel abroad an business? How long will the meeting last? Hop itnportant dft thc tttnicipdl clcctions?IIou nr.h $11the Bn;i1iot rarant gtotr ext ydt ond h1il,dt ote6? (LatinT.rde websitc)

D Question words as the subject O Sornetimes thequestion wordistherublectof thesent€nce: Who did you neet in Argentina?(j,ouis lhe subj€d) (who6 lhesubj€ct. Who metyauat theateo.r? ),ous t1eobject' a Whena question wordislhe subject of. questondo not usedoldoesld/d. (Whatand i4lhoarcthe subjects) Whathappened? Whowork hete? (youand/ arethe subj€ctt what did yau do? Whodo I pay? a Notethatauxiliaesotherthandoldoes/dld pronoun canbe used,butthereis no subject because thequestion wordisthelubject. What has happened?(NOTWh€+;t+a€-) what wi hawen? (NOIv/h€+.it+,ill-...)

E Negative questions quesuons politely. a We!9e negaUve to disagree But dofl't you think thatdfercflt etietiethaved difefttt appetiE al so'ial fat so.ialcohaslo| dkryrtion?Isfl't thct a liuit i| uhat o . .att ittnods.e ion tte US ta Eutupain tem! of theneu) eord,"r? Gconomistwebsire) a Weuseneg.tivequestions whenwe expecttheanswer to be '.o'. InsocialEnglirh thismakest easierforthe otherperson to replypoltely. A: Do you like Japanese food? B: No,not really.(rheanswerseemsverystrong) A: Don't you like iapanese food? B: No,not really.(theanswer seems molepolite) I

questions Weusenegative to showsurprise. Don't you acceptAneian Express?

6a

t5 QUEST|ONS.t

15 Practice ExerciseI [$! Undedin€ theconectwods. 1 Spokeyou/Di!!&!J_5,4"kwith Latayenerday? 2 Whatdid lata say/saidwhenyouspoketo her7 3 Ar DoyoulikeScotch whisky? B: Yes,l like.lYes,l do4 Ho\\ wo*s thisnachine?ldoesthisnachinework? 5 Who setup l\,4icrosofttdid setup Mkrosoft? 6 Whensetup Micr6oftldid Microsoftsetup7 7 Who ditl telephonenelte/ephoredme thismorning? 8 Whotou Elephonedldidyou re/ephone this morning?

Exercise 2 [ b(pandtheAndyouTquestiontro makefuttyer/noquestions. I ve seenthe newstoday.And you? 'HAye..le!.a...le.s^'the_. AcIr.{ ,te,dAy? 2 | workfiom home.Andyou? 3 lcan lndeBrandGerman. Andyou? 4 l'vea readyhadlunch.Andyou? 5 I be backin timefor lunch.Andyou? 6 l'm enjoying rheconference. Andyou? 7 | ag€edwith her AndyouT 8 l'veneverspoken to Pierre. Andyou?

Exercise3 E Expand questions the,Androu2 to make fullquenion wodquestions. 1 | know Jimfromuniversity. Andyou? .89.w......d.e....tn .."k^ew-'Jj}.3..... ...... ........ ...... .............. .....

Exercise4 E Wrte . questioffor eachansvrer.

r

z 3 5 6 7 I

............!{.irer...d.e...y.o..g..4-e!...!e..r.c!:k? G€tto work?At about8.30usually. DonelI h.ven'tdoneanythingl Thereport?I put it overihere. Here?stayherebecause rhepayisgood. Yesterday? lwasfee n9 .wf! . 'rnstayifg.t Staying? the Ritz. Reporlto? | reponto BobTaylor Thisbag? thinkit! Hel€n3.

'r5 QUESTTONS 1 69

Exercise5 ffS Rearrange thewordsin eachgroupfromthe listto makequestions. Thenmatchthemto theanswers below to makea complete dialogue. y€!-bs4p,esehe.e-afe-€*youdid do that wh.t before ale for how younaying ong lke whats it

beenhow havelong thereyou workinq arive did whenyo! yo! what do do stayingyou wher€are involvetravel n9 job doesmuchyour

to is f rsi this Lyonyourvisit

1 A: Are ye$ herg .e^-...,b*tiMt;,?............... 6 A B:

Yes,I'n hereon a salesrrip.

B:

No,I ve been here once benrre

B;

I work for a urdl biotech company-

B:

A couple ofdils aso.

B:

About four yea6, I suppose.

B:

Unnl Friday.then I go back to tle UK.

B:

I was in pharmeceulicals.

B:

At the Hoiiday Inn.

Yes,guhe i lot. I orvel all over Europe, but especialyin France.

B:

It's vcry confortable acturlly rnd the restaunntis good.

5 A : B:

Exercise6f,fif

@24

Completethe daloguewith qleston wordsand quenionphrases frcm the list below \^,baf*jFd-€+ how often how far what (x2) wh ch (x2) whose

JoE: JoE JoEi JoE

how long

how many

how mLrch

So,tell me about your newjou. (r) .......W..h6J...Kind...ef ......*o.L ; ir: Itl, in siles,like my lastjob, bur it's a bigger company. Really?(2) ........................................... peoplervork there? I supposerheret about 60 people in our oftice. . . .................-..... holidly can you t ke a year? Oh, yeah.And (3) ............. Twenry-fourdaysa ye.r plus public holidays. oh, rtDrt much bene. rh.n )our lar job. And (a) .......................................... is it frcm your home? We[, ir's reellynor rhar f,r and I dont hrve ro carchthe irrin to work every morning,which is gieat. Oh.lucky you. So,(5) .......-.......-............................ doesit rakeyou to get to work in the 'norning now?

loE JoE JoE, JoE:

Abour 20 minuresby c.r Wow.lr soun& perfect.(6) .........................-....-..-......-... time do you startwork in the morDings? About nine. But sometimes I have ro go on salesrips tt the weeken.ls a well. O h ? ( 7 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . .. . . . . . . .i.d. .e aw r t h a t ? I dont knoq ir's Just somefiing yoo have to do. And (8) ....-.......-....-..-.-............-.......do )ou haveto do it? About once a motrth I thinl.They'.e going to give me a company caJ. Realyl (9) ............................................ model are rhey going to give you?

JoE: JoEi Joli

A Go]f,I rbink and I cd choosedE colour oh, and (10) ............................................ coloursde there? well,I can choose berween black ud d*k biue. only rwo! So, (11) ............................................ one do you prellr? well, ddk blue soundsberrei rhan b]ack-

uestions2 A Question tags: form e A quenon tag is a shortph.aseat th€ end of a natementthat turns t lnto. quenion.lt invites the otherpersofto repy. a Questontagsar€tormedusingaux iaries(do, be haveor a moda). An aff mative staternent usuallyhasa negaivet.9, 3nd vice-ve6. You speak French,don't you? You don't speak French,do you? You went ta the conference didn\ you? Youdidn't go to the canference,did you? You can meet him tononow, .ant youa You can't ,'eet hin tanonow can you? He5 here,isnt he? He isn't hete, it he?

B Questiontags: use .

a

Hereare five possb e usesot quenioniags presentedn a dialogue: A: You havent got the salesfiguresyet, h.ve you? B: Theydon\ haveto be readytillftiday,do they? A: You'rc not going to leaveit until the last minute again, are youT B: Well, I haven't had any tine, have l? A: 5a it wasn't yo! gatng hame eatlyyestetday,was it2

k€questfor nfom.ton) (confirmalon) lattack) (defence) Ga(asm)

lf we usea negalivenal€mentwilh an affirrnalvetag, we often erpectihe answerto be no. A: l'n going to needan interpreter B: Af couEe. Yau don't speakFrcnch,do you? Thisform car be morcpo te becauseit ir easierfor the olher personto repy no A: Yaudont speakfrcnch, doyou? B: No, soffy, I don't

a A negativenaternentwith an afiirmativetag can alsobe us€dto .sk peope for thingsin a Yau couldn't give ne a hand, .ould you? Yau haven't got any change lot the pa*ing metet, have you?

c

Question tags: other points a

lf the m.in velb in the ltatem€nl s nave,you makea t.g with do. Youhad a neetlng this noning, didn't you? Whenhave!sthe auxiliarythe tag is with haye(asnorma): You've just been.taAustria, haven't you?

a lhe r.g with I n/l an )saren't. I'm a faal, arcnz l? a Thetag wth tet3 s dral/.Thisis a sugqeston. Let's brcak fot @ffee naw, shall we? C Atter an mperativewe can $e will you?at wan t you? Havea seat,wi you? Giveme a call latet, won't you? lt the imperative5 a requestwe can usec., you? ot 6uld you? Hold the lift fot ne, can you? Passne that file, .ould you?

16 (luEsnols 2 7l

D Replyquestions we do thisto showinteren, to replyto whatsom€one says. a we canLrse a shortquestion Themeanings likeRea/r7or /5thatrrue? surpseor uncertainty. a: I went ta HeadOfficelan week. BrDtdyouT (interest) a: I .an't installthe newsofthzre. B:can'tyou? (sumrise) A: I thinkthey'reatwing at ten. no B:A/e they2 (uncerta of vetblikein a questjon tag,butthereis no change a Thercplyquestion usesan auxLiary to negative dffnrnauve

E Indirect questions witha phtase likeDoyo, know a Wecanbe morcpoliteor lentdtive bybeginning a qLrenion Doyau thinklfue|,Dayou nind tellingne, Couldyau tell ne, CouldI askyou, l'd liketa knaw t waswonoennq Do fosJeel tit ns! in i"tcf.st k o f.rtt oJinjcatedrc.ditinr? Cat p" gi'e neYak\ prcfLle lal hdsb(n 'otkilqhd ion-Us,Jusdlc)? Abo,ya, Mtioftd thatloLe theCl6sof'99 (icn'inority, k doin! to xqnghe lt ittctuiNpo!tunt.Couldyol tellm. a bit moredhoxtuhat thesthool wcbsitc) o, //rdrfio{r? (Businessweek question isllkea normalsiatement. a Thewordoder of an indir€ct lrd lec1-: Doyou thinkyou could callne a taxi? diecl: Couldyou .all ne a taxi? ^dned CouldI askyau hot\/oldyou ate? diecl: Howold arc you? wordor modalverbwe $e if ar whether o wher€thereis no question indned Doyou knowif iane stillwork herc7 dke.r DoesJanestillwo* herc?

F Prepositions in questions lollowingthe man verb,andth s i5 a Theprepositlon comesin thesamepaceasin a statement, ollenat theend. Whoarcyou waitingfor? Whatareyou lookingat? Whetedo yau cone tuom? Whatwetetheytalkingabout in themeeting?

G what is it for and what was it like a we usewhat... for? io askabouta purpose.The meaningis'why'. what is this switch fat? {= Why s this switch hele?) 'how'. a We usewi,af ... ,1e?to ask it somethingis qood or bad.Ihe meanng s what was the confercncelike? (= How was the conieren.e?)

72

t6 QUE5T|O|{S2

16 Practice Exercise1 E t Add a qlestiontag to eachsentence.

1 Wetenearlythere. Arsa:t..we? 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Youknowthe Brazilian ma*et..........-.-...... ? Youw€ntto Brazllin March,.................. ? Youhaven't beento B€zll.................l He'sneverbeento Srazil, .................. ? Youwon'tbelate,.................. ? Harry isn'lgoingto retire, ......--..............-.. ? Wehada goodmeallast night,....--................... ? Im late,......................... ? Sorry Letbmeetagain soon,....-.....--............. ?

Exercise2 I Makea question witha question tag. 1 Aska colleague if hesentthefax.Youexpecttheanswer to be 'no'.

you.....d!C-r\.:t..r.-?^C..tig-..t4r,,..CiC...yqf.?.............

2 aska colleague if he sentthefax.Youe)(pect theanswer to be ,y€s,. YOU...........,,..,,,,.................

. . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . .?. . . .

youtenotsurehisnameis Mr peters. 3 Aska stranger at theairportif hisnameis I/r Peters. YOUin4me.......................... ...........,,,,,..:.......... ? 4 Yourccognis€ someone. Youaresurehisnameis Mr Pete6. Yourname..................,,,.... ,,,.............. .......,,, ? 5 Youg-essrrat Brotec havecan(elled ther orde Eiotec..........................--.. .............................. ? 6 Yo! areverysu@rised thatEiotechave(ancelled thekorder.

Exercise3 E Underline thecorrcct words. 'I Couidyoutell mewhat yout a/e terns of paynentlwllclnjgLpAl@gLarE? you 2 Do knowwhee th€ na*eting seminatistis thenarketingseminar? 3 ld keto knowhow canwelr€ canfinancethis proje.t4 CouldI askyouwhy]€u leltldid you leareyoLJtasriob? s Doyouthink could/// coulduseyourfax machine?

Exercise4 [ I Rearange thewodsto makequenions. 1 io wherc.re goingyou 2 f'or who didgeryoutheinlormanon ....... 3 ln whichfundsdo investyou 4 likewhattheweaiherwasin Sweden

\tu,zre are

"an

aoi*a lo2-

t6 QUESTTOI{S 2 73

Exercise 5 SS$ @Zs

queniontaqs. competettreseaialogueswith A JoHN,

JoHN:

B DAN,

Hi, Martha,rvere due to meet next week (1) .......^fg$:..!P-........ ?wen,l'vejust remembered that l'm on holiday then. Can you mk€ another time? Yes,when are you free? . .. . .. . .. . .. .... ? Um,leCs meet a foitnigh! on Tusday, (2) ............ Yes, rharl 6ne a fortnight on Tuesday. Let me look in my diary. . . . . .. .. ? LDn wi]l be lrrivins at the omc ar two, (3) ...................... No, at thtee Oh. right.wel, he! been herc before,so he shotld know how to find the otrLce, ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . . . . ? But th.t {tl beforewe moved bundirys, (5) ..-................................... oh, yeah. I'll etuil him with directions to get here. then.

C srer,

There desigrBneed to go to Norton Snnthit ofiice in Cuildford today They ve got a . ? fu nachine there,(6) ............................-.... Yes,but it's not working. I'll sendthe document to then by first cla$ !ost. ... ? I t A b e q u i c k e ri f y o u s e n ti t b y c o u i e r , ( 7 ) - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . Oh,yes.I'll sort that out nov.

D uRIDcEr

This guote for the partsis much cheaperthan the other one we had, ', (8) "" Yes,'ruch. It! very stnnge.Theyhavent lbrgotten to include deliverycosts,

(e).................................. ? No. everythingi' includedrn t})e prre. R e a l l y ?I t a I l o o k r o o g o o dt o b e r u e , ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . . Um, yes,wel,lett give rhem a rry !nlv.y.

Exercise 6I Puta tick(/). Choos€ th€mostlikelyreplyin eachsituation. withthelanguage. I lf go to ltaly,l'm goingto haveprcblems Youspeakltalian,dont you? n a) Of coLrrse. b) Of course. Youdon'tspeakltalian,do you? E yousaidtharourcompetto'shaoa o€n€rp od-cl tr'.' ur 2 In rhemaering Ll a) WhatlI saldthat,didn'tl? b) Whatlld dn t sayrhat.did1? n abroad. lthinkshe3working 3 haven't seenAnnfor Eqes. hasn'ishe? n a) Yes,thatt right.She3gota tobIn 5parn, b) Yes,thatt ight. Shehasn'tgot a iob in spain,hasshe?n andthere3stillsornuchworkto do. 4 Ihe d€adline lor the pfojectis Friday aren'tweZ n a) tS not lookinqqood.Werc goingto makethedeadline, arewe? n b) Lt3not lookinggood.we'renot gongto makethedeadline, to somemorecous(ous? 5 Doyoumindjf I helpmysell iood,don'tyou7 D a) No,of cou6enot.YoulikeMoroccan food,do you? n not.Youdont likeMoroccan b) No.of coLr6e 6 We haveto be at theaiQortat nine. a) Youwil be late.wontvou? n b) vouwon'tbe late,willvou? n

onditionals 1 A Conditions and results a Compdrethesesentences.lhe1f...'cl.lse is the condiiion,and the otherp.rt of the senrence 1 2 3 4 5 it

f salesir.rease (gen€rally),we 'rake nare prcfit. /fiales tncreas€ (next quanet), we' nake norc prcfit /fsal€s increas€d (next q€net), we'd make norc profit /f sal€sinffeased (last qu aftet), the Dire.rot should be happier tf saleshad indeased llast quarter), t e DiTe!.torwoutd have been happtet.

seftenceI ir aboutsomelhingthat s alwaystrue SeesecrionB beow S e n t e n c2e s a b o u ts o r n e t h i nt h g a ti s r e a s o n a bl il ky € l y t oh a p p e nn r h e l u r u r e . S e e s e c t o n C . sentence3 s aboLrtromething that is imagin.ryor Lrnlik€ly n rhe future 5€esecton D.

a

Senrences 4 and 5 are aboui the pasr Seeunii 18.

a With a ltypes of conditionakthe /fc ausecan comesecond. we' nake nore prcfit il salesin.rcate We'd make nare prcht if salesin(eased.

I tf we setl .,, (always true) a when we want to talk aboul th ngsthat arealwaysor generay trLre.we use tf/When+ p-€sen\, prcsentsimpleor rnperaiive (res!t) In th s type ot condilionawe arc not rcfering to one specfc event IJ tr.plc ,nd.rstand tJnt d1n!. k k(6sdry,thcy hare a" apt.tit(.l't h . V yo" do"'t gct tfu I'.n $aplc i o r tanrydry, ),an Wdr sgcts. 0lusincs wcck uebsite) a

n the condirionclautether€can be a varielyof prcsentfom!. When you fly businessclass,you get nuch more legrcon (presentsimpte) ff interest:atesarc ising, bahkloans becane more etpenjlve. (presentcontinuous) When you've finished the @u6q you get a Gnificate. In ihe res'rltclaueethere..n be a preseftiirnpe (tasteramptes) or an tnrperative when yau fly businessclass,don't dink taa nuch of the tree alcahal

a

Noricethat we .an usee ther tf o. ,vhenwh€rethe meaf ng is ,everyi me,

C ff we sell ... (likely future) ' r ..:. L. a Whenwe wanrio talkaboutfutureevenisrharw I happen, or areItkeyto happen, we use: " /l+ present, tltlre or mperatrve (condron) (resut) { tle .o,1ptu'ne dedlfails, tuhok ot8 !'har l,l'ilt hap?eflat Eq,itabteLifa? (.leleg^ph weDnrel a ln ihe conditionclauseiherecan be a varietyol pr€sentfoms. lf yau incrcase your orde, vrEll give yau a bigget dis.ounr (presenrs mp e) lf yau'rc meeting her at thrce,I ll jointau taterat abourfour (prererrconrn!ou, ff I've made any mistakes,I llcone.l then tater (presentpedect)

'r7 coI{DtTtoNAls 1 75 (lastexampes). Inthercsultclause7is common Wecana souseotherfutureformsor an yaur otdet yau'rc going to get a biggerdiscount. lf yau increase t he doesn'tgEt thejob, he'll have done a lot af wotk fot nothing. lf anyone fron Head affKe calls,say I'n in a meeting. a Theexamplesaboveare abouttlvo actionsin the future.lf ihe resut cl.lse refersto lh€ presentwe us€a presenttense. lf anyonecall, I'm in a neeting aI norning. lf you needne, I'n wo*ing in the raon at the end of the cotidat

D lf we sold ... (imaginaryfuture) i h s 5 o r t e r . a e o 'ae . o n d . o r d 1 o r a W h e nw e w a n tt o t a l ka b o u tf u t ur ee v e n t tsh a ta r ei m a gn a r yun l i k e loy r mp o s s i b l w e ,e u s e : f+ pastsimpleor conlinuous, vnuld/couldtnight + infinirve (condition) (rcsuh)

'ortsoutt

If oe dd alLoJnis st"f ouseLfts, wewo"ld hot'eto hd't dt s n hc orly sohnion. I.dn 1,000p.apl.uql]3ins hcre,' cstinnxs Atddi. (BusincsWcekwebsite) a h thecondition clause we canusea pasts mpl€or pastcontinuous. lf tau wanEd a quantirydiscount,yau'd haveto ordetat least1,000units ff tou werc sti speakingaftet an hout, theaudiencewouldprcbablybe borcd. a Notethepastform n thecondtonclause, butrhefuturetirneref€renc€

E Unless a Unle55 means thesameas/f... not by tl'c bclicltltut nless Polandjoiksth( E,bpeahUnior, thit&s Polithrttittdcs at dok'inatcd (Lc MondeDiplonDriquclvebsuc) eano,lylet uo6c. whrchhavelhesamemeaning: Compare thesesentences lf he doesn'tanivesoon,he'll niss the stattaf the ptesentatian. Unlesshe anivessoon,he ll n'ks the staftof the presentation.

F Other modals seeunit13 a Themodalslsed in this unit are mainlywll/ and would.We can Lrsea othermodas like can, cou/d musr etc,wilh lheir normalmeanings.

'On va',t tbansb. &z! anat n iflk UME

76

l7 COtVDtTtONAtS.I

17 Practice Exercise l HUEE Underline thecorecrwods. 1 )l wgk/we wouldbe tate.thevtt start/theyd naft withourus. 2 lI we will Ekeltake a raxi.we'I aftivetweanrc soonet_ 3 f we workedleloutdwork to( ADC.we'ltgetlt\e d ger a bettersatary 4 Wheninflation wlgolgoes up.ihercwooldbel6usually prcssure on sataies. 5 tf we don t hurryl$/on,thurry,we woutdbelwe'ttbe tare 6 lf yauchangelarcchangjngyov mind.gire ne/you will givene a mg. 1 Unless yauclkk/woutd.ti.kon thaticon,/tditntrtvlon,tprint out. a ff yauardetedI otderon rheNel we atwayswir serdljerd an emaitconfimation. 9 ll I lend/ wi| lendyou rhir book,whendo you rerur,/ wil,ou returniI? l0 lf youheardlhearanythingin ihe nextfew days,/et me/teftingne knaw.

Exe.cise2 E E

Readthesesentences anddecideif theevents aretikety or imaginary Compete thes€ntences by puttingthe verbsrnbrackets intothe prerentsimpre+ q4ilor the pan simpre+ vv'uld.usecontracted formswherepossrbre, I lts notfar.tf you.........f.o.1Jp.y...... .. (fo ow)thisroad,you.......11!..Serg...... (comeltothest:ion. 2ll|...........WAt-...........lbe)onrheBoadotthis(ompany,t......'..d...4!."44e.....largue mercet : lf you....................... .....(hav€) anyquesrions, | ............................. (dea ) withihemartheendor my 4 lf thecol]llcil ........................ _...(ban) a caBfromthecitycentre, there............................. (fot be)so 5 At Bi 6 A: B: 7 A: B: 8 A: B:

I haveno ideawhattheoth€rsidea€ goingto propose in the negotiation tomofrow Neithef (know), do t.tf | ............................. | ............................. (te) you. Mytrainleaves in fortyminutes. lt onlytakes tenminutes to rhenaionbytaxi.tf you............................. (teave)now you .......... (catch) .................. it. lsthatthetime?| reallyshoujdbe going. lfyou............................. (wait) a momenr, t............................. (give)you a tift. Wouldyouliketo qo to Engtish evening ctasses with.ne? l'msorrybuttcan,t.t,mreay busy. tf | ............................. (have) mo.€time,L................ (love)to.

Exercise3ffifrlS Completeihe sentences with the orrect pan of possibje forms,a) of b). 1 lf the banklendsus the money,...4... it in oew mdcnrnery Z

a) we ll invenlwere going to invest bJ we'd invest/we wete investing When .........a tot of orders,we atwaysemptoyexirastaffin the factory

3

a) we'I gettwE got b) we getlwe ve gat lf ........ this projectagain,lthink t'd do it differenrty.

4

a') | was statting/t started b) II stad/rve statted fthe computer€rashes, .........someonefrom rhe IT departmenr. a) Wu'd.al/you ate calinS b).a\|/tou I have to catl

17 CONDlrlONAlSl

77

Exercise4lEEgEl

@ru

Paula,a marketingmanagerof. .ar manuf.cturingcompany,ista k ng to her coll€aqueLuis,a production managerCompetetheir conve6ationwith the wods from the list b€low will(x2) won'r (x2) would (x2) wo'rldnl unless(x2) be is isgoingtobe don't ddn't PAULA Lu;. Arent )ou worned aboDt the proposed srrike? LU,s, WeI, sure... ura

You see,ifthe factory workes go on strile, we 1r1..............i.!!............. t"'. ' loi ofprcducrron.If we loseprcduction,we (2) ............................... be,ble ro $pply all our customers.

p uA

Y e s . Ik n o \ b u t . . . And iflve (3) ............................... supplyour customen.they'll probablybuy other makesofcr (a) ............................... nrket share Ifthat happens,our go down.ltl not lookitrg good.

pruu

we[, that'srjght. but ... And whatt more,jn niy experience,when workersgo on strike there (5) ............................... a brd ronospherefor norths afteruatds.

you can come to an ag.eemenrwith the workerr soon,there huLA So, (6) .............-................. (7) ............................ a lot oftrouble ahead.llyou wanr my advice,(8) ......................... rry caelirl. Look, dont vorry hula

Dont 1vorry? Yes.Look, dre workersk.ow that the success ofthc companydependson this new modc-. ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. y. .'.e. s. .r u p i dt,h e y ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. .o. .o. n . . .s.t.r i k e .

r lLA

Oh? No\nJust imagine- ifit sold reallywcl, lve (11) ............................... increaseotrr rnarketshan and our profiK. Ifth.t happened,we (12) ............................... needto nuke so tuanyjob cuus.

A n d i f w e ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. ...v. e . .r.o. . c. u r j o b s r, h e t a d e u n i o n s( 1 a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. . . . . . . Druchhappier p uLA \ve[,I supposeyou've got a point.

Ex€rcisesHglH Youae talkingto a iiiendaboutyournewjob.Useyor.rthoughts yousay.Putthe to complete thesentences pastsimpl€, velb n brackets lrto eitherthepresent simple, mperatve, w7+ infnitiveor would+ infintve. You think: Peopleiay thaf hardwork usualyrcsul5in prcnotion ih thiscampany. Yousay:(1)Th€ysaythatif you..!9fK.. (work)had,you.49!. (qe0promotea You think: / wantto showthen that |'n good at rnyjob n that I canhavenorc job se.uitl. (give)mea permanent Yousay:(2)| hopethatif | . (do)mybesi,they............................ contract afte.a fewmonrhs.' You think: /'yebee, /atern the norning a few tines. lwish lcould workat the Leiriasitev/hichis nearcr Yousay:(3)l'm sometimes latefor wo.k.lf | ............................ {work)at the te r a ste,it

Youthinl|j Onethingwori6 l.-le.I hada healkptoblena fe ,ea. ago,but irc veryunlkelythatit willreoccur Yousay:(4)lwonderwhat .. ...................(happen)fmyhea1thprob1em.................... You think: Maybe/t3 not a problem.ln generalthey seenta be veryrcasanable abaut illness. (mis,oneor hro daysbecause Yousay:(s)Acrually, if you...........-.............. of illness, they (notseem) ............................ to mind. You think Goodby-.. / hopet seeyou soon. (fancy) just............... (give)me Yousay:(6)lfyou............................ a drlnko.e evening, a ring. ........

onditionals 2 A ff we sold ... (possible past) a Wh€nwewdnito tatkaboutpan events whichpossibty happened, we lse /l+ pan strnple tn thecondirion ctause, andanytenseor mod:Jin rheresuttctause ff you went b theneetingyesterdayyou probabtyheard thenews. tf you missedthe M pragranmetastnight you canbonow therccordingt nade.

B tf we had sold ... (imaginary past) th , ! l'pn .a .Lr; rh d ..ndr o j

a when we wanr ro tarkabout pasteventsthat are diff€rentro whdt realy happened, we use: /f+ pan perfecr, would + haye+ pan pafticiote (condition)

IJ Clr di a,d Cop hdt 'uon thectc.tioi,theyaocti! haoeprcnote.t ie hddcqqnetkfiL\wnh otho nrtion! in the sd,t vd),dr a,,/.. (yahoo Busnress Nevs website) TheF,soflena suggenron ot crli.isn or regrer lf theecotlomicsituationhad been befter,we woutdn,t have lostsa nany custa',es. a A conlracled ? in speech caf be/radin thecondttonor w?u/din the.er!tt. lf t'd done an MBA,t'd have h.d note oppottunities a The€xamples abovea€ abouitlvoacttons in rhepasr.frhe reruttcauserefers to rhepresenr we usewould+ infinilive. ff I had done an MBA,I woutd be on a highetsatarynow

C Conditionals without if a Welse lltor somerhing thatmighthappen in thefulur€,or somerhing maginary We use whe, tof something thatwe knowwil happen. lllcallyouif t geta chanca(t,rnnotsureif I wi phoneyou) l llcal youwhenI affive. (twilldefinttety phoneyou) Wecanuseeithertor evhen wherethemeaning is ,every t me,. If/When anyoneringsny nobile, I get a photogaphof the pe6anan the scrcen. a In intormat lpeechwe sometimes useInaqlneor juppostng in ptaceof li tmagine/Supposingyou had a mi ion do ars,how woutd Wu investit? a we canuseproyldedrhat,praviding,an conditon that astongas andsa tonga5for empnaes. Themeaning is,il.fd ontyif,. As tongar tte s.,au te.lnrotosy, b"s tant,ril bntin,eto hei deuo.t. (SlndayTines Nebsire) a Wec.n useln .aseto tatkaboutdoingsomething ro avoida possb e probtem tarerTheresutt ctaLrse usuay.omesfirstandoftenusesgolrq ro. 1n gotngta qiveyou ny nobite nunbet in caseyou needto canta.tme seeunit17 a we useunle$to meaffnoa

1a coNDIflO ALS 2

79

D wish o W€ use/ w;h to exprcssregrctor dissatisfac(ion. a Forthe pesentandfuture,use/ w,shfollow€dbythe pastsimpleor contnuous I wish we didn't haveso nany neetings. I wish I wasn't working nextv/eekend. a Forthepasl use/ w6h followedbythe pdstpertect I wish we had advedisedon teleisianI wish I hadn't eaten the oYsters a

s mp€or wil/ i thewishisa goodone,use/ hop€tollowedbythe present goes well I hoPeyou Prcsentatian I hope the neryPrwiI be a success

be, lrse/ wsh /.ould thatisdifilcuhor imposs a lf lhewsh isaboutdoingtomething got phone a nobile I wish I could contad him,but he hasn\ ort in speech s.W€stress a We.an replace / wrh with/f ont for €mphas the oYste6. I hadn't eaten lf only lf onlY I .ould
E Modal verbs in conditionals in unit17 wercwith tafl.Butothermodalvetbt kecan,could,nay,night,nust seeunnsr r r4 a Theexamples sentences andhavetheirnormameanngs. in conditional andshouldarecommon If fot d.al oith t]t! Mi.ldleEdttlou mnst bed'dilableta youttttsto ett an Sdttrddvtdttd Tnde m.grzine) s',,/q6 (overseas IJ th! ctto veft Mdk i" thc lo,E tcnk,.ohrya,i4 f,ight 'Lau do.tat tcit tltitc to iluclte pradtui'itf dr.l lo,oniots,night pu ttc btakeoi thenltnttrral rcJonnt(Le Monde diplomariquewebs'te) aJ.\ot.a .fnD, 'hkh uav sa Co"tpaq CEo Mnhocl Cdpell.tsQnnE cd on th. rceflt decLine 'Ifra't ara dott't har. d towd lrutinettplan'lou potnlat a, theU.S.sto.h'hd*et r.fat "to!'tht .annot s'e.eetr.'(lnrerMrional HeraldTribune website) a We often usepresentfotmslke Mand ca, with likelyfutlres, and pan lorms ke would( d) and couldwnh TagrndryIulur's (likelyfuture) ]f yau sign nov/, we'll/can delivet by Fiday. ff yau signed now we'd/could delver by ftiday. (imaginaryfLrture) a

becalsemodalskeepthek norma But it is a so commonto find mixedtenses€quences meanings: If Hrngaiai Ianrds r'pond to .omPetitio,bl itryto'iflr pnd$tieiry dnn b.o!flins ,lbr ennie"l at ndthctifls, hey .otlil ha'e .t birzet ttture oJ theu1*ct. (BusinessCenlnl Europe website) with a prcsentfom (respond)we might exp€cl can Howevercould k used here wirh is (candoesnot exprcssunc€rtainty) normalmeaninqof uncertainty

F fi I were you, -. parlicular y whenwe giveadvice futLrres, in placeof f/ warln im.ginary a w€ canuse/t/ evere wlth the pftate lf I wereyou. ff | werc you, l'd wait until tonurcl /. l'd be nore carctul,ff I were You.

a0 ta coNDtnoNALs2

18 Practice Exercise't EEffi Underline theconectwords.Thisexercise includes revision ot imaginary futures. 1 tt yauphonetllhadphonedne yesletday, t hadtoldl@lLfuE_ildyou. 2 lt you tooklwouki haveta*enmoreexercise, youmtghtfeellhadfelt better 3Ilimwauldhavelistenedlradlineredmorecarefutty,hewouldnthavenade/didntnakelhat

4llwedfaundlvvefoundsuitablepremises.'ve?hayemoved/wehadmovedeatiet. 5 lf peoplekeptlhadkepttheirofficesmorctidy,it m/?hipre5ertlpr€jent€da betterimageto our visirors. 6lfl'dknownltwouldknowabourtheirfinancialprobtems,Iwoutdntdolwouldnthayedon

7lfoutsidehadbeen/wasbetterprepared,wesucceeded/coutdhavesucceededtrlthenegotia 8 | weuldntl won't wotryif I am/ weteyou.

Exercise2 ! Complete thesentenceswith thewordslromthelistbetowEachwordis usedtwic€. when aslongas in case unless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

l'll speakto youagain....._.Jif!!9.n...... l'velookedat thecontEctin detait. yourfeturnflightopen....................... Leave rhenegotiations rakean extraday. Wecanstarttheprojectnextweek....................... everyone agrees. Wecanstartthe prcjectnextweek....................... anyone dilrgrees. TheBoard willbehappy....................... priceremains ourshare high. your.eceipt Keep youneedto return ....................... rhegoods. Thenewstockwillarrive,,,,.,,,,,............. theCh stmassales arefinlshed. We'llprobably makea lossthisyear....................... ralesimprcve tf the lastquan€r

Exercise3 E Undeiinethecofiectwords. 1 | wishI ha9lL3tklllk/didnt d/,inkso manywhiskiestastnight. 2 Theres solittlespacein here.I wisht ha!€/hada biggeroffice. 3 | don't feelweJl.I wishI could*aylwill nay in bedthismofiing. 4 | hapeyauenjoyedlenjoy yourselves at the theatretonighi. 5 l'veb€enwaitingthirtyminures for the bus.t wishI took/ hadtakena iaxi. 5 | mun getin touchwith Sue.lf onlylknolknew nernumberl 7 I'm not a goodtypisi.I wish| rculd tpetwoutd type betlet. A I wish)im didn't intenuptldoesr't/hterrupr50often in meetings. 9 | haveto finishthis€portbytomo.ow tf ontytuvoutd havelhad-r]o?time. 10 Enjoyyourholiday.I hopeyouhavelcouldha€ a goodtime. 1l Thatpresentation wasa disasterll wishl coulddolevoulddo ii a agajnl 12 l'rndisappointed Wth thiscamera. IwishId,?n'abtylhadn t boughtt.

18 COlrlDlTlONArs 2

8l

Exercise4Sffipl

@,,

Patrckand Jurqenarc discussing a negotiaiionthatwent wrong. Completethe dialoguewith wordsfrom the list b€low 1+ ds lonqas n case unless(x2) pr!N(

ll 'd (x2) .an would hav€ 'd hdve woLrdn't h.ve

J u r g e n(, 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . .y. .o. u. v e g o r a m o n e n t , ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. .h. .a. v. ea w o r d w i t h

ir doesnt take too long, I've got a meetingin five minutes.ls it J@GEN, Sure.(3) ........................... about that contracr that we lost? p,trnrcr Yes.Whatwent Imng? Do you think we (4) ........................... got the dealif ve ( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .t.r.e. .r e da b e f t e .p . i c e ?M a y b ew e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. .s. r.t.h e N o . l d o n i t h i n t t h e p r c b l e n ru o t h e p r i c e . .r -N pArRrcK No?Well,ws it a poblern with the deliverytime? lr we O) ............. . . givm a shorrerdeiiverytime. (8) . ................... been nore succe$ful? JURGEN,No, the deliverytine w.s OK. p aRrc( Hn1n. th;is s$ange.Werealy should find out what vent wrons (9) situationI'ke this happensin rhe lirrure.Youknow. (10) ........................... we learn frcn our iose morc orders.NosrJurgen,tell ne what do yot. misrakes, wc (11) ... .. . .-....-......-.... think could rcaly ha1,€happe.ed? they didnt like out salesrep. JURcEN, Well, nothing,(12) ........................... JURCEN,Do you know who it was? Mr'{rcR Er, n was he.

Exercise5SStffi in thefuturc.t\,4atch histhoughts1-4 with hiswordsaFd). A supper s thinkingabouta negotiation 1 We'€ likeylooffer; lowerprice lf we do,success i9possible. 2 We'€ likeylo offer.lowerpice lf we do,success i9certain. 3 Perhaps we'lloffera lowerpri.e. tf we do,success is possible. 4 Perh.ps we'lloffera lowefpice. lf we do,success isceriain.

E n n t--l

a) lf we offera lowerprce, we'llgelthecontrad. b) lf we offera lowerprce, we mrghtgetthecontfact. c) lf we offereda owerprce, we'dqetthecontract d) lf w€ otfereda owerprce, we mightgetthecontract.

Thesames!pplieris ihinking.bout a n€gotiationin the past.Matchhjsthoughts5-8 with hiswordseFh).

5 Weotfereda lowerp.ice n That's whywe slcceeded. 6 Weotfereda lowerprice. That'sprobably whywesucceeded. n 7 Wed dn't offera lowerprice. n That's whyw€falled. 8 W€didn'toff€ra lowerprice. n That'sprobably whywefailed.

e) lf w€'doffereda ow€rpric€, we'dhavegot thecontract a owefprice, t lf we'dotrered we mighthavegot thecontract. g) lf we hadn'toffereda lowerpice, we'dhavelostthecontract. h) lf w€ hadn'ioffereda lowerprice, we mighthaveosttheconiract.

erb + -ing or intinitive 1 A verb + -ing a Someverbsdreiollowedby an -inq form. Someof the commonesr verbsJo ow beowl As nrnrfd.ttte6 .oisidet aqtornatingtun iinihnior dan ek,thef\hotld not late tilllt d tL. {e.,itaiett of p{enal @ntact.(Indusr,vweekwebsire) A a n1dirli1.1!e6 aE .onernc,t cownterc nill postpone hryinr 6$ ,rtil dJi! r.ttJ,r, )het n1ea,aet 22% s.te' tdx a, atuasB erpe.tedb JA . (Busines Reiew Weekly websrte) Vd,i det Hoeue,CEO oJ Royl Altold, rp.nds 5A pet ,e t aJhk tihc ,arellirg dd geuirg onto th. les.lloar a! Mrh 6 posible.Ash. erplans:'I a!'a|y gera goodfrl.fot thelon asI watk nrol,d'. (Eu.obusnress Nebsire) sayf9 .nd think ng likingand dislikins phraralverbs phrasewilh car't other common verb! cornrnonprrrasee

admit", considet*, deny*, descibe, inagine", mention,, suggest' dislike,enjoy,fanct (not)nind* carryon, give up, keepon, put aff can't beat,can\ help,cdn't rcsist,can t fa.e, can,t stand dvad, delay, finish, invalve, keep, mist postpane, practise, risk tt s not watth

spendlwaste ttne/ money... Thetes no pant ttn)

Someof lhe verbsin the listcan alsobe followedby a noun.The5einctLrde: admlr,dery inagine, suggest,dislike. enjoy, fancy, keep,nind, prcctlse The Minister admifted taking a bibe. and The Minister adnitted his nistake. What do you fancy doing this evening? and I fancy a nice, caid beer. Thegroupof verbswth can?canaho b€ folowed by a noun. I can't bear avant-gatdejaz We Lrsemnd in queslionsand negativesentences A Da you nind waiting a noment? Go and comeplus-,nqform are ofrenusedfor sportsand outsde.ctvtes. I often go skiing in the wintet Do you want to .ome shopping wth nez Somevebs and v€rbphrareshaveto dsa prepostion. Thesen. ode taak faMard ta, abiect to, be usedto, get usedta, rcspordto. Prepostonsarealwaysfollowedby rhe,lrg form. t'n looking fotward to seeing you ,ext week. (NOT{€-!ee) After a few nonths in the UK t got used to dtiving on the ief. (NOTt€-d+ive)

B Verb + to + infinitive a Someverbsae fo lowedby ro + nl nitive. 'PCCW has opo4 \tdkd tl1t it aisha to becone tl| bigett braadbdnd ptaq ik A:id,' tdt' RnhahlFe{'son,a tele.a aulyll nt Hon! Kang ,Ihat hEdtltit .annotdnoi b stand stilt.' (AiaNeek s€bsite) 'And bt r,o*iry torethervith t rufs at lBirl, Kaddhd,d to on, tue'E a.t,d r manatin! to iaprote rhe loal tpply kse Jat an o.ft\.' ilys ldrn. Reys, heal af Hfute -pdekdtul\pnnkt ote,atio,i (clobalBusinessMagazine$ebsire)

'19VERB+ -t\rc OR INFI |rIVE i

pltsn!and decisions

ain, arrange, chaasq decide*, intend, plan', preparc

€xpectations promisesand reflsak

denand*, deseNe, exped*, hope', want:,t",/ish*,wauLl like fail, guarantee,affer, prcnise*, rcfuse,thrcaten

other common verbs

a3

agrce', .an I can't affotd, lean*, manage,pretend*, seem*, tend, ttatn, wai

a

Nolethat verb+ to + i.finitiv€is alsouled in thesecases: 'infin 1 Toexplainwhy we do lomething(the tive of purpo5e') l'n Glling to find out if you stock spare parts. (NOT i€++€Ji"d-€s+) 2 Aftef a quenionword Gn you show ne how to get on to the lnternet on this @mputer? 3 \Nirh used to, be gioing to, be able to, be allawed ta, have to, need to and aught ta

C verb + obiect + to + infinitive O Thefo lowingverbsarefollowedby an objecl+ to + infinitve. advise', alow ask,.ause, encourage,exped, fahld, farce, help, invite, otder, pay, prcfe, peEuade, renind*, teach*, tell', tQin, want, warnr Rtsid dll ask th. Patu Club oJ ercditots to postpofle lte sir tq oJbiLatutl drftt lnts at t. npaltnur of dtbr. (Delovoj Pete.b!.s webrre/ Li dkopelsradedJour banks,i".Lt.lrtg HSBC Holdtgs aid Bdtk oJChihd,to lend hnn 811 I'illion, o rcco l ii Ho!'r Ko'9. (Asialveek trcbsire)

D Make and let a aftermateand/etwe usethe bareintintve wthout to. I madethen che.k everythingvery.atefully.(NOTl-fid€-lh€tr-+€-€h€€k) Theylet us have all thesefrcesanples.(NOTTh€F€l-*+€+eve)

E Verb + that clause a Theve6s markedwith an an€iskr in sectionsA. B and C can ako be followedbv a that ca!se. In everydaylpeechwe can leav€out the word lhat t sugqested(that) we could speakta Elizaabaut it. I suggened speaking to Elia about n. We de
rhey tald us (that) we should wait.

"Gentlenen,l9e ca ed thismeeting lo discussabs6nteabm.'

a4

i9 VERB+ -lrVGOR lNFl|{lnVE'l

19 Practice Exe.cise1 g g !4ledi!e the corect words. 1 We canl affordto ml$/m,sehgthisopportunity. 2 Doyo,Jfancyto qolgoing for a ddnkafterwo*? 3 Areyouwaitingto uselusrngthe phone? 4 lt's not worth to spendlsperd,i?g anymoretime on this. 5 We decidedto c/osedowrlc/osingdownthe factoryin Belgium. 6 Youprcmisedto deliterlderr€fli?qby April,and it! now Ma',. 7 | cot\sideted to calllcallinghim, but I decidedit wasbetterto write. 8 if we don't decidesoon,we riskto /oiel/os,l4gthe wholecontract. 9 sheagreedto prppar€lprqpan?lg somefiguresbeforethe nextmeetng. I 0 l'rn sorrythereseemsto belbernga misundeBtanding here. 11 ls Mr Messier busy?OK,I dont mindto waitlwaiting for a fewminutes 12 He 'el.Lsedto signlsigningthe contractuntil he'dspokento hisboss. 13 [,4ay] suggestto postponelpostpor,l4g the meetinguntil nextweek?

Exercise2 E E Complete thesesentences withtheverbsfrcmthe listbelow.Choose eitherthe-,i,?9 tom or to + infinitive, git€ write fly feceivemake recogniseadvertisehelp think speak I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Theyageed........1S..r!\4....-.. usthirtymo€ daysto paytheinvoice. Hepretended...-......................... m€,butldonl thinkheknewwho twas. There5 no point............................. thisbrandon ry it wouldcosttoo rnuch. Weteo(pecting,,,,,.........,,,.,,,,..,,,,. somemorestockearlynextweek. l'lljoinyoulaterI needto finish ..........---................ thisrepon. | learnt ............................. Portuguese whenlworked in Brazil. I workin publicrelations. Myjobinvolves ........................-.... contactwiththe media. | canthelp...............--............ thatsomething isgoingto gowrcng. | canl afford.......--.-.................. business class allthetime. | can'tp.omise youwiththisproblem, .-......................---.. but t'lldo mybest.

Exercise 3 tr Complete thefollowingsentences withverbsfromthe listbelow.lnclude an obje( in everycase. €dvi5€ remind peEuade expect help encourageforce j.tgd..-yg..19... 1 l'm sorry| missed wo* yesieday. rhe doctor...44.v. stayin bed. 2ltriedto.....................-............comewithustonight,buthesaidhewasbusy. 3 Couldyou........---.............-...-----. callHeadOfficelater?| miqhtfoEet4 lf youemploya ecretaryit will ............. .........dealwirhallthepaperuork. contactm. $rre timetoday. 6 didn'tfeelvery confident, butshe......................... .. applyforihejob. 7 Thefallin demandhas...........................---.... makesomeof ourbestworkers €dundant.

19 VERB+ -t tG OR ll{FlNlTlVEt

E5

Exercise 4 Eg E @ 28

Completethe mini-d:alogue by puttingthe verbsin bracketsintothe rcffect form, using-tngor ro +

My computo's (6hed.It keeps 0) ....d9..'.1X....(do) it.I have ro sare my dodments every few minutesor I rtuk (2) ..................(los€)all th€ mrk I'vejust done. Have you got enougb dtuk space? (cnsh) so often.Look, Yeah,I hare.I reallydont know wbatt causingit (3) .................. (do)? you'rc good at computen.vlat do you advisene (4) .................. (fix) them.You'I hew to askan wel,I don't krcw.I ha!€nt been t rined (5) .................. IT recbrician (6) ..................(come)and havea look at it. (cal) a technician- rhey'I be ryes and Han.You knovathere'sno point CD .-................ L.. I reallycet .fford (8) .--.-----

(waio a day for someoneto come,I'm ffily busy. (do) Why don't )ou phone $e helpdeskthen?They'f adviseyou shat (e) .................. Oh, yeah. I supporc sq (esk)Sophiero help And ifyou're rEdly thacbusy,heE you €onsidcr€d(10) .................. you, she ha$'t got a lot ofwork at lhe momcnt. Oh,ha$tshe?Th.r'sgreat.I'askhcr(11)..................(r}?c)upthisrcport.Thmk.

Exercise5 I E in a company thatmakesmobilephones. choosea verbfromthe ligt complete thisemailthatcirculated -ing or infinitive with fo. belowandusethecoffectform, if{eA,i€rv be pay pretend €ceive refer show take talk worry

all stetl in Production d um€lkt.bout h€alth rbks trcm mobll6 phonoa AJoumalkr r.om th€ masa2n6 TochnolosyR€viM wants (l) ...,.i,Q..i\t4djg|!'.,,.6om6on6 trom Prcducrionaboul h€6lth to him ov6r lunch on€ day nei week. dsks ior moblle phono u6€6 rrcm radialion.lt wirl hvolv6 (2) .................,,....,,,..., H € B o f i e r e d( 3 ) . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . ,-,a. .n. .y.r. c l u n t e e 6 ? In myopinion its nor wonh (4) ..-.....-............-......-, too mu.h about lhb a6lh6lat66t r€a€arch6hoE rhat th€ n3ks seem (s)...........-............-..... th€re'3 no p6bl€m at alr. I minimsl. Buton the oth6r hand its no sod (5)...--..........--....--....--. would suggastsimply (7)....-.................--.....lo lho E@nr €porl trom lh€ Nalion.lsafBty Board. us lh€.rlicle bsfo€ its publish€d,and hes pomised An,e6y, hes kindly agreed (a) .--...--....--..,,,.......--.. (9).....-......-......-.......... your@mments on this matter asapa bslatrcodvi4. I l@k foMard to (1o).-....-......-.....-......-...

erb + -ing or infinitive 2 A Verb + -ing or infinitive: change in meaning a Someverbsc.. befollowedby-ingo. ro + infinrtive andrhenreaning of thevefbchanges. a REMTMBER AND roRcET Weuserenenber/farget dotngfor memores ofthe pan(rheaclon happentb€foretheremembering). We userenembe./org€r fo do for actonssorneone s/was supposed to do (thercmembering happens befor€theacron). ldefinitelyremember posting the lefter. posr + rememoe. Imust rcmemherto post the letter .emember oost l'll neverforyet flying into Taipeiairpoft. ftying + forger SotDlI fo.got to tun o{f the lights. forg€t turn otf a REGRET We useregretdol:ag whenwe ar€sorryaboursornething tharhapp€nedn thepasr. I rcgrct saying no to thejob in Paris. We ute rcgretta informlto te//whef we are9 v ng badnews t fegfet lo inlorm tau thatwe ate unablela a rRyWeusetrydoingwhenwe do sornething andseewhathappens. We userryro dowhen we makeanetfortto do somerhing, blt donr necessarity succeed. l'lltry talkingto hin andndybehe'llchange hisnind. (t, do it andseewharhappen!) l'll tty to talk to hin'but I knowhes@rybusytaday. (l maynot b€succesfut) tast Scpt.ub.r,Bt ur tri..l to nc$oian a aldt-lnti J ,tcry,/ of D. \.h.\ Md Dt!,ttkt,! tttdil opmtiott.Howw, hcudst s!.alJrr. (Businesweek Onlinewebritc) a sropWeu9estopdoingwhenwe endanaction.Welse jtop to do whenwe oivethe reason Westoppedbuying fran tharsuppller (noww€ don,t buyfromthem) lnoppeclto buy sonethingfot ny wife. \t stoppedn o.derrobuysomeihing) a MEAN Weusemeandolngwhenonethingrcsutts in or invovesanotherWeusemeanto do \o express an lftention. Glabalisation meansbeing a
B Verbs of perception a Ve|bsof perceptionlnclude: feel, heat tistenta, norice see wakh. Theseve6s can be fo oweo by an object+ -ng or a bareinfinitive(wthou o) and rhe m€aninqof th€ verbchanqes. a

f w e s e e o r h e a r o n l yp a r t o f t h ea c t i o no, r i t c o n t i n u ew ! , e u s e t h e- h 9 f o r m . f w e s e e o f h e a r the wholeactionfrom beqinningto e.d, we usethe bareinfinttvewithoui ro. Compare: I saw her giving her presentatian (ltaw partol thepresentaion) give presentation I saw het (l sawth€wholepresenrarion) her

I heardthe machine naking a nrangenaise.(t heardthe noiseand r contnued) I head thenachinemakea sr.ange ,olse. (lheardth€ noisednditnoDoed)

20 VERAr -rlv6 oR INFINITIVE 2

c

87

Verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaning a

Somevefts can be followedby -rr9 or to + nfinitiveandthereis litte chanqein meaning. Theseinclude:begli cora;aue,intend, stat1. What do yau intend doing/to do about it? ln the re.ondqudttet,ahu the nd*et beganto go doM, ue befan s. in!, drcppiry oft eqritf positionin thejtnd to otos\d 70% and holdinftheEnaintu in ath.Ihis tof,I ttdt dbleto (lsiaweek websue) l"ininize the inpa.t olkc dolzt'ft. Tlt nsfihe/ of Cennn jobles @ inced to Jd in Febntary. (wal StreerJouinal website)

a We oo not uruallyhdvetlvo.tng fo'Ts logetrer. h was na'ting to get da*. (NOr *a*l€g-g€{iig) Tfu busitrs .onrttrity i dgdir natting to pal ,ery dote d ention to the cartutry\ ebrcni /ledrd. (GiobalBusinessMagazinevebsire) a Thev€lbs/ike /or€,prefet hdtecan be followedby eiih€rform. Io + infinitivesuggests somethlfgis a good/badidea.Th€'tngform showsyourfeelings. I like to do ny tax rctutns eatl)t but I don\ like doing them. Whenwe usethe modalwouldwith thesevetbswe mustuseto + infint ve. t'd prcfer to do it nyseff, if you don't nind. like followedby to + infinitive(an meanthatwe do tomethingbecause we think t is a good idea,evenihough we don t enjoyit. tlike to w te seveBldraftsbefotelwite the finalrepott.

D Passiveforms: -ing or infinitive O Unit19gavellstsol verbsthatarefollowedbyeitheran -ingformor to + ni nitive.Onlyth€ activeiormsweregiven. a Thepassive iormof 'verb+ -inq'i5verb+ being+ panpartciple. lf the sharepticefallsanynote we sk being |.Ekenovet by a laryetconpany. a Thepassive formof 'verb+ to + infinilive' isverb+ to be + pan padc p e. I thinkt desefle to be given a pay nse.

"Actuallt the boss is away on vacation - but he likes to rcmind evervonehersstill in charee."

aa

20 VERE+ -rrVGOR lNFlt{lTlVE 2

20 Practice Exercise I 5 Underline thecorrcct wods. 1 t'n sotry| lotgot teplu cal/r?gyou, but I wasea y busy_ 2 I stoppedin Padsfor a few daysto neet/ neetng Henti. 3 We'vestoppedto m€€t/meetingso often. tt wasa wasteof time. 4 Lea.ning a language means to belbeingintercsted in thecutture asw€ . 5 | neanttonakelmaking somemorephotocopies, but tdidn.thdvetime 6 Please remembefto speaklspeakrigto Josiewhenyouseehe. 7 | don't rcmemberto saylsryr?ganythingtikethat. a I ried to openlopeningrhewindow,bvt it wastoo highto reach. 9 l tied to openlopeningrhewindow,but it wasstill too hot in the rcom. 10 I ne\et lotget to giwtgiving myfi6t presentation to the Board. l1 Donl foEet fo /ookatl/ooklng at theaudience whenyouspeak. 12 Weregretto an ouncelanrourcing thedeathof ourfounder. Mr Obuchi. 13 rcEe\ to quit/quiftingmy t1/8A(ourse. 14 Thenewprcducti5doingrcallywell. tthinkwe shoutd it for anothefsixmontnsat 90 on to je///se//tng l€ast. 15 FiEtl'l sayalittleaboutthehistoryofthecornpany, thenI'[ goon to descrlbe /descibing ou ne\, rangeof producls.

Exercise2 ! Matchthesituations a)-d)to thesentences t-4 below a) I heardpadof yourconversation. b) | sawyolr wholepresentation. c) lsawthewholetour d) I passed themin thecoftidor 1 2 3 4

Sorryto intefiupt,blt I heardyoutatkingabout€-books.n I hea.dyoutalkaboute-books at the tnternet seminar n | sawBarbara showing thev'sitors roundthelaclory n | sawBarbara showthevisitoG our newprcduction tine. n

Exercise3 !f Completethe sentences with bFingot to be. 1 enjoy....hgi^,...takenoutfor expensive meats. 2 TheMinister denied given .................. a bribe. 3 ThelVinister refused questioned ................. aboutthe bribe. 4 | expecr ................. asked sometoughquenions aftermyprcsentation. 5 Doyoumind..........___.... pickedup at theanportbya taxi? 6 Howawfulllmagine ......_.......... askedto givea presentation on a ropi. ikethatl

20 VERB+ -rrVGOR INFINITIVE2

A9

Exercise4 S p

@,"

Completethe m n -dialoguewith the correctform ofthe ve.b in brackets.On two occasions both formsare

(1) ..1."-..tP94k...Gpeaking/to speak)to you aI day.we're rHoMAs, Hj, Crla.I've b*" -*"i"s (booking/to book) a tableat that new Chineserestaunnttonisht. trying (2) .............-........... Would )ou like to come too? (stating/to starowork Oh, rhaDk,lA re,Iy like to, but I was intendins (3) ......................... on my monthly salesaport tonight. (coming/ to come) out with us?Just this once? rHoM^s, Re,lly?Woul&t )ou preftr (4) ......................... Of cou^e I wanr (5) ......................... {soins/to so) out wlth yon ronight,but I leally haveto (nrissing/tonis) dinner rvith you get this report done.I m sor.y it tneans(6) ......................... gu)s tonight. WeI, pcrhapsnext time dren. Yeah.And next time dont lbrget O) ......................... Givins/to sive) tuc at narch notice as posible beforehaDdso I can keep the evening6ee. (wo.kibg/to work) rroM^s, Oh. the troublewith you, Carla,is that you neversrop (8) ......................... (havins/to have)sone fun sometnnes. You should remembcr(9) ......................... rHous,

L o o k , T h o r n ayso, u k n o v l d r c r l y l o v e( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( j o i n i n g / t o . j o i n ) y o u , b u t l J $ (working/to work)like y do 2t the momcnt, you'll rHoM^s, Ivell, ifyou so on (11)......................... (gertins/to gc, rc.Iy stressed, rnd then you'll regret srart(12) ......................... ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. n o u t / t o m n s o u 0 o n y o u r s o c i alli f e .I t h a p p e n e tdo i G i e n do f . .r.n. .s. .i n g (having/to h!ve) a .ervous bE,,kdown mine - in the end he wenr on (1a) ......................... crma,

(being/to bc) so drrnutic. I don't enjoy Oh, come on. Stop (15) ......................... ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.r.k. .i .n.g. ./ r o t x k e )w o r k h o m e , i t ! j u s rt h r t I l i k e ( 1 7 ) (finishins/to finnh) 'ny rcporis on ome.

Ex€rcise5 ifr iWN9, completethis Letterby puttingthe v€rbsin bfacketslnto the coiiectform, -mg or to + nfinitive.

I am wnring ro complainaboutthe p@r senice rharI receivedwhenI wa! in your s|oe ld( week.Rec..dy you decided (hke) (1) ....t9..fe.$.o.Y9.. cuslonds(2) ......................... Gcnove)liseningi&ilnier i. yoursoEs, andyoursalessr!fr encouaged (Etum) an, CDstharwe (hce) rhen nst. Youinvit€dus(4) ...........-..,,,,.,,,,. hone rheirchoiceof CDswiihoui(3) ...............,.,..-.... did n6t like. a. lone s ve kepi rhe eeipt s pmf or pmhe.

ln ny opinion rhis wts m excelle policy asn allowed .Dsione6

(buy)thingstharwec a liide ditrerem. (5),..,.........,..,........ (risk)(6)......-.................. A consqueneof yourlolicy is thi cn$omenwill buyn@ CDs.Md thisnem (7) ......................... Gerun)noE thattheydonr like. In iact l6t weekI broughlb&* eight CDs, nom lhe fouie.

I hadboughton ihe previonsvbn Your salesne retusd

(ure) theCDsbone jus (8) ................. ne of(9)..,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,.,..,.. .......Gccept)sucha la4e nmbet sd accused (b€)teat€dlre thisa I hadenenbeed (10)....................-.... (copy)rh€m.I stunslyobjecred ro (ll) ......................... ( l2) ..,.......,.............. (lriog) theMcip6 wiih ne ed my dio6 PeE wirhintheEms of yourEudmlee. (behave) (thi.L)rhaitou *ill losea lot oi bnsi.essil you $ttr go on (14)......................... in this I canl help(13).,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,,.,..,., w a y , a n d I a d v i s e y o u ( 1 5 ) . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ( d i n ) y o u r s t 3 f r (.1 .6.) ... ... ( d e a lw) i t hc n $ o n e sh a n o E p o x t em m n e r

A Repoied speech a We often r€ll peopl€what otherpeoplehavesaid.Thisis ca ed rcponedor indircctspeechWe veryrarclytryto rcportthe exacrwordsrhat someonesays.usuallywe givethe g€neral meaningwith a slmmary 'Laak l've been phoning all day and he'satwap jn a neeting. Canyou te hin that I'tt give hirr' a cal sanetine nextvr'eek,p/ease?' (actLrawords) ) Sandtaphoned. Shesaid she'd callyau next week ltepon) 'Fran v'lhat lcan see, the advellising campaignis a grear srccess., (actualwords) ) He said the canpaign wat a succel'. (report) a

Notethe chang€of tensein rhe aboveexampt€sr r1,//to wouldand i5 to was. It |5 not alwaysnecessary to changetefses.tf the sratementis n true we can keeothe sarne

Hesatdthe campaignwas a greariuccejs. (thecarnpagn is finished) Hesaidthecanpaign is/wasa greariuccess.(thecampa gn i5ni happening) seesecUons 8 andC beowfor moredetaits. In wiiing we can.epeattheexacrwordsusinglpeechmarks(, ... ). 'l haveno futtherconnent to nake at thisstage,'saidthecanpanypressaffjcerwhenhe spaketo out rcporteryestetday. Thisunituses5aldaslhe reporring veA.Seeuntt22 for otherfeporting ve.bs.

B Tensechanges a Whentheverbtensechanges it 'moves back,in tim€ 'l'mwotking for lgM' 'l've worked fot tBM

Report(lndirectlpeech) She said she wo*ed far tBM. Shesaii shewas wotklng fot tRM. Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM.

'I had wo*ed fot l?M 'l'm going to wotk fot lEM. '1can/wi /nay work for lEM.

Shesaid shehad wo*ed fot 18M. OR Shesaid she wotked fot tBM. Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM. Shesaid she was going to wotk for tBM. She said shecoutd./woutd/ni9ht wo* for tBM.

'I've been wo*ing fot IBM'

Shesaidshehad beenwo*ing for tBM.

Khwi, a Vicnta-basedteleans .onpaty, sdid oi Ftiday ir uas enteing thaCzth tufthet by aferins {hupet voneierui.{ throughttu l\tet,et. (c,echioday website) Ed ier h thc oe.k, d ldbot u4io4 ttpott soidthat 751 dedthshad ousnd 'an thajob' in rta\ durins tl'e f,tt six toflllj of thn ycar,aptotu 521Jot the sltuep{iad Lst yat. (Intermiion,l Her,ld Tribune website) The ShodhqALh'inht Industry Co. \d d l6t ueek t uoatd issre 160 tui ioa shates tilti.ar .fot ok rhe Shot'slzi StMk E .hdnge. (ShanBheiDaily wED'rc1

a

Thereis no changefof musC mi1ht, could, shoutd,would.

a

Notethat ifthe.ctualwods werc in the pasisimple(worked),ihe repo( can changeor nay

a

Notethat thereis no.hinqe for rhe pastpedect(hadworked).

21 REPOR|EDSPEEOI1

91

C No tense change if the inform.tion isst Ltrue. a Wedo not needto changetense 'Thesalesteamare doing verywellat the moment. Hesays/saidthe teamarc doingverywel whichis. waystrue tenseif we reponsomething O Wedo notneedto change 'Thercis atuvays a peiod of uncstaintl afu a meryet' Hesays/saidthereis alwatsa Wiod of uncertainVaftera neryet

D People, places, times and things to people,places,tim€sand thlngsotten change,becausethe a In rcpoftedsp€€chreferences point of viewchanqes. satdSue ---.'--=. --r=

ntseevou herc tomonow

\

--\

l @,ead you rcpad abaut this ptqe.r

)---\

l\

het.id

stre 5ardshe? s€e rre ahere tne next day He satdhe d reao my rcpoft about fie prclecl a The examples in ihe previotisparagraphshowsomeof thesetypicalchanges:

)nv

this aftenoon

a few daysago Th ngs: thisprolect

'Rln.flbd

) ) ) ) )

thete,at the office the4 at tha ime that day,on Monday thedaybefote,theprcviausday the nextday,the followingday,on Monday

)

that aftemoon

) the weekbelore thepteviousweek ) the weekaftet the follawingvr'eek a a few daysbefare,a tew daysea iel ) the prctect

ubd I t.id I uB goirg ,o bebon6t Thattut d bi&frt ti." tuitbyqJ8

92

2I NEPORIEDsPEECH1

21

Practice

Exercise1 R Writetheactualwords thateachpeEonsays.Usecoritractions whelepossibe I Annasaidthatshehadakeady finished.

(afnasactudl words)..J.:v.e,..alr:ea.dy..fi rsi.:lred 2 Shesaidhewouldbe backafterlunch. 3 Hesaidshewasgoirgto contactrheprinte6. (Hisactualwods) ' 4 Paulsaidthat he wantedto makea phonecall.

5 shesaidshewasmeeting the bankmanagerat eleven. 6 Pieffesad he had found olt aboutthe prcblema long time ago. (Pieffesactualwords)' .

7 Davidsaldhe hadto be backin theoffi(ebythreerhirty. (Davldlactualwords)' 8 Jansaidshewouldlet meknow

Exercige2 g Lookat the actualwordsspoken.llhdedlle the correctwordsin the report€dversion. 1 (HelenS wods)'l won'tdo it untiltomorrow.' Helensald//Iie wouldn'tdo it until theprevioustfollo$/ino day. (PeterS 2 words)'lt3verybusyin herc.t'llcallyoutater.' Petersaidit wasverybusyherelrhele, andhe'dc.tlme/himtater (The 3 sales managetwordt'We received yourorderlanweek., Hesaidtheydlwe'd rc
Exercise3 E ;

Rewrite thesentences in reported speech. Usecontractions whe.epolsibte. 1 'l won'tp(,tit in thes?lesbecause it3 sellinq veryweii, shesaid. shesaid.thE..ralald^:.1..ei,ri...it..i^..ille..r.^le{..bes4,{r.E...it .w4:..r.Ellili4...,ve!-.y..r.e[,..... 2 'l'vereadthercpodandI dont undeEtand section 4,, hesaid. 3 'WhenI finishmypresentation, l'm goingto havea drink,,hesaid. Hesaidthatwhen.--..-....... 4 'l'm p€paringthefiguresbutI won'tbe long,'shesaid. 5 'l likeplaying tennit but I don'tdo it veryoften,'shesaid. 5he$id ............................. 6 'l'm goingto visitour Polish subsidiary but t m notsurewhen.,shesaid Shesaid

2I REPORTEDSPEECH1

9'

Exercise4 B C pr€sentatron aboutthe rcle of lhe ChiefExecutileOfiicer. Readthe wordsspokenin a confercnce Jatkwebh, one oJ the nostJa'hous CEos oJa tine, was head oJ ceneral Ele nfot twenE fea$. But he was an exreltion. InJad, iooahnds o.fall najor eonpaniesuorldwide have rc!|arcd theb CEO ow the latt frv years.What's lhe rcaton? The rcaton k that et?ectations of Cno pufornawe areJar too high. Boads ofconpafties laok at the, CEo as a kind oJ *pethao *ho ran nlve all ke conpany\ probkms.This prceessstdted ifl the 1980s, ard the prolotve uAs Lse la.oca, "the nan who saved Chrysler Corp".Then in the 1990s, w had CEOs fron the tednology sertor, like MictosoJt\ Bi Cates, or Cisto\ John Chanbers, uho nanaged to produce cottantly lising sharepftes. But the lituation is uery dffercnt now dnA ecoflonit growth is slopihg down.' Now look dt waysto reportthe wordsto a co eague Byeachrentencewrte P/Ic (if the sentence5 Pos5be becauseoi lenre Changerules).P/sT(if the senlen.€s Possbebecauseit is 5t ]ru€)or (ii the sentences Incorrect). Thespeakersad that I lack Wech was cEo of ceneralEectic lor twentyyears .P ITC.. for twentyyears .. 2 JackWech had beenCEOol GeneralEeclric 3 Boardsol companiesook ai lhen CEOsassuperheroes 4 Boardsol companieeookedat the r CEOsassuperheroes 5 Boardsof companierhad ookedat the r CEO5assuperheroes 6 Leelaccocanarted il a in the 1980s. / Leelaccoc.l'do ndrleo rl a In IhF 19808 FFl.((o.a l^.d bee. srdrled . in IhF 1980' 9 T h es t u a t o nl s d i t f e r e nnt o w . . . . . . 10 Thes tlation was ditferent.ow

Exercise 5 B D On Frdaymorninqyou had. meetingwith someonelrcm yoLrradvensnq agencyat hB ofices Thewods he spoke.re on rhe left The nextweekyou tel a coll€agueaboul ih€ d scussionUndenlnethe corr€ct

Theadvedisinooersonlwords:

What vou sayto vour colleag!e:

'Did you get my emaillrent yesterday aboutlhis

'He raid he (1) hopeslbopedl'd got (2) hlsltry -ama

campaiqnwe ve beenworkingon? Lhopeso l'm sorryio askyou to comehere.t suchshortnolrce,

that (3) he'd rendlhe'd Jent 14)yesterday/the day fhelthls.dvertsingcampaign berroreaboui(5) \6) they've/we'vebeer wotk ng on. And he for asking(7)melyou to go apologised (8) herelrhere ai suchshortnotice- he sardt

b u t i t ' sq u i t el r g e n i .T h es t l a l o n i st h i s : w eu s ea n outsde pr nr n9 company,and a few daysaqo the workerstherewent on strlke.I m havinga meeiing th s afternoon,but wth a unionrepresentative rhouqht shoud talk to you tirsl.

(9) /J/r17as a lew days urgent.Well,apparently (10)aqolbeforethe pr nlersthey use(11)have sonelhadgane or \rnke, and he (12)lslwas meetng thern(13)ahli/rhaiafternoon.He sad lre ' thoLrghthe sho! d t.lk io (14)melyou abolt it i rs'

A Say or tell a We saysomethingand we te//somebody. Sinon said he was .onfident abaut the su(ess of the Betaprcject. Sinan told me the projen was going well. l, We neverus€to betweente//dnd the object He told me what happenedin the neeting. (NOT r€td-r6-rae) We c. n u5eaoalter5ay,especially when the actud wordsare not epoi(ed. What dtd he tay to you? lthink the bosswanted to say something to Susan

B other reporting verbs .

Therea€ mdnyverbsto reponwhat peoplesay.Eachverbh.5 one or morepossibepatterns Commonrepodng verbsinclude: Verb+'lng form (unit 19) Verb+ to infinitiv€(unit l9)

ddnit, deny,mentian,prapose,suggest aqtee,ask,denand,de.ide,offet,prcmlse,rcfuse,

Verb+ object+ rc infinitve(Lrnt 19)

actuise, ask,canvin.e,encou?ge,invite,ordea rcnind, tell, warn Petsuade, adnn, agree,annauncelahswer'claim'complain' canflrn, deny,explain,nention, pronise,prcpase,

Verb+ object+ rharcause

ddvise,assurc,convince,infarn, natify,petsuade, rcnind,tell Prcnise,rcassure,

Theydenied doing anything wong I suggested changing au expotTagency Sheprcmised to call me tomoffow fhey rclused to lowet then price. He advised us to wait untll ne\1yeal TheyinviEd me to come far lunch. Theyagreed (that) they'd wait. She prcmised (that) she'd call ne tonanow. 1rcninded then (that) they had to pay a 25a/odeposit. I told him (that) I couldn't nake the meeting next week. O We usethe sametensechanger! es as in unit 21. Cre.k t.l.ott fidltt O'l'E rbi theyiratbatio, toitta vith RohTabtun. OTE pomised thal 70!( tut of np ftlepho,t sy\te uotld bedUitdLii tll.. )dd^. (Buch,rsi tslsinesweek a We can .ko rcportwhat peoplerhinkor know.Verbsinctuderkrow nodce,think, reatise, ek 5o y, I didn't rcalise you were busy.I thought you had finished.

22 REPORIED SPEECH 2 95

C tt + passiveof a reporting verb a We use/t + passive of a reportingverb+ ihat to repot what peopl€ n qeneralfee or believe. This s a formaluse,fo. exampl€ln a newspaper story a sci€ntificrcportor a witten summary of a meetinq It w{t affiowced at the atferc cethat Aryentifld w6 lasinr Pesos$,0A0 flillian per onian an gtuin plies .ottpdfttr with the ovetugeik the L^t tet yus.It uas pistetl out that ihkrkational ptk6 hotl &t inptulc.l in two yeoR,but this eability hatl allouaddn inctedtein prcdnetiah. flarinTnde website) Verbsthat are often usedin this way are: be agteed, be announced,be believed,be dained, be canfirned, be cansideted,be decided, be estinated, be ererted, be feared, be lela be found, be pointed out, be praposed, be rcponed be tumourcd, be said,be thown. be sugge5ted be thauqnt

D Reporting questions (thisisthesamerue asfor a Thewod orderin eportedquestions isllkea nomalstatement questions indrect in unit16).Tense chang€s followthoseglvenn unit21 'Whercis it?' He askedme whereia war. (NOr v/h€r€-r.€.+) ) I

Whe. we €pod quenionwod questions(whe4 evhaav/hy,where,haw,e\c)we uselhe q!enlonwofd. 'Whenwill thegoodsative?' ) Theyaskedne when thegoodswould aftive 'Whyhaveyou salesgone dowh?' ) I wasask-ad why out saleshad gone down. 'A yeard{0,I wd! atkcdhoa thit tro efsl nceer bctuen DaihtlerandChrysletuo"ld uotk, ord I toid I wds&'nitiirfof thenturyeltonal prcblehBThey aeteboufldta haryen,asaw cxpcnenccs uiithSeathadsltotln.'-CEO oIvolb|aSen(DerSpiegel website)

a Whenwe reponyeslno qres\ionslDoyou, Didyou, Areyau, elc)we ute if ot whether 'Do you speakFtench?' ) Sheaskedne if I spokeFtench '4rc yo! going to ) He askedme whether I was goingta payin cash. W in cash?' questions a Notrce in theexamples thatreported haveno questonmarkin writing.

E Reportingcommandsand requests a Commands .re reDoded wiih rel/andthe infinitive. 'Takeus to theairyoft. > shetold the drivetto take us to theairpaft. 'Dont wotry l ll dealwith it. > Shetold me not to wotry. a Reolests withaskandthe infinitive. are.eooded 'Wauldyou nind waitingfot a moment?' He askedne to wait 'Please He askedus not to wait. don't wait far '],e,I'll .ome alonglatet'

95 22 REPORTED SPEECH 2

22 Practice Exercise I G Underlin€ihe correctwords. 1 Saly rold/ bltLqe Ihat she had lost the catalogue pleasedon't saylte//anythinqabout t. 2 Thisis confidential, 3 Thisis confidential, pleasedon'i saylte//anyoneaboui t. 4 Chrissaidlsaidme he mun leaveearljr 5 | saldltoldthem aboutthe meal,and th€yiaidlto/d th€ywould come. 6',You see,',told/saldsteve,'lalwaystoldlsaidyou'd get a promorion' T You see,' told/sald steve, 'l alwaJ6io/d/sald yo! you d gei a prornot on , I Look, l told ta / said to her,'why don t you te///say m€ whar you medn?

Exercise2 g Matchtheactlalwordsin sentences l-12 withthe rcported nat€ments aFt)

tr

a) He advsedme to do it.

l

b) Heapologsedfof not doing it. c) He congratuatedrne on doingit.

1 'Wel donelYou'vedoneitl 2 'Whome?No.I neverd d it.' 3 'l m reallysorry| didn'tdo it - I justforcot.' 4 'lf lwereyou,L'ddo it.' 5 'Wouldyouliketo do it?' 6 'Don'tforgetto do it!' 7 'Oh,| lee thatyou'vedoneit.' 8 'Oh,bylhe way,l'vedoneit.' 9 'Ohl I thoughtyouhadnl doneitl' 10 'l realywouldnldo it. lt couldbea disaster' 11 'l'll do it, youcancounton me.' '12'No,I wontdoit. lt'soutof queston.' the

n

tr

n n n n

d) He invit€dm€ to do it.

tr

i) He noticedlhat l'd donelt. j) He €fLrsedto do it.

l

n n

e) He denieddoing t. f) Ne nentionedthat he'd doneit. g) He didn't realise'd dore it. h) He promiredlhal h€'d do lt.

k) He ren ndedrnelo do t. l) Newarnedm-. not to do t.

Exercise3 El Fffll Rewrite eachs€nr€nce in reported speech. 'A€ 1 youon holiday for thewholeol A!g!n?' sheaskedme.

sh€asked me.if-lrlhelhcr...!...r..,4{..e ..h.olid6} fer:..lhe..r.}ele..ef..Ara4r:i,

2 'Whai do the letteG'URf mean?'I askedhim.

I arkedhim 3 'H.ve yo! preparcdtheJigures?my bossaskedm€. M y b o t t d s t e dn e . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 'Whenis yourb dhday?'I askedFrances.a. l . s k e dF a ^ c e s c.d. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 'Did you femernberto backup the file?' sheaskedhim. S ' e a s r e dh r r r . . . . . . . . . 6'Why haveyou turnedoff the airconditioning?'Ell€naskedrne. tller asled ne 7 'Do you speaklialian?'th€yaskedme .t the intervi€w

Theyaskedmeat the inreruiew 8 'Howmuchdidyoupayforyourcar?laskedPabto.

22 REPORTED SPEECH 2

97

Exercise4 c t430

Re.dtheedractfrom a meenng,.hairedbyClaudia.Thenunderlin€the rnonappropratereportng verbs n the writtensummarybelow cLADh: Oh, hi. Takea seat... Unr, I d like to hearyour vie$ on the t.lks wele havins Nith BCP $o!t the possiblemerger.Do you think we should go .he.d with dre discusions? Well. Do a.tu,Iy I donl lhiDk \re should. Our comparry cultues are totrlly ditrerent. and I can't seenrany opponmiries ro cut costsin a combined openrion. I'm sorry but I m 3gainstit. But, Nigel, can'tyou seeth,r wer roo smaltto standrlone in the global economy.Theret going to be ratron lisationin our narket and nN ls the right tinle to act. cl.{uDr^, Un, right. How iong do you think it rvould trkc to integr:te the nvo conrpanics? Ptubablyabout sL\ months,naybe oorc. ThaCssix nonths ofcotrrpletechaosand frlling nrvestorconfidcnce.lti just too *ky. .LAUDTAWell,I dont thini rvc haveenoughirfonrnrion .t thc momcnt. Pclhapswe colnd $et!p ! taskforce b look into the vhole isuc h more detait? oauon

HDur. Tony - $ould you bc willing to chair rt? fron rhe other depftnents asrvcll. OK, I I ch.ir r raskforcc,but I II need reprcsenBuves

o-^u, ^, Thar sholldnt be a problent.Whendo you thn* you'll be .tJle to set fie report .lotre? Un,iD rbout six weeks. Six rvcekslTh.Csridiculous. (]a!ir^, 1

OK. {'e'll rry to get aI rhc ufo..ution togcdrcrin fou. $ccks. llighr, thiCssellled.livc'llmect:r$in x month frcm todin srmc tnnc s.rurcp].cc.

in tlre t wasestimatedlannounced that il would takeaboui sixmonthsto ntegratethe two cornpanies eventoi a mercer

2

twas rumouedlsuggested that we couldset up a taskforceto producea reporton the imp cationsof

3

the merger irom other l\ wasprcpasedlclainedlhat the taskfo(e would be chanedby Tony,wth repres€ntatves

departments. 4ltwasshawnlagteedIhalthetaskforceshouldproduceitsr€portinfourweeks. 5

lt wasclainedlde
Exercise5AF,D the 4)is ta krngto a colleague aboutlhe sam€rneetng ater n thew€ek.Undedine Niqel(lrom Exercse his report. corectwordsin

'Claudiaaskedus tbat rar'e g'vetagre our opinionsaboutthe mergerialks.| (2)told tlemltold {l ) ro then that I thoughtthe wholething wasa badidea,but they rcfused(3)to /tsten/rnenln9.Of courseTonydisagreed, asusual-He(4)ioldBad thai we w€retoo smallfor the globalma*et. andTony Thenclaudiaaskedhow lo1g15)woulditlit wouldtaketo inteqatethe two companjes, (7)sefttnguplto set up a t.sk claimedit would{6)iakelto rdkesixmonths.Claud;asuggested force to look into the wholethinq. ldedded {8) not sa]alnglnorfo ray an}thng. Tonyoffered 19)b chairlthathe would.ha,7the taskforce.Heprcposedthat the taskforce(10)reportlnglshould reporfbackin sixweek, butllll) rcnindedthem that/rcmindedtharwe'd needthe rcportmuch sooner.Anylvay,we decided{12)to rD€etlmeetngagainin a monrh.'

hrasal verbs 1 A Undergtanding phrasal verbs 'part cle' rneans a Verbsare often 1oLow€dby particl€s ke back, oft througi up, etc, (ihe word somelimesboth verband partce havetheirnomra meanngs Olher adverbor preposition). t mesthereis a new meanrngwhen the verband particleare put togetherCornpare: It taok 20 ninutes ta 90 through passpattcantral. (norrna mean n9) (newr.eaf ng = 'ook at carefuy') Can we go through your proposalagain? Theterm 'phrasalverbis usedforthe secondtype,wherelheverb+ partlce togetlrerhds. 3recommon n informalEns sh. specialmeaning.Phrasalverb5 a

Sometimes a phrasalverbhaslhe samemeaninqas a one_wordverb find out = discover 90 ba.k = return 90on=connnue The phrasaverbi, usuallymoreinformalthan the one word verb

a O l t e no n ep h r a s a l v e rcba nh a v es e v e r adli f f € r e nmt e d nn g s a n dt h e c o r r e cot n e s o n y c e a r from the situaton (= takingthe n€cess.ryactlon) 1 Danlwarry rn dealing with it naw 2 We deal nainly with Taiwanesecampanies. (= do businesswith) 3 Thercpartdeals with au. futurestrategry (= rsabouo

B Separable phrasal verbs O With somephrasajverbswe can separatethe two parisand put ihe obleclbeloreor afterthe could you fill this fon in, please? OR Couldyou ti in this fom, please? now out now oR l' pint out the spteadsheet Illwint the sprcadsheet i\,lrtioMrrti, tlx Ell\ a\rycrti{t, atrtr6Jnrt(arayr ,c ltilL o! ELI ntl!: ta k.cP d\rrrxt l,fle\ ttu 'nxrchrk' errs Fid.l:at 3C l;.trttt nr trl,?. (hrterltiorxl Herild dopn.fallowin.t Tribune Ncbsrre) a Whenthe object s a prcnoun(me you, lr, etc)il mun comebelorelhe parucle Couldyou fi itin, Please? \NOI t*a+) I ll Nint it out now (NOTp|+€f€sf'1) a Whenthe objec(is a ong phraseit mustcomeafler lhe partice Cauldyao fill in the lorm that3 over therc on the desk, please? t ll p nt out the sqeadsheet with lan month's tales fiqurcs now a H e , e5 " h r o ' . o I n o n $ p a r a b l ep h r d . a l v € r b s Haveyou ha.ked the data upz (= mad€a copyon yourcomputen Wl you back ne up in the rneetlng?(= s!ppo'1,provde evdencefor) Theyhad to.ut thelr advenisingbudget back (= spend lers on) Our lav/yeRv/ill draw a new contra.t up. (= ihink about and then wr te) Canyou drcp ne off at the rtationT (= take me n yolr c.r and eavem€) Cauldyau li thisforn in, pleaJel (= completeby writinq informatlon) I n trying to give smakinq up. (= stop do ng lt, quit) ThecentralBankistryinq to keep inflationdown. (= controlit to slop t increasing) Theyhad to lay 1ao workeBolf lan nanth. (= dismiss,makeredlndant) list) for t in a reference tlooked thennunber up in vel/o'"Paerer.(= searched (= your pick Jtaiton2 coliect me in car) ne up at the can tou t ll pint the details out for you. (= pr nt from a computer onio paper) I needto ing/call the prinrersup th;s afterroon. (= telephone)

23 PHRASAL VEFBS '

we ve set up a subsidiatyin Estonrb.(= established) We'retryjngto sort it out now {= olganisejt, put it tighl dea with jt) for) he3 taken on too mu.h (= a((eptedr€sponsibilty He3n/ess€dbecause H6 sonwill take ovet the firn whenhe retues (= takecontrcl) Ihe new cEo will be taking ovet in lanuary (= takingresponslbiliry) away now? l= gertid of ir' disposeof it) cant throw this newspapet 'no' to) we tuned down thenoffer lt wastoa low (= €fus€d.said

c Inseparable phrasal velbs thetwo partsTheobjectmustcomeafterthe veftsw€ cannotseparat€ a Withsomephlasal panKre. E lca,Qtinones,HcddoI th. Arti-CartuptionLLtitdt theOECD, kld us thatthe hapd 'Covc tue tt woaldprcJetb dedlPith siflsapot!eill sootrtign itsani-bnberyNto.ol @npani\ .fton .oMh$ thdtale tigkatoristo thccanterion,'sh.soid (Busine$Tnnes Sinsaporewebsitc) t

ph|asal verbs: insepa€ble Hereisa listof common (= I haveta call on a clientth,safternoon visit) by chance) Haveyou come acrcssa conpanycalledIMN? (= discovered action) Canyou deal with thisinwice p/ease7(= taketh€ necess.ry wilh) we've beendealing with Fedcofot a long tine (= doins busin€ss (= in 5E /45ia is abolt) with +commerce Therepon deals witholt) assrsia't(= tunctlon/manase t
phtasal Theydo not haveobjects vedsareintransitiv€. seeakolnit 25 a ManyinsepaGble fhe phatocopiethasbrcken dow, again (= stoppedwork ng) Yaunust chetkin onehout befaredepatturc' (= register'rcportyourarrival) can!just comein fot a manent please?(= interupt the discussion) HI thtough at ihe /astmonent. (= failed) Thenegotiations t thinkwe can9a by with a srnalletbudget. (= manageto do thing, Willtou iustholdlhang on for a noment? \= watr) He hadto step down afterthe.offuptianinquiy (= leavethe iob, reslgn) y) Shenight tum up at anynolnent (= arive unexpected

99

1OO 2' PHRASAI VERBS I

23 Practice Exerciset B g

Choose thebestverbeachtimefromA. B,c or D below I Banca di Romd.e. up anonlinebanking seMcewithTelecom ttalia. A created B put C set D took 2ltsnotjustmyownpersonalopinion.Herearesomefiguresthat......upeverythngI've A put B back C support D tum 3 Thisisa grcaiopportunit.Wecanljust......it allaway. A removeB get C put D throw 4 | mightneedsomehelp.l'venever.......across a situarion likethisbefor€. A come B been C found D discovered 5 Theirlong-term strategy is in c.isis. Themergerhas......rhrough. A gone Bfallen C collapsedD passed 6 lt3 greathavingyouin theteam.l don'tknowhowwe......bywtthouryoul A su.vved B came C went D got

Exercise 2 nIXE

Complete eachsentence witha phrasalverb thatmeans thesameasthewordsn brackets. Theparticle has beengvento helpyou. I Didyou........fi^d........ (dscover) out... whytheyhaven'tpaidtheifinvoice? 2 Canyou.....................-. (wait) on ...a minute untillfindtheinformation? 3 Youneedto....................-.. (compete in... thiscustoms declaration. bywriting) 4 Anymorequesiions? (contin!e) OK,l'll ....................... on ...wlth mypresenration. 5 Youneeddetermination (quit) to succeed. Donl ...........,.,,,,,...., up ... now 6Inmyjob1.......................with...alotofpaperwork.(takethenecessaryaciion,han 7 lf youlike,1can....................... (collect) up...theparcelon mywayhome. 8 Cani ....................... bact ...to whatyouweresaying a fewmoments ago?(feturn) 9 Thkjobis9oin91o....................... (use up...monot themorninq. anamounr of time) 10 lf MikePinker arives,couldyou............--......... after...himuntll| rcturn?(takecareofl

Exercise 3 X!

Underline a//thepossible wordorders fromthefouralternatives. Sometmestwo arepossibte, sometimes th.eearepossible. I l'm too busyto dol wirh rh,sldealthiswlthldealythjttdeat it with tigti no\,\. 2 l'm goingto /oot up ihe info,.nEtionllooktheinfarnationupllook up it/laak it up on the ntemet. 3lnthecurenieconomicclimateweretryinqtokeepdawnourcons/keepourcostsdown thenlkeep themdownas muchaspossible. 4 | couldn'tdo withoutmy nobile phoneldomy nobile phonewithout/dowithoutit/do it wjthout. 5 Heproposeda new produdlineto the Boad butthey turneddown theidealtuned theidea dawnltuned downitlturned it down6l'llcallyoubacktomorowmorning.We'rejusttryingrosottouttheprobten/sotttheprc h outlsott out it (ight nJ.v.

2:} PHRASAI.VERBS 1

'IO1

Exer
E

-

r",:'.-

"-, il.iF"r*; "" ""r,"",,

*,

=

-*'*"1 "'";"

*",rgr4qr.- l

MrYamanakawrbeanvinq€rrhearponarl030tom ... rF .. . (correctby cao r.om there a.d (2)

Hes sl6yins at the Mariott lwon\ be abe to (3) .. .. .. c o u l ds t a yw i r hh m a . d m a k es o r e t h e r ea r e n o p r o b e m s( a )

l

canyou(1). ... F.ls! .. (reave)at his rroter? (a vel there unl about 1 pm. so perhaps you . . . . . . . . . .k e g s r e r n g ) e r c havero(5). (manase)wdhoutmern

Y:11::1.::j::-""*ea,rernoon.soMikeandKarhw

rm q (7)

ns b (6)

. (organise) lhe ilinerary ror my lr'p to spain next month. can you . (hink about rhen wi,ta) a 'st or a our spanrsh cusrohers by (al ... . . .

..

our clstomer

accounls dalabase?

needs la lre booked

d

canyou(10)

..

w6 .e try ns to ( 11 ) (12) .

ke ro know exacty who

need io (9)

..

The printer keeps (13)

.. (examin ns)

al the moment so iusr

er crass

(sloppins work ns). and

( p r n r )t h e s p r e a d s h e ef l6 r

...

(elephone)lhekave6se.cyandcheckflishtrimesandprces?

(contror lo stop lhem mcreasing) ir.ver expe.ses (d scovea prices ror Elrolrave

..

(vist) arso lhe flighr

did. r have a chznce 'o (14)

ca.y6udoirandlhen(15)...........

( m a k ea c o p y ) t h e f i t e

onro a disk for me to use 6n my 6prop?

Exercise 5 B C 31

C o m p e t et h r n e w s p a p e a r t c e b y c h o o r n gt h ec o r r e cat d v e r bf r o mt h o s en b r a c k e t s

T R A V E LO N T H E N E T Lani DillenChielExecutjve of enrerel,

(olf/up/ou!l a quarterof its sl!llin.

bid ro

to call for Mr Dill.r's resignatioh, En.a!elk

(ofi/dffi/oul) sropped(r)......d.al!^.....

keepcosts(;l) ...,,...,,..,,...,,.. (off/do$n/out).

linrnce ofiicef Marthd Pip€rvill nor tale

yerlerdly in a dranelic nore for the

but lbese n€sures seR no! enolgh to

(6)..................... (through/up/on)the lask

on-linelravelaeency, Revenues at e.trarel

nake the conpanl p.ofitable,Diller had

of

a.e currenlly 15% dosn on the sane period lasl lern and thet\'e had io

ben in negotialiorssith thelnterneipo.tll

(oye./up/out) their problebs, bu1 lhe

loHo to get exclusive righis to ad!€rtiseon

nosi likelJ outcomeis lhrt e-travel$ill be

cut (2) ..................... (ori/up/back)thejr advertising budgelsererel!,Earlierin rhe

ih€ir sfterbur ihe dell fell (5),...,,..,...-........ laLen 181..................... (ove./rp/out) br (ott/ttrough/outJ at rhe l$t ni.ure, It anolher cohpr.L perhaps onlinc .iral

tear

e-t.ayel laid

(3).....................seenslhat tbis ners frntlli forcedinvestors

t.ying

HiFly.cod. r

to

sorl

(7) ,,.,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,.

102

hrasal verbs 2 A Phrasal verbs + preposition a Likeoiher v€rbs.manyphrasalverbscdn be usedeitheralonew thout an object,or fo ow€d by + object. a preposilion (phrasalverb Any marecammen6?OK,shallwemove on? usedalone) shallwe nove on to the nert item on the agentla? (phrasalverb + preposition+ oblect) a

Hereiea ln of commonphrasav€rb,of this type: Can we b ng the neeting forwad to Monday? (= move ir to an €arlie. time) Youg:o on ahead. t ll catch up with yau later. (= reachihe same p ace as) we need to cut bzcvdown on our spendinq l= rcdKe) Let'sdtop in on Davidwhilewe'rc in London. (= m.ke a short, nformalvisit) verywel (= havea friendly€ ai onshipwith) I gct on with ny colleagues Let'sget on with the neeting (= conlinueafterstopping) I cauldn't get through to directory lnqut€r (= contaci sorneoneby telephone) It'shard to keep up with developments in lT (= know aboutall the chdnS€sn) AK, l ll move on to ny next s/de. (= changeio a new subjecl) Cdn we put the meeting back to friday? l= mole il 1o a laler t m€, de ay) can vrp put the neeting otf until frday? (= nave i to a aier t rne, de ay) Canyou put ne thrcugh to Sa/etp/easez(= connecisorneoneby telephone) Ithink the phatacapierhasrun out of to,rer:(= the.e s noneleft)

B Three.part phrasal verbs c A few phrasalverbshavethreepadsand a th€e mun be used.The partsarc noi separable. I look tot\lvard to seeingrou next week Yor hnft ttuttcndovil, yotn obtLptdt 't,d' fe\.' dnd you havaspokotort in a charnont Nou, t .fl ba(.x.dnir. .1..kior - no yo! t'!ar a tie? EttortedB nrc!i,l!t! u! thai rit! to .ft ir anh dr$ dd( i, nt. hn(i.t i'dn\trt. (Chini Diily website) t

Hercis a Bt ol commonphrasalve.bs of ihis typel lt s tine to face up to yout reiporslbrrt/bJ. (= not avo d) lf it3 not su..essful,we can fa ba.k on plan B. (= lse f necessary) Daes the rcuBe lit in with yout haliday plans? (= be acceptedw thout prob emt l ll get back to yau tanoffow (= te ephoneyou aqain) l'll get on to aur supplers ight awaf (= coniact) 1'll try to get rcund to rcading yau rcpaft today. (= 1 nd the time for) tlook fotwatd to seeingyou next !,veel. (=thnkaheadwthpleasure) I can t put up with such tude behavlour (= tolelate)

'Cole, ?€ v. d*id€d to cut ba.t on p6ple n.n€d Cole.."

24 PHRASAI. VERES2

103

C Particle meanings O Oftentherneaning ofthe phrasalverb isrelated to therneaninq of the particle. Sennl dpplidnttulnties hdreonicisedtE EU for sddiflr oxt adusing sig&lsabartits intentiontCd iddtesonpkin thatthey6nnot arry on ikdejkitelywith thecasu refow needed to qudlifi,fot nqnbe$hip@ithortsotue fn ddtefotentry.Theft,spd soneEU gorenfle,h rtuhl to lut of erlatgenent that it will bcunpap dt oith the wk6, ol thdttheaeweahdtltt fot J@ will 'nonpolie EU spendifs.(Econonistwebsite) a Studythese examples, andnotethatapanicl€canhavesever.meanlngs. back

/7 canyouba*. (= telephone aqain) t ll pay you ba.k tononow. (= rcpaythe money borrowed)

b€hind

Wemustn'tfall behindour competiors. (= be slowerthan) t n getting behind with my lvork (= not do n9 asr'ruchasl should)

down

lnflationhascomedown by 2% (= becomeess) t'n nlinq b cut down on fafty foods.(= reduce) Thefactorywill closedown nextyear (= stopoperatng) Theytumed down ou offer (= raid 'no' to) Canltake down oneor twa detalls?(= wile on paper) I noted down sone questiansto ait rou, (= w te on paper)

torward

Sheput lotwad an intetestnerldea (= suggested) fhe n,eellngs beenbrcught forward. (= movedto an earliertime)

into

I'd liketo go into finan.ea,termyM8a.1=startworkng n.narea) tE s realy into windsuning.(be nto = ikeand be inrerested in)

oll

I shouldbe ableto get otf at aboutfiye (= leavewo*) Gn youdrop ne olf? l= Iakemein yolr carandleavem€) t'msotry| thinkwewerccut oft (= loseih€ sgnal n a phonecall) Iheyll .ut off ny ele
on

l'n goingta carry on workinguntTabouiseyer.(= coft nu€) Shallwenove on?(= .hangeto thenexttopic) t'll hand out sone catalogues at the erd (= giveto everyone) we sharc out theprcfiE eqralt. (= d vldebetweenpeople)

out .

I I justwo* out thept?e for,,ou. (= calculate) WeTetrling to sott out theprcblen now (- put t I ghr)

over

Gn we jun go ovet the detaikagalr?(= check/slmmarile) t n not surc.I needto think ,t over (= th nk aboutit calefully)

through

Cantou go thtough yout ptoposalasatnT(= explain) I've lo*ed through the files,but ,t3 not there.(= examned)

up

Theyptt up theqice {astmanrr. (= incrcased) twasbtoughtup in thecounfry(= lookedafterfromchildto adult) lnustwtiE up thatrepott.(= writeusingnotesmadeearlied fhe conpanywasset up lasiyear (= estabished)

'O4

24 PHRASALVERES2

24 Practice Exercise 1 !t

complete withonewordfromlistAandonewod fromlistB. thesentences A: back fur.€C down in on out up up B: on of {e to to to with with 1 l'm sorry| can'tmakethatdate-Canwe bing the me€ting .f.r{!,"ffd.. ....i9....thisweek? 2 l'm sorry| cant makethatdate.Canwe putth€ meeting ............ ............ nen week? 3l'mstartingtogetabitove&eight-l'mgojnqtohavetotakemoreexerciseandclt.-...... alcohol andfattyfood. 4 Wereallyhaveto makethededsion thisw€ek. wele beginning to run............ ............ t me. 5 Firstl'lltalka littleaboutthecufientma*et satuation, thenl'11move........................ outlinethe BoadS thinkingaboutfutuEstrategy. 6ltbnotjustaquestionofchoosinga€ndidatewiththeightexpedence.Theyalsohavet ,,.......... thecomoanv culture. 7 Everyone in the R& D department doesa lol of €adingoutside workhours. Thngsaremovingsofast youreallyhaveto keep............ ............ thefield. 8 We mighthaveto withdrawthisproduct fromthe marketandface............ ............ thefactthatit hasn'tbeenthe success w€ hadhopedfor,

Exercise2 I I 1-5withtheirendangs t!4atch thebeginnings of sentences al.€). 1 l'll lookintoit rightawayandgetback 2 l'm sobusydealing withtheday-to-day c sesthatI nevergetround 3 switchboad? l'm tryingto getthrough 4 l'm notsurewhat3happening. l'llgeton 5 Yes,l'rna lot happier now I geton

E

n n n n

a) to Philiplenkinson extension 3177buttherclno answer b) with mycolleagues muchbeiier. c) to ourlocaloffice andtryto geta picture clearer of lhe situation d) io youthlsafternoon. e) to thinkingaboutthefuture.

Exercise3 I Studyth€e possible meanings of theadverb up a!<).Thendecide whichm€aning is mostcoselyrelated to theuseof up in the und€inedphrasalverbs. positionb) increase, a) in a high/noticeable become mofe c) compl€tely 1 2 3 4 s 6

E

A keyqoalfor Allianzisto buildup ils assetmanagemeni business. Manytechnical issues havecomeuo in thenegotiations. | coulds!rm_!!the situationby saing that we?ein big trcuble. l'dliketob ng upthequestion of financinq theoperation in crcatia. I needa newPc.l'venearlyuseduo allthespa(eon myharddisk. programme. Weneedmorecapital to speedup ourplantmodemisation

n n n n !

24 PHNASALVERBS2

105

Exercise4 | l! Completethisemailsentby a finanoaladviserto hisclientby choosingthe corect particlefrom ihe list back behind d€,|,n in of off on on out through to up with with

stocG ln the us have @m€ (l ) ....-dcl\tr\,,. a lild€ si.@ | lasl @lacted vou. but in g€n€€lthe e@nomy i5 healthy and int66t rates lf gFwih i3 too fast I lhhk ihey'll prcb.blv put this doclsion (3) . .. --, rh€ Fed will pur {2) ..,,....,,,......whlch hav€ r€.llv fallen (4) -.,, ...,, ..... lh€ oth6r lntll the third or tourth quan€r Th€ @l dang€r i3 with td@mmi s6cto6. Basl€lly, the lel€@nh $cto. h6 run our €) ....,, .... ...... 5t€m. at l€53t in lh€ short tsrm We r€cohd€nd lhat you cut (6)...,,,...,.-......on your e:pGue lo lhi3 3etor and *hch to en€rsv ard €teiling, whlch wli nt h nl6rv ( 7 ) . . . , , , . . . . . . , - . . . . l h € r € s t o r y o u r p o r t f o l l o , I n B l i t u d o E l I n @ t o B € B l l k € l v i o f a l l b e c k G ) . . . , . . , . .1. h e 8 €5 6 a s r t h a . l!€ attach€<1.do@m6nl wiih sp.clfic suqg€Btlonsfor volr porttorio cuft€nt marketrclaliliv edies (9) ....,,......--.... hlel m€ lroM. rFu €96 wih my €@mm€ndatlotu lllg€t on when yo! v€ had . chan€ to go (10) .....-......-.,,,. (11) .,,,,.....,,...... our b6k€E and theyll wo* (12)....,,,.......--..ihe comnl$ron lor buvlng and slllng th€ slocks. Byth€ way, ih.nkBfordopphg (13).,........-.......rh. olher momlng. N@ llll€lvou gol on (14). ..... -.. vourwork

E x e r c i s5el I l I

@,, Comoletethetelephonecallwithphrasalvedsfromthelistbelowthatmeanthesameasthewordsin brackets, Somearefromunit23.

up go ahead go over holdon lookinto callback cutoft getbackto getthrough breaking pc++hrecg$ rangup sortout speakup n-EcEr|roNrsr, Good moming, Medi! Solutiont,how canI hclp you? can vou (l) ..i{|1.. me ..lb.p.$h.. Gonnectlto christineMoreau,Plcase? r'€cE!r'oN'sr, OfcouEe,holdthcline...I'miorrycaler,Icant(2)........ . .. (nakecontact) at the momenqthc line'sbu!y.Sha[ I askher to (3) ....... . .. .. . . . you (tcl.phoneagain)? ........................... Its OK,I'll leavea m.s5.ge (wit) just a second$,hileI look for a pen . Right, R'cEpnoNsr,OK, (4) ........................... (s)........................... (continue). Derck Richardion,Fomweston SecuriryMs Moreau(6) . . ........... ... My namei

ne.........................,.(telephoned)yesterday.Shewantedm€to(7 (iMstigate) the cct of inst ling an alrfm systemfor your PremisesI saidI d (telephoneagain)het todatr (8) ........................... I'm sorry Mr Ricbardsn, the tine is very b!d, can you (9) ................. .... . (talk .. (havingprcblemr louder) ple.se?HeIo? He o? I'n sorry,you'te (10) ........................ with the signal). Hello? . . . So!ry about thaL I'm on I tnin ming my nobile and we wete (11) (disomected) h a hlmel. Er,y€s,asI sas saying,I'veruaged to (12) . .... ...... . (orseiF). Can 'ou telt her thtt I'I sendher a quot.tion somthing .....-.-..-.........,....,. along vith a[ the othq deuils in the post? Oh, risbt, er,can t j6r (13) .---.,..,..--...... (check)tbat asein?Yourname is D€rek Richddson, Gomvestotr Seruity, ud you re going to seDdsome det.ils about u alarm That3 right. Er thant you fo. your help. Goodb€.

106

erbs and objects A Transitive and intransitive verbs t

Verbsin Englishcaneitherbe tEnsitiveor ntransiriv€. This nformationis shown n dictonaries w th the l€ttersT or L

B llansitive verbs a Transitive v€rbsarc followedby dn obje.i Th€oblecrcantake a vareryof forrns: noun: Da you sell stamps? pronoun: /t3 too expenslv€.I can't affard it. ret ex ve pronoun: 1enjayednyself at the .o.ktait part! yesterdayafternoan. c ause: I de.ided that it was too tisky a A transitiveverbis not compete without an object.

c

Intransitive verbs a Intrans t veverbsdo notldkean obiecr Herflight hasaftived.lHet flight amvesat Heathrcw/Her ftightaftivesbefarcnine (ButNOI f,le+{ight-€+ri}er|€ath{€*.) Aut salesin Twkeyfell./Oursaletfell lastyeat./Ou satesfettdranaticattyin the US. (B!t NOTesft€rapint {e r€-sa1e5.1i5+y€€+) a lnrransitive verbsincludetache,appeat,adve come,depaft,disappea,exjst,fat, 9a, happen, hve,occur,tain,rcnain, ise, sleep,speak,wait, walk,wotk.

D Verbswith both transitive and intransitive torms a Manyverbscanhavebotha transilive and ntransiiive form I openedthe doot fhe daoropened. Webeganthe neeting. Theneeting began. Ottenyoucan eaveolt theobjectil t isobvious because of thestuaron or beca Lrse youhave akeady menlioned it. t parked(ny car)in front of yout offi.e. (it) now AK,IthinktundeRtand a Verbswith borhforms nclude:accept,arswer:ark, begin,break,(hange,choose,ctose,caak, decrease, drcp, eat,end,explain,finish,farget,grcw, hetp,imprcve,incrcase, knaw,tearn, leave,neet, nau.e,openlpark' phone'read,rcnenbea see,staft stap,turn, undestand, watch,win, wiE. a Manyverbsarctransiiive withonemeanng andintransrve wrh.nother (takeoff o) = to removean tem of clothlng) He taaLotf h6 Fdet The planetoak olt at 3 pm. (takeoff (l) = to leavethe g round and startftying) t've rcrcvered the files from ke hard disk. (e-6uet fi = ro ger back somerhing thar was lon) Theeconomyis recoveringslowly. (rccover (l)= to returnto norm.laftersometroublel

25 VERBSA'{D OEJECIS IO7

E verb + two obiects o

Someverbscan havetwo objects,an indned object(d personwho receve, som€thing)and a direc!objecr(th€thing someonegivet. After a lat of negotiation they offercd (P) us IDO)a betbr deal. Theypatd (a) the consultants lDo) a lot of noney she sends(lo) you (DO)her ben rcgad'. V€rbs lke thls include:award, bing, buy, cause cost, email, fine, giw, hand, leave,lend, nake, offe, owe, past pay, post, ptonise, read, refuse, sel, send, shaw, take, tea.h, tell, wte

a

abovewe do not useio. Noticethat in the examples

NoTth€y-€+tu{€d-.€-s5+M NOTthefpdid+€-the{€r5ulr€€g-i.l€ t

object.This Youcanoftenputthedircctobiecrfrlst,andin thiscaseyouuseto + indirect importance to th€ ndirect object. happens whenwewanlto givespecial Ihey afferedlDo) a betrer dealln to ou conpetitots. Iheypaid \DO a lot of money lt]) to the .onsultants who
a Someverbsmusthaveto + ndi€ctobject.Theycannothavelhe structuren thefirstparagraph sheexpiained(DO)the sttuation (lO)to me (NOrexplsin€d-F3€+he'5* 'e) I reconnend{AO the fish (lO)to you. (NOTre€€.FrFeFdJ€s+he-ii5h) (DO)arother solution \O) to ut. (NoT5s99e5ted-s5-aFe*€{-5€k+eA) Hesuqg€sted '11t.!?akc t .lotM.ttoAC didr't etttia(tO)to t.potteB(DO)thc pla8 to sellpatt oJthedcpannte storechainKauJhoJ.Fn kfin( Allrcnctu tsl,sitc) verbsin thisgroupindude:admit,announcedemonstratedescibe,explain,introduce, mention,prcpase,prcre, rccannend, repeat,tepott,say,suggest.

F Verb + two obiects using for a w,lh sone verb, we Lse for io Inlrodu.ethe -d 'ect obied in'IF.d o' Io. I ve brcught a prcsent for you. l've brcught you a ptetent. I've left the rcport for you on yout desk. I ve left you the rcpott I ll rcsetvea table for six people. I ll rcseNe us a table. a Velbs with two objects that us€ for include:book, bins, build, buy, call, .hange, chatge, choase,coak, iut, do, fetch, find, fix, let, keep, leavc, n'ake,odet, prcpare, rcseve, save

roa 25 vEhls AtrtDoE Ects

Practice Exercise t !!Q Tick (/) the sentencesthat arc completeand cross(, the onesthat arc incomplete

I Youneed. 2 My headaches.

E n

4 lt3 finallyhappened. ! s lve €allyenjoyed. !

6 tsot. 7 8 9 10

n

Whatdid youget? n Thecompany istryingto cut. n tam tryingto wo*. n Hereminded. n

Exercise 2 !l! Tick(/)the sentences thatarecofiectandcrcss(X)theonestharafeincorr€cr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

We'veredesigned thereception ar€ato lookmoremodern. Z l'll waitthe re.eption areafo. you, E l'vebeenstudyjng Accentu€on myMBAcouBe. n l've beenworkingAccenturefor fiveyea6, ! Whatwillhappen thecompany ifthe CEOteaves? n Whowillrunthecompany il theCEOlea!€s? n I'velivedLondon allmytife. n l'velikedLondon allmylife. n Theairportbusleavesthe hotetat eight. n Theairpo(busarivesthehotelat eight. n Theytoldusiastmonththatthedetivery was9ojn9to U" tut". ! Theysaiduslastmonththatthe detivery wasgoingto betate. n year Last we hadto fallouradvertising budget. n Lastyearwe hadto cutouradvenising budgetD

Exercise3 I Eachpairof sentences hasthesamev€rb.Markthesentence T if it i5usedtransitiv€ly or I if it used intransitively. Urd€rJirethe objectin the transitivesentences. 'I a)Canyou seethewomrnin thebluesujtoverthere?E youte b) So goingto cancelyourorder I s€e. A 2 a) | hadto run to the pon officen b) Herunsthemaftetingdepartment. n 3 a)Ourfamilyhasman.gedrhishotelfor th€e generations. n b)Wemanagedverywetiwhileourbosswason hotiday. n

tr tr 5 a)Thesales targetwassetat 8 millionthisyearbut I thinkwe,llmiss. n b) | efjoyworkinqabroad, but I missmyfamilyandf ends. n 6 a)Ours.lesdropp€dby 12% lastyear n b) ldroppd mylaptopon thefloor,but tdonl thinkirs broken.n 4 a) shelost hefjob lastmonthwhenthey restructured the company. b) Reallvadridlost by two goalsto one.

7 a)Susan, do youknow Dr Gos.h€l tromourMunichoftice?n b) lt3 goingto be mo.eexpensive. I know. n 8 a)Youmustinvenif youwant yourbusiness grow' to b) Farmers who grew olivesusedto get a tot of subsidies from the EU.

! !

25 VERBSAND OBJECTS 1O9

Exercise4 F Under n€ the corect words. 1 He /ent mel/ent to me the aruce about Turkeyfrorn lhe Econo.nist. 2 l'm goingto suggestthemlsuggestto themthat we postponethe meeting. 3 Ihey pronised ne / pronised to me a f ull r€fund if I wasn't satisfied. 4 | explainedthenlexphinedto dremthat lwasjust followingcompanypo cy. 5 This delay is causinErus problenslcausing problens to us. 6 | recommendyou rhe chickenlthe chkken to you lt's usudllyvery good n here. 7 | €port€d the laulf to dre te.hnicianlta the te
ll

Exercise5 # orderto makea sentence. Putthewordsandphrases ntothecorrect srticle 1 l/to Jacki€ frornihe marketing depadmenvlent^he I l-a^t the a.ticle t! J-^ckie {.ox the.y4.flse.it,}4 dep4lt|1.e^t....... 2 l/lackie/ent/th€articleaboutmarkeling t . . . . . . . . . . 3 l/anemail/them/sent/yesterday t . . servrces depa(menl/sent/yesterday ema/to thekcugtomer t. 5 l/the d splaymodelthatb beenin the window/sold/him 6

/the dsplaymodel/sold/toa womanwho camein this mornng t........

7 l/my report/her/thismornng/gave t . . morning 8 l/my repot/gave/to he. secrclary/this

t.................

Exercise 6mm

with eitherto or for Compete the sentences l'veleJta copy..f.gf.youon yourdesk. 1 Theyemailed theirreply:..to''. usthismorning. you give this.........mysecretary andaskherto makesornecoffee.........ourvisitors? 2 Could yo!. meetinq. it......... theBoard Here, l'llshow 3 l'v€prepared a report......... .........our suppli€rs n Lodz and save a copy ......... our f les. 4 Pl€ale wite a letter 5lfyouleaveamessage.........heronthsnotepad,l'lltakeit.........herwhenthem you. ...theoffice.......-. 6 l'llbrinqsomesampl€s..... 7lt'llcausedamage.........ihecompanyifwechoosethewrcnglocation.........ournew rneandl'llkeep them......... her thedocumenis......... 8 Maryhasjun left.Hand

lto

e -ing form

Thisuniicove6usesof the-h9 formthatarenot mentioned in units1 8 and19 20.

A -irg form as a noun a lhe -tog fom can be usedas a noun(in this caseit s alsocalleda gerund). Ma*eting rcquircscarcful planning. a

lt can ako be Dartof a noun ohrase. Conbining two financial groups su.cessfully is alwaysa difficuk task. (Businessweek Onlinewebsiie) nE Eality tow k thousatukoI maik,fM |t.ct:tdg6,kbphoie ulk dfttl Ihtemct arde$enin! inta a @npo^y eueryday.Int ryHting that inJo'',,/,tion intellige l! so that ih. e$tomet geh what it ne..lr k a uery.ohplet t6h dddndine a rery eotryld rot,.ior. (Eurobusinesswebsite)

B -ing form as an adjective O The-ingformcanbe usedlikean adjective, beforea noull. My wo*ing day star5at nineand finishesarcundsixthitty. Wearea smallmanufactuing companywith about50 enplayees, a A smallgroup of adjectives canhav€eitheran -,n9formor an -edfor r. Adjectives ending-ingdescbesomething we arereacting to (outside ut. (inside s€€al'ounir36 Adjectives ending€d describe ourfeelings us). Theneetingwasveryintercning. I wasinbrcsled in tout connents aboutCisco, ^ry wo* is quiteting at the nonent. Lastnight I wasreallytlrcd. Otherexamples are:boredlbo ng, excitedlexciting, surpised/suprising.

C -ing form after prepositionr O We use the -ingrform after prepositions. wal-Maft becane successfulby se ing high wlunes at low pices. We nevet laun h a new product without doing exAnsive natket research. lnnead ot buying telecon shares,l suqqen you look at the biotechnologysedot AtEr washing'the fruit, we soft it aKoding ta ize and put it into boxes. Beforc s'€rting work at UBS,I wo*ed at CredisuisseFiatBostan. seeunit46 a Therearc manyverb+ preposition combinations. We need to inven heaily in nanufaduing. seeunita7 O Thereare manyadjective+ p€positioncombinations. I d be very in'€rcs'€d in heaing yaur suggestions. seeunit43 O Thereare manynoun+ preposition combinaiions. t needsone advi.e on doing businessin the Balkans.

26 THE'/I'G FORM lII

a

Becarefulwith the word to. Forverbsfolow€d by ro + infinitiveseeunlt 19: we'w decided to use an our:tuleconpany. And we useto + infinitiveto explainwhy we do something(ihs is called'theinfinltveof We're doing this to rcduce cotts. Bul we u5elo | -rngwhen to is d pr€po5it:on: Outdoor pos1€6arc an akernativeto using expensiveTV advertisements. inclfte: look fotuvadta, objectta, be used Examples Someverbshaveto usedas a prcposition. ptefet... to ..., respond to. to, get used b, l'n looking forwad to teeiDg you rext lveek. (NoI tesee) He seemsto rcspond well to wo*ing undet pressurc. (NOTt€-,*€+k) t n not used to having su.h a shod lunch brcak. (NOI r+have)

D -ing form uied to begin a clause a An -ingclause cangivemoreinformation about3 noun. ta betleftiontheEU ua at. I'ok dt Poland,h.ft th.t! dP ht)o @ in d positioh Vcryf."'fadns nillio fdrs e"ryloyinf ovd 4 qrcttet oJthepopl4tiot, to ke th. ptobl.n at itsuolst (Busi'ress Cenrnl Eurcpcwebsne) tntttt oo he ubtk.rt havcbcctttoldtld ntdial tuetingsvith ov.6ens,olLeagus UK-bdsed Ohly t4l.s staf ttuwllifl! to .$entiql e stottt tt' neetirys co .Iwtadthrctghlidcoco'ferchci'8. Business 'nigazine) tojy. (Sunday dlt bcattouad seeakounit2e

is likea defi.ingrel.tiveclause. Thistypeof'h9 clause opetatlng in Europearc |kely ta be takenover A bt of the smalllntemetcampanies (= whichareoperating in Europe) Aflicerat Accot The\r/anantalking to Robett wilkinson is thechief Finance (= who istalking) ior an actionin the pasl. o An -ingclause cangivethereason I wentoverto hi'l', thinking he was the manageabut he saidhe wasa salesassistant. (= because I thoughthewasthemanaged Tqenegarversformedwithnot Not being used to the companyculture, I faunll it had to fl in for another action. a An -ingcl.usecandescibea background situation Walking into wott
4e"AI1thosein favour ofmoving the decimalpoiDlooeplaceto the ngh:"

26 Practice Exercise1 E 6 lvatchthe beginnings of sentences l-a withtheirendings aI+) I Manufactuing in the UKhasbeen E 2 In theuK,theservice sectoris now muchmorcimportantthan the n 3 n the uK,services much arenow morcimportant than n prccett 4 olf manufactudng tr 5 We'regoingto investheavit n 6 car manufacturing in Poland is n 7 Developing andprcmoting Polands manufacturing basewill n 8 Developing manufactuing in Poland willneed n

a) manutacturing secror b) is nowalmostcomplerely automared. c) manuracturing. d) in declin€ for manyyears. e) n€eda lot of invenment. in ihe Katowice area. D conc€ntrated q) rnmanulacruring overthenextfewyea6. h) a totoi invenment.

Exercise2 tf # For eachsentencein exercise1 above, decide if the wod nanufadwing is a noun at an adje.live. Noun: ..!... ...... ...... ...... ...... Adj€ctive: ..7.. ...... ......

Exercise 3 S Compleie thesentenceswith adjectives lomed fromthevelbsin theti5tbetowin their-lngfo.m. t*e welcomeconfuselast interestwear cut shop sell m€et 1 2 3 4 s 5 7 8

lt'sbeena very.........ti.. !^.,......... day,I needa drinkto hetpmeretax. There'ra.............................pointinlrcnroftheticketofiice.ttseeyouthereatsix They?e building a new............................. centre bythemotorway ext. Nerpresentation wasvery............................., perhapsa ahhough til€.............................forpe whowe€ newio the subject. Ths carpet isveryhad-.............................. . andsoit willbeverylong-..................... .... Thenewrcception areashouldbe ........................--... not cold and formal likebeforc. , -edgetechnology, Thisis ..............--............. youwon'tftndit anywhere etsen Europe. ltsdesign isoneof itsnrongest points. .................._..........

Exer
26THE'/VGFORM'I13

Exercise5 t] from ListA followedby an -hgform from lietB. compl€teeachsentene by choosinga preposition A: €fter without by of before inslead of B:

l€ayiRg usng being qong lncredslngtakingover

Af-tef......... .............1.e+Vi14........ university lworked in lT recruitment for a wh e. ................................... verynervousat the startof my p€sentation. 2 | was aware. ...........o . .c. a l o p e n t o l s . 3 V o d a l o ng€r e w . . . . .... 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .n. ., .l ' d j L r sl li k e r o o o k a t t h i sg r a p hi n a t t e r n o r ed e t a. 1 .. . . .

5 f r t ' -u r g e n l c o , d r a l . Fi l l 1 e r em v s e ' 6 The Fedis hopinglo rcduceinflation... ..

. . . . . a. , o u r i e .. . .. interestrates.

Exercise 6 D crossouttwo unnecessary wordsin eachtentence. Eluetoolh arebasedin cambridge. 1 A ot of theI rmr{/Si€h-€re developing 2 Thewomanwho s replaclng KayWakerusedto workat Saachr. wo.ry n9 me mostisthefluctualionn oil prices. 3 Thethingrhat s _9 Trdde 4 hevisilors whoarecon lh,sallerrconc e d.apdne-e Deleqdto_

Exercise7 D 1-6 wilh themostappropiate endng aFf). Matchthe beginnings of sentences I 2 3 4 5 6

Speaking to Mlke, So,concluding mypresentaton, nsisting thathebeallowed to pay, Of cou6e didn'tsayarythng, ljlst tookit a Lfor granted, | resigned thenextweek,

t-

n n

a) hegavehiscreditcardto thewaiter b) | r€alised thatihe stuationwashopeless. c) l'd justliketo sumup theman po ntsagan. to. onemome.t. d) not regrettn9 myactions e) notwilhingto offendh m. thewofkthaiwas nvolved t notapprecialing

Exercise8 D partol eachsentence Rewrite u5ng an -,n9cbule.Noiethat nsomeexarnpesthereisa the underlined 1 | got io the anpo.tal ten becaus€Lexoectedthe flioht to arive on urne. | 9or ro t^e dirporrdl ten. .. exF-eJt'^{ tfg fl14ht to arrrve oa tiva 2 | didn'r undeEtandrhe languageso Lfolnd it hardto get aroundon my own.

onmyown. Ne:-t...q^Ce..a.ttA^di^4..!..fe..1*n4la*4,e............. , ' torndt hardto setaround 3

.

InvesrFdf5,000indClrnaf-dbe.aus"IhopedrhllbeinaAc! investedf5,000 in a Chinaf!nd,

4 4f.]_!cC5nltarexpelcn

l th nk I madeioo manyconcelsions. I t h n k I m a d et o o m a n y

5

assumed shewouldnlmindso I askedheraboutherannualsalary l a s k e dh e ra b o l t h e ra n n u a

6 | sad yesbecauseI didn'i know it would crcateso m.nv plqblem5. I s ao y e ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114

A Make and do a Thereare mdnycommonexp.essons b.sed on mdkeand do Thereis no generalrule,although often mdte is lsed foi a prcductor r€sultand do for a proces!or activty. You make...

an dppointmentwith sb./ an affangenentwith sb. /sb. angry sad,etc./ an aftenpt to da sth. / sth. bene, /Mrer (comp.rat ve adjecrives)/ a bld for sth. I a (all tc sb./ sth. clear/ a canplai nt against sb. | rcntacts / a de.ision / a differcnce ta nh / an exceptian/ an effott / inquiies tan extuse / a gaad inptession on sb. / an investnent /a lass/a ness / a nistake / naney / a noise/a note af sth / a plan/ sth. possible /a prafit/a p.omise/pragress/ sb redundant / senseaf sth. / a staft / a suggestion/ sure / yauseff understaad

Youdo...

the accounts/ yaur bestI business with sb./ the cleaning,shopping,etc / a coursein sth. / danage ta sth. / ecanoni.s at unlvesiry / everl'thingyou can ta help / sb. a favou| / a job fot sb./ nothing / avettime / research / sanething dbout I I a test on sth. / well, badly at sth / without sth. / wak fat sb.

Nolerith. = somethrngand Jb. = sornebody. We usemaketo rnean'produce'or 'manufacture'. P.odlctsaremade/, a count.y,madeby a companyand madeof a materiallike planic,4eathet elc. We usedo to mean'periorman action'when w€ are rpeakng generaly. Canldo antlhing to helpyou? What did you do at the weekend? 'Tlt sto.knft*d is rhdt it k.yon liuct,ith that,'sa]t^ Ollild, CEO of NakiaCotp,'Yorjt^t do th! I'tst ),ou tut on d .laily basis,ty to let lE tkht balai.( al tha lt and Lr\-tthi a.tiofl! 'l'ltdt\ ttu onlf attitrdcto hdr. to droid losi"r sLlp Mnrcudfiir' (lDdu"ryweek wcbsirc)

B Get a

6et hasthe followingbasicmeaninqs:

given 2 receive/be

I got this shift fron Harrods. I got an enail fran Frankyesterday. It s getting late. Shallwe ttop naw?

4 move/arrivesomewhefe t got tnto Salesnany yearsaga. I get ta wark at nine. 5 bring nh. b a place/fef.h persuadesb. lo do (h. 8 t|avel byl..tch (iranspod) 7

Can I get yau anyrhing fran the dinks nachine?

I'm sorry ldidn't get that Wetriedta get themto agree,but theyrcfused

| got a taxi fron the airpart. Tiny.r'nurs dteaIdlolite t Lnto'iecdkat.A,tlsoon w,'11Le ahletoyt oneaJyaw aot1.And t! /'{irdl (Forbes-comNebsite)(qet = obt.in) Ned to get @hnatal to the I' anet Nlostue?Yot'l| prcbabb haueta dedli,ith Andtoly Kdrd.ttrp} (Forbes-com website) (get = be.ome) Mx BezassaidA nzat lon d lot oJ n'oicy oh it\ inresr$efltsin hath lirin!,.ofl akd Pett.eon.'The ided wB ta let i" $nk!, and slakeyan clain ta a pdticrlar na*et caor.' (WeI SrreetJo rn.l Eurcpe webslre) Get = move) Mdke et/e yon ptu'flfuesu'o,1 get yo! itto tbtule. (Quicken.con websne) (qet = briig) Is the bssiness{ot rs'lit), ttatue and eonjde* erotgh n let ah.t uefi won! ii the dat .otu o6h ? I hdue'fly dasbts. (hnh Tides websile) (gei = understand)

27 MAKE D1O.GE HAW

115

C Have or asan acton (= do somethlng) a Weusetheverbhaveeitherlike'possess' I have a ferrariand a \ftv Goll I had an interening con/ersationyesterday. ladtan) Whenha!€ is usedlike'possess'itis a stateverband so do€snotform continuoustenses. t have a goad job in the Aty (NoT Fm+e+iFg)

seeunit2

t

Th s is verycomr.on in Erltsh We can usehavegot in placeof havewhenlt means'possess' English l've got a good job in the Ct',Y He\ got an MBA from lnsead.

of fiaveusedlik€ a Hereare someexamples th ngs/ people

'possess':

hare a new carl jab, have tuvas,ne6, hrve a baby (= to give birth) havelong haic have glasses

qualities havea goodsense of hunou, havea lat of eneryy peffonal havean idea,haveanlno alternative,havea/na doubt ideas havea badback havea cold,harea heada(he, illness / njuri€s esof iave in ts otherlse at an actionverb: a Herearesomeexamp eat/ dink / smoke havea coffee,havea glassof wine,havea neal, havelunchldinner,have the steak,havea cigatene havea meeting(= meel),ha"ea dink (= dtink),havea look (= laok), have+ noun (inneadof verb) havea resr(= rest) h.vea wash{= wash),ha!€abreak(= break), havean accident,havean appointnent,haw a chance,havea dayoff, otherphrases havedifficultylin + -ind, ha\ea guess,havea holiday,havemrik( n yoLrr coflee),havetime havesecondthaughts,havetroublel+ 'ing), havea word Havefun! Havea gaod tine! Havea nice day! Havea ga! Havea tty! Havea rcst and you ll feel nuch befte. Mr lLsodlc taidPtojln tnr\ haoetroubl nki,s aneybe&tt. of i^ ttu* fttordot uo*iir (Fjnlncial Postwebsite) oih t an,rD'e.Ituon'a5likeAIo/r./N.rldrtr drd S,, r\,trror1,Jr.r$.

Mr Hamat 1oanadr mabugt ad yoanatu ne oy butlat dibt't mab ,nr fiou!.'

116 27 MAKE DO, GE', HAW

27 Practice Exer
Complete thes€ntences withmakeor do.Youmayhdveto usea pastsimplefom. 1 I m sorrytheP.esident is busy. You'llhaveto ......11^.k-e''...... an appoinrment. 2 Theinsider dealing scandal ...................-... a lot of damage to hisrcputation. 3 | th nk France Telecom aregoingto ....................... a bidfor Telecet. you.................... 4 Could mea favour? you....................... Could somemorecoff€e? 5lthinkweshoulduseanotheragencyto.......................thecteaning. 6 Don'tworryjust................-...... yourbest. Wea||....................... mistakes. 7 OK,shallwe ....................... a start? 8 Thebuilders ....................... somuchnois€ thatit wasdifficult to ....................... anywork. 9 We......................bu5ines5intheUkraineforth€eyea15beforewe.................... l0 We....................... sometests lastweekandtthinkwe ....................... progress. l1 Wehaveto ....................... a decision. Wecan'tjust....................... nothing. 12 lhopewecansenda technidan to ....................... thejobthisalternoon.

Exercise2 [ Matchthe usesof get in thefollowing sentences with meanings aFh). e) b.ing/fetch

given b).eceive/be g) pe6u.de h) navel by/catch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

E

Whattimedo youusually getto theoffice? Yo! mightbeableto getit a littlebit ch€aper it yougo to a targefstore. 'm sorry| didnt quitegetthelan point.Couldyou erptainit again? Thefactoryisverybusy. Wegot a lalgeorderfromTaiwan tanweek. CanI getyoua (offeewhileyouarewaiting? Thisnewsoftware is sohardto use.I don'tthinkt'ltevergetusedto ii. I flewto Heathrow andthengot a trainto Reading. I couldnlgetherto signthecontract. Sheneedsmoretimeto decide.

n n ! n n n

!

Exercise3 I Lookat theformof thewod iaye in thesentences put. belowputa tick(/) if thesentenc€ s possibe. (r) if t is noi possible. cross 1 ltb OK,I dont needanyhelp.l'mjusthavinga look. Z 2 l'm havingonebrotherandonesister E - she3havinga lorof €nergy. 3 She's a goodteammember I 4 Whynotjoinuslater?We'llbe havinga drinkin the b". n 5 OK,J'vedecided. l'm havingtheneak. n 6 You'lleasily€cognise Anna.SheShavingshortbrownhairandgtases.n

Exercise4 I h threeexamples in exercise 3 theword/rauecanbe replaced byhavegot.Writetheseftencenumbers

27 MAKe DO' G4 HAW

117

Exercise 5 fi wlth a wod o. phr.sefrom the list below Competethe sentences at€rnatve appontm€nt chance conver$tion break day otf dificulty doubt th€fsh go headache ho day ook unch rF€€{'ng ume word 1 l'm havinga ...Yg.e'1ll{. . wrth my bankmanagerthlsafternoon . o uw e n tt o G r e e cdei d n ' ty o u ? 2 D i dy o u h a v ea g o o d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. .Y ......? Youwent to that Greekrcsiaurantdidn't you? 3 Did you hav€a good ....... . at thesefiqlrrcs? 4 lf you hav€d . .................... , couldyou h l'll do t today. to look at the repol1yesterday. 5 | didn't haveany . .................. y 6 I m sorrywe have10stop yolr rcdit. We haveabsolr.rteno.. and then meetbackherein twenty minutes 7 lts beena long meeting Lel! havea short............. . . .i.t.h. .C . t h e r i n e E o o t hd t t e n o t l o c k . 8 G o o dm o r n i n gI.h a v ea n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w . lt's normallyverygood in here 9 Lel me see.I th nk l ll have.... ............... 10 h.ve no . .............. dt all that he3 te n9 the truth. H€'sa veryhonen pe6on. a e l a i l isn h s p r e s e n t a t o n . 1 1 l h a d a l o t o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. n. .d. .e r l t a nndg t h e t e c h n l c d e n a t p i r i nl f i t g e t sw o 6 e m i q h th . v et o h a v et h e . .i n k l ' L l t a k a 1 2 l ' v e g o i a b i t o l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l t. h .

..................tomoffow l 3 l ' d h k et o h a v ea q u i c k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w i t h y o u a b o u l t h e n e w p r o d u c t l a u n c h . 1 4 H . v ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! l m s L r ryeo uc a nd o r t ! 15 | had a veryinterening. ...................wilh Tonyoverlunchyesierday.

Exercise6 { I iC'rr

Co r o er€ | e o. o9-. w tl a (o[eo form of nake, do at ger a lot ofoveniore recendylA.c you hopins t Helen,you've beer (1) ...q-o.11$... ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. r. .o.D r o t e d ? . thisjob very long ind I reniiywlDt !o No, it!jusr rhat I havent been (3) .................. ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .s.o. .o d n n p r e s s i o Inn. d r e l a s tp l a c eI w o l k e dt h e y( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .l .o t o f peopleredrndan!,iocluding ne Really, rvhy was that? nrto very we]].Bcically they (7) . . HtrLEN, well, the conpanyjusr wa\nt (6) .................. a bis investmenttu Lxrin ADrenc:' dimcultiesby exp"ndingtoo quickly.They (8) .................. their bui rhe\ hadnt (9) ................. ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .e. n . .o. u g hn o n e y .

EcN,

arketresearchproperly.So dreyjLNtcouldnt

.? S o w h a i d i d y o u ( 1 1 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .r.h. .e. n We[, it wrs difrcult for, lvhne,ihhough rhe companywas very good ro us rnd we (12) .................. a 10t othelp n app\ing for nerviobs. Well. Jt l-r(r ,5ri' 'omerhing And rhe redhdancl packagervasqulre good and I (13) ..... ..... sone nmney on solne shas I d sold, so I had enough money to la5t me a few montl$ while I apPlied {5r other lobs. So. how long was it before you goi rhis job? Well, abourivo montt$.I put my CV on rhe web,and I (14) . - - - quire a few rcrlies . a big ditreren.e At the time haviag th€ lntedet ar hone (15) ................ . ny without it.I even(17) Ye.h, it's great.isnt it.I couldnt (16) ..................

ELEN,

shoppingoD the lnrerDetnoiv --. me aDofer n\e next day, an interview here.and ihey (19) .............. Then I (18) ................-. M d I a c c e p r eidr ( h r g h q $ r v

118

efative cfauses1 A Relative dautes c

Relative clausesareshorrphras€sbeqinningwilh wordslike !./hc rhardnd L/hichthat defne or d"(,rbe p€oplednd t' 'ro. The'ec'e Mo tyoe

I

we usetheseto dentifyexacty wh ch peBonor thing we mean. Definn9 relatve clauses: The .andidate who we inteNiewed on Fiday is beftet than this one The rcLative clauses part of the noun phraseTheinformations fecessaryfor the sentenceto

a Non-defning reatve clausesrweusetheseto add extrainformaiionaboui a personor th n9 Cqdl.\, 'uhov Idther wcs s Grcek innigftnt vho entercdthe United Stdtcsaftet Wond Wat II, Ehn .d ),.!I.r.1d)' n' Cr..c ot d brliltes tip. (Interution.l Her dTribunc website) part of the sentenceToshowthis Ihe nformatiofmay be nlerening,but t is not a necessary I n w r r n g w e u s ec o m m a s . Non-deiiningcl.usesare morecomrnonin witing. In speech,w€ often I ve the s.me r . f o r l d L o nb i l ! 9 r u i i n gl d o < h o d< . n l e n ( e 5C o n p de Thesalesman,who was very helpful, said this madel was ln 5tock. (wrtn9) 'Thesalesmanwas very helpful. He sad this nodel was in nack.' Gpeech) a

Lookagainat lhe previousexampleRemernber lhatwearet!n addinqextrainforrnatonabout

a s a l e s m alnf l h e r e s m o r e t h a n o n e s a e s m a n a n d w e w a n t t o s a y w h i c h o n e w e a r e t a l k i n g aboul,then we usea dei ning relativecaus€. 'The salesmanwho I spoke to on the phone yetterday said this nodelwas in stock, but naw you tell me that yau don t haveany. l've cone all the way herc to buy lt'

B Relative pronouns a Thewordswho, whlch,that, whan and whosecan beg n . reativecause Theyare ca ed rer.nvepronounr. a Forpeopleboth who and rhat afe used,but who The(andidate who they chosefor the iab has a finan.e backgrcund. a Forthlngsor ideasboth rvhkh ard that areused,blt that is nrorecommon,especiallyn speech. Theprodu.ts that you ardercd werc sent taday. Thefaadtutorldes a,ottut ptublct. I'1. et topa itipdt! fi the EU\ si slend*et it uill ha,eta to'1Jo1nta tlt Coh""o!' Agtittlhndl Paliry,uhi.h nahes ry 40% of a EU rcplatiots. (Bushes Centr.alEuropelvebsife) 'Ih. frht .fot srtuiualoJdai\' btsittcseill be&ai tiy t]1. a]]dii2atiansthat ada! flo't sdssflllf ta the n.!, u,orldthat is developtrg. (Businesweek websire) a The reatve pronoLrn lvhoseshowsthat sornethingbelonqsto sorneoneor something. Ive invited ta the neeting everyonewhose wo* is rclevant to this Noject. The EurapeanUnion is an oryanisation whose poli.ies change quil€ slowly He ortus 10A pet e!'t of this a,qany, phose sals hir .lose to $3 niUio,t i,t 1998. l{\ia.Inc. r

In forma Efg ish I is possible to Lrsewhom nsieadof who wherewho is the oblectof the sentence.But n modemEnglishmostspe.ke6 only usewho Ihe .andi.late who/whom we chosefot the jab hasan MBA in carparate finance.

2A RELATIVEO-AUSEs I

''I9

c Leavingout the relative pronoun in a defining relative clause a We can leaveout whq whrch,ihat (but not whose)in a definng r€lativeclauseii theyare followedimmediately by a nounor pronoun. The techni(ian (wlto) Tony spaketo said the ned^/o* was warkinq fine. Thesalad (wlti.h/that) I had far ny stanet was superb. Thisis usualin spokenEnglish. y by a verb. a We mustkeepthe relativepronounif it i! followedimmediate The techmoan who spoke to Tonysaid the netuw* was warking fine. Thesahd which/that cane with the fish was superb.

D Non-defining relative dauses a W e m u s tk e e p t h er e l a t i vper o n o u ni n n o n ' d e f n i n cga u s e sW e c a n n o t l e . v e i t o u t ( t m a k e s n o difierencewheth€rit it followedby a .oun or a verb) The tethni.bn, who my.o eagues know well, said the netwak was watking fine. The terhnician, who spent ovet an haur here said the neniwtk was wo*ing fine. Thesalad, vhi.h he'd spenthours prepanng, was superb. Thesalad, which had avo.ado in it, was superb a

I h a t6 n e v eu r s € dn a n o n - d e f n i n g r e l a t v e c a u s e . Chile,which is an inpottant na*et fot ut is having some curency ptoblens

E Relative pronouns and prepositions clause. a Nomallywe pul preposilions at theendol the relative a) Thepe6an (who) I got thete liguret frcm saidtheywercaccurcte. b) Unllevetis a .onpany (that/wllich) we know quite a lot about. c) fhe pe6on (who) I spoketo wascalledPam. in ftontof whom,wh,chandwhose(but it is posslb e lo pul prepositions a Blt in jomal English previous examples: not whoor thaf).comparcwilh the a) Thepersonfrcm whom I got thesefiqutessaidtheywercaccurate.(forma,rare) (forma,rare) b) unileveris a canpanyabout whi.h we knawquitea lot. (nconec0 c) Thepe6on t6-*he I spokewascalledPam. pfonounaitertheprepoenton. a Wedo not putanother (NOTUnibverisa comp.nythatwe knowqunea lot abouti+)

t" At. @to 6 "Mtst D,sd, eal le t&! tww dnrutkh ngAt 1,6 d6t?'

120 2a REIAT|VECLAUSES I

28 Practice Exercise 1 S Decide wh€therthewordsin iralics a€ defining or nondefiningrelatveclauses. WriteD or ND. 1 lhe manwho is in receptbrhasbeenwaitinqfor ten minutes. E 2 Ihe food,whkh wasveryr/ae,wasservedat the bar n 3 Theprojector,whichhasd new bulh is overtherc. n 4 lheprce.lotwhknhasanewbulbisovetrhete. ! s Ihe trainwhich leaves at a am doesnl stopat Bath. n 5 Thetralf, wnlth/eaves ataam, doesnlstopat Bdth. n

Exercise2 q Complete thesentenc€s withwha,whaseot that. I lhe customer ...P|!€g...company I visired is phoningthisatternoon. 2 Themanual................. theysentexplains everylhing 3 lts diffcult to say................. thisfaxwarsenlby. 4 Thecandidates............... CV5| lookedat thismorningwercallverygood. 5 | don'tremember ................. I spoke1owhen| (alledyerterday. 6 Yo!r colleag!e, ................i metthismoming,hada different opinion. 7 Toyota isa manufactufe. ..,...,,,,,,..... .eputation isexcellent allovertheworld. 8 Theconvact................youshowed mebeforewardifferent to thisone. 9 lcan'tremember................. I inviled to themeeting. l0 Doyouknow................. Catherine worksfor? I I Thecons!tarit,..............seems veryyoung,isspeakn9ro ManinSommer 12 Theypromoted themanager................. sales teamwasmostsuccessfut.

Exercise3 1gg prcnounit youc.. leaveit oui. Puta rickat theendii yoLrrnln keepthe Put. bracket arcundthe.elative 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

lhe book(thai) youlentmeabouie-commerce is reallynteresting. Thecompanywhich isour maincompetitor isApollo / Thenamewhichtheychosefor thenewmodeis Prima. Themeetng room,whichwasn'tverylarge,became hotandnufiy In theend,thesales campaign wasthe bestthatwe'deverhad. These arethepeople whosenames appear on thedatabase. people presentation The whoatiended the foundit veryuseful. Thesupplier whowevisitedlastweekhadbetterqualitythanthisone. Richard Branson, who naftedwith almosinothing,is a rypical entrepreneur. ffelaaw€ek istheEnglishlanguage magazine thatlreadmostoften.

2A RELATIVE CLAUSCS 'I

'I2'I

Exercise4 E. lnformalsenten.€s,begnningds shown Rewritethe formalsentenceas everyday 'l whom I went to the conierence Thesearethe co eagueswith

.tLe .ce^f-ere^-cc..xith... | . .t'.e^.t-..toThes€ arethecolleagues forwhich we havebeenwatrnq 2 This s the br€akthrough -hr, rLF b ' e a l l h ' o u gw r' e b 3 That'sthe hotelaiwhich lstayed. l h d lr t l e h o l e l . . . . Richardis the pe6on with whorn I usLr.v dea 4 when I ca the accountants, Richardit the pe6on I When I callthe accountants, 5 Thisis th€ cataogu€{rornwhichwe choosethe sdmpl€s l ' s i - ( h e . a r a l o gwu e . . . . 6 This s the arcafor which I am responsbLe lhi, 5t e.'da

ExercisesBCE or rmpossible Wite Por ' is possible Decdewhethereachsentence from we ecevedthecomplaini 1 Thiss thecuetomer ?l from thecomplaini whowe receiv€d 2 Thisistheclstorner thecompainl.I l fromwhomwe received 3 Ths isthecustomer the.omplarnt L-l frcmwhowe received 4 Ths isth€customer on 5 Thiss theprcductwhrchwe redependrng ! on. 6 ThieLstheprcductwete dependrng l-1 on whomwe'redependrng. 7 Thisir the product L on whichwete dependrng. 8 Ths isthe prodLrct atpLccon w|lhw1owedectare..eo 9 tre Lo.s.rtlann wilh whomwe dealarecalledA pfraCom ! 10 Theconsultants l l Theconsutant5whowe dealwlh arecalledALphacom t ] t] Alphacom arecalled 12 Theconsu tantswe dealwith

Exercise6ABCD

aSto

a-d. Ihen decdewhethereachstatement four r€lativeclauses aa(iclewhichincLudes Readthis newspaper belowisTrueor Fase .bo!t eachrelaiiveclause.Wite T or F at the end

Yeeierday,the FederalReser€ made the cut in intest .ar.E (a) whlch the sa*ets had beeflerp.ctins' The led

or Watl Stt€et had clGed. Th€ rca.non (.\ uhi.h ltill follo@ o" the qfteh.! nt*ets i€ dif6.ult to Pleali.t, as

chai,ta\aa lD who uas back at hit daskyesteldav aftq a shott ttip to lapat nade the a$ouncemdt afiet trading

tlne dolld - 6) @hih has bM trading at Lrounil 0.93 elms - has had a lot of bad news ovq the last Jew days.

: 1 The relativecause deniifiesa pe6on, eventor thrng z I e r e l d l r vper o o u n r d n b e r e p l d c ewdn h ' l h d r ' 3 Youcan eaveolt the relativepronoun.

b

c

N N T I

d

nr nn nn nn

lative clauses2

A Combining sentences s

Lookat rhisexampleof two 5ho.tseparare sentences. t m taking a flight. lt goes via Frankfutt. We can cornbne the sentences !s ng a realiv€cause.Ihere aretlvo ways,but rhe meanrngs arc the same. a) l'n takinga fhghtthatgoes via Frcnwurt OR b) The fltght (that) t'n taking gaes via Frankfutt.

seeunnr4 I

Noteihat articlesoi1€nchangewhen sentences are combned. a) h;s, firghClikethe orginalshortsenrenc€, because rhe ftghr is nrenlionedior rhe i rsrr me and thefedreseveraloflhem. b ) h a st t e f l l g h tb e c a u steh e r es o n l y o n e n t h e s p e a k e rm br . d

seeui r 23 * I

Remember thal we ollen leaveout rhe retatveprcnounkhad n spokenEng sh n ca5estike th s. Whenwe combinesentences we do .ot add anolherpronoun a) NOTIm takinga flight thal i+goesvraFrankfld. b) NOTThe{ 9ht th.t t'rn rakinq..lrgoesvia Franklurt

B Use of what 6 We c.n ure the reatve pronounwnatlo meanrhe fh,rqfj) ihar. I didn t undestandwhat she$/d. (= the ihing! that 5hesad) What we needis a beftetnatketlngst?tegy. (= the th nS thar we need s) Hrri,R a ttu hryt .otpratio,r .d,rdl .nr 0,r/.6 .I.r?ft$iai a\ttd 1.tu]tt) 1.$ alrtsh( ,t'^ torod{. d,tl a nat tuted rta*.tphd al idear.Corllohentiar ajias uhat tt! nadid .anryd i.s do and, ir hn, what )'or ratl, ldtth, ad hcat. (tsrllliconrenrwebsite)

c

use of where, when and why ll We cdn usethe rclativeadvedswhere whenand why with their normatmeaningsto dentify whichihing we areralkingabout. AM\a^ saidir dsdilndthto nde6td"d the rcasoflphf the Earcpeal Centftt Ba k had clt /arei. (Obse('ei $€bs,te) e We can leaveolt rarenat why,ot usethat Do yau rcnenbet the day (when) t stafted wotking herc? Do yau rcnenber the day that I narted wo*ing herc? s

We mustkeepwhere,exceprwhen thereis a preposton at the end of the ctause.Inthis case we leaveit olt or userhat Thehatelwherc I stayed was quite cheap. The hatel (that) I stayed in was qLtitecheap.

29 RELATIVECLAUSES2

i23

Relative clauseswith a participle (-,nt €df verbform verbform (with an -,10q ending)or a passive a Thereldtiveclausecanhavea continuous (with an €d ending). rhe peodewho aE ,makingdE rcal de
rDrvt4 ss h.ad ol our rcquiritloB allvbioD'your aflr al botrusb 10miliotr dollalB,llom whlchwc deduct2 mlllion lor rh€ cofi.e tund.'l

T24 29 RELAM CLAUSEs 2

29 Practice Exercise 1 X Combine eachpairof sentences by including thewod gjvenin brackets. 1 Lastyearwe int.oduced a n€wljne.tts aimedat theyouthmarket. (that) Thenewline. .......1h4t..Yr?..i1!:.cd4c..d-..!4jJ..F.4i......... isaimed,t theyouthma*et 2 ld ljkeyouto meeta colleague. Hecouldbea usefuJcontact for you.(who) l'd likeyouto meeta colleague ..................... 3 A candidates CVison yourdesk.Shedeserves (whose) an interview Thecdndldate ......... .......... .................. oese.ves anrmeryrew 4 A visitoriscomingnextwe€k.5he3frcmourparisoffice.(who) Thevisiror ............ ............. ............ isfiomourpaisofi
Exe.cise2 n lf thesentence iscor.ectputa tick(/) at theend.lf thesentence hasa wordwhichshouldnot bethere, w e the incoffect wordat theend. 1 Thewomanwholaskeddidn'tknowtheway. ....(.... 2 Thefirmwhosetheirsrandwasat the backhadveryfewvisito6. .tlgif 3 Tl^atwasthe,orgestmeetrng i veeverbeenin 4 Theirainwhichit goesto Brussets teaves fromhere. 5 Th€products whichsellbentheyarethosewiih nicepackaging. 6 Ths model,whichit waslaunched lan year,issetting verywell. 7 Everyo^e thatI spore to advised meto rryagarn 8 Thecompanywhele Ius€dto wo it wascalted tntertink.

Exercise 3 mfim Underline thecorr€'ct words.Thisexercise includes somerevision of unit28. 1 lhe llighl Whilhtwhot'n takingteavesfrcm Terminat 2. 2 SheS fiomthecompany products wlkhlevhose we diltribute. 3 Eteryane who/whichwas at the meetinq wi eceivea copyof theminutes. 4 Message.Io whomlwhoit mayconcem: ptease do notleavedirtycofJee cupshere. 5 Therewe|esomeinteresring ideasat the me€tingr,5at/what I went to. 6 ti norihe '.5r trm. rhatlwhdlrhevvFdonethr(. 7 ThatlwhatI likebestahoutmyjob isthe contactwith peopte. 8 Hasanybody seenthefolderw,iarltharI tefron thisdesk? 9 Theroomwherelthar tworkh.s verytitttenaturat tight. I0 TheroomwhereltarIwork in hasverytitttenatur.ttiqht.

29 nELATVE O-Atl'Es 2

i::

Exercise4 :B t Completethe sentence!with what whichot vvho,at lck (/) lhe spacef the sentenceis akeadycorfect I Ther€'sa lot of noise{romthe builde6... {....... -o," ng n"t, ooo. 2 Mike doesnt realyknow....!..Y(.1 hewants in hiscareer goinqto the s.me conference as us 3 | was ta kingto a man ................. as us. 4 | was talkingto a man ..... ... ......is goingto the sameconference 5 | a s k e dh e r. . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h ew a st h n k i n g . d t o u r c a m b i d g el a b o r a t o r i e s 6 T hs i sa n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . .w a sd e v e o p e a 7 T hs l s a n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . . . .d e v e l o p eadt o u r c . m b r i d q ea b o r a t oe s . ....... was deveop€dal our cambrdge aboratoriet,s fantanic 8 Ths drug, . .... developed al our Cdrnbridqeaboratoies,is fantanic. 9 Ihis drug, . l0 .... .........we neednow s bettefbrandrecoqnition ownedby the company. 11 The 'assets ncludeeveri4hing..... .... 1 2 l d d n ' t r e a l l yu n d € r s t a n d . . . . . . . .h. e w a st a l k i n ga b o u l

Exercise5 A ,f,35

basedon the nolesbe ow Beginw th e ther who or whlth Completethe arricleby wr 1 n9 rclativeclaLrses

TheBattlefor LVMHrought Tn 1999 BernadArnaLrltb Ia batte to take over Gucci, dr whrch .u^ b' Dsz^|co De lolc ",nc De Sole recelvednews that LVMH, ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b.o. .u. .g. h . .t. . .w$ . h aAmault d andsell Ue busin6ss,or detend 5% of lts shares.Thls was golngto be cucci by fiiding a tiendly 'wnt€ knight lo

GUCCI

t h e b a t t r {e3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .rescue . . . . . . . .them. . . . . They decidedto fight. The D€ Sole g6theredtogethera team oi modelsat ltle Glcci menb showin Janoary peopl€ ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.t. . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . .had . *iite laces and teeth like

M i t e k n i g h( 8 t ).................................... arived in the iorm of FrancoisPnault, ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. .P. .R .w . .a. .s. . . . . . very successlulin Ewope,but Pnaolt Mnted a clranceto buid a globallroup.

Plnaultagc€d to invesl IJS$3 b on, (10).............................................. ln €tum Pinauitb group gained

new $rategc . . . . . . . . . . . but he agrcedto leavecontrol ncludedAmecan ia\4yerAllanTLttle6nd D € c u l a(,6 1 . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .commltt€e, . . . . . . . . . . . . Amault had accu'nulat€d of the companywith De sole and the B o bs i n g e( r5,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meanwhlle €p€sentatives on

a

rhe Therewereiwo options:eithernegotiale sharcs {?).......................-...-...........-......

I LVMNfolght a batllewith Gucci Gu..i was rln by Domeni.oDe Sole. 2 LVMHhad bolqht 5% of cucci'sshares.LVMHwas the largenlux!ry goodscornpanyn the word 3 Th s was goinqto be a baiile li wouLddecdethe futureof the indlstry 4 De Solegatheredtogethera teamof people.He couldirust them 5 BobSingerwas in the tearn.Bob Singerwas ih€ chieff nancialofficer for Arnault. 6 The modes lookedlike Dracula.Thiswas meantto be a message Theyrepresented 34% of Gucci'stotal stock 7 Arnaultaccumul.tedshares. 8 A wh te kn ght arrived.Guccihad beenlookinglor one. 9 Fran(oisPinaultwas the white knight He was the headof a nonJoodrcla grolp caled PPR. 10 PnaultinvenedUS$3billion.Thiswas . 42% share n Gucci.

ountable and uncountablenouns

A Countable nouns I

A countable nounhasa sinqular anda pluralform. Wecanlse numbers wrh it. onebank, thteebank one solution, two solutions ane mete, flve me'/es one pe'Jon, ntuopeople

one child, three childten

B Uncountablenouns O An uncountable nounonlyhasoneform.Wecannotusenumb€6with t. Whh OPEC dttikg oil predxctiona d demandttill ortpacir! sspply,it uoutdteen oil prk?t hd1)e howh.t togo but up Sahoo BlsinessNes wrbsite) Herearcmoreexamples: substances, materjals watet;dcq aiaoil, colfee,noney,steel,electicitr',food abstractidea! lile, fun, freedon,prcgtess,health,tine, trcuble activities wotk, tavel, sleep,football,help,nusic, rcsearch hlman qualities/feelings honestypatience,sadness, hopetrespect,couage a Thefollowingnounsareuncountable in English, although theymaybecountable in oth€r languages: acconmodation, advice,baggage,NEvbu: business, cash,fngrsh (language), equiryent, funitue, health,honewo*, infomation,knowledge,luggage,nachinery noney,pemissbn,rubbish,scenery, traffig ttavel,weather,wotk a A few uncountable nounseodin -s: athletics,diabetes, economic'gynnanis, neasles,news,politi
singular or plural? a Countable nounscanbesingular or plural. Thenew nodel is a big inyovenent. Ihe new modelsarca big in ovenent. Unrcuntable nounsarealtrayssinqular. Thenew equipnentk a big inproveff'ent. a Somesingular nounscanbefollowedbyeithera sinqularvelb or a pt!ratverb. Ihe conpanyislare doingverywellat the nommL It depends whetherwe tbinkofthe grcupasa whole(sinqular verb),or ts indivduat members (pluralverb).Examoles are: arny audience,boad, connittee, rcnpany, data,hmily govemment, graup,nanagement, nedia, press,publh saff, team,union

30 COUNTAALE ANDUNCOUN'ABI.E NOUNS 127 ate: o Somenounsonlyhavea plufalformandtakea pluraverb.Exampes goolis, poli.e feelingt renains, scissors, clothes,@nten1 earnings,expenses, kans, (ausers. suffounotngs,

D AIan, some, a lot of, anV many, much, few little countable nounsonly. a We usea/anwith singular (NOT+hi5i5€n+F€r€5{i9 Thisis a goadproduct.

.)

noun,we usesomein placeof a, or simpythenounby itself Withuncountdble Thereis informatiot lsome infomation herethat is inportant. founs. a studyth s tabefor wordsbeforcplu.aanduncountable nouns usedwith bothplulalanduncountable Usedwithp uralnouns only noun5only Usedwith uncountable

sanelalot afl latsafl any nanylfewtafew nu.hllittletaliftle

we don't havemany noneElwe onlyhavea lew.ustome't at thistimeof yeal Thercisnt mu.h infomation/Ihere s verylitde infomation aboutthisbudgetnen. natemenis, andanyiscomrnon in n€gative statements and a Somei! commonin affirmative que5tions l'w seensomethingsI like,but I don't haveatry noney. il it isan offeror request. Blt we canlse somein a question yau inftnnation aboutout investnenttunds? would likesome/any sentences wherewe mean'it doesnlmatterwh ch'. andwe useany n affirmative l'm fteeall day.Callany time you like. a Manyandmucharcoltenlsedwiththewordshowaid not. Hou tnatryp.ople vill hdreI tunet dce$in 'e eo,nigyut!? Hou mrch rcoenseuill a siryle indalD,,Iikc ttdt'cl,ca Itun r,. fi/er7 (Brilscontent website) There'snot manyjobs/not muah wotk in the nanufaduing sectarat themoment

E specific and general meanings a Somenounscanbe either(ountable or unco!ntabl€. Thecountable lormhasa speclflc formhasa general meaning meaning, andthe uncountable Noiseinsidefactoiescanbe a prablen. Ihe nachineis malxnga stange noise. ausinessk goingvrpllatthe nonent. Ihis is a new businest. Ihete kn't mu.h spa.ein ny office. Therearent many spa
I28

30 COUNTAAIEAND UNCOUI{TABrI NOUNS

30 Practice Exercisel llIl llllledicc the correctwords. 1 HownuchlllqJaatypages arethereon yourlvebsite? 2 lslAre thercnarylmu.h bankswitha headofficein Geneva? 3 lslAre thetenaryl nuch trafficin ceneva? 4 Howmuch/ tlow nany in{omationhav€we got aboutthiscompany? 5 Wherelila/e the goodsw€ ord€rcd? 6 Thereisla/esomepeople waitingfor youin €ception. 7 We boughtsomenewegu,pmentlegu,;Dment' lastmonth. 8 We boughtsomenewmachiDelmachiner lastmonth. I Ihis is an equipnentla pi€f.eof eguipmertthat controlsthe speedof rotation. l0 Thisisa ,nachinelapieceofmachinethal controlsthe speedof rctation. I I Hegavemeanlsomeadvicewh(h u/aslhr'ere reallyusefu,. 12 l'm afraidwe havenl9ot nuchI nany ri.ne. 13 Thenewsrslareon at nine.The€maybearl5omeinformation aboutDavos, 14 We havesome/anyblueonesin stock,but we don't havesomelanyredones. 15 Youcanchoose somelany colouryouwant.

Exercise2 I I Completethe sentences with the wotd a, an, sdne nuch or nary, good 1 That!.......4...... idea. pogress, 2 Well,thats............... Isuppos€. 3 Wedo somebusiness in Poland. but not ..... .,,,,,,,,. . 4 Wehavea fewcustomerin Poland, butnot . .............. , 5l'dliketomake.......---........inquiyabouttrainingcouBesyouofferatyourcollege. 6 Canlhave.......--......... info.mation aboutt6insto PasT you 7 l'll see in an hourldon't ha\,€,,,,,,,,,,,.... moreemails to w te. 8 l'll se€youin an hourI don'thave.,,............ moreworkto do. 9 Doyouhave............... trcublewiththe unionsin yourfactory? 10 Doyouhave..............difficulties withthe unionsin yourfactory? 11 I needto claim....----.......... expenses for myt p lastmonth. jun a little. 12 Wedidn'tstudy.........-----.... economics at university,

Exercise3 : Lookat theundedined nounin €achs€nten@. Write5if it hasa specific, countabte meaning, or 6 if t h.s a g€neral, uncountable meaning. q I a) Doyouseethismaterial? Thisis unbreakable gbsE. b) Whai a beautifulwinegla$! Wheredid you get it? tr 2 a) Inthisjob,experien.e ismoreimportant thanqualifications. n b) Thisisgoingto beane&elieDlel'll remember for a longtime. n 3 a) Clairerunsa b!ji!er5 designingcompanywebsites. ! b) lt! not qoodfor business wheninterenratesaretoo high. tr 4 a) YoushouldmeetMark- he3hada veryinteresting!lif€. n b) lifgis complicated sometimes. n

NOUNS 129 30 COUI|TABTEAl{D UNCOUNTABLE

Exercise4!l!! ispossible. below.Puta tick(/)if the phrase Howmanypossibilities aretherewiththe phrases

p

^{?

I

s

:

uo

F" f{

1 | haven'tqot many 2 | haven'tgot much 3 | haven't got a/an

5 Thereis some 6 Thereisa/an 7 The€!

9 lts a/an

Exercise 5 I on the right. lvatcheachphrase on theleftwiththebestphrase 1 2 3 4 5 6

acupof a glassof a bottleof a barelof a sheeiof a sliceof

E

n tr n n n

a) wjneisacceptable at a business unch,butno more, b) coffeeis a goodweyto staft the day. getnuckin the photocop er. d papercansometimes d) whiskycostslessat theairyod. goeswellwithtomatosoLrp. e) wholemealbread on the@mnodityrnarkets. D oilcancostUs$15-30

Exercise6lllll @re

unaealne wods in thisdialogue. tnecorrect ^NGEL{, J.ck, have you sot (1) 4/ro € momcnt for a chat? of course,eo ahcad. Now: a good time. J^cx; ^NGEL^, There (2) iJ/z'e (3) d' /rdme impon nt work thtt wc need to do ove! the next few months It should be (4) atr/Jd6r interestingjob, and I thinl you re the best (5) petrd, / peopleto do x ]rck .\NcEn,

Oh, rcaly? Yes.W.n, (6) a'la piece ofempty ldd hd come onto the rErket on ihe other side of town

Uh,huh... J^cr.: ^NGEI.., And, ar yoo knova qe basen\ gor A nafy /n/., (8) d, /ro,rr ideal dPPortunity ro expand. Yeah.We don'r haE much room here. J cK: mcra,

sP&e at our present site.Wel, we think it's

well. rere tbirking rbout building compleiely new offces.Wed like you to do (9) a /sone resedch on the whole ida, and t]ten wite (10) a /sdne report on whether to go ahead or not.AE you intelEsrcd? WeI,I h2Ent got (11) rk

/nany experience of tltis kind of rhing. I ... J^cr isn'i mprc eke h@ who is suitable. ANGELA, I know' but theE r€aly

Nctu

ADd we need to tuke (12) a pbg6s lttogBs on this m quickly a posible. we'E takins on fifteen nev people iD Malch. Um, ri8ht, but there (13) tr / e(14) naty/dlot of lt') infomdtiorlinfomatians to colllect.I We[, with thn new rcspomibili.y we might cor-sido reviewing you salary.

t ci

well, OK, it sound! like (16) drl,

NGtu,

inteBting

chalenge- I'[ do it.

ronouns

A Indefinite pronouns a Wotdslikeereryone, anythlng, pronolns.Ihey etc,arecalledindefinite r€ferro people, rhings of pla(eswithoutsaying exactly who.whatorwheretheyarc. People: soneonelsomebodyanyonelanybodyeveryane/everybady na one/nabody Ihings: somethiog

anything

evertthing

anytine

(allthetime)

a The€is no difference between the-ore formsandthe -bodyforms. pronouns O lrideflnite arefollowedbya singularvelb, butwe relerbackto themin a sentence with theylthenltheiL Someonei5 wailng fot you in rcceptian.I toltl them you wauldn\ be bng well, I supposethateveryoneis readyfot theit cofleebrcaknow?

B Someone I anyone, el< O Wordswithsone-andany-followtherulesgivenin lnit 30.In morcdeta: AfFIAMATIVC 5EI{TENC'S

some"isverycommonin affirmative senten
31 PRONOUNS

t31

N E G A T i V ES E N T E N C E S

Not... any-is verycommonand meansthe sameasro': Therc isn't anybody here with that nane- = Ihere is nobody herewith that nane. Not... iome' is rareand hasa difi€renimeaninglo not... any'. Studythe exampl€si He isn't someone I feel comlodable talking ta. (= He isn't a pe6on I fe€l ...) Thatisn't somethingtd thoughtaboutbeforc. (= Ihat snl a thins 'd thought...)

c Everyonelno one, el< a Wordswitheverymeanallthepeople, in a group. th ngsor places A big thanktou' to everyone.Youall did a wondenuljob. we handleeyerfthing for you, frcm designto delivery. a fyeryone(withtwowodt hasa different meaning.lt means edc/,stngle oneandis usedto giveemphasis. bothwods hdveequdlstess. In pronunciation, Every one of our dientsis impottant.eventhe smallestcompanies. a Wordswith/lo- meanno people, thrngsor places. Nobodyphonedwhileyou wercaut. Medmthilc,Allidn.tli.d to brit? D sdna toJlthctuith HI/B, ii ohnhAllinE alsohdsd lary. ltdkt. l'1itid4y,th. i.lca oe Online website)

nouhq. he.dtst HVB l,odtdke' l,ct! oppasedit. (B$inesl?eek

Doublenegatlves are noi used. Thercis nothing vr'ecan do. oR Theteisn't anything we can do. (NOT+h€€i5n{-6€tltn,a+d€.)

D Reflexivepronouns a The ref exive pronounsate: nyself, youRelf, hinself, heBelf, itself,ouRelves,youselves, Notethat lhere is a plural'you' lorm themse/ves. a We usea reflexiveprcnounif the objectot the ve.bis th€ sam€asthe subject. tn enjoying the trip. Jill introduced ne to her boss.

I'n enjoyingnyseff. ti intrcduced he6elf to ne.

in.lrde: a Someverbsmay be.eflexivein your language,but arc usualynot in English.Examples complain, de.ide dress, feel, hurry, n'eet, relax, rcn'e|r'bet, rcn, sit down, changel.lothes), stand up, wake up, wash, wandea wotry. do not havea refexivepronoun. Notethat actionsthal we do to ourselves quickly beforc going out again. hane twashed and changed when Igot a We can r.rse in pronunci.tlon,we nressse/for se/ves. a etFxive pronounlor emphasis. I mysell ha@n't seenthe new design,but I believeit s very gaod. a f the meaningis 'without help'or 'alone we .an useby + reflexve pronoun. Aretou doing all the rcsearch(by) you6elves? (without help) I wanted to travel to the caference by nyseff. lalone) I

Comparethe.rie/ves and each othet/ane anather. Andrew and lessnaenailed ea.h othe one another (Andrewsentan emailto lessica.afd iessjcasentan emailto Andrew) Andrew and lesska emailed thenselves. (Andrewsentan emailto himself.and lessicasentan emailto hersef) Not loig dro eoflpaniesuer Jollrg ow eaehothd tryiflg to 'dot toht' thenselres.AdiaNet brane Broadast.totn-.. and Sn Mmsystens spenthtillions tryi\g to okvince a all that it uds 'thedoti, Aot.od,' uhdteretthot nedrc.Ah,butthasedafs a/egore. (money.convebsite)

132 31 PAOI|OUI{s

31 Practice Exercise l llI Complete thesentences usingthemon appropriate wordsfromihe lln below anyoneanythinganythinqeveryoneeverythingno one nothing someone 5€,T€thingsomething 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

rtsjustnor ght..$..reJ.l!!:"3.isworryingmeabourthis. Ihe officeisempVIhere3...---..............-.. hereexceptme. l m sofry| dontthinkthere3..........--........... I candoto helpyou. (thelelephone lineisdead)Hello?lsthere....................... th€rc? ....................... seems to bewrcngwiththe pdnterlts notworking. ThereS ....................... I askthemto wait? to seeyou.Shall hasa copyoftheagenda, seethat..........,,,,,........ soletsbegin (beforcrnoving on to thene( pointin a meetinolsthere...................... eise? Good,....................... isgoingaccodin9 to plan. youcouldsaywouldmakemechangemyrnlnd. No,l'vedecided. .......................

Exercise 2 f I Underline thecorectwods. 1 Wecan'tblamearvonelnoonebutourselves for thismess. post foryou 2 Ihees anythingl nothingin the thismorning. 3 Ihe@lsn't anythingI hothlhgin the pon for youthismorning. 4 Anyonelsomeohe calledfor youearliei but I don't knowwho. 5 sn'tthercanwvha2lno!#preto go that3 openat thistimeof night? 6 CanI atkyouanythinglsonething? 7 Ihete'santone/someone on the phoneto speakto you. youwant,it won't makeanyditference. 8 vou car do anythinglsamefhlng 9 sorry | don't knowanlh ingI nothing aboolit. 10 No onelsomeoneknewwhat to do, so I usedmyown initiatve.

Exercise 3 f, Complete thesentences witha wordfrcmthelistbelow,in a suitable pronoun. forrn,anda r€flexive d5k blame enjoy exprcsshelp hurt introducernake preparcteach

1 I keep.....4tki{-\4...... .-....r,1).r.df...whatIwoulddo in h s situ.tlon. 2 lr w.s a gre.rhohdayWereally.......... 3l.mes..............................................Spanishbylisteningtocassetteswhiledrvn 4 Becareful! Don't....................... ltt veryheavyl .....--....-........... I s Paula knows a lotof Frcnch, butshecanl.......---............. ....................... veryeasiy. please 6 Ladies andGentlemen, ....................... ............... ....... to morecofiee. 7 t!4ary ............................................. fora shock. l'mqoinqto resign. 8 Letme...--..---............. -------................ . MynameisSusan Conway. yoJr 9 lr warnl l.ulr.Donl ....... ............... 10 AnnandNick!G€attoseeyou.Comeinand............................................

31 PRO|{OUNS 133

Exercise 4IIII !!ods. llnlledjle the coffector mo61appropriate I Noone/ikeu@ to discoverhiddencosts,doe5hel!b-!!ey? 2 | feltlfek nyseffquiteneNousat the startof the presentation, but aftera few minltes I rdaxedlrelaxed 3 We'lld€liv€ryourpirzasornetine, sonewherelanytimeanyvvhete. 4 | rcnenberlren@nbernteff when lfiBl shrted wo*ing here.ldways usedto worylw9rry nrself if I wasdoingthedghtthing. to theoneson the invoic€s. We'€ goingto haveto 5 Thefigurcs in thissp€adsheet dont conespond aheakeveryonelewryone. registraton torms. 6 Everyone haslhaveto meetin the lobbyat nineo'dockto colleclh6llhei conference anywherenearMilan, 7 Romeisn'tsomewherel l'd liketo go for holidaysin August.lts too hot for methen. 8 Romeisnt somewhere/anyulrere Fir5tI met Peter,then ater introduc€dthe/tte/rcs/eachothe/ to meyesterday. 9 Yourtwo colleagues metsusan, otherto meyesterday, Petertold mea litt e about 10 Yourtwo colleagues introducedthernse/veslearh whatSusan does,andSusan toldmea littleaboutPetet

Exercise5 I I @37

complete thedialogues withthewods frcmth€ litt below. anyone anything anMere som€thing somewhere

everyone everything ev€iANhee someofe

I rnus haveput it down I cant nnd my mobilcphone.I'vclook€d(1)...-e.W.n*lml9r... (2).....................,but Ijust can'trcmcmbcrwherc.Oh, how annofng!It couldbe (3)...................... (5)........... .. . .. in the companyha! h"spickedit up by mislakc? Perh:ps(4)..................... phone. (6) ..................... could havepickcdit uP. the srmetypc ofmobile B cuy ruru,

Seleshl\€ droppedby 50%in Asiaove! the lrst 12 mon&s. we cando to increase sales. Thercmustbe (7)..................... (8) (9)..................... . I cant think of elsewc on do. But what?I'!€ tried .....................

Exercise6 I @38

in a hotel.complete whatvickysaFby usingthev€rbsin vickyandherhusband chadesarestaying bEcketswiih or withouta dflexivepronoun. 'charles, (remember)you reon comeon,tryto 0) ...e41ey..)€ltrt-e.$.. Gnjoy)l(2)........Re1|94b.e..n...... (3) (help) me, holidaylLook,whydont you ..........................----....to anoiherd nk,90 on ... Goodness Er,haveyoutlvo rherc3DanielW€stlakeoverthere.Whaton earthis he doingherein Marrakech? (4).................................. you'd wth DanieL. Whydon'1 Youknow, havea lot in common lrr,e0before? (intrcduce) you90 o!€rthereand(5).....--.....--.................... io him?Whileyoudo thatl'l go backio (change) I in timefor dinner. I don'tknowSometimes the rcomand(6).....................-.----....... (7)............-.---....---........ you.anever(8).................................. away whenyou're kelax) {ask)whether

134

eterminers

A Determiners a A determiner isa wod usedin frcntof a nounto showwhichthingyoumean,or to showthe quantity of something. Determine6 include: a/the my4out;this/that, all/nost/somelany, nol none.nuchl nanyl a littlela few, each/ every,bothI either/ neither. O Unils30,34 and35 alsodealwith deteminers: someot any?nuch ot nany?lu1\ 30),a al (units theT 34 and35). o we do not usea determiner if we aretalkinggene|ally. seeunits30 and35. Ourlfhote/'ome computeEare expensive.(padicularcomputeB) (computeB Compu|€'sarea paft of ereryone's life. in gene6l)

B AIl, most, many, some, a ftw a Befopa pluralnoun w€ ca^usealllmostlmanylsonela few.Notethestructures: Alllmost/nanylsomelafew employeashave25 days'paidholiday. Alllmostlnanylsomelalew of the employeeshave25 days'paidholiday. All the enployeet have25 dayspaidholiday.(NOTL4€sr+h€--ltr4eny+h€- . ) Wecanusemy,Jr'our, elc,in placeof the,andwe canusepronolnsi Alllnon I nanyl sonela few of ou employeeshave25 days'paidholiday. Alllnostlmanylsonela few of then have25 days'paidholiday. se.aGolnir30 a Beforcan uncountable nounsimjlar 5tructures arepossible. WeUsemuc,rrI p)aceol many, a ,h/e in placeof a feq and/l for thepronoun. Alllmostlmudrlsomela little of the inlonnatlon in thisrcpad is usefuL All/nrstlmudt/somela little of it E useful. a Wlthsingular nounswe do notusethewordsabove, exceptfor a fewspecial express ons. aI day,all night

C A/ meaning 'ev€rything' or 'the only thing' O Wecanusea//i subje.t+ velbto mean'everyrhing' or 'theontyihing': (all = That'sall I knowabouth everything) A we needisa siqnaitrc.(all=theonlything) a In modernEnglkhit isunusual to usea//asa single-word subject or objecr.nsread we use ewtything. All the prcparationsarelEvetything is goingwel| (NOTA*+5-g€;ig-,*e+.) t wantto hearall your newsleveryth,hg. (NOTt ,,€n*+€+€€+-a{.)

32 DETERMINERSI35

D No, none a We can lse no with a singularnoun,pllralnoln or uncountabenoun. No employee hat norc than 25 days patd holiday. No new ideat were put forwatd at the meetingTherc was no uteful inlonnation in the repod. a We do noi useno ifthere is anothernegativeword.In this casewe useanl. we haven't disnissed any emptoyees. (NoT t{€+a*i{-di5,.uls5ed-f,€+FfbFes.) a We do not lse no ol lnn€ad.w€ use/roneofor noneon its own .s a prcnoun None ol the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday. None hdve nore than 25 days pad hohda). a Toemphasise the ideaof nore we can ure Noneat allot Not ane ot Not a: A. Haw many people .ame? B: None at all! / Not one! / Not a single pe6on! btlou the 1,500 htdtkIt thefRt tihc y.ltetdnJ. Cnnny.\ Nekt MarktAll Shrt it'd.t dtoppetl a itt lt top 20 sto.la lnued r Not sinzle!o.k !ai,. (YahootsusiiessNews wcbsitc)

E Each, every a Themea.n9 of eaclrande!€ryissinrar andofteneitherwod is possible Theya€ both folowedby a singular noun. a Weule eaci whenwe thinkof themembers oi a grcupasindrvidla s, onebyone t s rnore andcanmeanony two. usualwth srnalergroups Makesue that eachparcelhasa label. wilL Maflarenct ?,rsrLtdnts Saktt'r ad Cloheno$ L"ou Ey hdveto hi'c thehbftndprcfiLc. l'ut ir thce o tune5 vill detemtife hcthuhclc eohlpati$ar .lcbatc.a.h .ftht\ statcgy, 'tucc'sJ"]in 4 hbtaslobdLize.l ,o'il. (asiaweek website) a Weuseeverywhen wethinkoi allthem€mbe6 tog€ther, andil susuawitha argernumber Salesha,"einqeasedevery year fot thelastflveyeats. I belbveevery wod he says a Wecanuseeachol blt we cannotuseeveryof Eachof the par.els needsa label a Eachcanbe Lrsed or at the endoi . sentence. atterthesubject, The parcelseachneeda bbel. Theparcelsneeda labeleach.

F Botlt eithe,' neither a We usebott eith€rand reltherto referto two things. a Sothmeans'the one and the othei. Notethe structures: Both emails/both the emailslboth ot the enaik/hoth of them arc inportant. The ennils ate both importana I ve rcad them both. a Eithermeans'theone or the othef. Neltherrneans'not the one or the other'. l,/bnday or Tuesday?Yes,either day/either of the days is fine. Manday or Tuesday?I n sorry but neithet day/neithet of the days is convenient. This i' a ne of a radble - ohe thdt nay Ff ofJot both, oke,at fleithet aJhe nN onpdnies. (Fortune websire)

136

32 DE|ERMINERS

32 Practice Exercise t g Matchthe phrases from the Jistbelowwith an approximat€ value. F€n€-€t+hem monofthem

a few ofthem manyofthem

1 0%.tgt}.c..9l..tlt-g.r 2 5-250h.....

.......____......

3 2 5 - 5 0 4 /_0_ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .

sonreof rh€m

attof them

4 50 750k 5 71950/a

6 r00%

Exercise2SHHEH Undernethecorrect words. 1 Therewerenonel4em€ssages on theanswering machin€. 2 Thekeyaccount manageG eachlevery havethekownlisrof clients. 3 NotorelNotno qu€stion hasbeenanswercd. 4 someoflsomeihe renauEnts havesetuice includedn the pice 5 Someoflsomerenautants havesetuice included in the price. 6 Sorrybut I can't heareithetlneitherol you prcpetly. 7 Eachourcustoneslourcu5tome6 eacthavea separate fiteon thedatabase. 8 | can't comeat the weekend.l'mbusybothdap/everyday. 9 All oflEveryof the liles are(orruptedby rhe virus. 10 lcan'tseerolanysolution lo theproblem,l'm afraid. 11 Thef ight andhotelarebooked.AlllEvetythingis otgarised. l2 We gavethe salesrepseacha nobile phonelanobile phaneeach. 13 Everyoption hasbeenlEvayoptiorshavebeenerylorcd. 14 OK,lihinkrhatcovers a///eve44hlng on thatpoini.shallwemoveon?

Exe.cise3HAnFF Complete thesentences witha wordor phrase fromthe listbelow a (x2)

any

no

i€l-€n€

none each(x2) every(x2) both ether(x2) nether

I WesentletteGto sirlycustomers, but .l9i-.''o..19 rcpliedl 2 | can'tgo.Thereareonlytwo flights,andthe.eare................. seatslelt on ................of them. 3lcan'tgo.Thereareonlynvofljghts,and.................ofthemhasanysearsteft. 4 ................. I wanljs . bit of peace andquietto finishwriUngthisrcport. 5 l'v€phoned................. storein theYellowPages andtheyare................. outof siock 6 Wehavethreemodels, and................onehasitsownspecial fearurcs. 7lw.snervousatthestadofmytalk,butafterthatlenioyed.................flrnLrie. 8 l gotthreelette6,buttherewere..--............. foryou,t'mafraid. 9 l gotthreelette6,butthercweren't......---........ foryou.l'mafr.id. 10 TheTradeFairisimpod,ant. Weneed.---............. SueandMikeon thestand. I I Bothroadsleadto thecitycentrc. Youcaniake................. one. 12 You'vebeensixofthe bestirainees thdtwe'veeverhadon thiscours€. Theben of luckio............ ofyou in yourfutue cdrcers.

12 DEIERMINERS 13'

Exercise a llll! Rewritelhe se
.-...4I..t*c..kr.,o-..lef .t-..if-.....aweek. 2 All the participanrs will be sentan.agenda.(€v€ry) .........will besentan agenda. que6tion. 3 Nobodyat all 6ked a Gingleperson) .........askeda question. 4 Thisideawont work,andthe otheronealsowon't wolk. (neither) ......wiltwo*. 5 Notall the audienceunderstoodhistalk. Gome) .........'rnde6tand histalk. (none) 5 Not oneof mycolleagues speaksGeman. ....,,,,,speakGeman, 7 we onlywant a wEakerdollar (alD .......,,a l^/€ak€l dott6r 8 NodocuftenBwerc insidethis parcel.(any) There.........--.....-------.................... inside lhisparcel. (neilher) 9 Thehotekwele bolh unsuitable. .........suitable. proposals 10 Thetwo areintercning. Ooth) ,.,......inteEsting. 11 Theseitemsaren'texpensive,(none) ,........erp€rsry€.

12 l'msorrywehave none.(alD absolutely l'msorryv\€have

Exercise s IIII @ 39

Complet€thisartide by choosingth€ conE
Boththem 2 3 5 6

A A Eitherof them allits A Eachtheyar€ A

I

Bolh ofthem

I

fleither of company

I

most its

I

Both th€y ate

B allol B most ol

A

A

B the only thing

c c c c c c c c

Everyof them all of them Neithercompany muchits Theya€ both

bssessivesand compound nouns

A Possessive adjectives and pronouns a My,touL ek, aE adjedivesandcomebeforea noun. Thiswasnry/yodhe hislour/their suggesrion. l'n lookingfor a street,but l.an't renemberia name. M,ne youli,etc,arep.onouns andwe usethemon thei.own, Thissuggestion wasnine/youtslhe6lhis/oun/thei6. (no'lts'fom) a We canaddo!l/nto a posse5sive adjectivefor emphasis. W own viewis that weshould90 aheadwith the proied.

B 's (apostrophes) O Weuse3 to showthatsomething belongs to a pe6onor organisation, Manyotherlanguages lse ofin thesecases, Weadd3 evenif thenameendsin s. TheCEO'Soffice Fotd's cars Charlesbaddrcss Withplu.alnouns\re addlhe aponrcphe only. The Chin.s. gounn nt's NattonalArdit Ofr.e heldd ptes otfetcnceih De.ekbe/to qall ot1ik wo* dkdauditors'i'uettlgdt,,8 in thealntryThe audito$aft anongthe .enrftl axthoities' ost important w.aponrin theilefo s to cleatup ftalpndie by b,linestpeapledfld olfrd;/r (Business Beijing onliDe w.bsne) Wecaf usethe 3 fom withouta followingnounif the meaning iscear Ihe prajectwasa teameffoit, but the oiginal ideawasHelenS. (- Heen3 dea) o A special useof 3 isto refs to someone3 home,a shopnameor a placename, (Jack3 I'll be at ta*'s thisevening. house) I'n goingto Smithl. Doyou wantanything? (theshopcalledSmjth) I nust go to the dlemis(s/do@t'sldenri5fs. (he placewhereth€ywo*) lf thereis no possession, we do noi usean apostroph€Epsonpintes on specialofferl (NOr Ef5€fi+rii*ef+) Thereis no apostrophein possessiv€ adj€rtivesor prcnouns(sectionA). (NOTgk€ir5-€€l€er) Apostrophes canbe a shortfom of /s or ha5. Es a bvdy day. (= ft is) ft's beena pleasuremeeting)€u. (= lt hat

33 POSSESS|VES AND COMPTOUI{D NOUNS r39

cof i

Weuseofto showthatonethingbeongstoor withanother th n9. Theendof the steet. (NOT{h€4.e€+t-€nd) Thetime of the meeting. (NoI th€-4€€{n94+Re) he h! tvtopagesof the rcport (NOT+€r€F€d;.ld!r-F*€- €51

ph€s€swithofandexamples a Herearesomecommon of nounsthatfo owl (fliqhts) (payment) a meahodof a chorteol rhestrenglhof (the E!ro) a nunber of llad.a'sJ an errorol (udqement) a strokeol (luck) the paceof (change) a tood ol (compiaintr) ihe success of (theproject) a p,e.eof(advice) a /ackof(fundt thetimeaf (afti\a) the/eyelof (commitment) a rdrgeof(colou6) d wa5kof (time) Therearesomeexceptions a Section B saidthatwe use3 for people. to thisrule.We nomally us€ofwith longphrdses. Thisis the eftrailadtlrcssof the salesrcpftsentative who .ane yestday (NOTThs is fte 5a/€5-€Fr€rm€ai€rj!€ €aff ) possessive people. formto showa conne
D Compoundnouns a A compolnd noun is tlvo nounstogetherCornpolndnounsarc commonin Eng sh, and are partcLrlarly commonin businessafguage 't nn ako repa thdtmdmfa.lulnq- dc'pik nt. .-. .s.hdrge fttc rrcu,16t yut l,t 1.6 ptl ddnrJa.tu.is! ptodtttitit! by 1.4pctd ta d nanlactrrisg dpotu by I1.8pct cit; ste (The .cnt.' Chan.cuorConlor Blowf\ hudsetspee+. Tinres websue) a Whenwe uset/vo nounstogether,the lilst noun s likean adjectiveand describes the second It was a management decistron. fhese rcsearch rcsults a.e very interesting. Haveyou seenthis sales rcport? Ihc whale .ompany st.atew t5 wong 1]d$Iot'niis toditioial otdennr o dk/'ib'tiof {oesss sipifuart .ost redBetions. (Connecris website)

itto e-@mnerce solxtions leddsto

Thelirst noun is usuallysinqular: retludions in .ostt cott rcductions the law rclating to companies .ompany law a We can usemorcthan two noL,nsTo understand the meaningnart at the end. an exe.utive seard company (a companythat searchesfor executives) a govemment taining cou6e (a courseof trainingprcvidedby the government) (a launch in the market for stocks) a sto.k ma*et launch a

we cannotusea compoundnoun.We haveto useol In certainfixedphrases lreedon of choice la.k of confidence the price of success the cost of progrcss

a

Somecompoundnounsarewitten as one word. database tinescale salesman netvwrk

workhop

bookhop

140 33 PO55E5S|VE5 At{D COMPOUT{D NOUirt

33 Practice Exer
Exer
-<$taa.. the.$!C..!rlP. }"-..i..fat-. .itlt...M/..!:y.:r.. de. sirie^,.. ^et...krr,....... 2 Alic€!lfiendr.amesBill.Hesoneof Merilltynchstop analyns. 3 Toyotas dealon itscompany carsis betterthanour:. 4 lwent to mydoctors andhescomputesedallthepatients records. -asrtsown parlicutar 5 ltsimpola.r to recognige thateverycomoany culiure,.owever... 6 My bo!!! PAreadsall the customers lefiers.

7 Lookat thosetwo M€rcedes. Onesourdlrectors andtheothers. visito6.

Exercise 3U l\,4ake two compound nounsfromthenounsin eachgroup. I protitscou6elraining.ompany .9err4^y..pr-o.fii52 naff forecanmeetifgs.les 3 cad storecrcditdepartment 4 lnternet salesummer access 5 fiqurespriceinflation range 5 survey m.rkethourrush 7 t€{hnology keyscarinfomation 8 assistant shopfailurcpower 9 shopiloor workingworkerlunch 10 inslranceoancontEctbank 11 te.turescostsproduction product 12 ma*et marketing budqetledder

.ir4i^i^{..S.p$n:e.

!3 PTOSSESS|VES AND COMPOUI{D NOUNS

r4l

Exercise4 ffi Complete thes€ntences with ph€sesfrcmthelistb€low eriorof foodof lackof levelof m€thodof paceof rangeof strokeof *5t€-€f l 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10

peceof

twentthere,buttheywer€closed.ltwas a complete .....f...ar.l9...o.:1..... t me. ................. interest. Theproductlaunchisa disaster There3 a complete ........... judgement. Youshouldn't havetoldthemthatinformation. lt wasan ............................. facilities for thebusin€ss trav€ller O!r hoteloffe6a wide............................. unemployment in ourcountryjust4%. We havea relatively 1ow.....-....................... inforrnat heard a veryinterenin9....-........................ ontheotherday. justaithe luckl Wearrived iqhttime.whata............................. Thereb ....inquiries. Theadvedisement hasb€€nverysuccessful. a ........................ very reliable There5!ts mustbecorrect. We useda ............................. dataanalysi9. Thingr soquickly in thisfield.The.... ...................... dangeisveryfan. arcmoving

Exercise5EEIU Rewrite thesecond sentence soit hara similafmeaning to thefilstsentence in ten minltes. I l'll seeyouin the roomwe useJormeetings tntenm nutes. t'ttseeyou...i1...tk..r,^.e.9ti14...uee..x.. 2 Thispendoesn'tbeongto me. Thi9isn't.............. 3 Thispendoesn'tbelongto me. Thispenisn't............... 4 These documents beongto James. These are........................... at theconference. 5 l\,4argaret metoneoi hercolleagues .t lheconlerence. Margaret meta .............,,................................. 6 what isyourbosscalled? name? what...........................................,.... 7 Youshouldconsult an evpelin lawaboulcompanies. .......................... Youshou1dconsu|t.................. law. year fo.last 8 Thisgraphshowsthefigu.esior sales Thisgraph................................................ for lastyear. 9 Ljustsentan emailtooneoi ourcustomers ljLst sentanendilto d l0 l'm qoingon a course tqt6'n managers. l'm90ingon .......................................-.........ourse.

Exercise6 U compound nounwiihthefi6t word n Crossouttheonewod in ea.hgrcupthal doesnot makea common 1 2 3 4 5

sales for€cast/fiqlres/*ede/tarqet market forces/sector/check/sharc price offer/list/ran9e/ise brand irnage/leader/loyalty/process tax relief/benefitr/output/allowance

6 7 8 9 10

produd manager/range/fe.tures/share gn/ line/agency advertising sogan/campa production market/in€/capaclty/target working condiiions/tr€nd/ho!6/lunch stock opton/d€cision/market/€xchange

rticles 1

A Articles a A/an is calledthe indefinite drticle, andwe useit to inrrcdu.enew nformation. Ifie is.alledthedefinitearticle. andwe useit whenthelistener kiowswh ch person or th n9 we aretalkingabout. 'Noarticle'isthenovnby itsellwithout an anicte.Weureno anicbwhenwewanrto spe.k generally. a Compare: I rcadan intercstingreport /astweek. ('epon is mentionedfor the I rsrt me) Haveyou rcadthe tepott | gar€youT (thelistenerknowswh ch r€port) Reporb aresentout fout timesa ,€ar (speaking generally)

B AIan a Weusea/a, to intrcduce newinfomation. Thelistener doesnorknowwhch person or thtng we areialkingabout. a Weusea/anio referto something for thefirsrtime. We nust havea meeling nextweek. I havean ideaI'd liketo dbcuts. a We -sea/anto referto oneof a Eoupol rhings Gn you passne a papet dip frcn that boxbyyout side? a Weusea/ar to descibesomeonesjob, but notareas of business. Fionausedto be a teactrcL but now she'sin nanagenenttraining. a Weusea/anto describe something. It'san inbrening idea. Caircis a very Ug city.

Thisis a betl€r ptodua.

a We usea/anin expressions of measurement. Percanalsobe used. tuvicea/ pernath 3,OOO uni6 an/per hout Wechargett OOan/ pethaur 'one', a A/an mean sowe cannotusea/a, with plurals or uncountable nouns. Canyou givene sone infornatior? (NOTinin{e#i.ti€u)

CAoran? a We usea in frontof a consonant sound,anda, in frcntof a vowetsound. consonantsounds: a nanaget,ajob, a univeBiry, a one-waynreet,a Eurcpeantaw an idea. an empbyer. an ho4 an MBA O In a similarway,ihe is pronounced,S:/beforea consonantsoundand /61/ before. vowe

I 14! 34 ARTICLES

D The a Weuseihefor oldinformaton. it iscearwhch person or thingw€ aretalkingaboul. Six hanl$dtenlpt\tedih bsti,lgd stakein Ped\ Bdn.olitino.m@ dteNo h Anei aa ba kt, nditutior,aftthu n E.uddoredk andtheothun Pturidk.me sit harc onei a ftajotSpdnkh Nes Americd beetiftvikdrostu4,Irtina\ boalaat'dhid4 theendoIMdrr- (Business website) a Weoftenknowwhichonebecause we m€ntioned ii before,usn9a/an. Wenust havea meeting nextweek.The meetingshauklfa.us on the auditoB'repatt. I went to an intercstingshow lastweek.lt wasthe Pais Spnng co e.tion. a Sornetimes we knowwhichonebecause it is.learfromthesituation, or it s shared knowedqe and stener. fromthelivesof thespeaker Where's the newspapet? (weknowwhi.honef.omthesiuation) and stenerknowwhchmeetng) Themeetingwillbeginat ter. (bothth€speak€f Notethatin th s casewe canus€theto referto somethn9for thef rstt me. a We useahewhenther€s ony oneoi som€thing. lt ls clea.whichonew€ aretalkingabolt. I ll speakta the bosswhenhe getsback. a We usethewith nationalties andothergroups. I reallyadnite the lblians far thensenseof design. Thegovennent is tryingto do moreto helpthe poo| seeunn37 a we uselhewlthsupenatv€s. Thisis the bestqualitynaterialwe havein stock.

E No article a Noadcleis usedwhenwe arelalkinggenerally. 'Health rnd saJeryat ulatkThe.lit't i"rc oJthcAsa'.y Mdgazine Iednoesan a e dtled .'d He.lth atwork websie) A qgtion of.o'B andbenejtr:'. (EuopeanAgencyfor Saaety .

P T U i A L N O UI ' I S

Comparel I sentthe emailsthk norn/h9. (weknowwhich€mails) I usLallyrcplyto emailswthtn 24 houri. (emas in general) a uNcouNtAaltNouNs Comparel Theintomation in thisrcpottgivesus the power to tatgetaut adveftising. lnformationispower

(weknowwhichinformatoiandpower) (information andpow€rn general)

The insu|ancebrsinets is dotngwell. Rusiness is goingwellat thenoment.

(weknowwhichbusiness) (busn€ssn qenera)

The negotiating wasa bt easierlasttime. Negotiatingwith suppliegtakesa lot af tine.

(weknowwhichnegotat ng) (negotiatingn geieral)

isto usefhewith pluralnounsandlncountable a a commonmistake nounsusedn . genera oftengrow faner (NOTThe+m€+l-€€nF€F1€5) Smallconpanies Forne faotballis likelife. (NOTForme,+h€{€€{b€{Li5.lil€+h€ .) seeunit35a We us€rio articefor mostcompanies, countres, statesandcities, I wak lor HBSCin Hong Kong. LosAngelesis in Califomia.

144 !4 ART|CLESt

34 Practice Exer
Exe.
Exercise3;FlHgH o-t eilhe'a/a4 ttp or ; dash(-) to showno article. ] lle.. .talansl.aveqrveru5 4 lor ol ..:... buqrre5s 2 . . . . . . .m . o s t p e o p l e t h o u q h t t hi a t wt a s . . . . . . .v.e r y q o o dp r o d u . t . k 3 | h f e L od glaso s l . . . . .w . r n e. r . . . € v e n r n g 4 l w i s h l c o u l ds p e a k . . . . . .E n g l i slhi k e . . . . . . E . .n g l i s h . 5 As soonas ........Helengetr off ........plane,askher to g ve me ........call. 5 ........smokinqis fot pemitted in this area. 7 Thercs........visitof.t ........receptiondesk. 8 When | .fived at ........airport,I had ........drinkand waitedfor ........flight. 9 w . n t . . . . . . .a. c t i o nn, o t . . . . . . .w. o r d s . 1 0 . . . . . . .p. e 6 o nw i t h . . . . . . .M . B Au s u a l lgye t s. . . . . . .g. o o dj o b . 11 l'll get you ........co{Jeeftom ........machine. l2 Marlecomesfrcm ........France.

l 34 ART|CLES

145

Exercise4ABCD /

40

C o m p l e tteh i sa r t c e w t h e t h e rd / a , , t h e o r a d a s h( - ) i o s h o wn o a d i c e

HOWCLEANISTHEIRMONEY? 'Money launderhg is (1)...lh-e.... nane silen ro

( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . .!.e. .d. . e q u i v a l c n t who know very linle about each other. ( 13) .............. to about 47. of gros world

world-s otrc of (2) .............. (?) .............. probien has

biSgcn linacial prcblems:

cspcciallybecrusetlreywdnL t o m n r i m i s c( l 7 ) . . . . . . - . . . . . . .

paymenlsysled a m o u not f ( 1 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .t.a. .x. irremational i s c r u c i a Lt o ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they pat. h ihcse brnks r h e r ei s ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . . . . c. .u. .l .t u r e stsbiliry of rhe wolld s

movinCmotreythathasbcc!

grosn handin hand with

obtained illegllly into ( 3 ) - . . . . . . . . . . .f.o. r e i $ b a * accounLs $ thar(il ) ..............

( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . .g. .l o b a l i s a t i o n . iinancial markets, but i1 of don't lski don t tell . prriicularly with a h o p r o v i d e s( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n d ( 2 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . .b. .r g s e J r and

pcoplc do nol kno! where

c o n l r o l sa n d ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

il has conrc tiom, Puinrg

delelopn'ent of(l I ) ..............

(9) .............. lifiing of crpital

( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .v. .a. .l u eo n D r o n c y l.uderirtg is oi cou6e !e'y dillicull,hurrhc lnremarional MonerdryFundcsrinr.lcrlrr i t i sh u g c- p c l r t s S l r . i l l i o n

orPonunnyfor cnminah ro

private blnking is offshor! is Private bankilg ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e s t - k n o w n

hundering chrnnel. Clienls These.lloN moncy systcnrs. t o b em o l c di n ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of thcsc brnks are wellthy secondsbctwccn balks in ditietentprns of rhe world

p r o b l e nw i l h i n( 2 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

peoplewho wrnr thek lifairs

brnks. There arc around 5,000

ofllrhoE

bdnks

controlling xbout$5 ldllion in assers,rnd sonle havc no physical prcsence!r rnY

hrndlcd wnh dis.rcrion.

ExercisesABCDE tl41

Compelerhslntervewbelween.lour..n..dtheCEOolBotec.abiotechnoogycompanyU a a .

t t b a t a d a( ) o . o \

o , , '

( l u \ o u b . g i Db ! r c l l n , g' n r ( 1 ) . . 4 . . l t t l . r b o u t ( l ) t h e . f . . . , t d h . r g . s r r ( : r ). . - . W.ll. .s vou kno\\r Ii{ !c,,r se Dldc (-r) .. ... .l..ii,o. to nble our .pcr.,t,ors ftr ( i ) . . . . . ( ) n r b r r l c . . b c . i u \ c i r \ \ t f r i n r p o r i . l t i b r ( 6 ) . . . . . b i o r c c h n o k , g.]o r D i n i e \ n , .....vcry r c . r u i r ( 7 ) . . . . r . L r t r s r si ; o n r ( s ) . . . . . L r c { ! n n c r \ t , d . [ r , w . t . n r ( e ) .orrp(trtr.lob\ nnrltr h.r. n Clitrrbridge,iDd lYc mtiv.,tt our .trdoFe\ by on-:tins r h e n (r l r l l . . . . . . . r r r r t r . t r t j r i r r t r \ r d d ( l .i ). . . . . x c c l l c . t N l n k m s . o r d l t i o n s . W e ! c built up (ll) ......c\.cllcDt rer!.lrd (e;. doing sonrcrcry nnportDi a..rch rn g e n et h c t u p \ l l l 3 ) . . . r i e l do f ( 1 t ) Ma.\ peoplesr! dri. (15) . . .. bLote.hnolog pronlscs nrorc drit it dellves. k drrt Thrr nrar be fue D gcneril. bur (16) .... .. bnnechnolog!ihrr $t do i\ aher.ly p r o d u c n r s( 1 7 ). . . . . . . . r . s u l t sL. a s r\ t . r \ c m a d e( 1 8 ). . . .. . .r m n r r o f i t f o r ( 1 e ). . . .. . . liff trne. rnd (?.)J......relenue is nicre$nig rapidlt A1\o,s€ \,e re.endv niade (21) . di{riburlon dealNth (12) .. .....lfge phrnnceulical companlThe,vhrle dre nukerLng slill\ rhar \Le lack.and (2il ........prrtnership6 $orkrng Nell for both stles.Our aln \!tte coniiden! of(25) ......Ncces ne\i \ er n to .n!er (1.+) .....Aneri.h nu*et, r

rticles 2

Unit34 9 vessorneb:ec rulesfor aa(icles. This!n r givesadditrond potnrs.

A Place names and no article a ln general,no a.tkle s usedfor conlinents,coLrntres, states,ii.nds, mounran5, akes,cles, parks,roads,nreets,rqlares,pal.ces,caitle5,cathedras, !t.tons and airyorts. Eurape/Asia Ftdn.e/China Glifomia/Lazta Crcte/Madei.a Mant BlanctMaunt Eveten LakeLucerne/LakeMichigan Takya/Budapest Centrcl Patk/HydePa* Fihh Avenue/Chutch Steet TtafajgarSquarelTines Squarc Buckinghan Pala.e WindsorGstle Milan Cathedrcl Grcnd Centtatstation Otly Aipad

B Place names and the a Notethat allthe folow ng lse rhe: the Alps,the Sahanas,the Nethetlands the RedSea.the Middle East,the WestEnd (ButNOT i the pl.ce i! the nameof a coLrntry or conrnenr trarce, Phrasetwith 'of : Po ticalconsiirutions

the Hausesof Pa iament, the South of Ftance the hishRepubli..the unted Ktngdon(the uK), the us

Rversand can.lr:

the Amazon,theLaie, the SuezCanal

Oceansand seas:

the Pacific,the Atlantic,the Medteffanean Roadswith nlmbelsr the M6 (nototuvay), the41 Ihearres.nd galleres: the Globe(fheatte),the Uflizi(Gallety) Hotes: the Maffiot (Hotel) the fiffel lawe, the TajMahat, the White Hause

c

Special uses of the Iniernatonalnslilutions: Adjectives to refer|o a qroup the...of a/lhe : Sornetime phrases: Poinlrof the compass: Payingrnstruments: lob titlesand off cialtitles:

TheUniEd Nations,The World Bank,ThetMF Theunemployeddo notre.eiveehoughhelp. the endof an era,the staftof the prqect n the past,at the moment, in the futurc h0 at present), the t960s(decades), tt€ 2tJt century(cent!ret in the notth/east/south/west, ln the south"west I play the piano/guitar TheMatuetingDhe.tot,the pime Ministet,ao ... (BLrt NOTtite+ n.rnerPrmeMinistetTanyBlatrsaid...)

Cit),Sndpnors:attu tlnt rtide.fot the L$ne$ tua,eleL(asia-incnaga,ine websile) HWo Alpe-Adlia-Banh hd\ bee, hi h4, !rces'jt Crcatia a,er the pastJaw fea6.Arodi g h Dt. Wolfgatg Kuhe@r th. Chaitnat oJ the Board, thit 'res is du to eorenrdtjng lJ,sn1ets a.tiritie!on theAbine-Adidti. ma*et d d dtoo'nryroadb"sinest pdnne6. (cebd

35 AitnE

2

i4t

D specialusesof 'no article' a We useno articlewith: Comoanvnames: Yea6,month5,days: Specialtimesof the year Someparrsof the day: ol tansporl (n gene?lJ [,4eans (in Meals genetal):

I wotkfot A..enturc' in 2wt, in July, on Thu6day at Chdtanas/Eaner at nightlmidnightlsunset \BW thenoning, the afternaan) by ca Exi/trainlbus on foot (BIJTon the t'drnb nome\ Dinner is at 7.30. lBUf Therew6sa dinnetat the conference)

oi the wh€nthepumose + no adide'with certain buildings, a Notethe useof 'prepostron theplaceitself.Compare: buildinq is moreimpodantthan (thespeaker in whlchone) is notinterested I spentlwo daysin hosPital. (one spec f c hosp tal) for dE hospital. supplies equipnmt lvlycompany 'p€position andno articlear€i Otherwordsof thistypewhichuse pison I I bedlclasslcoun in lto hosDttal atl towo* lschoollunive6tvlseaI hone Notehowwe use'home': be at hone, go hone (NOTge+e+€rie)

Gen€ral.nd specificmeanlngs meaning nounon itsown t hasa general a whenwe usea plurelnounor an uncountable meaning. whenwe put fte in frontit hasa spec'fic fhe ca6 we makearebuilt to last, Carsare nuch saferth6e daYs. fhe sryeadshea'!for MarchandAprilate here. I don't undeswd s eaclsheats. The peoplein rnyofficearc allveryfiehdy can be diffiarlt. Paople me flsh I had fot lunchwassuperb. go llaee Money nakesthe worlcl rcuncl. W got the moneyI gaveyau? fhe dodrlng buttnessis veryconpetitive. Te'ir i" sirgdpoftateabttldantandrwnably pricd, buthad tofnd dunngnsh ho'ts' whaflit nins a"d bealee 11pt cndnidnirht. Th. .arlJ Jmm th. *irytort to the ..ntql b'tstness ditrrlet eostarcundt12. (asia-incm.gzine website)

144

35 ART|C|-ES 2

35 Practice Exerciset I lIl Underline thecorectwods. I Wewent to eEalrheP/iaandsawLeaningTower// e:49!j!gI9v9r. 2 CretelTheGete isverybeautifulat thistime of year. 3 My sonis in hosp,ta//thehoip,ta/andcan't go to school/theschoot. 4 Youcango frcm HeathrowltheHeathrowbyunderyrcundltheundergrcund. 5 tlelnut Kohlllhe Helnut KohlwasOancelkrl theCharcel/orwho heloedto rcunireGernanv/ the 6 7 8 9 I0 ll 12 1: 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

We flew overAhslthe Alps andsawMont EbncltheMont thnc. h nearfuturclthenearfururevideoconfeEnces will replacemanymeetings. l'rntiredlThankgoodness it3timeto go homeltotome. New Yo*llhe l.lewYo* is in UnitedStates/theUnitedStates. | lsuallyhave/u/,chlthe /unchat abootone. I usedto work for Deu6
Exercise2 I In eachpairof sentences, fill in onespace with theandtheotherspace witha dash(-) to showno arlicle. I a) ..--j....profitsareincreasing acrcss everydivision of the company. profitswe madelastyearwer€up in comparison b) ...!.i.'e.. to they€arbeforc. 2 a) ........... information inyourreportwillbeveryusefuttous. b) ......----. infonationaboutthe Kazakh marketishardtofind. 3 a) ........... visitors shouldsignthei namein thebookat rcceprion. b) ........... visitors fromGermanywill beanivingarrcn. 4 a) Thismaqazine articlegives...._...... advice aboutwhichnock to buv. b) Thankyoufor........... yougavemelanweek. advice 5 a) ........ bondsI havearealllonqtem investments. b) ........... bondsarea safeinvestment wheninterenratesarefalling. 6 a) ........... French expoGto the ren of Europe areup4% thisyear. b) ........... French arcwo d leaders in theluxurygoodsmarkei. 7 a) ..--.--.... manasement isan art,not a s€ience. b) .....---... managementare blaming theunionsforthebrcakdown in neqoiiarions.

15 af,flclEs 2 t49

Exercise3 ll

I

so it hasa similarmeaning to thefirstsentence. Completethe second sentence 1 TEceyisthe teamleader rracey!.t-..1.19..!.e,4d9i--. ot ttre team. 2 Yourgoodsareon a shipat the moment. goodsare............--.-............ sea. At themomentyour 3 Ihe meeting hasended. Thi5is...................-----.... meetrng. 4 Briqhtonis at the bottomof a mapof England southoI England. B ghtonis ............................ 5 Doyou havethe Internetat yourhouseT home? DoyouhavetheInternet..............-........,,,,, 6 Wewalkedtothe nation. foot. Wewentto .,,.,,,,,,,,,.........,,.... people 7 Weemploy250 atthe moment. present. Weemploy250peop|e..............--............ 8 Danielisstillin hisoffice. work. Daniel isstill.........---................

Exercise4llllll Thisexercise includes some complete thefollowing tertswitheithertheor e dash(-) to showno article. revition of unit31.

150

djectives and adverbs A Adiectives and adverbs *

An.djectivedescribes a noul]. Lastyeat we had a significant indease in prolits Lastyeat prcfitt were much betle. than thisyear If yat rdtl bir gdii6 ot ttu sta.knwk.t yot ittl o tory-rdrd /ie,'. (Thesheer.com

t

An adverbeayshow (qulckly),when\tanoffow) at where(over.her€)somethn9 happens

G Adverbsca. comein dfferent poritions.'How' ddverbsuru. y comeafrerrhe verb We planned evertrhing vety.arefu y Ihe ercnony is g.owing slowly. Frequency adverbs(!n t t) comealr€rbe afd .uxitiares,birt befor€orherverbs. She has nevet anlved late she never goes thete Olher'when' ddverbscan cornebeforeor aller u,e vero.

Lastyear ourprclits rose ghtly

Aur profitsrcse slightlylastyear

It we havereveraladverbstogerher,the usuatword order s: H O W- W H E R EW , HEN Our prcfits rcse tlightly in Getmany last yeat r

(NOT ta4yeer]€-€€+m.ay)

As wellas describing vefbs,adverb!can a so descrbeadjectvesand otheradverbs. It's rclatively expensive. (adverb+ adjective) He affived extenely late. (adverb+ adverb)

a Adverbs.realsocoveredin units1,3,5 and 7 (tme expressions);39 (roo,erough);40 (rime wotds likein/an/at, far/sin.e,by/untiD:unirs43 and 44 (tinkngwo.ds,which nctude 'lentence adve.bs': ,hily actually,tn generat,clea y, anw1y): and t)ni| 49 fttends: satesgrcw steadilyall lastyeat).

B Form of adverbs t

Many'how' adverbsareformedby addinq-t to an adjecrive.Atew add-y,-aly, ot -ity, dependingon the spelllngof the originaladjective. slov\t slawly slight Jtghtly caretul - .arcfull, full fully dftnatic dranatically steady steadity

a

som€adverbsand adjectiv€s havethe sameform. Examptesin.tude fast,had, early,tate,hiqh, low rbht:, wrcng, dally/ weekly/ nanthly tquatterty Thisis a fast nachine (adj.) rhis nachine soes very fast (adv) tt's a had decision.(adt) Hes wo*ing veryhard at the manent. tadu.) Notethat the adverbhdrdt is nor relatedro the meann9 oJiard. tt\ so naky t .an hadly thlh*. ('hardly'= almosinoo NoteLhdrgood ( ddjecliveano /e/, s an adverb "n Shes a good negotiatoL She negotiates we .

36 ADJE
I51

Gradableand non-gradableadiectives hat, warn, nild, .ool, cold large/big, snall, tiny are 'gradable. We can makethem strongeror weaker in th€ middleof the sequence Adjectives w th word! ike very d bit, quite, reasonably,relatively,€xtrenely. The weather was quite hotl.o/d (NOr qsi*e+€iliF94re€"iF9.) The nealwas very gaodlbad (NOr Yeqf€t€e$e€tle*{C.) 'extreme'.with theseadjecuves we are 'non'graddbe' or Adjectives at the end of the sequence The talk was absolutely excellentlaMul. \NOI v€ry-€i€ell€na.)

D Order of adiectives a Whenwe havemo.ethan one adlectve we ure thE order: wondeiul, lovely,nice, diffi.ult, inpoftant Opinion

Size Otherqualities ase Shape,pattern,colour origin,nationality Mateial

Type(whatkind?)

Iarye, snall, lang, shatt .heap, clean,quiet, fast new old, secand'hand

cnculaaflat,stiped, rcd,black Ften.h,)apanese,anerican,kandinavian wooden,netal, plastic,steel (phane),ecananic(palicy),safety(device), investmenr thitd-geneQtian (bank),fa.e krean)

canbe nounsusedasadiedivet a words n thefinaltwo calegories

a Herearesomeexamples: iype) a lo-page Ameri.an legal cantrad Giz€,nationality, (quality, age,rype) a last new sportscar an efii.ient wo dwide distribution netwotk (opinon, size,iype) (qLra type) ty,quality, a.heap.ileaneneryysaurce

E Adjectives ending -ing and -ed endinq-i;9 d€sffibesomethingwe are readingto (oltside !t a Adieclives (insdeus) endirg -ed describeour leelingsand reactlons Adiectives Theneeing was very intercning. I was lnterested in your idea about outsourcing Atio Onli'Ic peside,'t Ke"ifl Randolphsayshe doesnot ase tute o the tuub! qf crstonus 'I 4n irturcstet in qtdliry sa*etinr" he k flot tullf intdst^d in n.ttt na*etn.a beedute 'We hdre 100,000alstoftett,tuhkhis ai intcftstin! unb!,bnt I an nat P.itldolph!q$. ess b^cd o' ,dr" (blsiness review veekly rvebsite) tha brci ,xanagins

&A Va-\

Other pai6 like this .re: bored/boting, confusedlconfusing, ex.ited/exciting, nrcdt ing ,"t ,n"ruuut.inallr,g.
W

'irc worcathanyouhlnk, Itgo€Edownto he ktd foor."

52

36 ADJECTIVESAND ADVERES

36 Practice Exercise 1 * # Completeth€ secondsentence so it hasa similarmedningto the fi6t sentence. 1 Th€rewas a s ightfdllin profitsin Ap l. fell ,li4[tlY . Apnlpro'rs....... 2 Therewas a dramdticimprovement in our sharep ce lastmonth. L a
........overthe tastfew monrhs

L e t ' s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... f. o . .r c o f f e e . 5 Ther€hasbeena steadyirnprovement in the inflationfigures. T h e - f a r o nf r g . € s 6 Therewat a dow recoveryin consumerconfidencelastyear Corjsumer confidenc€........ 7 Therehasbeena gradualrisein unemploym€nt.

.. .... tastyeaf.

unemp|oyne.t ................. 8 Thee hasbeenconsiderable growth in KoreanGDPoverrecentye.rs O v e r e c e nyt e a r sf o r e a . lG O P

...............

Exercise2 S * Undedine thecofiectadjective. I coudn'tdo anymo.eworklasrnight.twasjusrsolhdltirtng. 2 I don'tthinktheaudience likedthetalk.Theytooked boted/baring. 3 | don'tthlfk theaudience likedthetalk.tt wara bit borcd/boring. 4 Yournewmulrimedia project sounds reallyexcltedlexciing 5 \or laok warnedlwotrying.ls anythingthe matte.? 5 Theirprofitslaslyearwe'e exlnemely largelenotmous. 7 Ther profitslan yea.wereabsolutely /a.qelenolmous. 8 Thesilesfigu€slastmonthweteuerybadltenbte 9 Warsaw isabsolutely cold/fre€zlng at thistimeol year

Exercise3 !fi Compeiethesenlences withonewordfromrhelistA andonewordfrom st B. A: badly completelyeasilyextemely heavilyquire unexpectedty rve{ B: delayeddesignedheipful iJleqaliate riide promotedrccoqnisabe 1 Thissutcaseisvery..............'.411..H4d..e............. . ttwJ tastfor yearsandyears. youseeihe adveris 2 Thenewprcductis being.............................................. ev€rywhere 3 Thiswebsite isvery................................. ..........._ . I can,tfindtheinfomaUon I ne€d. 4 YoLr've been................................. ............ . I really appreciate it. 5 Ourofficesarc.....................................-.......lookoutforthe argeftags.tthefront. 6 I'msorrymyflighthasb ...........l,llcattyouwhenlarrve. 7 Tdkng brjbesi!............. You'lloseyourjobif rheycatchyou. 8larivedatthepesentation..............................................dndmissedthefirstpan

36 ADjECTIVES AND ADVERBS 153

Exercise4 D Puteachgroupol words nto the bestorder I odjashioned € a r g em . c hn e c u t ln !

^ l^raa old-{arhio^ed otti^a

M^chr^e

2 woodensquareheo ca(ons 3 new packagean amazn9 sottlv:re 4 p e r o da t f : n s l o n t h r e em o n t hd f f i c ut 5 clrLps computerTawaneseh qh-q!: ty 6 d str.tegywe -panned nvenment 7 accesscheap nternethighipeed 8 a n e w r e v ou t o n . r yc o m p u l ehr a n d h e l d 9 a powderwashinqnew wondedul l 0 a w f u p l a n c c h e a ps o u v e 1 n9

Exercise 5 A B wih a word lrcm the n below At th€ end of eachsentence wr te rdl. (adlectve) Competerhe sentences or adv (adverb)to show how the word n lhe gap s be ng used good we '

!\p

eqo

lan

q o

hard hard h€rdy

ian oo-\eo

Mo^Tnry

a^\pLe

ate *€N+ht

ate Io.

d

....4dJ

010,6'

2 ' , n rr o r r yy o u rg o o d sd r eq o i n gt o a r r v e . b o ! t a w e e k Halent you got anyth,ngeafler? I TharI iqhr 1m€ e too , r . e lpnQ4r'oioo19.D.. 4 r."rr' I keepmy eyesopen 5 | wds 50 I redthat co! d d i 5 T h eh o t e w a ! , b ! 1 w e d . t k e l h e i o o dr n t h er e n d u r a n t b e t t e rc a n dd a t e . 7 r ' sa c h o i c eb. u t t h n k C a r . B t l - r € gel everything f nishedon i rn€ lo E had ro work very 9 rn sorry, do. t lndeEland Yo! re talkr.gloo I0 AF l..F o,..e" e ,l r,1S .-9o S^ong

Exercise 6 A B 42

R e a dt h s r e p o rar b o u tl h e c o . v e r q e n .oef m o b e p h o n € as n dh a . d h e dc o m p l t e r su n d e rn e e t h e rt h e or adverbe.ch t me. adlect,ve

seems (1)54us/rtds.jy, but some ll I I peoplee salking mud wilh a nobile $on!', a handheld .omplter like a lall! t pager, and even a n.tebook c.nputer sidr a \2).artetrrionlkatndniannthlkeyboaidas

TheNet:anywhere, inthepalm anytime, ofyourhand

well. Thesedigital devi.es are conlerging \3)tupilhttidu,

but

hanltacturers are ro w

Io! $nting

enails.

findin8 it dilfi.ult to get all the pa.h to

19)d!.u/ditr

inreSrare (4)rropalpDpajy.

s€arlinEforanadd@bmkoEyorscolinE

contenponry

(l2)aafrdJiry and (rl.irapl.,trry0,

but srill

allow phone conpanies to nake a prolit. (14)qri t/qd.Uyh

nobile phon6lml (5)8mdludr,aF Flatiely

throu8h a .ontact xir is (10)sl@rlo

(6)B!odla.iJ at endhg short text n6eE6,

alhough onc you find the 1@e you ce 6U

ma, ad lie nmuiactureE who suc.eed in

the pe@n (11)diatldi@try by jnsi torcning

Settingoerythin8 (15)flghlryeily ae Soingio mke (16)I'rSr,rAdJy prcEts.

blt

don'r wort (7) gmdlu?ri as hedheld

conputers. They lack nemory, s)ncho6e (8) l,adlladl] sith daklop PCs, and ae not

ry,

theph@e nun$er oI olN the bi8 ise in the tuh@ is Inieftt a(K - it needsto be fast,

nrhEsmnovhsver-e

L\is

A Comparatives and superlatives a We usethe comparatveform of an.djectiv€to comparetwo sepaErethings. Comparclve: Model C40Ais more poweiul than nodet C2AA. MadelC2OOis less poweiul than madel C4OO We usethe superlatveform to saythar ofe rhing in a grcup hasmoreor essof a quatitythdn Supe ative:

The most poweiul nadet that we nake is the C6AA. The lezn powedul modet that we make is the C200.

B Form tl Theto.m dependson the numberol syllabesin rhe word and the spe nq Comparative Sup€rlative Onesyllable cheap cheaper nice nicer One syllabeendlng vowel- consonant

biq

One/two syllables ending-/

rcky

iskiel

easy

easiel

Twoor more syllablee

noden expensive

mote/tessmoden morc/less expensive

bigger

the btggest

iot

the most/least nadem the most/teastexpensive

A fid,.ltit"E .o,tn t is atu oI the longst ahdmostsophistieatell tld ntucnot!uilLavetsitn. (Ent.cprcne!rhnemrtion!llvcbsite) a Notethatone-syllable adjeclives endingin s ngt€vowet- sinqte consonant doubte thef nal consonant, andlhal -y becornes i big - bigger flat - flafter wet - wettel easy- Pasie. nosy - hoisiet happy- hoppiel o Sometwo-syllable adj€ctives .an Io.m n eirherway.Ex.npesirclrdecteve,cannan,nanow palfte,quiet,sinple tied. comman commonerlmorccommon the .onnanest /the l'i,ostcannon I

NotethaiIong.djectveshavebothnole/most.nd /ess//easr, butshorradjecrives ontyhave

o Notethefollowinorffegular lorms: good better tar

rheber. the wotst

fanhet/fulther

Jdpdi\ e.o"o"'), is @ah.intr. h' .l'r,e\ af reco'eryio'n the uo^t ttowdotuhsifte Watd Wot II dt leui'ts sn'alletd t1rnaller crcry /dl (Yahoo tsusines NeNs lvebsire)

3t coMPARll{GI

155

C Other points a We uset,an to link the thingswe arc.ornparing Thisyeafs profits wll be a little hlgher than lastWar's It's a lat morc difficult than I thought at fi51. seeunits35and37a a

form. we useaheor a possessive Beforca superlative Thisk theloutlDigicon's nost pawerful madel adjectvescan be usedwithout a noun if the meanng is clearfrcm comparativeand superldtive the.ont€xt. Thehlewl of seMiceis good, but ours is better Digicamprcduces a rarge of nodels, but this one is the most poweiul

a The presentperfeciwith everis often usedwith sup€ atives Thisis the mon powEtlul machine that vtP have ever prcclu.ed Thisis one ol the best mealsI have evet eaten Tlp Btdzilid,i !ry.ri'd'/]ct .l'di, Pno d. Alt@r ryatted d ltoit oI USS167 )ht tdst vcdr,the NNs Americas$ebsite) ldrgst i! haseoetMd.. (Business

D Comparing equal things a we can comparetlvo equalthinqswirh (/urt)a5... a5.We savthat two thingsarenot equa do nol change. with notas .. a5.Theadjectives The C600i is Aust) as powe.lul as the C5oo. The C40o is not as powerlul as the C600. 'Ii? k i" ailtncct irc ahout'ryply and doi|id io'dd,ie nk L Pally is as sinpte as nt. (Gulf Busines Mag.,ine wcbsitc) - j6t not aslood ds n $ed to tr( (Bustrlesswcek h\ !iI\ zoodto bc knu oI ro/t totpotation

E Comparing actions at theendoi thesentence. we canuseanauxiliary action5 a wh€nwe compare fhe C6OO runsfastetthanthe C400. OR TheC600tur|Jfastetthanthe C400does OR Youvedonemote work thanI have Yau",edone morcwotk thanme.

156 37 COMPAR|I{G I

37 Practice Exercise l IltI Underline thecorrect words. 1 Thenewlineshouldbe50ptofrtableaslasJ|lgijabbjjrhe otd one. 2 Thishandsetis tlre mo5tprofrbuelthe n,orcprcfitablewe,veevermade. 3 ThisveGiofof the programme is the mostrecentlrecenfer. 4 fte guarantee isa yearlongerrharlrhatwithourotdermodets. 5 Nothingis wo6elworstthandsring a flight b€cause of traffic. 6 Thisprinteris oneof the benlbefer on the ma*et. 7 the meetingwasnt /ongas/as/onga5| thought. 8 Todaythe sha.ep ce is mo€ t€dlwoAe thanit wasyesrerday. 9 l'm soary, thejourneytook /orger fianlahe /ongestwe expected, 10 We'll be theE soon.lts not muchlar€flfur|fie..

Exercise2lIII

Complete thesentences witha comparative or superlative fom ofthe adjective in brackets. Include ar,, othernecessary wordsfikefhe,mote, less,asot than, (big)sofrdrinksmanufactlrer l coca-cola is ...!.1-e--.hf4395J... in theword. 2 Thiskeyboard isquitediffi(ultto use.lt!............................. onet,musedto. Gmall)the 3 Theconference wasa ljttledisappointing. tt was............................. (intereninO texpected. 4 Yesterday (hot)daj6of theyear wasoneof ............................. 5 | thinkthissuggestion (good)theotherone. is ----..............-_-5ltlimpossibletochoosebetw€enthesetwoproducts.Oneis............................{go 7 TheflEt foundof negotiations waseasy. Thenextwillbe............................. (dfficut). 8 We?eonlya smallcompany. (targe)the We?enot ............................. marketleaderin oursector. 9 Thisyearoursales (bad)tastyear. figureare.................__..____.... (bad)caseof corruption 10 Thisis ...................-......... we,veseenfor yea15.

Exercise3lllll Putale suitableword in eachspace. 1 Wearebigger....1.14!\.... GNC,but Satcoare......!!9....biggest in themarket. 2 | c;n seeyoueitherday.Onedayis .............__._ good................. theother 3 Nobody knowsmoreaboutelecvonics ................. Ti 4 Ofcouuel'llspeak to him.ltsthe................. tcando afterallyourhetp. 5 solly,5% dis.ountismy.best ofter.tt3the ................_ | cando. 6 Heis oneof the.-............... diflicultcustomers thaveeverdeattwith. 7 Everyone els€hadwo*eda lotlonger ontheproject .................t ................. . 8 idonl thinkthatthismarket is-................ risky................. itwas. 9 Ihe restaurants arethesame. Thisoneis ......._......... asexpensive ................. thatone. 10 Thisestaurani is betterfor us.tts ..___............ asexpensive ................. thatone.

' 7 C O M P A R I N G1

I57

E x e r c i s e 4 A BC D Comp ete the secondsentenceso t hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentence lhan P.Lr 1 D.v d s a beter technician pa!l s nor 1]t-..ieed,.4 t?eh^ici1'.^ 4{......... Davd. dnalynthan Caro. 2 Nobodyat KBN s d better nvestment . . . .. . . . a t K B N caro s the you repo.t.5 3 l haven'tread.s manyseclons ot the 4 lexpectedthe rneelingto .n longer -... pr " e r . g d i d .a5 Olr tra n ng bLdgetisnt as b I asyours ' o u ' d , n i n gb - d o " .. .. given B morermpo.tanlthan th s one 6 No present.ton ve 7 Thisspeakers more nlerenng lhan the .rt one The an speakerwds not 8 late e$ ih.n Georqe did I d dn't

n.al on sk s tha.lane 9 N o o n e n t h e t e a mh a eb e t t e cr o m m u 10

hsverarelyme1a more nleresln9 person

Exercise 5 A B ?f43

abo!t nvestmen o tp t o n sw i t h t h e c o m p a r r t i voer e ! p e r a t ! el o r m so f t h e C o m p l e lteh e n r a g a z naer t i c l e in brack€ts adlect,ves

lnvestment choices:riskandreward lr this rFoo $e1F gornt ro ooh at l5e three mai. typeso' loals l i n r e : r n e l L s : c d c .t - b d i h a rc o u r l s Jb, o n d s( l o n g r e r m that glve a fxed rate of rctum) and stocks (equities).The

stocks. Funds that invest in developedecofomies are a ( 8 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. s. -e. .n.s. .i b Lceh) o j c et o r m o s ip e o p l e , as the markets have more liquidty and it s ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.e. .a. .s-y.f.)o r t h e f u n dm a n a g et o r buy

\ L ) . . . . . . . . . . . . * . P : t . . . . . . . . . (. .s.a i e )i s c a s h ,a n d t h e f a c t t h a t and sell. Blt iher€ are also emergngmarketfundsthat invest this has less rlsk than the othefs meanslhat it also has a in counties like China,Indiaor Turkey. Thesemarketsare only ( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l .o.w . .).r.e. t u f n .l i y o u w a n t a ( 1 0 ) ( a - . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .g. .g.r. e . s s r vnev) e s r o ros r ( 3 ). . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .(.g. .o. .o.d. .r)e t u r ny o u s h o ud . o n s i d e r r o . t h e a l l a s t h e y h a v e m u c h ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (. .h-i.g. .l .r.) bonds. These are fxed interesi investments,and are a

volatillty. So wfar is Lie Ll2)...................................,Boo when interest .ates afe talling- The a balance.In the ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . .(-r.l.s. k y ) f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t solution?[4ostlinancialadvisorsrecomrnend much middle oi your career you can afford to have a s stocks. They offer the chance of . .r. g . .e. .p) a n o i y o u r n v e s t m e n r s ( 6 ) . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. g . .r.e. .a. .tp) r o f i t so v e rt h e l o n gt e r r n , ( 1 3 ) . - . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l a but you might make a loss if the companydoes badly.The as slocks,pehaps 60-€0%,with somebondslor stabilltyand ' o r e r e r g e n c r eA s .( v o Jg e r( I 4 l , , , , , , , . ,. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . { 7 ) . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . (. .b-a. .d. .)c. a s e s c e n a r i oi s t h a t i h e c a s l can (neai retkementyou shouldconsiderswitchingmost or your companygoes bankrupt and you lose every'thing-You youravailablecasl_ reducethe risk by investlngin a tund ratherthan individual rnoneyio bonds,and increasing ( 4 ) . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(-a. -t .i .r .a c t i v eo) p u o n t h a n c a s h , padicu arly

A Large and small differences .

We can !s n9 adverbsof deg.ee(seeunit 39) to ralk abourdffercnces. Product Product A

B llsinomore... a,rrdn

5224 $300

$200 $200

$120 $ 180

$200 $200

$400

$200 $200

$450

Ais a bit/ a liftlebit/shghtlymoreexpensvethan B. A is cansiderably/ nuch / a lorlfar moreexpensive than B U s i n gd 5 . . .a s a is nor neart ar expensive ds B. A s,almanl nearly/ not quite as expensiveas B A is nrlce ai erperslL€ as L A is more r,ia?rlwlceas expensveas B

Forig cilnr!. r'd*.x dr.I ntorc nldtilc dtu| Mfrdktdhb than @ntoditi.s ndrkets. (Afriqn Busnre$Dusrzine webs,te) a We can lse ev€, to emphasise the compdison. by rht lapd,t it a ftutry .fitl ..f lisribtto^, i/,oksnh^ dd othct,tid. eh?r. Ih. dislttdtia causad htnt.t corl.lb( e"engtatet th.n ih th. US. (FT.conrvebsirc)

B Other stru(tures with comparatives a Wecansaythatsometh i9 is increasing or decre.s ng by usingiwo comparattves tinkedbyano. ThepeRonalpensions natket E grcwihgbigget and bigger hvestoRarebeconng morc and morc sophistkated, a Wecansaylhatonesituation depends on another by usingrheandonecornpararive fo owed by theandanother comparative. Thelonger the strikegoesan, the morc diffi.ult it wittbe to find a sotution. TIr bilfet the.onpd y atu|thc latget i$ asu,the!rcatet hc oppota'1tyta ye ttuken.tors .If.iri.irr @usine$weekodine website) phrases a These arealsous€fulfor compaingthings: exacfly/justlalnost/neay/vinuallylmoreor less/rcught rhe same... as... exactlyljust lvery/norc/ less/quite/a bit/a ltttte ke conptetetytquite/slighttyd JferentIrcm .omparcdtoltn compatison , with Ohliae/etaik^ aith 30 d,tploytsharcto olletexaet| the'ane tervi.eas ttudingraflpdnk\oith hna@l

i'i bilions oI anos. (Connedis

website)

C Phraseswith superlatives I

phrases Theee arecornmon wiih superlatives. Oneoi the Byfar the/Easilythe

largest rctailing graups in Latin Anei.a . latgen retailinggrcup in LatinAneri.a.

The second/third/fourth /aryest retailing grcup in Latin Anerica The rc.essianthatfallotnd tlp dolb oisn o.f 1994 vas one of the wotst in Me'i.dn httary (Global BusinessMrgazine vebsite)

2 159 r8 COMPARING

D Comparingadverbs lo ow exac(ly thesamerulesasadlectives. a In genelal, adv€rbs hard,hardeLthe hatdest Onesyllable: early,earlieLthe earliest Twosy abesending-)a Twoor moresyllables:

effi.iently,mote/less efficiently,the most/least efficiently

o The adverb, wel/ and badly arc neq:r)ar batlly, vwrse, the wa6t well, bettet the best as adlectv€s. a We can usethe samestfirctur€s ln the 1Tsectar peaple ate having to wak hader and hatder to get promotian The qui*er we can sign the deal, the sooner vvecan staft prcductton 'nor arfrnq ntat tlre US slotudow is dboutto end alftost as soonds it begdnnis\ thepai,t ardrlY (Businesweek*bsite) and superativeadverbswhen the verbhasthe form oi a prcsent a We often needcomparative partc pe (do,nq)or a pastparticiple(done). Karea is one af the most rapidly developing counties in the vvo d Thisproduct is morc atttactively designed and mote solidly built 'lL. D.t Dei\th. tsdrkill be bettetplacedto tr i^ sttolg.otlranteEktia$hipt to hen.ftJNtk th. t?stnmni'Ka d v&A booktdik"tly happetinr44osjEurl. (BusinesWcet websrte)

E Comparing nouns nolnsusrngthewordsbeow saeuni!r0 a Wecompare ''' people, customels, bankt norns (prcducte, Countabe (nat) fewest, as nany ... as morc,fewe, the most,the we havefat morc peoplewo*ing fot usnaw than tuo yeas ago we don't haveas many produds on themaket as tua yeatsaqo progress) Iniomation, nouns (t me,money, Uncountable (not) much the least, as as more,less,the most, iessmoney I n watkingasa freelancetnow andt eamconsidetably twould like mu.h time fot reading as I dan't havenearlyas

ULLY!1MkKet lltt tAnehslhKetftflr tErE Buf|7 ltftKEs hLWMMne 1ftEA'0 MUul

150 3a COMPAR|I{G 2

38 Practice E x e r c i sleF F $ i g G Undeiinethecorrect worcis. 1 Thenew designis considetably note lightlljg\@trhan rheold one 2 Therca€ nearly twiceasmanypeoplewo*ing he€ aslthanlasty€ar 3 Th€soonertheydecide,it's betterlthebetterlot ut all. 4 Ihees eachtine nore/morc andnore invesrmefiin Chinaeveryyear. 5 We havethe nearlylargenltheiecord /a4genmd*et sharcin Tlrkey. 6 Ths modelmight be bettetfot yo,r.lr's slightlylquite lessexpensive. 7 Thisisourtuterlfanenselling prcduct. 8 Ev€rythings gettingmoreandnote expslsivetexpeniver and expensiver. 9 lf needed,couldthis prodl]dionlinego nore quickly/morequicker? l0 lt'sa littlemoreexpensi!€, butthequalityismuchbefterlmorc befter. 11 Oursales year this arevirtually thesameasliheequa/ot bn yeal 12 Thisis oneof fhe besf/thev!e//o4anisedconferences l'veeverbeento.

Exercise 2 d ; Wite a word or phrasefrom the listnextto a similarwod or phrasebetow YrcNilly

a bit

roughly

nearly/...vift!44!!y.... To e or less/................

exadly

much

a tittte/........................

tat/.....................-.

)us\l

Nowcomplete thesesentences byw tingthe pairsofwords/phrases ln thespace, p same. 1 Theytesimlaf.They'€....I9,rXh1y.1-!,.PI3...?1...\e11.... 2 They're verysimilar They .............. thesame. 3 They're identical. They?e ......... thesame. 4 X costs $580andY costs t600.X is.................................................... cheaper 5 X costs X is.................................................... $400andY cosls $600. cheaper

Exercise3 m Rewrite eachsentence (ddrg)or a pasrpadicipte usinga supe.lative witha present parricipte (done). I Fewc.editcadsareaccepted aswidelyasVisa. visa s probauy........ih9...r.o..!..!..*j.d9ly...4slepJ#-........ (edit card. 2 Nomarketisgrowingasfan asChina. Chlna is..................................................................... market. 3 Fewwatches on themarketaredesigned asclevey asthe newSeiko. Then€wSeiko h oneof .... ...................... watches onrhemarker. 4 F€wof olf products aresellinq aswellasthis. Thisisoneof our............. prcducts. ............ 5 Fewf.ctsaboutOracle arclessknownthanthis. Thisisoneof _.................___ .....lacB abourorace. 6 Noareaof business ischanging anything likeas|apidlyasbiotechnotogy. Byfar ..................-... . of business is biot€chnology.

2 161 38 COMPARING

E x e r < i s e 4 A E : cE A companywantsto movepremises and ther€ares€veraloptions.Readthe deta s in the table Possible new premises

size (square metres)

rent per square metre

Dockldnds (.onverted warehouse)

2a5

5500

$120,000

CityView BusinestPark

300

$350

$125,000

12

NelvtownIndustrialAre.

310

$200

$105.000

30

distance from city centre (km) 4

.unning .osts per year

Now completethe sentences wilh the phrasesfrom the n below 5l€htt

not nea.ly

by iar

ess slightyle55 conrrderably

y the sdme a lot mo.ethan tlvice roLrqh a moslas much almostas mdny

tl'{htly 1 The threeoprons are allaboul the sarnesze, but N€Mown 6 2 l h e r u n nn 9 c o s t sa t D o ( k l a n dasn dC i l yV r e wa r e. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

than the olherlwo pacei

3 The runnng costsat NeMown are 4 There'5

.........

.. arqer

. . . . . . . . . .s.q l a r em e l r e sd t D o c k a n d s . sa l C t y V e w

.. . . . . . . . . . . .s. p . .a c ea t D o c k l a n dassa t C t y V i e w 5 Theres . ......than at ih€ othertwo places. 6 Therent at Nev!,town 7 T h er e n ta r D o c k l a n dsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. r. e n ia t N e M o w n is .. ih€ c osertto the c ty centre. 8 Docklands as convenrent as C ty vew. n terrnsof accessto the centre,NeMown is ..... 1 0 Y o ud h a v ei o t r a v e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.u. .r t h e rt o g e tt o N e M o w n 9

ExercisesABCDE a'

44

-ao. ct the ldble en co'nol.rer'e p'ese^tot,o e\racl w tr ohra-es1on t e li-t belo^ tw ce .s m.ny a lot a little iF-€6+apa+is€€-r'.iih hryce as much roughlylhe same ditlerenl limil.f by f.r contiderabymore sales $ mil.

% .hange

Profit ! mil.

% chanse

50.000

42

5,000

150

Texaco

52,000

43

3,000

116

Exxonl/obil

210,000

29

16,000

102

Ch€won

'if we look atthe igur€sforthe oilseciorlaslyear.you can5€ethat the threelarg€stuS companies alldid verywell (1) .!l..S9Yp4dtel...t'{-t.1. ttre previousyear Letssta|t by comparingchevronand Texa.o.Thensabswere(2).................................. , athouqh profit.Lookingat the year-on-year trcndyou can seethai the chewon rnade(3) ................-................. percentage wh€reasthe changein saleswas very(a) . ............ .........betlveenthe two companies, ln fact,Chewon3p.ofitsqrew changeln profitswas quite(5) ............. .. . . ( 6 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.a. s. .t.e. .-r- -1 5 0 o /coo . n p a r et d o I167o. Now lerSlook at Eson Mobil,the mafkelleader.The tableshowsthat Exxonis (7) . ......--........... s.lesas ch€won and Texacocombined, the largestcompany, with morethan (8) ...... pmfit. ln termsof percentage figuresw€re and exacily(9) .................................. 9rowth,Exxon's ( 1 0 ) . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. w . . .e. r.t .h.a. ni t st w o . o m p e t i t o 6 . '

A Adverbs of degree ,

Adve65of degreeshowhow big or lmponantsomethingis Theymdkethe meanng weaker (smalldegree)or stronger(largedegree).

quite fairly,prev rathecrcannably,relatively ertrenely,reay, very absolutely, completeiy

Larqedegree:

Mdr( Fdliet k noteda' d sl@tly t@,nn Lat ali Dr.gazinewebsite)

rery Aonate ,1dtk!t ipst.r (^six it).

a Lookat thes€examples W th adtectves: Wrth adverbs: With verbe Wirh comparatives:

tt was a litlle expensive/ Bthe. strcngetvery prafessionat. tt was done a bit tate/ quik quicktylvery prafessionaly |rca y tlisagree. fhey ve increasedthelr affer a lit{e. ft s a bit/slightty/contiderabty/nuchl a tot cheapet

B loo, enough, not enough 'moreth.n it necessary a Ioo means or good'.A/orenoughmeanstessthanis necessary or good'.Enough rneansasmuchas6 necessary'or 3uflicient. Thesalaryis too low. Advefbs:

l'n mtry it goes too slowly

Therc'stoo mu.h work a

Thesalaryisn't high enough. In sa1y,it isn\ fastenough Thereisn't enough time

Notethe potitrons:bo comesbeforeadjecrives, adverbsand nouns;erough comesafrer adtectvesand adverbs,but beforenouns

a We 6e too many/few+ puralnouns.nd roo muchl/1ft/e+ uncolntabt€nouns fhete ate too many people intolved in the proje
C Other structurer with too and enough After too and enoug, we can l]sea phrasewfth for. TheirdelieErytim?s are too bng lor us. Hare we gat enough .hans for everyone? Aiter too and erough we can lse a ro infnitive. Salesarc too slaw to make nuch profit. We dan't have enough tirr,eto do evetfihins Srntlt pfi, n,Ja/Dtatiat te.lutoLog' is jt{l nor n"patatlt douth o itt otut1to geretatea rjtdinetl r.o/.rr. (FT.con s€bstre)

39 ADVERBS OF DEGREE 163

D So and st|ctl t

We usero andru.h for emphasis. 50 with adjectives andadverbs: Sucha with ddjec(ive + singuldr noun: Su.h/Sonary/So few with pluralnouns: Suchlso nuch/So little with uncountabe nolns:

The neeting finished so qui.kly. tt was su.h a qui.k meeting. You have such fiendly.olhagues. We sold so nany policies last nanth! tt was su.lt good advi.e.

I have so much wotk to do. 'S$h a big nerfd h6 htry .ohpetittueihrylietions,' saysd seniot Cirhan bdikih! etuttiE. (Busine$rffeek onrine websire) t

Solsuchand too aredifferent.solsuchexpress an opinionwhichcan be eitherpostve or negative.Ioo suggests a dfficulty.thal somethingcannotbe done. Thercare so nany people involvedin the project (its just my opinion) Thercare too nany people invohed in the prcject. (w€ need to reducethe number) solsuchcan be usedwilh that to express a result.Ioo cannotbe usedwith that. The neeting finishedso quickly that t was hone by 5.30. (NOT r€€€!i€kt+ha{)

Quite, fairly, p,ew or rathen a Quite.tairlyandptettynean'amedium amount. 'Likt htottbrtilctstt, trt'ft .dttiott dborttIMt ktitht onE in thc $t .ary1caf :la.a$, fairly y bktse oI'lk Alii" srndrtor.'(busnress revicwlveeklywebsirc) "'ar a In AmercanEnglish prettyis a common wayol sayingvery'. a Wecanchange ih€ meaning of gulrein British English bystress n9the adjectve in speech. fhe meaning changes to'very'.Thisiscalledund€Etatement. Thercstaurant v,las meaning: it wasOK) WjE good. (normal Thercstaurantwasqule g99g!.(unde6tat€ment: it wasverygood) a natherakome;ns'amedium amount',but it oftensuggests thatsomethig s bad,surprsng of unusu;|.lt ismoreformal. Its rathetlateto do anything royv (lt3alinetoolar€,'m.frad) (l enjoyedt, surprs ngly) good. Therestaurcntwasrathet a W th a comparative we canonlyuse/aiher,notqu,te. Theneenngbok nther longer thanI expeded.(NOTqsir€-l€ng€r) 'absolute quttemeans r Withsomeadjectives y' o. 'complete y'. These incllde:absurd .ertara different,hopeless, inpossible,ndicubustighL sure,ttue, wrcng. I'n quir€certainaboutthis. (= absolur€ly certain) Areyousurcthats qrite rtghf? (= complet€ly fght)

'ntlJq

d, *. r '64

raL ^q4 h4t dd y' y4 4t P e 14 'e44.ofia t.4.' 4n'4t

164 39 ADVERBS OF DEGAEE

39 Practice Exercise l XHH Matcheachphrasel+ withtheph€seaFh)withtheclosenmeaning. Becareful-some arcsimar.

E 2 lt'squiteslow3lt'sEtherslow 5ltssodow

n tr ! tr !

u !

8 lts notdow enough.

a) lt3 comparatively slow b) lt'sslightlyslow c) lt3 fairly s ow. d) lt! a littletoo slow' m afrad.

e) lwant it to be evenslower f) Theresa problem. lwant it to befaster jow lt really is very 9) h) OK.Thatsasslowasit needs to be.

Exer
Exercise3tr[n Completethe sentences with oneof thesewords:too, erot"gh,sq such,much,many,little,few. I lsyourcoffee.....-t99....hot?Wouldyoulikea littlemoremilk? 2 | had................. ................. troublefindingsomewhe€ to parkthatI affivedate. problems 3 | had................. ................. finding somewhere to parkthatI arrived ate. 4 Therewere................. ........-....---. replies to the lastmailing thatwewon'tdo anoih€r. 5lhad..........---.---....--.-----..:..cashonmethatlcouldn'ievenbuyasandwich. 6 Thepriceof thejrshar€s is................. highto buyanymorerightnow progr€ss 7 Weternaking -................ thatwe shouldfinisha w€ekea y. 8 Weteexpecting Thisroomwon'tbe large................. a lot of people. . 9lcouldn'tdoanyworkonthetrain.lwas.................ti€dthatlfellasleep. quicklyfor 10 5hespeaks..............-.meto undernand. 11 Theypay................. latethatwe won't.eceive the moneyuntillune. 12 Thats..........--...-a goodidea.lt'lls3ve usthousands of dollars.

39 ADVERBSOF DEGREE 165

Exercise4 !E usingeitherso..- that... or such... that... . Lookat the tablebelow,then combinethe sentences, 1 a) Ther€w.s a big drop in theirsharepice. b) Thedrop in therrsharepricewas verybig. 2

+ Investo6b€camev€rynervous.

by 25% per month campaiqnwasveryslccessful. + Salesincrcased a) Theadvertising campaignwas a success. b) Theadvertising

wirhin48 hours worksverywell. + Mostgoodsaredispatched system 3 a) Ouroder processing ' ryilem. b\ we dved verygoodorderprocesing 4 a) Thatcompanyhasverylargebankdebts. b) Ihat compdnysbankdebtsarc verylarge.

+ Iheres a isk twll haveio cos€ down.

5 a) The Internetconne.tionisveryfd5t. b) Thereis a veryfast Intemetconnecton.

+ Web pagesappeafalmostinstanly

veryneruous. investors becam€ 1 a)rhere wast$s..h..4..F14..C1-.9r..il...lherf..tkle..rIisg..lh4.i. investo6 verynervous. hi4...tl*t................. became b) Thedropin theirlharepricewas.................tq . sales ifcreased by2s%perrnonlh was........................... 2 a) Theadvedising campaign ................sal€sncreased by 25%permonih. b) Theadvertising campaig .......... mostgoodsare ng synemworks........ 3 a) Ou.oder process dkpatched w thin48 ho'r6. arcdispatch€d wthin48 houB. ......mostgoods b) we have........................ ........... there!a riskit w haveto closedown 4 a) Thatcompany has.... a riski w have theres bankdebts are.......................................................... b) Thatcompanys to closedown. instantly is................................ ......................... Webpages appear alrnost 5 a) Thelnlemet connection web pages appeaf aLmon instantly. .......... ....................... b) There is ......................

Exercise 5mm Cornpletethe secondsentenceso il hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentenceand contansthe word in brackets. 1 | d dnl buy that laptopbecausethe screenwas too small.(eiough) lddllbt,ylhal aplop oecdue th4 4raan v'^'^'t'' lar4e e^ough 2 The prcblemwas so difficultlhat I rcferredit to my Lnem.naqer.Gud) I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .t.h a t I e f e r r e di t t o r n yl i n em a n a g e r . 3 Thereweren'tenolgh copiesof ihe agenda.(lew) There.....................................................................ofthe49enda. fo. all the results.(little) 4 The€l not enoughspaceon this spreadsheel t h s s p r e a d s h ef o e ri a l lt h e r e s u l t s . T h e r c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thatthey gaveus the contraciimmediately. 5 i was sucha good presentation Go)

The................-......................................-.-.-........ih.ttheygav€!sthecontractimmed 6 | sod too few unitslan monthto get a bonus.(enough) . . o. .n. .t.ht o g e t a b o n u s . | . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.a. .s. .tm 7 l'vegot su.h a busyschedulethat I can't m€etyou uniil ne( T!e!day.($) . . . .t h a t l c a n ' tm e e ty o u u n t i ln e x t T u e s d a y 8 We'vesentout lots of brcchurcsand we' needto printsomemorc.(many) . . . . . . .w. e ' l ln € e dt o p i n t s o r n em o r e . W e ' v es e n to u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (too) 9 I haven'tgot enoughtlme to prepareforthe m€eting. ''vegot-.....................--..................-.....................topr€parcforthemeetinq M y s c h e de ! ...-..................

ime adverbs A tn. on, at, no preposition the noning /.tuneI the sunnet / the thnd quadet/ 1998/the sixties/ the twentteth century oti .t

Fri.laylfriiay noning/the 2nd of Aprlllthe seend/Chtistnas Day thrcefifteenltheweekend/theend af the week,nonth, ei../night/

EasteaChristnas, e\c./ breakfast, lun.h, dinnel no preposilion this morninglyestetday afternoon/last night/the day befote yestetdayta few daysago/ last week/ tamanow narning / the day after tanarrow / next week Thewod nbht hassomespecialiorms: t vvakeup three times in the nighr (= during rhe n ghl) tt happenedon ftiday night l= one panrcularnrShl) (= in generawhen it is n Sht) Thehatelis quitenoisyat night t

We can use/, fo. the t me t takesto complelesomelhing Thisproductian line can uoduce 8A vehi.lesin a day. We can a so usein to ta k about 'timefiom now' Thenew afflces will be rcady in two montht/in

two months' tine.

B On time oJ in time? t

O/r time.neansat the rightiime' /n tlm€ meafs 'with enoughtime' fhe planetaak off exa.tlyon lirne. (notlaleandnoteary) We affivedat the aipad in time to havea meal. (earlyenolgh to do somerhng) ttsnnr.q prt lt at dkpakh.tlon ti'ne it tu siut)lat taskJ;tr\ a y L,.ttis*tanpa y (ConDcctr \Lcbsltc)

C Foh since, during, aEo seeahounn5 a We lse lor and slncewith the presentpe.fectto talk aboutsonrething conrinuinqup to ihe presentwe usefor to ra L aboui the periodof I me and shce to saywhen t staded. t've lived here tor six nonths. (per od of lime) tve livedhercsin.e tanuary. Foint in time when t narted) We can a so usefor with othertenses,and sornetrneswe c.n leaveI o!t. I m staying in the UK fot a year The training peiod laned (for) sixmonths. t

We.an ule dur;49to talk about perodsof time. OurlnganeweBthe question'When?'For answeBthe question'How long, I didn t feel neNous dunng rry prere,tation. (when?) (how long?) Shetalked for about thifty minutes.

t

Ago rneans'beforcthe present'.ltis usedwith the pan sjmpe. tcane hete six nonths ago. (NOT 5in€€+*-rF€€{ha)

t

To refer to . time before another t me we use beforc (that) at pteviausly. I came here six manthsaqa. Before that/Previously, I lived in Rone

40 TIMEADVERBS 167

D During oJ while? .

Duni?gis a preposition and comesbeforea nounph'ase Whiteis a nkinqword and cones beforea causeGubject+ verb). t naved into the na*eting area duing my time at Bacardi. I naved inta the na*eting arca while I was wotking at Ba.ardi.

E By or unfin a Symeans'onor beiore'.Untilmeans'upto'. t need your repott by Friday. (on or befor€ Friday- perh.ps Thu6day) She'llbe awayuntil kiday. (allthe time up to F day) If hihg' haatrt clnnted dnft'dtiuly bf 2006, then Cenhal Euape . pdrt o.fits drti-food b6i'tc$. (BusinessCenrml Iurcpe website)

udte laadbyeta a ldrye

Whenwe lse by we look back.Whenwe useunnTwe ook forwdrd. By ten I had deaft with all ny e...'ails. lwaited until ten and thenlleft.

F fhen, afterwardt

after, Iater

a Thenandafterwatds arc\,erysimial lhen s usedlike,next,n a sequence Afterwards s used like al a late.iime'or 'aftersomething ekehashappened, andcancomeal theendof a FiEtwe discussed lastnonths' sales,and then theadvettisingcanpaign. We discussed theproblem,andaftetwatds evertthingwasOK It wasa long neetingand we went fot a dink afretwads. Cooglcw6 gouirr vcry,ucryIast at lrc tin'e.W. rcalizetl.w rcededa lot oJdkkspda,an.lla tul wrt ott drd botghtI 20 hatddiat $iry all oI ow oedit&d' rnd awTic ds'oedit.aftl!.Ptcuy tao" aJt.tuadr, M rot souepnrdrci vestntutts thtotqhStdilod Uti,cttity. (tsusiness We€k a After s uslallyfolowedby anobject. After the meetingI needto speakto you. Wediscussed theproblen, andafter that everythidgwasOK. a tatermeans'aftersometime'. SatahJanesisn't hereat the nonent. Canyou cone backlaAr?

G Calendar references I

ln the UK peoplesaythe tenth of )une at Junethe renihand wite Day/Month/year 1A/6/03.

a

ln the USApeoplEsayJuneren and write Month/Day/\ear 6/1A/A3

16A 4(' TIME ADVERBS

40 Practice Exercise1ff 1 . . . . . i 1 . . . .+ p a r i !o f d d y( t h ee v e n j n g ) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . l.o n g e r e l i s i o uhso l i d a y(sE a n e d 3 ...... . ... + me.l times(dlnner)

9 . . . . . . . . . . .+ y e d r s( 1 9 9 s ) rc ...............+dayslMandah jj . .......+ ddr€s(5 May)

4

t2

................+speci.ldays\mybinhday)

s ................. + ong periodsfthe finereerrh cenrud 6 ............... + clocktimes(four fi,lay) 7 ....... + day+ pad ol day lMondaynorning) 8 ... .....

+ s e a s o n( sd , ew i n l e r )

. . . . + r n o n r hC s 4ug!5t) B ................theweekend 14 ...... ... thenoment j5 ....... . ..... thatday 16 ............ theendoftheyeal

Exercise2 m It is nowWedn€sday aflernoon. Putrhesephrases intoorder.wiih 1 dsrh€rnondistanr tf ihe past,and l4 asth€ mondistantin rhefururc. 1 . 4 . . . 2 . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . 6 . . .N. .O . W 7 . . . .8. . . . . 9 . . . . .1. 0 . . . . 1 1. . . . .1. 2. . . 1 3. . . . .t.4 a/ a rewoaysago b) tonight c) in a fewweeks'time d) in a forlnight e/ n an houf t) tastnight g) tastweek

h) nexiweek i) rhs evenn9 D thismornn9 k) thedaybeloreyenerday l) tomorrow eveniig m) yesterday morniig n) thedayaftertomorrow

Exercise3tsHryqEFS Underline thecoffectwords. I Sorry| wasor.rtof the offi.e tLi:Bltjtg/in thisnorning. 2 'll glveyo! a callrexih7e€klat nextweek. 3 8ye.l'llseeyouthedayaftettamonowlthe nextday. 4 W€ havea secuityguardio lookafterthep€mises at thenbh at night 5 lt3 veryimporiant to .rriveat meerings o, tiDelrr r/r)re in rhiscouniry 6 I yor ani\ean tinetih tirr,ewecanlatka titttebeforcrhemeetng staa(s. 7 Thejointvenlurehasbeenoperating successfutty for/duing \hrceyearc. 8 We hadoneor tlvo problemsforlduting rhe sunmer.bul thtnqsareOKnow 9 I startedworkingherestnte twn yea5tt yoyear5ago. l0 Themarketcrashed. Lu.kiiythadsoldmyshares a few monthsagolbelore. 11 During/WhileIhe meeringI madea lot of notes. 12 During/ WhileshewastalkingI madea lot of nores. 13 lt happened during/whiledot comshaEswer€boomingin 2000. 14 t happenedduringI Mile the dor-.omboomof 2000. 1s We hav€to finishthisprcj€cr bylurtl theendof rh€month. 16 llavetowoAlalerttbFhereunrl/byeighr t-5 evF^19 17 Wercviewed thetrainingplans, anda/?erlrhe, tatkedabourthe cost. 18 We hadlunch,andafterwardrla/rer I showed themroundthefactory 19 Afte\/ardslAfter lun h I showedthem roundth€ facrory 20 | cant talknow.I ll c.li youlaErlafteMardstoday.

/TI'TIMEADVERBS 169

Exercise4 S perfect. Makeanswefusingfor or sirce r.rsing Horv/org andthe present Makequestons lo^{ (How Hob Mw yor' }]CfKeg l'gl-4L I O lonq/yoL/work'e'e), t trx...'.r"tk,........ A: (abour sixmonths)....................F-"r.4!e! (How in Portuqal?) ... 2 Q: lonq/you/have a rubsidiary A 0998).......... Middelhoff/be cEO?) ............ 3 Q: (Howlong/Peter r l L Fs l . 4 o f a s _y e a , . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . 4 Q: (How ong/yourcompany/hdve the sameLogo?).......... a r t w e n t yv e d r 5. ). . . . . . . . . . . 5 Q: (How ong/youlown yourIelekomshares?) A /privati,ation) A

6 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o/uk n o wA l e xs c o t t ? ) . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . A: {aoTtrer 7 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o u / l l vi n e t h i st o w n ? ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.

( l w a sb o ' n ). . . .

Exercise5kQfE Vdr 45

complete rhe d alogue w,th one ot these wods.loL since dunlg, while, aga, befote, aftet, afteNvards. rNiErivrE\rnlwcll, perhapsyou could bcgin by telling us a lide bn about your careerhntory?And *e'[ tnovc on ro your cu.renrjob. 0) ...6-f.-19ry6.':C1.. ALEss^NDRo Yes,ofcourse.Well,l g..tdurtedfroln Bocconi Univcfsity in Milan five years ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .I . w . .u. ts i x y e . ! s ,i n d . . .r s a t B o c c o n i( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .b. o (a) ........................... rhat period I worked brieny asan analystin nly unclet cons!ltlncy firh. yo! lcft univcrsiry? rNrr'rv,rwE,!,Uh, huh.ADd did you tuanagero 6nd.job e.sily (s) ........................... ^ L $ s ^ N D R oW e I , e v e n r u a l lIyw " s o f r e r e d , j o b i n a n l t a l i a nb a n k ,b u t ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h a t I h a d qone a long tirne.It wasnt easyfindingjobs beenlooking for wo'k O ....-.......-....-....-.... in lt3ly 3t rhar rime.you know,but luckily ihe si arion hasgot much better ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. n . .. rNrERvrEvER Yes.likehere.So how loDg did you work at the bank? about rwo ye,s. rr-*sam,xo, well,I worked there (9) ........................... rNrERvrEmrTwo )€irs ... and why did you lelve? {Es^Mrc, I enjoyedmy rine $ere e lot.And (10) ... .. ... ..-..-.. ..-.. ... .. . I wasthereI learnra lot of rechniqus for financial an:lysis,,nd imporrDt ski s like te.mwork. )ou know But I wanted dre c}"nce to do somedmg not chalenging in an international enEomenr.

...

rNrERvrEVER, Uh. hDhk had been my drcanrto wo* in an internationalcompany(11) .............. .... - .

icsmrc,

leaving s.hool. Wel. you've applied ro the risht place. So what did you do ihen? well,I decided to tele a risk and rnore to London.That srr abour nvo ye$

rwRuEMR,

( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Did you have a job to go to h London?

nnrvrwrn,

I leli lr.ly I sentmy CV ro a lot ofdifferenr lsencies,but I No. (13) ....-...................... ^LEssANDRo, I ws actuallytiving thought that rr mdd be eatierto find ajob (1a) ..-....-....-.............. how much competitionthere wasl in LoDdon-Hah. I only realised(15) ...................-......rMERqEvR, Well, yes. r6s.Nrc,

somemonthr. I found aJob at a bank iD the Anyaq. eventualy,(16) ........................... Ciry That's where I'm vorkins now

170

A Linking words a We usesomellnkingwordstojoin pd.$ of sentences. Theygiv€d strucrureto rhe sentence. E x a m p e s i n c l l d e a r d , b u t , b e . a u i e 5 0 . U n i t s 4 t a n d 4 2 d e a t w t h r h s k i n dnokfi n gw o r d . a We ule other linkingwods and ph..sesto makea tink acrosssentencee and pardgraphs. They ve a srructur€ ro our whole argumeft. Exampes inctlde Firstty, genetat, 9 tn Actuay, tn other words.Units43 and 44 ded/with rhis k nd of tinkingword or phrase.

B Addition: and. both. too, also. etc a W€ useand to join wordsor part! ol senrences. To€mphasse the iacr rhar iherearc two th nqs w € c a nu r eD o t h . . a . n d . . .. I need to cal Andy and find out vr'henhe's frce to have a rr,eeting. t need ta call hoth Andy and Helen a We usetao, aswel, as v"ell.r and d/5oro add dnotherfacr or saythar sornethinghappensar the lame trme.Notethe positions. I need to call Andy, Kateand Helen too/as wett. I need to call Andy and Kateat well as Helen. I need to cal Andy, Kateand also Helen.

C Cont.ast: but, yet and although a Weusebut anda/though to makea contrast. A/rho{/gh istypicat of morccareluor foma speecn o. wfilng. ln theoryit seenslikea goodidea,but I don t thinkt,I watk in ptactice. h thearyit seenslikea gaod idea,although tdon,t thinkit willwotk in practice. a Tre clause wrtha/though canconear tre beg,r..9. Although it seenslikea good idea,I dan t thinkit wil warkin p?ctice. Althocah tl'c hihi ry iasistedthckJant lDrld stillla ahead, it k r"ctedrwhatshap.th.f tri rafte.(FT.conwebiire) a We canemphasilebut a^d althaughw lh stittandanryay. I wasnt feelingverywel, but l.still went ta wo*. 1wasn'tfeelingverywel, but I wentta wotk anway I still went to wa*, although I wasn'tfeetingverywe . Although I wasn'tfeelingverywell,I went ta wo* anway. a Wecanuse/et in placeof'but'in wdting.

D Contrast: though and even though a We.an lse thoug,in informalspeech andwitinq tikeairhough Thoughh seens{ikea goodldea,ldan t thinkit wo* in practice. Thorehheoutned d 10peftnt udkqhk pntqs outvoted hin andunseated hint'on theboa . (tuia.Inc.{ebsire) Withthougiw€ oiienuserwoseparate sentences .nd put fhoughar rheend. It seenslike a goodklea.I dan't thinkh tt workin practice,though. a We canuseeye,rthoug, likea/thoughro givea nrcnq€rcontrast. Eventhough I wasn1feelingverywell,I still wentto wotk.

41 L|NK|NGWORDSt

171

E Contrast: vvher€as I

We can usewl,erearin formalspeech.nd wit n9 to comp.rctwo fdclsand emphdsise the dilferencebetweenthem.The clausewith wfiereascan comeat the beqinnng or end tndonesiahas a lot of natu6l resources,whercas Singaparehasnone. Whereas lndonesiahas a lot of natutal resources,Singaparehas none.

F Atthough or whereas? t

A/thoughin a sentenceslggestssurprise.But the clausewith a/thoughdoesnot alwayscontaI the sr rp sing information- usuallyit is the clausethat comessecondthat seernssurprsing. We had a rcasonableyear in Asia,although sales fell a litfle in tapan Although salesfel a liftle in )apan, we had a rcasonable year in the rcst of Asia. Whereas simplycomparestwo factr.lt makesa strongcontran,bLrtthere s esssuggenionof We had a reasonableyeat in Asia, whereas salesin Eurcpe wete quite disappointing

6 We can use wh,/e like althaugh at whercas. while there are still sone issuesto rcsolve,I think we should go ahead. (l ke although') 'where.s') lnflation rose by 3o/olast yeac while house pticeswent up 6ok. I ke while sow.tuetantt wrkos ti jtuit.ttokt i.b tojob, tohryafik\ likc tBM .rtd Sllt Mi.tosNu5 I,,. tunt to han d rct. oI.dr@ist' n, I'toril( .onntuity. (Tlosnresswcck Onlinc wel,sire)

G Contrast despitelin spite of $ Desplfe andh spiteota€ likea/though, blt theya€ fo owedbya nounor nounphrase Although I was ill, I went to wotk. = ln splte ol my illness,I went to work. Although salesin(eased, ptofitsfell. = Despitethe indeasein sales,profitsfell. Despitelcst tcdt\ Intdret bBiflBs sloalotn, oryontiont todayMttt ttill '?a,!hiv:tlk lnqn RIk al ddottit\< .-lrttrt.s ptu$tcta t$luolo$t.r.(e-business adviso!wcbsitc) Remember thata gerund(verbwith-,ng)canactasa noun. ln spite o DespiF feelingill, I went to wotk. (NOTE€5pii€-1-fu1$l|.|+ieF++€-,ir,€rk.)

,Z.--\ l

-

t-l

t

t

l

lt6l

|'it I u,l l' ;. p tal 4:.;' 1

i=W:ri 'Andasyourdepartment representative, letmejust saythatI ambothproud tobetaking credit andhonoured foryouraccomplishments."

172 4't UNKtitG WORDS1

41 Practice E x e r c i sIeg D H H H Undeinethecorrect words. 1 Althouohlqut I likethis@mpany, t probably won'two* herelong. 2 In spiteaflAlthoughrheirsharcs are sing,thenfururcisnill uncerrain. 3 Kategavea good prcsenrarion, althoDhldespitehavingverytittletime to prepare. 4 Thisyearourearnings arecloseto $8m,!rf,7elstl// lasty€artheywer€jusi$6m. 5 Whereaslln spiteoflhesecandidates allhavean MBA,theseotheronesdon,t. 5 | readthe bookyousuggested. I didn't enjoyit, a/rhoughlthough. 7 | didn'thavemuchtimp.butlwhereas I managed ro visitthewhotesite. 8 Nowadays we haveveryfew strikes,bullwhereasten yea6agowe hada loi. 9 Weweren'tsu.ewhetherto go aheadwiththe laun.h,bu\we didit still/anyway. 1A Althaughltnspi@ofrhedelay, we stillarivedon tirne 11 | didn'trnanage to closeth€deal,a/fhorghlwherea5 | rcatly tried. 12 Aqhough lwhercasrheirsharepriceisfallingat the moment, thecompany s 5ti[a good ongtem

Exercise2 g Rewrte eachgentence in two wayssoit hasa simila.meaning to thefifstsentence eachtime,Usethe wo(Vs n brackets, 1 Paula visited boththelvtadrid officeandtheEarcetona offie

a){too) .......P..ar.414..yiti19d....t.k..^.4*.drid..ef-fiss..4^d...thg-..46r.fls.e-,..tec ... b) (aswellas).................... 2 Wecanhandle thetransport arrangements andthe insurance,

3 | wantthesales figures for October andNovemDer. a) (aswell)................. .. b) (aswdl as).................... 4 We?eset ng up officesin PeruandEcuador.

Exercise3[![l! Completethe sentences with 9n€of thesewordsor ph.ases: although,anywljl but, in spiteof, stitt,though, whereas.Useeachword or ohraseonceonlv 1 carc didn't€cosniseMarrLarner, ...*ltln-u4h.. sh€hadmethimb€forc. 2ldon'tlikekaraokebars,.--..--................lwentwithmylapanesecli€nrsanyway. 3lotreredmybesiprice,butthey.......................djdn.tseemintercsred. 4 l th nkwe'llhaveto change oursuppliers. tts a pity, 5 .............--........ theearlyproblemtthe p.ojecthasbeena qreatsuccess. 6 Spainisa maturema*et _....................__ in Ponugatthere isnil roomfor growth. 7 We haven't gotallthefacts,but its worthdisrussinq it........................

4t UNK|NGWORDSI

173

Exercise4CDEFG Rewrte eachpa r of sentences usng the wordsgiven There.retwo wayse:ch time. 1 I was rainifg.We got hereon tlme it w^, _^i^iM, we 4a+ he.z 6 +twe. :, Ahh^.. n, n.
the .^i^.

\ ^ , e4 o L h e r e o ^ t i M e .

had a headache eti went io the meelng. ol

. . . . ., D U r. .

3 Some and yns think rh.t siocks will{a

rn value Othe6 dsaqree.

b\ ^'hoLg' Therewered fficLrtes In the negoliations. We won the contract a1 Do.pi,o

b\ h"n 'o.qh ..... O pricerroseelrghtyian year Thl9yeartheyhavegonedown a) nLrq"d or

,arnougn... I v e w r i t l e nt w i c e r s t h a v e n t r e c e v € d d r e p l y b DP Pr" 7 H e d , d nt u s ea n yn o t e sH eg a v e . . e x c ee . l p r e s e n b t o n d Arhougq. .. He ...

b)

..

, though

ExercisesBCEFG C o m p l e rreh ea . t c e a b o u tF o r m u a O n ew l h . s l i t a b l ew o r dt r o mt h e n b e l o w

iAa6

x 4 ) w h e r e a(sx l ) d e s pt e ( x 2 ) b o t h ( r r ) d s w e ( x l ) a r w e l l a s ( x l ) a h o ( x l ) y e l ( x l ) a l t h o L r s( h

One, JofmUla rerrarx an

Frhe

Emwth of lomula on€ over th€ .|. lal ten yed ha been exrr.ordin.ry.

W h 400 million

peopl€ watchinE e.h

race it b pelhaF the world'6 nmber

one

BeGult are imporrnr (5).-------, , (6).......,..,..,........ FeFdi d
only letl @und

Meede

a.ociated

hav€ h!E.

spo4 (1)*L-t-bg}x[foo$ano)....................Iendi's make6 thir .laio, Iomll.

One is the i.l€al

ma&eiing tool for .ompani€6, 6 shoM by the la.t that sposos

for lagua! like loi4 are v€ry hrppy -

PAG and IISBC (3) ..............,..,,,,,th€ lact thnt Jatld id not actuauy very suc.essful on the ha& Most yeffi th€ sport' b dominated by two teams, lenui dd M.Len-Mered6, (4) ....,...,...,,....,,.. oth€r teams like BAR qonda, BMW Witliams dd Benetton

dd

spo@Fhip

deals,

spocoF indld€ Malborc, liat (7).-..-..-......,....... M.Laren-

Sh.ll,

M€rced$

nav.

Cooputet

Asso.iate6. Th6e

teatu

M.rc.iles,

Mobil two

and lop

ea.h haYe a bualget of over

dd money .ones in fmm $300 iillioo direct sposoFhip and tnde support (3) .,,,.,,,..,,,,,,,-,- ndhddidn& TV rights

t000 .aF a yeai Th€ ptoblem b that they !!e not dirctly volune c.r with a na$ (10)...................... prcducer, all the othei te@3 de. In rcality Ferari tu conboUe.l by Fiat,6!t {fl)...........---- b.ing the nain owner liat get! little publicity when Fe(an

witu,

tiie4 he failed, A me ..I€d EEo Fetui, a leg€nd in lalt

lemi bmd

have d mNal nde

is very fdo$

pmblen

Their

dd the t€d

Many y€ars ago Gianni

Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wat€d to rdame (12) ....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, he the cs Fiat lerdi stood in htu wa]. Ee died

in 1989 nd Agneli

ftspecls his wish6,

but things may chdae ir the tuture,

A Reasoni because, at since S We us€ becduse d5 .nd sincewhen we want to explainthe reasonfor somethjng.4, and rr." a e more Lo,r.non - 'o l d, \pperh d d wrnrng 1n calling ta complain be.ause the goods arc danaged I am returning the gaods as/since they were danaged an affivaL I

As and snce can comeat ihe beginningof rhe sentence.Normatty we do not beginsentences with because,but this is possblein infom.lspeech. As/since the gnods were danased an affiva|, tan rcturning them Be.ause yau?e a first-time custameaI need to seeyaur bank refercnces.

B Result so t

We useso io express a reslh. Notethe relationbetwe€nbecauseand jo: l'm calling to conplain be.ause the goods are danaged. (teaeon) Thegoods are damaged,so l'n calling ta complain kesutt)

c Purpose;to and for o Weutethe to infrniiveto exp.ess purpose, to saywhywe do rhings Hewent to the aipart to meet Mr ri NOt {€r+€-s€er) I n ca ing to talk abautthe sales@nfercncenext week. M Zh taid / (;awt,m., t'otltl ait to rttto"c Chin\ , Mtlttyt|c t i wat@ ryltdu dtrt to tpccdtp rc.fornol thcldbolr ,rdrlcr. (Austr.liin FnNrciil Rcvicw wcbsire) a We can useil4orde.io orso ar to in placeof to. Theyare moreforrna. The CEAcalleda presscanferen.e in odet to explainthe neryet We can lse the negative/h onlet nat to ot so as not to We c.nnot useroi to on its own I ll call a taxi so as not to missny fliqht. INAI gke+e+ix1-n€F{€-,*h5-iqy4i9h*.) a We can ule fol followedby a nounto saywhy we do som€thing He ' tent to the airpott for a meeting with l\/lt Li. (= to hav€a m-cetng) (= to hav€somelunch) ShallwE go aut lor some lun.h)

D Purpose:so t rat We canusero (that)to expresspurpose.Afterjo fihar)we usesubjecr+ verb. I grc$ tu qrcstiottL hotudoyor dewloplout.ortpdry so that it .ar euatftin ttpo,lte ta .l&ryi'E tstoh'.t expe.tdtio'rr(e-businesadvisorwebsire) pufpose a Fora preseni we usethe p.esent simpe, wil/or can. t'tt sendit by couiet so (that) it gea/ft'll get to yau on tine. t'n catlingyou so (that) | can che* you lastarder .

a Fora pastpurpose we lse the pansimple, wouldor could. I sentit by couier yestetdayso (that) it gotli(d get to you an time I left wak earlyso (that) t could go thedoctorc.

42 L|NX|NGWORDS2

r

175

f the subjectof ihe fnsl pdl1of th€ sentenceand the subjectof th€ different, we can't use to. W€ haveto useso fthat). l'm calling to talk about the salesrcnferen.e. l'n caling so (that) we (an talk about the sales@nfercnce. She caled a prcss.onfercnce to explain the neryer She called a .onfercnce so (that) joumalists could ask quesrions. (dtfereitsubjecr)

Manner: at as if and like n thiscase a W€canusea5or/itebeforeacause(subleCt+verb)tomean'inth€waythdt'. rherels no diffe€ncein meann9,butdsismoreformal. Herunsthe rcnpany as/like hisfatherusedto. Well havefou peoplevrorkinson thestand,as/like we did lastyeat As Cektftl EMp. lookJotstovh, ft .o dl.d d lotton @utniesLikeLrcland, Pofttrdl, Sprrl nndCr.rc.A afth.n stat.d of tJEnEU dluA fN poot/ thar tu EU avcras?, irst as Centtul (Business Europe website) Eutup.ti do. Centnl a Wecanuseaslfor rte beforea cl.useto sayhowgorneone or sorneth ng feels,ooks,sounds I havea bit of a tenpetature lteel as if/like lshouldgo hone. It looksas iI/like weTegoingto recoverour costsby the endof theyeat n tf Fotttro de.dd.s, I:ricdelNcrbcrrat thegianrCcnnansaviks!bo W$|LB ds if it t ?rc thelorrr'flcrt. (Business Weekvebsitc) a Wecanlse asand/i*ebeforea nounor nounphrase. In this(asea5means'something is something, and/ke means'something s sirnilar lo somelhing' Shevwtksas a financtalcontrol/e/: Gheis one) (sheth nksin a s m ar wayto one) Shethinkslikea financlal conuol/er: (it s a test) Werc usingtheEstonianna*et as a test fhe Estonianmalketis like a testfot Finnishnarket. (it s not a test.but is it s m ar to one)

W4 Ho:tia, lauie goitg lo da itjut t llingla" "ot todo it Y.ri. going ta btaa,Ik ' do it brru. t.L b.lia. ia it

176

rt:|U

(It{G WORDS 2

42 Practice Exerciset Eg Compiete these@ndsentence soit hdsa similafmeaning to thefiut sent€nce andconrains thewordir 1 lt wasinconvenient for e!€ryone,so the meetingwaspostpon€d.(as)

astlr9...Yg.eJ!.Y..t"-.4t-..ilsgl-Y-e.'^i'.4.lrl..f-"J..-e.y-e.!..)€!!9...!J..gr-..p.. . 2 | sentKarena copyof theminutes because shemjssed the meeting(so) Karcnmissed theneeting,. 3 I hada lot of papeMorkto do, so I finishedwo* late.(because) I finished wo* iate............ 4 l ll callyouback.I haveto go nowbecause I hav€a meeting. Go) l'll callyouback.I havea meeting, .................... 5 Hedoesn'tknow sol'll asksomeone else.(since)

Exercise2 f E L,nderline thecorectword_ justb&lkl fot to nake sho(-termprofit. 1 Wele not in thisbusiness 2 l'll explain in motedetailjolfhat ourobiectives areclear 3 | wrctethe datejn mydiaryso tharlrolwouldotforgetthemeeting thismofning. 4 Hercsignedin ordettol fol spendmoretime with hisfamily. 5 iackcameto mein otdertolfor aduice. 6 we'll agrceto yourofferso that we canlcouldctosethe deat. 7 We agreedto theirofferso that we @n/couldctosethe deat. 8 Sherechecked thefigure5 sothattheauditors won,t/ylouldr,t findanvefioBwhenthevcame. 9 l'l rccheck thefigures !o thattheaudjtoElron,t/hr'ouldn,t findanyerrorswhenthevcom€. 10 t\,4any visitors comehereto see/forto seeourautomated production line,

Exercise3 I X l\,4atch the beginnings of eachsentence 1-16withan endinga)of b). 1 | went to Barcelona to 2 lwentto Barcelona for 3 l'rnherefor 5 lthinkit3 timeto 6 | thinkit3 timefor 7 lt3 worthshoppinq aroundfor 8 lt3worihshopping aroundto 9 | left wolk early so that I 10 l'll haveio leavework earlyso thar I I1 | kept his business cad so that I '12 l'llkeep his business cardsso that I

13 l ll dealwithrt personally sothartherc l4 | dealtWth it

llv so that the.e

E E

n n n n n tr n n n n ! !

a) the TladeFair

a) a m€eting with ManuelLopez. !l a) havea shortcoffeebr€ak

a)

9)

a betterp ce.

a) cango the deniist. (ould go to the dentist.

a) wouldrernember hisname. b) 'llremember hisname. a)aren'tanyprobems.

42 LINKINGWORDS2

177

Exercise4 p f possible Areth€sesentences in English or impossible. WritePorl I l speakloudersothat everyone canhear. tr (an heaf. 2 l'll spe.klouderin orderto everyone n 3 sorryl'll explain myprcposal againto avoidanyconfusion. n 4 sorryI'llexplain myprcposal againsoavoidanyconfusion. n s sorryl'll explain myprcposal againsowe avoidanyconfusion. n 6 Wernailourclients€gula y notto losecontactwiththem. n 7 Wemailourclients regulafly soasnotto losecontactwiththem. ! 8 l ll takean umbrella sol won'tgetw€t. tr 9 ltakean umbrella so|wouldn'tgetwet tr 10 I' takean umbrclla soI don'tg€twet n

Exe.cise 5 I Completethe sentences with ai or ,l€, or put asl/ikeif bothate possibe. 1 Whilelwasat university | sometimes worked........--4t......... a waiter goang 2 lhe negotiations verys|ow|y,....................... are I expeded. 3 Anna's sofunnyl5he3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,......., a comedian. 4 We'll9endtheoder in two consignments, .....................,. we agreed in the meeting, 5 Thiscaisis is not ............-.-........ the lastone.lts wo6el 6 I'm lucky.I havea smallroomat homethatI use....................... mystudy. 7 Youlookjust....................... yourbrother I Ina sltuation Iikethis,youshoulddo exactly ....................... it sal6in the book.

Exercise6fllfl @ ot

wo(ysin thrsdialogue. Uodrrli* ,n" .o,rcc-t Oh, hi, Pamcla.Coutd you give me some advicc? J cx: PAM!L{, Y.ah. surc. Itt about my laptop.I usc it a lot when I'm our ofrhe ofiice, (1) & /l;&e I wantedto talk to JcK you about sving my f'16 ... I, er, donl w"nt to lose e!"eryrhing ifrhele's a ploblen. p.Mrr.^: Hm. Do you b^ckrp yov cs Q) Jor / to make suE your work is safe? Oh yes.I h.ve a sm. stonge device that plugs into the USB port - nt (3) drli*e a porribte JAc& hard disk.And so ifanyonc srole my laprop it wouldn't be such a dis.lter (4) 6e.,!Jelr/ I would sril have aI my files. P,\MEL^, We , thatt OK rhen. The problem i! I often keep this device h the sameplace as my laptop (s)rrlJo ,'d, it's J^c(i esy for me ro find.And thari wh worries me. J c(; prM!1 , r cK eNEL^, t cK: p ME^, l^cKi preu, r^cKi pAGu,

t cx:

WeI, yes. lt's edy for me io 6nd, (6) ro /ro ,r.t irt east,for rhe thief too. Ah, hah.It soun& O) a/6 iryour geninB.litde bir pamnoid,Jack. So,is rheE somekind ofsolurion (8)r'lto people (9) drllik? ne ... who are worried? Do you Ee )our laptop (10) /o /rr acces the Inrerner? Ofcou6e. WeI, (11) e/ td @rry /so a not to roiy.bottlosng },our file. how about uitrg on lirc stomge? Um, wlhtt tlbr? It work (12) arldr,fa b"d dislq03) 6,/rle pur ponable device,but irt d InternersireOh. You cD upload files ro rhe sire whenewr yo! wt 174)to that/lihe rhey.re therc ro doqrload on Dother occasion. Ir .ould be with aorher compurei I use ir a[ the rime (15) ro tnarlro keep copis ofmy mosr importat fles. An,I see.Tha.som& (16) a/,1. a tealy sood idea.Wel. th"nk a 1or.I'I do dEr.

eveloping an argument 1 A Words meaning and. but and sa a

Units41 and 42 gav€wo.ds iikeard, butand so to join parrsof sentencesWe cdn lse onger wordsand phrases with the samemeanng to link borhacrosssentences and with n more comPlexsentences a d: ]n addition, Eesides,Morcovet, Fullhernore brl:

Howevec Neveftheless,On the othet hand

so:

fherctorc, Consequently,As a result

(for ex.mpe present.tons)andwrt ng Theseword! and phrasesaretypicalofformal5peech TheyLrsually comeat the startof a sentenceand hdvea commaafreMdrds,but can comeafter a comrnai. the middleol d sentence. SuppherA is cheaper,and then defiverytines are gaod. HoweveL supptierB has better qualty products and they have a gaad reputatian in the narket. Thisnew processprcduces lesswaste, and as a result it's nuch beftet for the environnent Orr sta.ksdre ovn\ in a dou.mnftlsspitul,thercJore theF.d t$t an i, ct.!t t tc: h l,nastotjt .oilidott.Tlot, at lcdlt,is th. tl@ry nuokr nos'!^ lh Qpk. (FortJcs.com wcbslre)

B Exampfes: for example, for instance, such as a We.an usefor example ot for instanceNotelhepossibie positions Ourcastshaveganeup. Fot exanple, the costaf steelhasneartydaubted. Ourcastshavegoneup. Thecostof steel,for e,,mple, hasneartydaubled. .

c

Weuseiuclrasin themiddleof. rentence to giveexamples lt isthesameas ttke'.Suchasrs fo owedby a nounphrase, nota wholeclause. Sone delays,suchas strlkesat badweathe,arcbeyondou contrct. Somedelatsarebeyondaur cantrcl,suchas sttikesot badweather

Additionaf/real information: in fact, act ratly a We useln fact,Actuallyot As a nafter of fa.t \a adda pi€ceof informationto whai we jlst sad. The lecondpieceof infomationgivesmorcdet. s. We haveplenty in stock. ln fa.tlAs a matbt ol fad we coutd delvet tanorrow We a so usethesewordr to emphasise what the rcalsiruarionis.Th s is surprisngo. differenrto what peopleimagine. I thaught we had somein stocla but in fact/actually we don't.

D sequence: first ol all, as wetl as this, linally a WecanuseFist, Finly, Fitstofal/to beq n a serie!ofponh n a lormatargument.Forother nlmberedpo nrswe saysecord,secondly,er.. Toadd a poini without nlmbeinq we cans.y 45 w€l/as this, Besides thisar tn additian. At the end we ..n say F,ndl/y. Why choosethe C2e(hRepublic?Well, fiRt of a , it haslawet labaur cast-lthan ather neighbouing counties, and secondly, it hasa nable tuffency. As wett as this, it hasa tftined warkfofte wtth gaad labaur relatiant and finally, it hasa tuang tocatnarket

ZII DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENTI

I79

a To finish one point we can .ay Overallot Takingeverythinginta @nsideration. Ornll, a tuo 67% oJthe aduhloprktion is eflplayedar Laokinrfot uork, nahq be.tu\e _fe tdlepa i.ipation in the lalrotfotu hdsjunpcd ouetthe b6t two dtudet. (BusinessWeek Io f nisha formalspeechwe.an saytn conclusbn. ln .ondusion, l'.1just like to thank you aI very much fot coning, and I laak fotuvardta seeing you agnin at our next meeting on 31 septenber

E Generafising: in general, on the whole a Thercaremanywordsand phrases we canuseto talk gene?lly:ln genenl, On the whale As a rule,TwicalLtAll in aI, Easkaly,ovetall,qrcadlyspeaking. Orydnkatiors tfpi.ally hd,efw 'Mto et' rclatioithips:cwtonca,b,sinssp tnes,supplie\, c'flploycas, drd shdteloldeo.(€-businesadftor website) a lf w-.wantto makea balanced argument we oftenuteoneof thesephrases followedby a ideawitha wordlikebd (seesection contrasting A .nd unit41). ln genetal thelapaneseeconomyhasnot beenverydynanicoverrccentyeaR.However, sometechnology and telecomconpaniesategrcwingveryfast. On the wltole lthink touie ight, although ldisagrcewith yau abaut thelevelof risk.

F Summarising:so, to sum up, in summary a We canuse5q /n shod Toput it sinply,Tosumup and/n summaryto rlrnmadse 5o, to sum up the ,iain pointsof my presentation so faa vw area trulyintenatianalcanpany ofturinga full nngE of seNicesto corpotateandprivateclimn'in the arcasol finance,banking andtnsurance. Top"t it sirtply,Joodtto.cssosuill losctotnpetitiftft!' d' d dirtt rc t o.fEU hu ,$hip. (BusinesCentnl Eurcpewebsite)

G Either ... or ,,., inshad of except for a We usee,therto begina listof possibilities. Wedo not begn w th or.Theotherpossibil t esaf€ intfoduced witho/. Eitherwe couldcanceltheprodud launch,or ponpaneit (NOTe*r€+€dd-€aF€e+) Butin speech we canbeginwitho/to complete theothefpersonb idea. A:'We couldjun cancelthelaunch.' Bt 'Ot perhapspost@neit.' a Weuse/hneadfo, to mean'inthe placeof something else'.Atthe endot a sent€nce, hstead is usedwithoutot Canwe havethe neeting on Fridayinsbad of Thu6day? thusday is no good?OK,canvle haveit on Fiday ins.€ad? a We useeycept,etceptfor or aparffromto mean'not incuding'. I havecontacledeveryoneexcept(for) Margarct.

180 43 DEVELOPII{G AI{ ARGUMENT'I

43 Pra
E x e r c i s2el l l l l l l Complete eachsentence witha wod or phrase fromthe listbelow. eec€llt aswell asthis either except inslead suchas neverthelessso in generai

the€fore

1 2 3 4 5

People thinkit3 expensive, Out.........1St14'l1y......... overthe longterm t isn't. Therestaurant isopen€veryday.,...........,...,,,,,,,,.,....... [,4onday, She3 outofthecountry and............,,,.....,,,,,,,,.,.,.. unable to attend themeeting, going lwas9oin9on Tuesday, butnowl'm on Monday ...............,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. . .................................. lthinkthe meetin9 wentverywell,although we didn'tmanage io agreeon the composition of the newteam. 6 Somea.eas, ............................-..... recruitment, areoutsourced to othercompanies, 7l'msorry...................---.-..........youacceptthisprice,orwecan'tdobuslness. 8lt'sreliable,safeandeasytouse..........---.....,,,,,...........-,it3excellentvalueformo 9lt'sreliable,safeandeasitouse.....................,.............,themaintenancecostsca 10 ...-.....-...............----.-..., in short,its reliable, safeandeasytouse.

Exercise 3 !!! Plt fourcommas in thisshortparagEph. ln geneftltakingan MBAis a good ideafor an anbitiousteung prcfessianal howewtyau do haveto nake sone tacifices. You,'iss out on lwo WE valuauework expeiencefar exanpleandit canbe vety

43 DEVELOPINGAN ARGUMENT I

'8 o"

181

Exercise4 A B C D E F G R e a dt h r a c e a b o u t t r a n s p opdo l i c yi n c t y c e n t r e sC. o m p e t e t h ed . t d e b y c h o o s n gt h e c o r r e c t a ternatvefiom A, B, C or D below Thisexercseinc ldes revision oi !n t 41.

Wanfto

enter/the city?

dorry, ttoaff hauo[o1ay,

Tmf6c congestio. in cily centres is a big

coursequire ddBerous. (4)............. cas

problcm for borh busine$es and residents.

causetrafficjds dd (5)............ mdr hou(

.ilies, (S),.,.........Ansrerdm- a€ alreadt organisedin rhis q.y. Bur tbe most ndical

Policy makersare bein8 forced lo lhink of

of work iime m lon. (6)............. people

measureis rord pncing.Asking notorisls to

soludonr based on public trtrsp.n, rcad

necd inccniives b€foE they chanee their

pay ro enrercirycenrresis co.hlersirl, bu1

pricing and rcsl.icled use of onc kind or

habilsmd ahemativcsro cars arc olten not

anorher(l)....C..... unlidited accc$ ror ca6

availabl€or of pmr qualily.Thc fi6r thirg is

is an incre$ingly common solLrtiod.So, ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . ... .p. e c r n s e er h i d r g i n a r , v e

al all dmes. Wtal aE rhc Easors fo! lhis?

lhar publ,c tanspon nrusr become more

dd som€linesunpopul.r measurcswill be

(2) ............ . cas cau* noiseandpolludonin

eliabh and more comionable.(7).............

neededlo makc the citt ccnlrr a nrort

reas where people walk. shop or so sights&i,re,and (3)............rhh rhey are oi

bicyclerw shouldbeen.ourrged.(8)............ pleasanttlace io work rDd li!e. by hnvin,qmore cycle lanes. Somc l.rge

2

5

A aewel

A -oirher

C ln lact B Ako B However

C And

I both

C .s. reslrlt

D Ercept

C50 c act!ally 1 0 A l h n dy

c nstead

Exercise5ACDEG td)ae

CornpLele th s speechmadeby the eaderol a Koreaniradedeegarionat the end of a trip ro Wal€swith the wordsand phrases frornthe [sl beow fi|{f€fill

in conclueion in addilion

lherefore nneadol

'could lllst ray a few words?rh.nk you. well, (1) ..{irtt

:r a rLre

however

n fa.t

'd ke ro rhankeveryoneheredi GNKior organising today3visit.We haveenjoyedmeetinqall the staff,seeng yoLrrnew pfoductsand l o o k i n g. o u n dy o ! r f . c t o r y( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .l.w. .o. .L. r l dl i k e1 ot h a n kt h e l o c a c h a m b eor f C o m m e r c e pf +!l

who rnadethe wholetdp porrible.As you know,we seethe Europeanmarketasveryimportantfor our c o m p a n y( 3. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , i t i sc e n t r at lo o u ' f u t u r ep a n s .( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ,. r n e u r et h a t we can look forwardto evenclosercoope.ationbetv/eenouf two .ompanes in the lutue. ( 5 ) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 itth' si b ne k t t e tro k e e pt h e . e r € m o n i es sh o r to n o c c d s o n sk e t h s , (6) ...... ..................... , I wouldjust ke to t.ke this oppoilunityto ledveyou wirh somerhingto remembe.olrvisit, and so havegrcatpleasurc in pres€nting ihis bookwih photographs of Koreato L ' h e yo. d e.lo..! \Ar'rn o_9.(7r . . . . . . . I o o et h . t w e n d y " o o l " . v e p l e d " -e o _ wecomingsomeo1yo! to our countryrn the fuiure. Perhaps ihe nen iirne w€ meet t will b€ n Seou ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. .a r dJ fI o n . e a g a i nt,h a n k y o ua v e r ym u c h '

eveloping an argument 2 A Personal comment a The.eare mafywords and shortphrasesthar corneat th€ beginningof d sentenceand he p us to mak€a pe.sonalcomment. Givingyourown ideas lnformationyou havehe.rd Mon peopleknow this

From ny point af view ln ny opinianlview Pesanally Apparcntly, lt seens that Cleatly,Of cou,i,e,Obviously Luckily Fanunately,Happily 'adly, Unfotturately, Unhappity Tobe hanestffrank,A.lually, ftankly

Fo unatry,ltcrcm pkntyotsA$ lnt Merkohtdy.litdlly hdu.tedttlad a rcu t.ucl.:fpothndt d d @ oh'i t'andry. (GlobalBusine$Magrzinervebsirc) 'Frath\,,I nidn\ knou'!,lnt I ws Pdrkabo'tstdrtinrq hisbdrk.,tjust lon]ljb da,'snys Id,t.i to ftplkak lk !cni..t of.lin$ h h. U.S.I rus hhknq pdty rood onq dt Meftill Lynlt dn.]I tlto*ht I.o l dk. Ltft on y aM.' (AsiaIrc On Linewebsire) Otherwods usedto makea personalcommentrcude: adniftedty,coincidenta\y, cutiously, incredibly,interestingl)t ianically,natuely, paradoxicatty, prcdictablysigniticantly, surptEingly, unbelievably, understandably, unexpectedly. It youwantto qiveyourideasfrornoneparticu ar pointot vew youcanusea phraseke: (speaking), Technically kientifically(speaking), fton a financiat/technical paint of iet!, elc

B Other linking words and phrases e Studyihi! listof commonlink ng wo.dsand phrasesused n speech.

Givingth€ monrmportant example or situation you6elf Correcting supporting a previous statement Changing the5ublect finformal) (morctormal) Changlng thesubiect Dismisling somethlnq/Preparing to finish

Especially,ln pafti.ulat Abave all

8y the way, Sa,Anyway h telation ta, As rcqatds, l"llovingan to, Asfaras. is concerned AnWay

C Structures to focus on important information d W€ c.n lotus on importdntinformatonwth the srructuelhe + noun+ 6 Thesecondpart of ihe sentenceis usualyd 'that' clauleor a wh- quenro. (which,what, when,how erc) The thing is (that) the whole idea is just too risky. The thing is, how nud money witl all this cost? Nouns usedwith this structwe in lrde: answeafa.t, point, probtem, question, solutian, thing, The question is, what are we going to da abaut it? The trouble is (tha it s qoing to be vert e^pentve N We can {ocuson importantinfomation uringa cdlse that beg nswith whai: What we need is a few dars to think abaut this in nore detait. What rm going to do is call aur warehouseand seehow nany we have in stack. What wonies me is the tine they'rc taking to nake a decisian.

44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 2

183

D At the end, in the end, at last O The phrases at the erd,ln the end and atlasrdo nor havethe samemeanifg: Atthe end refe6to a point ntime ln the end

I spokefot 20 ninutes, but there wete a lat of questiorEat the end means'aftera lotoftime or'€ventually I waited until ten, and in the erd I /eft. (+ pdst tense) makesa commentthat we are ple3sednow because a long wa t hasended At |ast l've finished this rcportl (+ pesent tense e9: pres€nrperf€ct)

Beat i'dtkets dte d ndtndl ua of stocks,n' tu sdnetuoytlut fu.s dr. a na\ndl .farceih the Iorests. Enk thotlrh it\ ta rh to u'otch,tlt 'rd',et is r|hu lrcohhi.t h the dd. 0trall Sr.eerJoumal

E tt untess, otherwise a Conditionals with /f(units l7 and l8) are importantior developing an argument 'if The linkingwordsurlessand otherwlsehavethe meanlng not Lookat the nextthre€ exampeswhich all havethe samerneaning: lf we donl pay the invoke naw they ll cut back aur crcdit. Unless we pay the inwice now they ll cut backou credit. We should pay the invoice now othetwise they ll cut back ou ctedit. Wtdt pd ftB.ar I'c lrrdo Stuk Ex.ltut1*clcath out to?A ti!1tp uith Iiankfiltt ptubably ohl happc',,Mlets d ndiully dtcE typaaJptupoldl ca, b. p tatcllu. (accolrnrincy rgc

Abbreviations in written English a Notelhe following abbreviatio.s whichae commonn writtenEnglish: = thatisto say(fromtheLatin'id en') ie (fiomtheLatin'erempllgratia') eg = for example NB = note(fiomtheLatin'notabene') Miak'i-lJarddobal B2Bfaod cx.hdileFoodttudu.+(k !'o naft l1t 1al,of g,uth a Ccn al Aktn.o\ USS3TSbnlood tarhe!h..o,i'rckdo iflah2001.OJlt.ldnou t, Foodthder hatles to .dpturc10D%, i. soh'cUStJ7t,r. (busine$newsanericaswebsite)

g

b, tl)euay drtw I1o1'. ary tu"2r2 ttin W end nr ary,"an?? Do td b,tu ^nJoar@b b^ ant nnq? Will tt r snd tu aar nonaJr

rA4 44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUi/IET2

44 Practice Exercise 1trtrLqEiH Underline thecorrect words. l l likeall the marketingideas,hut in oatticularlinpafttculartthe frce sarnples. 2 Framourpoint of iewltn ourpoint of viewrharwouldnot be a goodsolLrton. 3 h seenslApparently, rhe Boardis goingto appointa newCEO. 4 lt seems thatIApparently a,haa the Boardisgoingto appointa newCEO. Fonunatelylwith 5 Soodfoftuneshewasn'tlinen;ng. 6 A.tuallylTruly,l've nevetreallytrustedhim. 7 MovingonlMovingon b the question offinance, we'llne€dro r.iseabout$2m. 8 WetriedaBuingwith them,butat theendl,intheendwejustgave!p. 9 Frankieb managed to get ajobat lastlintheendl 19 Unlesslotherwise we decidewithin the nextfew weeksit'll be loo ate. I I lt'll be too lateunless/otherw,se we decidewithin the nexrfew weeks. 12 We mustdecidewithin the nextfew weeks,unless/othena,lse it'll be too laie. 13 Somecountries in Elrope,ielegSpainandkeland, aregrowingstlongty. 14 ELrropeb threebiggest economies, lelegGermany, France andthe uK,areallgrowng strongy.

Exercise2 H E Complete thereplies to thecomments belowbyfollowing theinstructions tn brackets andusingthewods andphfases fromthelistbelow p€.s€€19 anyway of couBe by the way aboveall appareftly Eftefall or rather unfortunatelyto befrank 1 'Weshouldhavethe prototype rcadybylune. (giveyourideas) .....Pft9..^411y.... , t thinkaugustrsmorerearrstrc. 2 'Theinsurance on thissystem doesn'tlooktoo expensive.' (mostpeopleknowthis).........................-.--, it needs ro be renewed everyyear 3 'l'vegot Wo spareticketsfor the operatoniqht.Areyouinterested?' (youwouldliketo go bui can't)............................. comrnltment. , l'vegota previous 4 'Soat theendof thedaylthinkwe didquitewell.' (change thesubj€ct) ....---...................... , whatdidMatthewsayaboutparis? 5'The jointventuEwithOptikaisrunningintoallsortsof problems.' (behofen)..-........... ............. inrojt in rh€firstptace. , w€ shouldneverhaveentered 'l 6 thinkit mightbetimeto setup an officein Estonia.' (suppoftthe previous naiament) ............................. operai€n Fintand. , we akeady job?' 7 'Whydidnt Robedqetthe newsales (giveinformation youhavehearo............................. a disaner , hisintervlewwas 8'Everythinqseemsverywell preparedfhereshouldn't beanyp.obems., (prepare tofinish)....................----..... , we cantalkaboutit againfearerrhetime. 9 'Carmenreallydeserv€d to get the newsalesjob.' reason) ..--.................--...... {givethe monimportant of herexpertence. . b€cause 10'l thinkweshouldtarqetournextlineof .lothesat a youngefmarket., (corectyourselfl...... Itsa goodidea, ---....itcouldbeagoodideaifwedon,ttoseour existing customeE by doingso-

1I4DEVELOPING 2 AN ARGUMENT

185

Exercise3 A B D unit43 ,-r 50

lncludessomerevieion of unit 43. Underne lhe corrcctwordsIn th|spresentation .bout roboticsThisexercise \1) Firstof alllAftet a , t'd ke to thank K€ikolshidafor her kind wods of introduction,and for nviting ' me hereto speakto you thls mornrng.Thetitle of my ta k is 'TheAge of the Robof, and be talkinq todayabout rcbotics,and (2)anywaylinpanicularrhet comrner.i. €xploitauon. (3) Espe.ially/clea y rherc'shugeinterestin the subject,ascan be seenby the nurnberof peoplein the audlencetoday and this it not surprisingas we predictthat overthe nextdecad€roboticss goir'lglo be we predidtthal heath-care one of th€ wodd! fanen growingindustries@)Togivean exampie/However, r c b o t si n l a p a na l o n ew b e a $ I b i l l i o n m a r k e t b y 2 0 1 0 . T h e y l l b e p r e s e n t i n h o s p i t a h a n d n u r s i n q food t|ays.ceaninq,supponingpatientswho homes,remindlnqpatientsto tak€ mediciner,d€livering €ke \s) exceptfot/instea.lof peellngthe qrapesl haveproblemswalkinq,and doingalmostevery4hing public general is lconcening the ?enerclpublic, SonyCalporat on th nks thal As far as rhe cancerned 16) the bestplaceto launchthe rcbot rcvolutionis homeente(a nment,becaus€s ng ng and dancnq robots (7) Erpe./ally/Furthernore, don't do an!,thingelsentialand t3 oK if they mak€a mistakesometimes. homeenlertainment is lkely to be rhe brggeslmarket(8)ev€ntua/t/at/a5t,with som,6househodshavnq robots. tlvo or thrce iust likethey havePCstoday.(9)As a nafter of fact/fLlovingon all the leadingp ayers NECand Omronare fvest ng lens ot m llionsol do a6 in lhe \1q suchaslfat exanpleMatsushita. hasbeenrapd, and scientstsnow dev€lopment of personalrobats.(11)lneanlAs a rcsuhprogress (omplex fof actionslikewalkingon two feet without lallingover undelstandthe technologynecessary ii! c ear that the development of 'robo sapiens'with somethng that An the othet hand/At the er4 \12) will lake longer,(13)espe.ially/otEthet a otlorcet. apprcximates humanintelligence /ln generclits clearihat In termsof competitionbetweencountriesJapanleadsin 114)Newftheless aretry ng hardto catchup. And lapan roboiicsat the momeft, (l5) although/apanfrcn \he Arnercans doesurcentlyneeda whole new areaof productsto sellto the world as profit margin5in oth€rareasof getssmaller consumerelectronics So,\16t ln factlta sun up, t'vetriedto showyou how I be evewe?e ent€ing a new age.the age oi the opportuniti€s robot,and t! an aqe that3 full of business

Exercise4 A B D unit43 checkthe answeElo exercse3 beloreyo! do thiser€rcse Thenfind wordsand phrasesfrom the correcl below anrwersthat ares m ar to the expressrons

r

Tobesn wlrh

2

n iact

3

As regarde

5

O n t h ew h o e

6

Obviously

Fit:t+ Pt..All

9 Nowever 10 n short 12 despitell-rela.t that

l5 especially

146

repositions of place

..'t X

A rnaf with a scariaroundh s neckis ,n a tih He is teaningagainrtthe wa of the tift. Thelitt is comingup from th€ nreet be/ow. h a mornenlthe manwill walk rrrough the fr doo6 and hto the office.He will put h s jacket o/r the coatsrandwhich is b//rear the tift.

3 Thereis a man!.vaitingfor the lilt. He haspressedthe button to go dorrn An the ather side of the lilr doo6 rslane. She is wa k n9 at\tay frcn rhe tif\ aqass the rco'Yl, pastthe photocopierrowdrdra meetingroorn. Jackis besbelnexrto the photocopie(Aboyethe photocopiers a shetf Ne s mov ng the boxes ol paperoff the sheJ orto the floor 5!e and Ma* a.e siningaftheir desksoppojireeachorher Ther compurers arein front of lhem on thei. desks.Sehreenthernis a wane-paperbin and the photocopiers behlrd Sue. 1 Malk haspLrthiscoat overthe backof hischan S!e5 bag is underh€r chair. 8 SLreis puninga etier /nJlde.n envelopeand Ma* s tak ng somethn9 ort of hisdrawer.

A At or in? q We useatto ta k aboutthe positionof som€thing,or.bour the place wheresomethng happens4fshows a generalocation. Meet ne at my otfice. There'ssomeoneat the door (posirion) I ll seeyau at the meeting. (wheresomethlnqhappens)

,t, Weuse/ir withihe nameof a conrainer, placeor.re. to showrharsorneone or lornethinq nsideit. plenn/of papetin the photocopier There's she'sin the third rcom on theleft. Ou headofficeis in France/thenotth/paris. s stLrdythese ex.mples for pub c buildings: I'llseeyau at the airpott.

(the p acein qeneral)

I I seeyouin theaipan turmlnal(insrde rhebuitdinq) t hada hatddayat theoffice. (pefiapsI spenlsometimeoutot rhebu ding) t bebackin theafficeat thre€ (ifsidethe buildrns)

45 PREPO9TPNSOF PLACE 147

B Expressionswith at in and on a

I

a

Note these fixed exprcssionswith at at the frantlback at the toplbotton at tle ieaede at the stationlaipott Notethesefixedexp€ssions with in: in the middle in my hand in the corner in the country in the nkrar in the photo/picture (= ir the chat in chargeofthe meeting)

at the beginninglend at hanelwo*/schaol in a queue/linelraw in a book/nagaanelnewspaper in hospitallprison

Noteih€sefixedexp€ssions wirh on: on the left/ right on teleision lthe radio on the phone/ the computer pagelnap on the scrcen on the on the M6 (motorwaysand .oads) on the first floot on the plaXornlpavenent on the Rhinekivea) you are containedn a smdllerspacewher€ on the plane/busltrain(but in a carltaxibecause you cant standup)

a Wthaddresses,weuseinforthestrcetnameandatwhenwe5aythestreetnurnberasw Americans useon for streets. Out offices are in Piccadilly. Out offlces are at 14 High Street. I went shopping on fifth Avenue.

c AboveI below over I under a Above/bebwmean'higher/lower than'.Theycanbe usedwiihoutan objeci. The lloor above/below usE occuptedby an t^sutah.e
D Opposite, next tolbeside, nearlby a Opposiremeans'exactlyon the othersideof a space. we satowosiE eachother in theneefing. O Nextro andbesidemean'exactlyat the sldeof. Sesdecanbe rnoreforrna. .tohnshouldsit nert tolbeside lreneat the neeting. 'close 'at thesideof . O lvearmeans io' 8y medns Iherc areoneot tvtogood restaurants near herc. can we havea tableby the window? Wehada halidaynearthe sea. (closeto the sea- a few ki om€tresaway) Wehada halidayhy the sea. (westayedon the beachmostof th€ time)

laa

45 PREPOS|T|OI{S OFPTACE

45 Practice E x e r c i s1eg # 9 r y

.

Underline the coffectword. 1 Lookin theAppendix e/by the endof th€report. 2 got planesomeone When I iDlo, the wassittingin myseat. . 3 Whata fantnic view!Theskyaborclo!€r andthe seabetowtunder. 4 Nextwe€kl'll beatl,h Hungary for a fewdays5 TurnintoWenernAvenue andyou'llseeourofficesonlatyourl€ft. 6 Yo! canl missit- The€staurant isexa(lybyloppogre thecinerna. 7 | oftenworkinlat homein theevening. 8 | boughtthistie irlat Madison Avenue. - 5he3jun arlonthe phoneat thernoment. 9 she'llbe helein a few minutes l0 Thepowersocketisoverthere,bylaathedoor. I I Thisgraphisnt labelled propey.W te theunit5bylnento theX axis. 12 lwent to visitmysonin/af hospital yesreday. 'I3 Puta sheetabor€/oyer themachine to stopit gettingduny. 14 SienaisquitenearlbyFlorence. 15 l'll seeyoutomorrowat ten thirt!, lnlby myofiice. I 6 lt! a largeblock.Ouroffices areatlo, thefifteenthfloor 17 I sawSimonatl/h thestationwhileI waswahingfor a train. 18 I musthavebeenstanding inlafthe queuefor hatfan hour 19 You'llseeouroffices theylebylneala llrnirue storc.(thenextbtock) - they'rebylneara furoiture 20 You'llsee ouroffices store.(thenextbulding)

Exercise2 [ f Complete thesentences with in,at or on. I I live....il\....ManorRoad,...4!-...number 295. 2 Youshouldn't pavement_ reallypark............ the 3 | hada lovelymeal.......-.... theplane. 4 l'd liketo live.......--... thecountrywhenI rerire. 5 Goto theendof theroad,andyou'llseethe bank...........the righi. 6 l'll be .rriving............ youroffices............ Barcelona at three. 7 Lisbon is............ themiddle of Poftugal, ............ thecoan. 8 i meetyou............ thefrontof thebuilding in ten minutes. 9 | wonderwhars...........rFlevnion rhisevening. 10 Thesizeofthe text............ thescreen isverysmall.Coutdnlit bebtgq€r7 I1 | lve ............ a smallvillage -........... theroadto Dover l2 ............ ih€ beginning of myca€erlworkedin marketing. 13 lt wasa verywell-run meetjnq. Erikawas._.......... thechair 14 | wasn'tlooking............ the mirrorandI neaiyhadan accident. 15 Shework.. ........Seville, ............ the Universiiy. 16 Thesalesfigures? Yes,lhavethem righthere.....__._...... myhand. l7 lwaltedpatiently ..-.-....... the backof the queue. 18 I thinkI lefi myb efcase .........-.. thechair............ the restaur.nt. l9 l'm off sickat thernoment, but I shouldbeback.. ........wofknextweek. -he 20 ldn Fhan.eN4nFrer,sslill .....prison.

45 PREPOS|T|O|TIS OF PLACE r89

E x e r c i s3e! ! ! ! Completethis emailbychoosingthe correctpreposition fiom the listbelow. towads

over

pasr

thrcugh

in front of

by

in

+€-

at (x2)

on (x2)

H€re ar€ the dlrectrons(1)..-...1P..-... ou.t'".0 om*. Tak€ rh€ A3 from oxiord and thenjoin the M4 (2)..................London notwar€sr)- com€ offrh€ M4 (3).................. junction 12 .nd contrnuesrElghl ahead. Conilnu€ (4) -.....--.....--... rhe nen tuo rcundabouts,so (5) .....-......-..... a BP ga€96 (6)......-....-......your nghtand yo! ll@m6 to 3om€ tEfic rrqhts-You are now {7),......,.........-R€sdins. Go strarghr (3),..,...._....._... th€ rrafiic rrghGand (9).._.....,......... rha nBn s€r of rishrs,rum d9ht. Henry strsot is the srh road (1o) ......-.....-..... your lhsr6 is E rong driv6 rh€ l€fi, Folld the oad to the €nd and th€ offi€ i6 (11) .,,...,,,...,,,... (12) ......-.....-..... lh€ slde of the ofrce - you @n park lh€clf you h€v6 any p@bl€msglve m€ a €ll. but lt! v€ry e€ey E€llyl

Exercise4IIlI Complete wordin eachspa(e.Aswellasthewordsin sections thisemailbyputting9!e suitable A, B,C and D it isalsoposgible to useio,

lhanks for s€.dins m€ the artwork ro. rh6 masdin€ adv€rt. I h€v€ a r6w @mm€nts about the layout (1) ..,..,,pt\,,,,..th€ page. The photosraph (2) ..,..........._... rh6 rop r@ks sood, bur insr€.d of being (3) ....,....,,.....,, th6 mtddrs I thlnk lt 6hourd bs (4) .................th6 r€fr,(5).,......-....--... ro rh6 t€xr- Th6n (6).-.....-.....-.... rh6 orhd @merwe courd have the @mpany Old you know there's going to b6 an arricl€ aboutour@mpany (7).........--.....-. th6 sam6 magazing? I hope lr willb€ ( A ). . . , , , . . , , . , . . t. h . .e. p a s s d i € c t l y ( 9 ) . . . - . . . . . . . . . .,. .b. u . t t h a t i s n t { 1 0 ) . . - . . . . . - . . . . .m . . y. . h a n d s . Can you also give the artwork (11) ...-.....-......-. Steve for hls @mments? He should b6 back (12) ..-......-......-. work on

190

A Verb + preposition *

H€reis a n of verbsand ihe prepositonsnorma y usedwth them:

rcnpete againsl

fo.us on

tue apptiedfor a newjob.

Can you take .arc of the affi.e while l'n autT

Drtot.ar no.k Mt ddnn(,l.d l,t lho . .ohtttuies nnldn\g Noj.id a d Ei.tsat thot oill b.,ejtJron rnn\g\ahs al moL,ilc ]rhrra thdt&h ddts t f trr,.r. (Bloombcre.con vctsite) r1t Rr @ro,\, k Jocrtedon knovlcdrcdkd tthh.l.g.

(Thc Srrrishtslirncs Lrtcra*ive

Rc.qnlaror ror ro wl\tand rk uccdfar hank:to neryLa d dor't tftn obje.t to tl(:. hrya. (Busnrcs .l.dk Wcck Ncbsitc) Someof the verbsabovecan be usedwithout preposiiion + oblect

I hape/knaw/insist. lt depends Othe6 musthavea prepoeiion+ object. Thepro.ess consistsof tour main sljges. I n rclying on you fot yout suppon.

lt belongs to me Thisvrrl leadto a lot ol ptoblens

seeunt 16 4 In questionsthe prepostionusuallygoesat the end

Whodoesthisbelangto?

Whatdaesit @nsistof?

Whaarcyou waitingfot?

B Verb + objed + preposition a Wth romeverbslh€ obj€ctcomesbeforethe preposiiion. Hereafe somecommonexampes: ask soneane about/fol boftow sanethinq lrcn conparc sanethinq widl/to @ngntulate saneone on divide sonething into

explainsonethingto inform soneoneabout/of insurc sonethin9 agai ntt

split sanething into supply saneone with

invite soneone to prcte.t soneone frcm

prcvent soneonefrcm

can theyinsurc usagainn frc sk? ,Nol,odl tr R!si.

sharcsonethingwith spendsanethingon

6 tretdrcd to irrst

tantlate saneth ing into

We've tpent $2m on advenising this year. tto!t..t ifl ptudr.ior. (Le Mand. DipLanatiqre

"absite) O cle dnn nr lrry Elli'a" his ofarcd r sol io, to fuhathe e6 ds tvli tosoJt\flanapoly:'Th.l lntld srlit thc cootp y iato tuD drd h [Mntu\oJtpptidetu] Stfle Ballw mn aneNnpaty auj lct Bill Cat.s f,tt theothex' (Wned nngrne rvebnte) Wirh remjndthe€ is a d tferencein meaninqb€tweenabourandof. Gillianrcninded ne about the aryointnenL (= she told me nor to forSeo (= sheis fe my sister) Gillianrcninds ne of ny sister

46 VERB+ PREmSITION 191

c verb + different prepositions ,! Someverbscan 90 with severadifferentprepositons Theyagreed to give us beftet terns af paynent. agreeio/with/about OK, 1agrce with you about the need far .utting casts. lnust apalagiseto susanfor ny aMul behaiou last niqht. Shall we askfot the bill? Ask the waiter about the dish af the day. l'm goinq ta complain to the nanaget about the serui.e in hete. I heard about the nev\/sfron a calleagueof mlne l've never heaftl of that company they'rc nat very well-known. llearnt a lot about nsurancefrcm my lanjob Canyou help ne - In laaklng for meeting raan 3 Thisproblem results frcn bad planninq, and h wil .esult in chaos. 1need ta talk to yau about the new constructianprcject What did yau thnk ol the neeting? What are yau thinking about? They'vewtiften to us ta complain about our poor setvEe.

D Uses of different prepositions $

Someprepositions are usedlo ntroducepartculark ndsof inforrnaton Knowingthis can he p you to understand someof the diiiefencesin sectionC abolr oiten ntrodlcesrhe

Do yau know about EUrcgulatians in thisarcd? We re thinking ahout changing ou advettisingslogan

at otten ehowsdirection

1n looking at yau otder detaih on the sc.eenright now. I hate it when ny bassthouts at ne

for often showspurposeor

t nust apologise lor being late. Ive asked the waitet fot the bil

'l herebyempowery@, Adbro* T,wllLln!, to wlter ny plntrt!. And l.t'3 h€ar no rcre t.lk about hor I n.v.r deleg.te authority,''

fron often lhows the origin

I haven t head frcm then fot a lang tine. fhis prablem results lrcm bad planninq.

on often showsconfidence

Can we agrce on a discount af 5ok7 we're depending on yau ta fin3h the jab by ftiday.

ro often rclels to a pe6on

Coutdyau explain thls clauseto ne, please? l don'tthink he was listening to ne

192 1l5 VEnOr PREPiOSI'ION

46 Practice Exercise 1 X Completethe sentences with a word from lin A anda word ffom lilt B. A: apprcve depend know lead believe sufier syFpar+$sewait B: about for from in of on to vfrh I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

yourproblem, | €ally-tyr4P4tli5-e...wi-tl. butthe€l nota lot I cando. Positive is important. You really have youlsef. thinking so to ............................. fii youout5ide you?e What saying canonly............................. onepossible conclusion. Ofcoutse thesizeof ourorderwi11............................. theprice. Yo!rCVi! n.on9in mostareas, butwhatdoyou............................. marketingT lmports always ............................. theef{ects of a nrongdollar lawayshavetolookrmad-myboss doesn'i ............................. inforrna clothes.

Exercise2 E Underline thecorrect word. I I thinkwe shouldaskthem&/aboutlw,th moreinformation. 2 Canyo! supplyusforlaboutlwith enoughpa.tsfor 5,000vehicles? 3 You'er d meabourloflforsoreoneI l.now 4 lf I foEet,remindmeabourlollforit againai theendof themeeting. 5 Themanagement unionagairstlfronlforcausing blamedrhe thestdk€. 5 l'm writingto informyoulot / aboutl on ov newG ge ot prcducts, 7 We mighthaveto splitthe otdetfotlinlintoNvoseparate shipments. 8 CanyouthankL4rMateusaboutlfotl with all hishelp? 9 l'd liketo congratulate Particia ohlforlaboutwinning Employee of the Month. 10 Thissafetyfeatureprevents theoperative agairsrlfromllv/t, suffefing anyinjury 11 Thisyearwe'llbe investing mo.ethanf4m onl,loltoplantandnewmachinery 12 Thisyearwe'llbe spending morethan€4monl,loltoplantafd newmachinery

Exercise3 I D

Completethesesent€neswith prepositions. Choosefrom:about,at, fot, frcn, ln, to, of at with. 1l'mwritinq......t9......attourcustomers...4he!|t..offersthismonthonseecledmodel 2 WhowasGeorye talking ................. ? Andwhatexactly washeta k ng ................. ? 3 Naveyouheafdanythinq ................. HeadOffi.e?Theysaidthey'ddecide thisweek. 4 Who3Giuseppe saponi? l'veneverhead.---............. hlm. 5 Doyoulikethe newdesign? Whatdo youthink................. it? 6 Doyouagree ..........-...... me........--....... this? 7 Theimp.oved fiqures.esult -................ sales alltheinvestments we madean yeaf. 8 Tre rrvenrnenB we remdftnqnowshouldresuh.......... ......oenersal.s^exryea youe.rlieribut l'vebeenverybusJr 9 | munapologise .................. not contaciing l0 l'd likeio complain ..........-.---.. themanager ........-......... thefood. yousignan),thing. 11 Makesureyoulook................. thesmallprint before 12 Unesstheifqualityimproves, we'llhaveto look-.-............... a newsupplier

46 VERB + PREPOSITIOI{ 193

Exercise4l$ffigU Complete thesentences withonewordfromlistA andonewordfromlistB. A: agrced apologisedapply belong comply explainheard hoping nsist listen pay qualit ey remind B: about on on from with with to to to {€+ lor for for for 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1l 12 l3 14

Youcan...........e411..............&t...thegoodsintwelvemonthyinnaments. you? Excuse me,butdoesthisumbrella .............................. ............. Thefirrtthings to .........................--.. ............. theclient to I ndouttheirneeds. I asked mylawyer to .................-........... thecontract ............. me Ev€rybody ............................. ............. thedecision. lt wasunanimous. Therc'sa newjobin R&D. lwonder if Chrir6 goingto...... ........... ............. t. good Youcanalways ............................. ........... iillisa te.mmember herln a crisis. They've ........ ....ihedelay ... . .. .................. andsdidthatthe temsarcin thepost. I'm certain it nedrcrthetime. to foeet. yearWe're ........................................b€tterresutssoon. lt'sbeena dlsappointing yo! . ........................... Have ............. Jacke r€cennyT 5hehasn'twrtten forages. Does thisproduci....... ................................Eutopeansafetynand.rds? No,no,1............... ............ ...........paying. Yo!'remyguest. lf we buildthefactoryin thatareawe l ............. a regional aidgrant.

Exercise5Age'E Thes€cond Complete theemails withthecor.ectprepositions. numberin eachbrackeishowsthenumberof

your Iv6 jusr be€n lookins (1-2) ....-..41......your weusite ano companns yo!r on-tin€ bankhs raciritr€6(2-4) ,................. ( 3 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c o m p o t i t o r sT.h € r e s a f 6 w r h i n g s I d l i k 6 r o $ t y o u you, how much will I pay (g!3) .-................ a) lt I want to boiiow mon6y (4-.4)..........-....... lh6loan? | .$!m€ rhat your (6-2) int6Est rale ch€aper operatlng ests will rosult ...........,....., a lower than a normal bank. b) | see thal ll I open an ac@unt this monrh I quarlt (7-3) ...,....,......... a credil cErd wilh sp€cial payment terms. oo you otr6r In6uEnca (3-a .................. ontine fraud with rhis €rd ro prclect €rd-hotde6 (9,4) .................. hacke6 who mtght I look loNard to headng (1O-4).-................ you. Thank you.

Thank you (i1-3) .................. takinq e long lo reply, ,oor re€nt 6mail a.d I apologis6(12-3) ..-...-........... Here is the informalionyou requaat€d. a) You en r6ly (132) .................. lh€ fact lhat our intor€sl ralos ar€ v6ry 6mpatiliv6,lrut lcannol glve exact fiqu€s 63 ll depends (14-2)..........-.......lheamounl you w6nt to bomw linvit6 you {1t2) ..................ch€ck lhe table on ourwebsit6 forthis infomalion.l €n assueyou that w6 d6alwith tha pr@ss v€ry quickly afrer applyhg (16 3).................the loan youshouldnthav6rowaitmorethanafedat€b6for€hganng(17-")............. us b) Yes,6s soon as yo! tnfom !s (1&5) ..........-..-...any posibl€ fraud asecialed with yolr €rd we take €re (19-2).-.......-........everything and retund any mon6ythatyou hav6lost.In relationto our@n cunomerac@unls, w€ do everythingnecessry to pr€venl hack€E (20-4)....-............. edenng fi€ syst€m, and hav€ invest€dh€avily (21 2) .................. this sr€a ov€ I hope this ansers your qu.srions. Pl€se do not h*itate io @ntact us again if you lhink (22-4 -...-...-......... anylhing else.

djective + preposition A Adjective + preposition I

S o r n ea d j e c t v ecsa nh a v ea p r e p o s l i oanf t e r t h e mT h e p r e p o s t i o n m a y b e f o l o w e d b y a n o u n We re al disappointed with the paar figures. I n rcsponsible for a salestean of eight people that caves the south of the cauntty. Whenfollowedby a verb,the 'ing lorm mun be used. We might be intetested in placing nore ordes in the futurc

a An adlecrive can a so be followedby a to infint ve. lf we needto menton. person,we usefor betweenthe adjecliv€and the infintve It's inpoftant to follow the safen/procedurcs It's inpottant for us to move quckly in thesenegotiatians. h\ goodJor childrct to ndhe thln ouat.lqi.6.TooMrh u.Ll iM,nU lihunliyr ttdhs thnt it\ hddo.fat n' ta \ct ban.lrti.\.tdr ,rcrr. (cu..di.n rvcbsite)

B Feelings a Manyerampesof adj€clive+ prepostonareconnectedwilh leelings fed !p with

l'n rcally excibd about staninq ny new iab. l'n not very keen on fied faad, to be honest Six b k at int.restedin lityillq ai 86yo 'tnkeii Por\ Bd a lati a. (Busncs Ncws Am$ic"s wcbsnc) .

Forbehaviourlowafdsanotherperronwe useadjeciv€+ to Exampleencludegood to, krrd ro, nice ta pahte ta, tude to. When ny nothet was iI ffty @lleaqueswerc a very kind to rr,e. I thaoght he was ftthet rude to the waitress.

l

l

l , t

f , . ' Ir n r t , l i\

1 * [ l

i'

_t.

'N,,

med,!\

re. H@ota&wi'w

pltf'ryut

47 ADJEqflVEr PREPOSITION195

C Other adjectives a Herearesomeothercom.non examples of adjective + preposition.

itfor gu ry or usedto (= a(customedto) lackingin

My opinionsarc verydilfercnt frcm you6. Au .onpany is famousall averthe wo d fot thequalityaf itsengineeing. 5hewasfull of enthusiasnwhenI expbineoou Eea. We'reusedto the delayson the netrc. Theyhappenall the tine.

D Adie€tive + choi.e of preposition a Someadjectives canbefollowedbydiffe€ntpreposltons wth a smattdiflerence in meann9. Oftenonepreposition is usedtorthings.ndanother people. for 'Weae eocl'ftsponsibl. a paxnutu ptnal arca.'Efpatt Serui.et Advnq Gebd Jor r.ot

good/badat (abI ly)

sorryior (+ inq)

I n veryangry about thedelay I n veryangry with themfot causingthisdelay Hewasannoyed about what thejourhatistwrote Hewasannoyed with thejaurnalist. Ive nevetbeenverygood at dealingwith .onflict. A newpetsanat the top wauldbe good fot the(onpany. 5he3verygood with diffiult cunones Areyau happy with ny suggestion? Cangfttulations! I n veryhappy fot yau bath. I'n rcsponsiblelor all thetranspotlandbgistics_ TheFinanceDitectoris directlyrcsponsibleto the CEA. I n sotry about all the troublel've caused . I n sotry for cauting so nuch ttouble. lfelt sotry for Georgewhenhe didn't get thepronotion.

196 47 ADJECIIVE+ PREPOsITIOI{

47 Practice Exercise l Ett Completeeachsentence1-10 with an endingaH)

I Areyou inter€sted 2 Thismodelis difierent

g

3 Arcyouaware

tr

4 5 6 7 8 9 lo

!

Theywerereallyannoyedn He3become verykeen n good laneisreally n I'msotired.l'm notused E areyouready ! lwasquitesurprised n lcould bewrcng n

people. a) at motivating b) with usforsending thewronggoods. c) for another d nk? youarccreating? d) oithe difficulties e) aboutthis,but I don'tth nk it'sgoingto work. caf6sin thistown. 0 bythenumberofInt€rnet in items fromthe catalogue7 9) anyother h) fromtheoldonein someimportant ways. i) to thetimedifference yet. j) on keeping tit rccently.

Exercise2 ! | Complete thesentences withonewod fromlistAandonewod trom stB. A: attached tired dependentpepcler involved sale suitable serious Br about for from in of on to *ith 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8

Thisfundisvery...r9e4!+t:.........*i11....investors groMh. lookingfor long"term Thefirewallshould makethenetwork..--....-.............. ................. attackby hackers. Forfudherdetaik,seethecopyofthecontract........................................thslette previous Stafting salary is....................... ................. experience. I don'tthinkthey?e....................... ................. thE theyhaven'tbeenin touchfor weeks. Wete ,,............,,,,,,,,, ,,,,..........,,, everystigeof theprocess, fromdesign to production. | needa change. l'm....................... ................. doingthesame thing€very day. Hedge furdsarcveryiskyTheyrenot ................... .......... thep vateinvesto..

Exercise3 I Undeinethecoffectword1 I m 'eallyangryaboutl)ufu themfor not lettingusknowsooner. 2 l'vespoken io Robert andl'm reasonably happywtrlfolall the a(angemenrs. 3 l'm reallyhappywithlfor t\,laggie, shedeserved to get prcmoted. 4 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlwthallthisrcnfusion withthewronqinvoices. 5 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlw,ththemfor sending thewronginvoices. 6 I'm sotryaboutlforvthat happened yesterday. 7 )'m sotryaboutlfor a i\ing so late- I got delayedin trafiic. 8 I feelverysorryaboutlfor Frances. shedidn't deserveto betreatedlikeihat. 9 Lowinflationis goodatltorleyfh everysectorof the economy. 10 She'dbe ercellentin HumanResources, shesreallygoodatlforlwith people. 11 Richard, canyouhelpuswiththistranslation? Youe goodatlforlwithFrcnh. you 12 lf ne€dto rcferthe decisionupwadr who areyou responsible forlto? I 3 A$headof depatment,how manynaff arcyou responsible forlro? 14 Whoisresponsible forlto the Scandinavian market?

47 ADjECT|VE+ PnEFOSITION197

E x e r c i s4eR R m Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similar meaning to thefirstsenr€nce. 1 Consumers findtheoldmodels a bit boring. consumels area bir bored................ry.i.t.t'r...t1e,..-"ld..l.eC''s!a.................. . 2 JLrlia lsAdrianswife. J, a isnamed... ............... 3 l'm notaccultomed to drivinqon the left. Irf nolu5ed 4 | needto getth€ roompreparcd for themeeting. I eedlo gelrhe'oomready ...... 5 Doyoufindarchaeology interesting? Areyou.. ............................ . .............................. 7 6 Whathe saidhasmademeangry l'n angry.. ........... 7 Mathematics wasalways mybestsubject. I wa<. walsve-y9oo0 8 Theadvenising campaign wasa disanerYousaidit wouldbe. Youwer€rght............... ............. . lt wasa dsaner 9 Therewe'elorso, peopLe In rheconference r.. La wasfull.. Thecor'ercnce 10 I don'trcallylikeheridea. l'n rct 'eay veryleen.. ........

Exercise5Enig Complete thesequenc€ ol ernalswitha wod fromthe n below a,i€r€ attachedcapablecompariblecovereddependentinvoved lackng are opposed preparedright similar useful

Arc you (1) ......4W.41e....,, of the articreabout customor R€tationshtpManasem€nt (cRM) in ths rare$ Business W € 6 k ?l ' v e s c a n n € di t a n d ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . .i .r .l .o. .l h i s E m a i t . Basicallt it says that in the past @mpanies were (3) ..-......-.............. on lheir brend nam€, but in the tutur6 weI hav€ to b€ (4) ......................., for 6ustome6 changing s!pplier mo.6 ofi€n. To give betters€ruic€ w6ll need CRM soit .re (5) ........................ of inte€ralingcusrom€r hlomaton across rn€ saBs

ror€, call @ntre 6nd w6bsiie That infomalion also be@mes (6) ......... .............for mark€tinq thtngs tike understandlngbuyingb€haviourrrememberyousayingsomelhing(7).......................tothisinameetingtastyeaiand as you are (3)........................ in tT purchasingdecisions tlhoughtyou shoutd see lhe artict6.

Re: Cusromgr RetationshipManag6m6nt

Thanks forthe email. Yout€ absorutery(9) .......................about th6 importan@ ofCRM, and if you remen,ue| proposed at that meeting thar w€ inv66r in new CRM soltwa@. Most p€opte @re (1O) ._......_............... to lhe idea, parly becaus€ofrh6dlflrcultyinfindingsofi\rar€(11)..._................wiltrourorhertTsystems.tsaidarthetimethatthey wereabit(12)..................._..invision,burir's.orbo(13)....................._forusto$an.f[puttog6rh6rashortreporr based on th6 id€as (14) ...-...........-.....-.. in rh6 arrict€and circulate it. Thanks again.

194

oun + preposition A Noun + preposition a

Here s a listof nounsand ihe prcpositions normallyus€dwith them: abililyin

ditficultywith

B Noun + preposition (from unit 46) a

Manyoi the verbsin unit 46 haverelat€dnount wlh the s.me pr€position. Hereare someexamoles: a9reementw th/about

C Noun + preposition (from unit 47) a Manyof theadjectives in unir47 h.verelated nounswirhthesamepreposton.Hereare

suitabty for

D Rise, fall + oflin a Words.efedng io inc.eases and dercares(liker,!e, laL etc)can be fo owed by of or rn. Of rcfersto an amount./, referslo the thing thai hasincreased or decreased. Therehas beenan increase/riselreduction/fall in aaeratino Drofit of 3a/o.

48 NOUN + PREPOSITION 199

E Connection, relationship + withlbetween a

One thing hasa link with another. Ihete is a link between tyo things. Wordsthat can be folowed by eltherpr€posiUon include:connectian,link,relatianship, conttast" differen e Thereis a cannection/relatianshiplcontun with what happened last year. Thereis a canne<:tionlrelatianshiplcont?st between bst Wat and thisyear

F Need, wish, ,equest + for a

Nounsmeaning'need'or tequest' hdvefor aft€rthem. Examples nc Lrd€applicationfo, demand fac need foc oder faa preferencefor, rcquest for.

G Prepositionalphrases a

phrares(peposition+ noun phrase): Hereis a listof commonpreposilional at shortnotice,at costprice,at a good pnceiat a proft/loss,at first sight I ve had ta call this neeting at short notice becauseaf the urgencyof the situation. It's tliffi.ult to sellat a rcasonableprcfit when labou castsare so high. by accident,by carlbus/taxr,by chance,by creditcad, by hand,by law, by rnstake, by posi/cou.ierby rcium {of post) We net in the streetby chance. lt was quite unexpected. Pleaselet us knaw you decisionby rctun as fw+ker delay will result in hlghet casts. tor a change,for lunch,for pleasu.e. for sale Wauldyou like to lain us for lunch? We always eat pizza. Tonight let'sgo to a Thaircstauant fot a .hange. in advance.in bulk,in cash,in chargeof, in connectionwirh, in debt,in the end,in lavourof, in general,in. hurry in the markel(companiet,in my op nion,in rtock,in fnancialtems, in the pipe ne, in touch,in trouble,in otherwords,in wrt n9 We need25o/oof the total pice in advance, with the balancean receipt ol the gaads. |'n sotry vtE don't have that nodel in sto*. We re expeclng sane mare next week. 'Iruesto6 Ttst boughtuhateuelsta.kr wta avaiLdbLh lk b.lieI tl&t uorc lositire ew ea! in the pipeline,'an ondlytsoid. (ShanghiiD.ily ivebsite) on the basisof. on busness,on foot, on hand,on hoLd,on hoiday,on the Internet,on the otherllfe, on loan,on the market(productt,on order,on ih€ phone,on p!rpose,on sae, on strike,on television, on tack, on a trip, on rhe whoe I think we (an nave forwatd on the hasis of what we ve discussed We don t have any in sto.k ight now but there are 20 ikms on otder n ldr CaLd,nan.Ct,hdn ap tuna, w^ on hand,a da ra A.hl.itdct.at , xp.,i.ttll dpdl'ndt thej"dftidl cngn'eeitg (Busines Week website) The uonot'y tM on ha.h lot rcauery,Mr sakai:'d irt'sted. Theretwuld, he said,bagrowth d nng tE dtent qua ex (FT.corn websire) out of date,out of order,out of business Vetsian6? Yaursoftu/are is a bit out of daE isn't it? Theyre seling veEian 8 now. Sorry the lift is out ol otder. Youll have ta use the nairs. up ro oare,up Io you I useve\ian 8 of this sottware - it's the nost up to da€. I dan't nind which renaurant we go to. lt s up to you.

2|X, 4a

OUI{ + PREPatSlTlOttl

48 Practice ExerciseI tIIl Completethe sentences with a prcpositionfrcm the list below. between betw€€n {or tor in in cf of te to with with 1 Haveyourcceiv€d a reply......l9---... theemailyousentyesteday? 2 ]he demand................. microchips isverycyclical. 3 lhe esultsthi5yeararein nrongcontrast................. thoseof theyearbefore. 4 Thereisa strongcofiast -..............-theseresults andthoseof the!€arbefor€, 5 What5thematter................. vourPC?Hasit dashed? 5 Lastyeartherewasa fall...-.....,,,,.... unemployment .................O,5o/o, 7lsthereanydifference...,...,,,,......thesetwoboxes?lheybothlookthesame, I Atthe momentlcanlthink of anyro|ution................. theproblem. profitswa5disappointing. 9 Theincrcase................. Therewasa ise................. only47o. 10 l'd liketo placean order................. fortycases of singlemaltwhisky.

Exercise2 f ![ Completethe sentences with a word flom lin A anda word from lin B. A: .advantagefocus involvementobjection payment price suitability tFecbh B: of of for tor in on to *ith 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8

We're9oin9to change suppliels. we haveso much....1!'...r14h!-e-.... tilh.. rhem. gonedown The....................... ........... oil has by$2 a baffelsinceJanuary. The..................................usingasmall@mpanyisthithey'teu5!allycheapel We'rewastingtime,wene€dto.....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,.themainissue. yet. We haven't r€ceived ..,,,,,,,,............, ,,,,,,,,,,, the lastinvoice Doesanyone haveany..........,,,,,,,,..... .......,,,, thatpropos.l? OK,it3 aqreed, Therearerumours ot theh,..........,,,,,,,,..., .......,... illegalarm5 dea15. lt!aviolentfilm.l'mnotsurcabouti6.......,,,,,,,.............,,,,,,,avounoaudience,

Exercise 3 tr underlinethe corect words, 'I 4lrn filst siglt it lookslikea gooddeal,but w€ needmoredetaikatltb a hurry 2 A: Shallw€ try usinga differentsuppli€rbyllor a change? B: tt3 uplout to you. 3 Arc you payingbylin ca:hot bylin opdit cad? 4 Thehousenextdooris torlat sale.ltS be€norlir the ma*et for ages. 5 Veryfew Eoardmembersarcatl,ir favourof the merge.,n/O, the whole,theythink it will createmo€ prcblemsthan it sohies6 We needto keep,iDlontoudr with the situationas it develops. 7 Are],ouhereonlfor business or onlfor de6ure? 8 A: Didyou do it bylon purpose? B: No,ot courseno! | did it bylon m,istake. 9 Byl/n financialt€rmsthqy'renot doingwell.rhefre $ t0m inlout of debt. I 0 A: *tick, irs PaulBrockJrcmTycoatlon th€ phone. B: Canyouput himatlo, holdwhilellook for hisfile?OK,l'veJound it- l'lltakeltat/on theother line.

4a I||OUll + PnEPOSltlOltl 20i

Exer
aboutdiffeEntthingswithoutrealisingE quick-thinking andquick-acting = to sayit biefly andclea y L--l in thesameunpleasant situation n ln a situation thatistoo diffcultfor him n in a situation thatmightcause trouble n

7 8 9 to tt t2

!

unexpectedty beingplanned andprepared overa lonotimeDeiod for a shon-penod of trme possrble nol unoff'crally

n n n n n

Exercise5llll prepositions, Complete thesequence of emaibwiththecorrect Thes€rondnumberin eachbracket shows the number of lettersin th€word.

Th. IntBrurBG ior rh€ post of lt manager aE happ€nlnq n6n ssk. €nd PeEonnet have just s6nt m6 hrorm6ton (1r5) Aig'al. .ll the @ndldatos, I thoughr re should q6r logorher to diqse the CVs and th6 quoq ons wB are sohs rc tocus on in th€ lnt€ryi€ws. H6b Er€ ny ihouqht6,(2,2)...--....--.myoprnron rh6E rsa n6€d (3-3).......,,...som6on6 wlrh a good knowt€ds6 (4-2)............Bystem8lnreg€tion, b6eus6 rh6 ddn@ly (5-a) --...-......ourdcnr tT sy6t6m ts thata[ thB parls work soparEtely -!u. w€bait6, th6 bact-ffi@ p|b@slng. blllhg, our supply chain 6tc, I hop6 re @n find s endidato who has shown.u@56 (6-2)...---.....-deallng with alr th@ pro@ss in rh€ir pEvloG lob. but Personnerhav€ €r@ady wamed me thst ih€€.6 lack (7-2) ......,.....Earry 3ton9 €ndrdates. Arao, a lot or our lT jnfra.lructurc 16qult€ (&3) ..........--of daie and @rl h€v6 to mak6 a bis inv€sh€nt (+2) ,,,...,,,,.. n€w hardwa@sn. w6 n*d som@n6 whoS (lo-2).....-...... touch wnh whars (113) ...._....._sate (12-2) ,,...,,,....the mark€l and €n take €.ponsibiliry (133) ..--.....--.th6 whol6 pumha.lng prc(:esWhat do you think? lf3 (14-2) -....-....-- to you - l'm f.€€ for a reoting mGt momings n6x w€6k.

Yes, w€ should have a me€ttng. lt will be good to disos ttE€ rfiin$ (1+2) ....,.......adwn@ (16-3) ...-........a chang€. Usuallyth6 int€Nlews are (17-2) .---....---. such shon noti@ that w dont g€t a.ian@ to calty took at lh6 CVs togglher and msk€ d€cbions (1a-5) ..----...--. the kind of qu€tions @ c going to.sk. Next Tu*day mominq woutd be good for

202

nds, graphs and figures A craphs and figures a Hercaresomecomrnon typesof graph:

tlhtr@ffi Nlmbe6 can be writtenar symbols(10)or words(ten) nforma wlt ns r.rse symbosfor tarqe amountsand wods for everything else(ordnas likesecond,two numbe6loqether,esrimates, etc) Seeexercse4 on pag€205 Nolethe fo owing waysto tay numbers: f6 15 sixpaunds fifteen Notethai a decrna point is writtenas a dof. not a cornrna ke in some anguages.

O25 noughtlzeropaint turaf/ve (NOTp€+F++,*/eF{y+rfe) Largenumbers: Acomma can be usedto separaterhous.ndsfrom hundrcdsNoticethe useof ,and inBrrish English. 6,244 sixthousandt a hund.ed (in BrEand ArnE) 6,284 sixthousandttuohundrcdand eighty(in UE, hut ArnEhasno,and,here) 2m two nillion (NOTFdli€F5) 2.5n two point five/two and a half nillion

B Trends a Studytheseverbslhatdescribe ditfeenlrerds (= rendenc es).

Etr::L | --| . . .

t--'-

t---.t - \

l

\

r_L_

f-

49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGUNES 203

a

Note ako: to doublq to triple, to halve.

a

Notetheseiregularvel1)foms: grow - gtew - grown 90 - went - gone fal-fe - falen ise-rcse-risen

O Notethesenouns: a ise, growth, an inprcvenent, a fall, a drcp, a peak,a rccovery a half, a doubting ManuId.tulnsindbtry adeR inJdrsdryrose 1|.1%ton the sonepenodd fenr ea ier,Nnparcd uith faM^ of an 11.2% ti'e. (wan SrreetJoulnalwebsite) seerho uni 43 a

Nore_hp'ollowinqplepoiilions: salesincreased flon 55.4mto r5.8rn. salesincreased by $0.4m. Therewas an increasein salesot S0.4m. in sales. Therewasa 3'k inctease

(nan and linishfigures) (diffepncebetweenstdftdnd finishfgures) (aiter a noun or noun phras€) (b€forcthe thing that is changing)

T1r slnrc of U.S. copitals|tndks de@tcdb nfonotio,l teelhololl hG norc thai tiplcd lihd 1960,frod 10% to 35%. Fieldstlrh a: biotctholog dtebooni'9. (B$ine$Weck website)

C verbs and obie
D Adverbsand adiectives a Wecanuseadverbs aDdadjectives to givemorcdetails aboutvefbsandnouns.

sleed quicklylquick

rapid change

grcdualy/gradual const.nt,regularchange steadily/steady

significantlylsgnificant sharylylsharp

slow,st€p-by-stepchange slightly/dight

atge change suddenchange smach.nge

Salesqrcw steadily. Therewas a sbady growth in sales. SoJdr, 6.25 billion USD hs poeBd itto Ronatia ow lE l6t dtude, with 16t y't\ fir"Es at 1998, otdi^! to lazst Tiade Regittry datd. (BLlcharestBusiness shawinga slight itd^e Week website)

E Linking words and phrases a

Linkingwordsa€ usefulfordescibinqtlends.Theycanjoln p.rts of a sentenc€or link across sentences. see units41 -44. Herca.ejust a few exampesl contrast

and, in addition b./t a/though (+ subject + verb), in splte of(+ noun phrase),however be.ause (+ subject + verb), becauseotdue ro (+ noun phfale)

result

so, thetefore

addition

204

49 TRENDS,GNAPHSAiID FIGUNES

49

Practice

Exercise1 n

Wrte in wordshowyouwooldsaythe numbers in brackets, if British Engtsh. Thereisan exarnp e in secrion A andanother onebelo',ro helpyou. r (4s6,780) .f.eoj:..hrardred..*ad..fiftJ.tjx therr.'adr..t.'e.v.e^...hl,|^d..ced...a^d 2 \1,84) 3 02,300) 4 (12,030) 5 (12,330) 6 fi20,300) 7 (r23,000) 8 (12:,330) 9 (1,230,000)

Exercise 2 f !! Llnderline thecorrect wordi 1 IleE wasa slightly/rtgbtsein profitslast month. 2 We roserhcreased our profirss/tghttlsr?ht lastmonth. 3 Thefewasa sharpfall,iolofoursales lastquarter 4 Oursales fellbylof6% lastquarter 5 we felllrecovercdov marketsharelastquarter. 6 Oursha€ priceh/t/beata lowldown la* monIh,6ut jt hassincerecuperat_.d/recoyeled and now standsatJin13.18. 7 Ou shatepticercached/meta toplpeakin May,but itl fallenbacksin(ethen. 8 lnflationis inc.easing s/owBlor,ry'y at the moment,/h/ by aboul1% a yeat. 9 lhete is a slow/ slowlyinc.easein the rateof inflation,of I by about1oka yea( profitswentfrcmt2-S.r.to/untilf3.1n. 10 Operating paidto sharehold€rs 11 Dividends raisedlrose by6%. Lanyeartheyfu///cut 12 Thkyearwe ralsedlrose dividends to shareholdels. Lastyearwe lel//cutthem.

Exercise3 ! Complete thesentences witha wordor phEsefromthe listbelowLookca€fuilyat the punctuatiof to see I thewordsjoinpartsof sentences or linkaffosssentences. becausebecause of so although in spiteof ln-€dditisu however iher€for€ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

saesareup sx. ....1t!...4C.Ci!i9t.. , marketsharcis up 2%. 5.lesareup5%.............................. isdown2%. , ma*etshare 5ales are!p 5%,............................market share isdown2%. Sales areup 50,6. ........---.................. a dropin ma*et sharcof 2076. Sales areup 5%. ............--..---.......... , we shouldgeta bonusat rheendof ihe y€ar sal€sareup 5%, ....................... well allgeta bonusat rh€endof th-.y€ar Saes.fe up 5% ......................--..... the newadvertising camp.ign. Sales .re up 5% ........................---.. the newadvertising .ampaiqn hassrad€d.

49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGURES ZO5

Exercise4 E aFO. Matchihe rulesfor formalwriting15 withtheexamples 1 2 3 4 5 6

;t

s for datesandla.geamounls Usesyrnbo (fi61,Jecond) Usewordsfor ordinals Usewordsfor two numbe6together oi. s€ntence Usewods at thebeginning Usewordsfor estimates Usewordsfor numbe6belowten

n n n n !

a) We ll needtwentyfourpeEon teams. b) Twelvepeopletook part in the meetng. c ) $ 1 0 0w i l l b ep a d o n 2 8 A u S U s t . d) Thercarethr€emainrecommendations. e)We haveabouttwo hundredemployees. fl Thisir ouf th rd annualrcport.

Exercise5 g from the i5t belowon the appropriat€lines1-6. Wrte the phrases morethan 50% arcund50% a littleovet 500,6 exactly50olo a most50% considerably 50olo slightlyrnorethan 50% a ittl€ lnder 50% muchlessthan 50% about 50% prccisely 404/d

L......

4AVd

2 a . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48-521o 52lo

4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6ao/o

6

5oo/o

............

Exercise6IIIII

@',

a financial consultant, theconveBation between Complete (AC), Chris anda sales director, Wood(CWJ, AndrewCutting words. by und€dinin! thecorrect ^c, Right. B€forewe decideon the condicionsfor rhe loan,we needto havca caretullook at yourbusiness. I ve got rhe saler(1)lratqt/gaphic tot l2srye2rttg}jr here.UD. canyoujusr go through the figlres for me? cw, of couFe.Ar you cansee,sal€sat the stafi of the ye:r wer. gtire (2)fat / le'el,(3) so/ althoryhr\at\ nor srtptis;ng(4) beerce/d/e to we alwys have a quiet pedod after ChrisrMs. ^c, OK, but iherc Mnt 6nch of ^ (5) ttuwr / ttu ery over the spring period, was there? From your gnph I see rhat ar rhe (6) pe,l/r&,' in June you were onty Q) ketu'ed /up (8) by / with l'ro (9) hi ion / ni iors (L0) pornds/ oI potnds (11) sina/ o4 t[e J^nttary fisure. whai N,

happened? We[.it... itwsa dificult tmding period for us - our nein comperitor(12) ,r,4e,l their Plices / In spiteoIi tt\e se.ond (1s) hdf / halre of the yed things (r3') sisnij&rt / sis"6antly. \14, HoM starte.l to lmProve.

r,

Um. How did that happen? c\r, WeI. we launched a senes of new producis onto the market, and you'[ see that sales (16) ised / nse (17) st'dtp/ sha"t over rhe aurDm. went (18) rolatltl a tirde (19) rrtr / overifeen nilli'on$ the end ofthe l€ar' cw, In fact the ff Nov, we wele very happy with those resDlrs.And we er"ecr the increse (20) o/tr salesto continue this leat Ou salesforeca*s m looking very good. e

Um, we[. that does look pomising. ] tbinL Ne can - -.

205

unctuation A Capital letters a captalletteE (al5ocalleduppeKaseleners)..e lsedl to beqin a 5entence ior namesof people for titlee of books, etc for n.mes of places

Thankyau lar you leftet of 28 iuly. Jin, Helen, Mr Armstrang, Mts lones EurapeanCamnunity,Ministtyaf Finance As lin Tuckersaid in 'Managing Change',... Pais, FBn.e, Europe

for calendarinfo.m.ton

Monday,March,New YearcDay

for namesof ofganlsatons

a I n b o o k a n d f r m t r t e s , r n r awl o . d t k ea n d ,a / t h €a n dp r c p o s i t i o dn os n o r u s u a l lhya v € capitals,unlessthey are at the beginning His latest filn is (alled ln the Heat of the Night . a

Somewods can be writtenwith capitak,or n lowercare.Theseare:

compdsspo nls

the Ntnettes, the ninetles gnatl Sheis a salesdnecbr (generaluse),sa/€i Dlrecrcr (ob t t e) the eastof Scot/and(description), the far Easr(pac€ ndme)

B Full stop (.) a Fullnopsareusedat theendof sentences a Fullnopsaresometimes usedin abbrevatons to showthatlettersn . wordaremissng.ln modernBritish English theyarenot usedsooften. prcr.ETaytotMp eg te et<

C Comma (,) .

A comrnain wiling represenls a briefpausein speech.Wh€na sentencehasseveraclauses, commasare placedbebreen1hemio makethe sentencee.ser to read We da a lot af business wlh Asla,and its an npanant matketfar us. We da a lot af buslnesswith Asia,which is an inpanant narket far us. But we lse a tull nop, noi a comma,to separatecompletesentences. We do a lat of businesswith Asia.lt s an inpaftant narket far us.

(NOr@.) a A commais usedin lists,excepifor the lan nvo temswherewe useand. Thlsproduct is safe,hygienic,practicaland.heap We can lse a commabeforeard il the lasttwo temsin rhe listare long. Thisproduct E safe,easyto naintain, and kind to the envirannent. a Linknq wordsat ihe beqlnninqof a senrencearc fo owed by . comma. ln fact, the Poftuguesemaket is gtowinq fan. Linkingwods n the middleof a sentencehdvecommasbeJoreand afr€r The Pattuguesenarket, on the other hand, is qrowing fast. seeunn23 a Commasareusedwith non deflningrel.tiveclauses. Thisptodu.L which is the tap of our range, retailsat t250 a A commacan ntrodrcedirectquotes A Llay.ls agentsaid,'fhis will nean sone very larye claims.'

50 PUNCTUATION207

a Whenwriting directspeechwe usea commabeforethe actua wordsspoken.In report€d Compare: speechcommasare not Lrsed. Your salesdirecbr said, Yes,that might be possible.' Your salesdire.tot sakl it night be possible. I

Siudywhe€ we put a commawith largenumbe6: 18,500 127,000 1,569 260

4,65A,000

a decmal a dot is usedher€.A dot in Englishrepresents Notethat in sorneotherlanguages point.

D Semi.colon C) wLthrelated m$ningsusinga semi-(olon. a Wecanjointwo sente.ces We needbetbr technology;beftette.hnologycostsnoney. and longtemsin a n. Noticethe useof commas a A semi-colon is alsousedto sepaGte in thisexamPlel semicolons lnstlutionalinvesto' include^lonura,thelapanesesecuitieshouse;GECof the us; and Aatterhouse,the UKinvestnentbank.

E colon (:) itemsin a list. a A colonintrcduces Theinput sele
F speechmarks (' ') (" ") markt ar€usedwhenwe writetheaciualwordsthat a speech marks(alsocalledquotation goesinside. Th€ycanbesingleor double someone says.Punctuaiion "rhisshateissuewill supplythecapitalwe need,'satdAlanJonesof MSD. AlanJonesoI MSDsaid,'fhis shateissuewill supplythecapltalweneed.' put nsides nge speech marks, aid we put a Titlesof book, €ports,films,etc,aresometimes pun.tuation in thiscase. outside 1strcnglyrcconmendJin Iucker'snew book ManagingChange'. speech marks. Bookiilles,etc.canalsobe put in itaicsratherthan

G Question mark (?) and eiclamation mark (l) a Quenionmark onlyoccurafterthequestion. He asked,what are thenost inportant issuesfacingaur company?' in fomal appropri.te marksareusedin inform.lwriting,bui arenotconsidercd a Exclamation etc. witing.Theyshowsurpise,pleasure, Guesswhat'shappened!I vejust got engagedf

2OA 50 PI'NCTUATIOiI

50 Practice Exercise I ! Rewriteeachsentence,puttingin anynecessary capitallette6. 1 we?emeetingprcfessorthomason tuesdaye\,€ningat eiqht.

....Were..x+1r.lx .F.-e.f.e.r..;.er ..fb.*..p-+..IwCry...cyet\rA4..4J..sit!1:... 2 lastfebruary i metmarycaryenter for thefi6t time. 3 timworksin the nofthof france,about50 kilometres frompais. 4 myfavourite hitchcock filmis 'stranqeE on a train. 5 carolworksa5an officemanagerin a marketing(onsultancy. 6 i'vejustrcceived the rcportpublished lastmaybythewo d t€de organization. 7 on ch stma9 daywe ll 90 to myparents' housenearbrightofin russex, 8

thinkjeanisgojnqto be interviewing thedeputyfinanceminister nextweek.

Exercise2IlIlll Tick(/) theone5entence in ea(hgroupaFc)whichispunctuated correctly. 1 a) 'What3the bestwayto contrclour costs,sheasked?' fv b) 'Whatbthe bestwayto controlour costs?'sheasked. L 'Whatl c) the bestwayto controlour costs,'sheasked? 2 a) Weallagreed, thatprotectionism, wasnottheanswer b) Weallagrced thatprotectionism, wasnottheanswer c) we all ag€edthat protectionism wasnot the answer 3 a) Helenwho is a veryexperienced in\,€stment analy5t,agreed. b) Helen,who i5a veryexperienced in\,€stment analyst,agrced, c) Helen, who isa veryexperienced invertment analysl ag€ed. 'l'llsee youlater.' 4 a) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaid, b) Hetoldme,notto waitandsaid'l'lls€eyou later.' c) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaidl'll seeyoulater. 5 a) Thep.oblemissimple, the€stoo littleinvestment, andtoo muchwaste. b) Theproblemis simple;there3too little inve$mentjandroo muchwane. c) Theprcblem is simple: thereStoo littleinvesiment andtoo muchwane. 6 a)Thefiqures are:inflation 4%, unemploymeni 5.4%andinterest rales80/6. b) Thefigures are:inflation, 4%, unemploymenl 5.4%,interest Et€s,8%. c) Thefigures areinflation 4%, unemployment 5.4%,andinterenrates8%. 7 a) Annexplained yet. thatnobodyhadmadea decision b) Ann explained, that nobodyhadmadea decisionyet. c) Annexplained yet. that,nobodyhadmadea decision jun 8 a) Sales hn yearwere$4s00000 whilepofitswere 9620000. b) Saleslastyearwere$4,500000,whileprofitsv/€rejust $620,000. c) Saleslastyearwere$4,s00,000,whileprotitswercjust $620,000.

n n ! n tr n n n n n n n n n n ! n n n n n ! n

50 PUNCTUATION 209

Exercise3!E*H#A Rewfte eachg.oupof wordsso that it containsthe punctuationlistedin br.ckets. 1 Fi6t of.ll is therea demandin the ma*et askedsue \one fuI nap, ane rcnna, one queniannark,

A..1.1W,!d i^ the M4rket ?' Arked
speechmarks)

firmcouldn'twe saidF€neois(onefullstap,twocanna' 5 Ontheotherhandwe couldusea different oneouestionmark,soeechma(s) 6 Helo AlansaidTinahow wasthe meetingyeneday \anelull stop,thteeconna, onequestbnna*, nark' onecapitalbttel tu\/apaiBof speeah lookat themanLJaagan (onefullstop,wo connas) T lf l werevo! l'd askfor somehelpor perhaps group wasup I 8ol"andth€Ango-Dutch 8 Oilsharcs didwelllastweekStandadOilwasup 2% Exxon 2.3% \onetullstop,t/to connas,onecobn) Shellgained

Exercise4XSEE Theexercise alsoncud€susing capitalletters andpunctuation. Rewrte thisemail,addinganynecessary (/'ve, / rt, etc). for contractedverblorms aoos$oohes

It was grear to h€ar fbm you and hanks lor th6 photo ot everyone on the MBAcouE6 il brinqs back happy m6mories and im suro youl agr6€ rhat we were lucky te have such inter€stingpepts h ouryear im glad lh.tyou w€r6.u@esstulin your s€arch fora job in plblic €larions iv6.ot been so lucky so far im afraid i applied forajob atthe beginningol lh6 month in theinan6 dapanm€nt of a large swiss owned pharmaeutical company id ba very well qlalified for lhs iob but i slill havsnt haard an,'thing if i dont get an answer soon illlry wriling ag.in actually ifidonr ho.ranythlng iwont be too dleppoint€d ba€us6 it s€6ms their@mpany isnl doing loo wellat th6 momgnr and idonr rhink thered b6 many opportunlllestor pomolion ivs t16€nm66ning to 6mailyou fo. ages aboutsomelhinq else do you by any chan@ have alison andjimR,ddress im planning on vbiting lh6ir cily in the autumn and id like to €llin and s* thom wiat about you do you hav6.nv plans lo 6me h€r€ it would b€ wonderful to se6 you again a.d you knd you.6 w€[email protected] stay whenever you want aor a iew days to visn my parents and ive got to pack and get readv w€ll lhats all for now im going away iomow rhanks again forthe phob and n was 5o ni@ to hear rbm you again

210

Test 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1-2) Exercise 1 Cornpeiethesentences by puttingeachv€lbintothe presentsimple or prcsent contnuous.use (/ .ontractjons m inne.d of I an, da't inneadof do not, etc)wherepossible. (youdo)? 1 A: what .........C..9..)Pi.a..C9.......... 'm B: an engineet (youdo)? 2 A: what .....^f.e...)P!a...d9.i1!...... B: l'm lookingfor a file. (notunderstand) 3 canyouhelpme?| ........................................ spanish. (talk) 4 CanI callyouback?! .... ....witha client. (notsell) 5 ThispDduct........................................ aswellaswe hoped. (know) 6 l'l getin touchwithyouassoonas| ........................................ theresults. (stay) 7 | ........................................ at thetvlariott Hotel. tllbethereuntilFrday. (youofier)anyspecial 8 ..........................--............ deals overthesummerT partsfortheautomobile ........(make) indlstry 9 o!r company ................... (you 10 When........................................ usually arive)at wo in themoming? (come) 11 Jack........................................ to wolkwithusontheNBCprcject fora fewweeks. (come) f.omLeeds 12 Jack........................................ in thenorthof England.

Exercise2 (PO Decide if usesaFh)areusually associated withlhe present simple(P9or present continuous a) factsandpermanent situations b) actiofsandeventsin prcgress now forthefuture c) arrangements d) verbsof thinkinqandfeelinq

E Ll = Ll

e) 0 g) h)

habtsandrcutines n temporary stuations n fixedtimetables tr current trends andchanges n

l,,4atch sentences 1-8 belowwith usesaFh). 1 Shestalfingon anotherlinenghtnow,canI askherto callyoubacl? E 2 Weofiera net!orkingsolution thatiscustomised, rcliable andsecure.Ll 3 We relea5e figuresfor total salesandnet eamingse!€ryquarter. n 4 lm arriving in Munich at 10.30. n 5 Theplanearrives in Munichat 10.30. n 5 l'm workingin ourcustomer services department thismonth. ! 7 Internei fraudandqberc meisincreasing allove.thewo d. n is now8 OK,lunderstand whattheproblem n

Exercise3 Putthetimeexpressions ftomthe listbelowintotwo categories: thoseusually usedwth the present simple, andthoseusually usedwiththepFsentcontinuousWfitetheexpression in thecorrect colurnn. aiier,always,assoonas,before,curently,everyday,hardlyever,never,at the moment,mostof th€ time,nexi time,normally,now,nowada)'s, occasionally, often, |a|ely,sometimes, thesedays,twicea year,until,usually, when Present simple

^++.er

Presentcontinlous

TEST' VERBTENSES 21

Exercise4 Putthewordsintoihe correct orderThefirn wordisgivenea.htim€. 1 | at dboui one o clockhaveusuallylunch.

I

justa sandwich 2 Lunch oftenis.

Lunch

3 lfiom time to time visitin PadsHeadOffice. I 4 everhardlyam late in ihe moming. I 5

everhadly takethe trainto work. 6 | prcparconcea montha salesreport.

I

7 | mits a Eoardmeetingnever

I

8 | am ate for a Boardmeetingnever.

I

I

Exercise 5 Someof thefollowing sentences areight andsomearewrcng.Puta ri
Exercise6

Competethesentences by puttingeachverbintoa formof lhe present simpeor present continuous. In eachsentence theverbsmaybe in thesameor differenr renses. (qoup),people I Every iimeinflation .................................. (demand)higher .................................. wages. (fall) 2 Inflaiion quitequickly, .................................. (mean)rhat which.................................. ih€ government rateslow cankeeprnterest 3................................iyou/wait)forVictoriachambers?t................................. betong. (ourcustome6/wanr)? 4 Whatexactly .................................. Nobody arcund her

s carlodoesn't (hope) havemuch-experience of thissituation. | .................................. he (know) .......... .................... (do). whalhe .................................. (you/mean)? 6 Whaiexacrly...................(nor/understand). . | .................................. 7 Whatexacty...--.............................(you/say)?..........,......................(you/wa 8 ........................... .....(yourchicken/tane) oK?Thefoodhereis usually veryqood,butof.oulseit atl .. _-. (depend) on whichparticularchef .. . ....(work)in the ktchenon

Test 2 Verb tenses: past (units3-4) Exercise I Wfitethe pastsimpleformof theseirregular verbs'I become....................... 8 fall....................... 2 begin....................... 9 find.................. 3 break....................... 10 foryet...........-........... 4 bring....................... 11 grow...................-..5 buy....................-.. 12 keep....................... 6 choose..............--....... 13 lead....................... 7 e a t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -

15 16 17 18 19 20

meet....................... pay............. ........ send....................... shui....................... spend....................... undeEtand..................

14 lend

Exercise2 Underline thecofiectwords. 1 WhenI gatlwasgettiaghome,I heardl washeaing yourphonemessage. 2 WhenI wasat NorcomI usedto dainlwas clainingall mytravelexpenses. 3 Whenthe compltercrashedlwas crashingI pinted outlwasprintingoul lastmonth'sf gurcs. 4 while the planefook offl wastakingoff, I stattedlwas sia,'tingto feel unwell. 5 We wantedlwere wantinga reliablefirm, 50we chose/ werechoosingPhillips. 6 We usedto havelwerehavlngan officein Latviaand Lithuania,but ihen we combined/werccombihirg allour Balti(operations at ourEstonia office. 7 WhenI afiivedlwasahving at the officeJanwaitedlwaswaitingfat tr],e. 8 Thedoorwasopenso I knockedlwaskno
Exercise 3

Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similar meaning to thefiBi sentence andcontains thewordin practises Thisexercise brackets. the pastperfectandusedto. 1 Michael madesomenotesandstarted witing. (had) After...........111i!kql..ll*d...&*ds.......... somenotes,hestarted writinq. (didn't) 2 ThisInternet connection isslowerthanbelo€. ThisInternet connection .... ........... to besodow (forgonen) 3 | wassurethedi5kwasin thisboxl I wassure................---.................-.-................. thediskl 4 In the past,the factoryptoduced4,000unitseverymonth.(used) Thefactory ...--...........--------..............---..---........ 4,000unitsevery month. 5 | thoughtthearticleseemed lamiliar(had) I thought .........................-...-........................... thearticle before. (akeady) 6 Franzleft beforemy arival. BytherimeI arrived, Franz. 7 whenI wasyoungerI wentskiinga lot.(used) 1.....-----....................-----.................--....alotwhenlwasyounger 8 Themeeting finished latesowe wentstraightbackto ihe hoiel.(had) Wewentstlaightbacktothehotelbecaule................................._....................

TEST2 VERETENSES 213

Exercise4 frcm th€ l5t below Compete edchsentencewith a suilablelime expression at on in wh€n while/when 1 The computercrashed...v.!hilC1.Yr\e^..I was loadingup the new software. 2 . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .d. .i.dy o uf i 6 t n o t i c et h €f a u l t ? 3 We sentyou the lnvoi.e.........................the end of lastmonth. 4 c entralEuropewas changingveryIapidly .................... the nineties. the fifteenth.Haven'tyou rccelvedthem yet? 5 we lent th€ goods ........................ 6 ............................ they raisedinterestratesihe eurorccovercdaganstthe dolldr. a sma mistake. 7 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h. .e.w . a sc h e c k i ntgh e i n v o i c essh, en o i i c e d . .9. .8. 8 T h et l v o c o m p a n i emse l g e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 9 9 w e m e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .i.q. .h. tf o r a b u s i n e sbsr e a k f a s t . y o ut h i sm o r nn 9 ? 1 0 W h a tw e r ey o ! d o i . g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I.c. .a l l e d . .e. .b. e gn n i n go f t h e y e a r . 1 l W e c h a n g eodu r a d v e n i s i ncga m p a i g.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h l 2 l ' l l c h € c km y f i l e sa n dc a l l y o u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h e m o r n i n g

Exercise 5 by puttingoneverbin the pansimpleandonein th€ pasiperfect. Competethesentences (reali!e) ..Gee)t .......... | ...............hAd..r.el!\......... film srarted | ...............rca1i1e4. 1 whenthe

(geoto thephone it .... ..................... ................ 2 Bythetirne| .......... ... .................. Giop) nn9rng. . .u. .t .).t.h. .a.t.y. .o. u . ........... . ( g o 0 t h e j o 3 H o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( y o u / f.n. .d. o (work) asan 4 Before | ......................... ..(oin)ABNL............................................. Investment anayst. (send) Meanwh e, my heranemailjun to seehowth ngsweregoing. ................ 5 | ............................. (akeady/spoke) to her boss. .............................................. boss (always/suspect) thattheconiract .................... 5 | .............................................. (not/be)legal.

Exercise 6

or pastp€rfecicontinuous. intoeitherthepanperfect Complete thesent€nces by puttingtheverbin brackets (d€cide) t wastimeto changernyjob. 1 By an christmas L..........h4.d-..deSjded......... aboutdansing myjob forsometimebeforefin.llydecided. 2 | .....ha.d..be.a^..Jh.1Bi13.... {think) (wait) foroveranhourbythet mehearrived. : | .............................................. (already y, hear) thenewsb€fore shetoldme. 4 Actua | .....................:........................ (rise) p ce........... .... '........ steadily b€forc themerqer wasannounced. ..... 5 Thelrshare (notfinsh)work. give 1 ............................................ 6 lcouldn't hjma liftbecause 7 Theyqetonverywell,bltthey..............................................(nevermeet)untilt (look)atthe screen a day. be.ause 1......................... ................ 8 Myeyeswere hu'tinq (see) it wasgongto bea greatsuccess thenewdesign I realised 9 AftefI .............................................. (lose) because it ................ . ..... moneytor yeau. 10 Theyclosed downthefactory

Test 3 Verb tenses: past and present (units5-6) Exercise 1 Underlife thecoffector mostappropriate answe6. 1 t'n waitingll'vebeenwailrc herefor ages. 2 Themarketsha!€ hadlhada sharpfall lastweek. 3 Themarkets ha€ hadlhada sharpfallthisweek. 4 Waita moment, /'ve/efal//eftthe innruction manualin theoth€rroom. manualnen to the PCwhenI wasusingit earllel 5 /'ve/eftl//eftthe instruction you vwkitg/have 6 Howlong are W beenworkinghe'€? yougoinglhave 7 Hurryupl Howlongare tou bealgoingto be? goods because they haven 8 Wecan'tsupplythe t paidldidn\ pay\he depos l. theyha!€n'tpaidldidn'tpay lhe deposil. 9 We couldn'tsupplythe goodsbecause 10 l'm waitingfor Sue.Whenhaveyou lastseen/didyou bn seehet? 11 l'm waitingfo. Sue.Haveyouseenher?lDid W seehet?

Exercise2 Crogs out themistake in eachentenceandwritethecorrection at theend, 1shei5sendingemailsallvveekbuthasn'tplacedanod"ry"t.............14t...b1q1. 2 Wehavestaftedthiscou6eth€e weelsago. 3 A: 'Whathaveyoubeendoingallmorning?' B: 'l'vebeenw ttenlettels.' 4 Whenhaveyouarrived in thiscity? 5 Youhaveeverbeento India? 6 Paulahasbeenorganised a press conference. 7 saleshavebeenrigingsincethreemonths. 8 I livein thiscitysincelwasborn. 9 I waitherea longtime.wherehaveyoubeen? 10 Ldidnt givaa presentation before, so l m a bit nervous, 1l L'mwatingfof their€ply to our letterfor threeweeks. 12 Howlongdo youworkin thiscompany?

Exercise3 timeexpression fromthe listbelow Completethe sentences witha suitable yet for €iF€e often ever never alrcady sofar jun always 'I 'velivedin mycity-centre flat---t!.^Sg... 1998.lloveit there. 2 Thanks l've...........--... wanteda goldRolex! forthe present! more. tve--.-............ 3 l don'tthink l should drinkany hadfourwhiskies. 4 Haveyou................ beenself-employed? 5 I ve ................ headthatwe'vewonthecontEctlCongratulations everybodyl youfinished 6 Huffyupl Haven't ................ ? 7 Ninahasworkedin thiscompany ................ overfiv€yearsnow 8 l've-............... Eftingbefore. lts an interesting beenwhite-waler experiencel 9l've.-..............passedthisbuilding,butthisisthefi6ttimel'vebeeninside. l0 We'vebeenverybusyon thestandthismoming................. we'vegiv€nawayover200brochr.res.

TEST3 VEiE TENSES 2T5

Exercise4 complete sentence soit hasa similarmeaning to th€firslsentence. Youmayneeda newverb, the second possible. likethosein ex€rcis€ 3. Usecontractions where or a t meexpresslon 1 lan€doesn't workat thiscompany now thiscompany. Ja"e.....................h4r,..!9.t1.................... 2 Thiss thefirsttimel'vebeento ihe Unitedstai€s. to theUnited | ............--.----........ ............................-...... States before. jsn't here! 3 Thai3sttangelMywallet That3 ................... .. disappeared. nrangel 4 | sawa friendof you6a few moments ago. ....................... a rrenooryours. report. 5 l'mstillwrUngthis l. ...........................................................th|sreporiyet. 6 Westarted workingherethrceyeaEago. years. ...................... .....three Wev€be€n...... 7 lsthisyourfilstvisit10Latinamerica? you........................................ ................... Have betor€? 8 lt3 a longtimesinceI spoketo Giorglo. | ................ ................ ............................. lo GioEiofora longtim€ 9 lsAnnastilloutof theoffice? Has.......,,,,.................. ................................. backyet? 10 l'm sorrybut Rachel Dawlonisn'there. has.................. ..................... ................. out. l'msorybutRachelDaw5on 11 | lastsawDavidin 1996. 1.................................,,,,,,,......................since1996, 12 | ctsme to liveh€rcthreemonthsago. l'vebeen.......... ,,...... thr€emonths. 13 Hownupidof mel My laptopisstillin thecar Howstupid ........... mylaptop in thecar. oi mel| .......... 14 l'm stillreading thisreport. yet. | ................................................................ rcading lhisreport 15 Paulleftthebllding a momentago. ............. lhebuilding. Paulhas................................................ 16 Haveyoub€€nto Scandinavia at anytime? you................................................................ Have to Scandinav a? 17 l'vehadEnglish l€ssons in mycompany sinceJanlary ......... l'vebeen......................,......... Erglshsince January I 8 lt3 agessincewe lan hadan orderfromCWP. We..............-..................... anord€rfromCWPlorages. 19 Thisisthefirsttimel'veeatensnails. l've...-........................................................... snails before. 20 | nartedplaying tennisaboutsixmonihsago. l'vebeen................................................................ aboutsixmonths. 2l I don'tfemember Helen\phonenumber phone HelenS l've..--.....................-...................................... number. 22 sheh.s a different opinionnow 5he.......................-........................................ herm nd. 23 Thelasttim€ls.w M.rgarctwasMonday. I haven'1.............-....................-............................. Monday.

216

Test4 Verb tenses: future (units7-8) Exercise 1 llnderlinethe cofiectanswers. 1 W aiI Iat me. ALbel l'l havebeen r€ady in a moment. 2 We'd better wait he€ until the rain itopilnil/ siop. 3 That looks very heavy.Wil/ //5ha// / help you? 4 We finish the cou6e tomor@w so we're g)ing out/we go out fot a dink. 5 l've just head the weathet lo.ecatr, and i6/it's going to be sunny tomorrow 6 A: Do you want me to phonethem? B: No, it3 all .ight, iT doli m dol149 it.' 7 Pleasedon't leaveuntil I cone back/wil .one back. 8 Juliewon't be here next 'week.$e'll wo*lshe'll be ,rorking at our other office. 9 Theflight attendanti5callingus. I think we wll//v!€re 9oin9 io boad the plane. 10 fhey'I proba ylhey obabt wiil cut backthe traaningbudgetnextyear

Exercise2 Cross out themistake in eachsentenre andwritethecorrection at theend. l'i...lgtY.. t"...pl+y... 1 tg€+€fhr lenn6on Sarurday. Wouldyouhke1ocome? 2 Thevisitors fromiapanwill hereat 9.30. job. 3 Justine will probably to getthesales going 4 Sueis lendmehercopyof the repon. 5 Byefor now I seeyoulaterthisevening. 6 sorryl'mnotseeyoutomollowI haveto goto London. .................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,......,,,,,,, 7 Whatyougoingto discuss at thenextmeeting? 8 Theflightprcbablywillbe delayed.

Exercise3 (/m dolngr), Decide lf usesaFh)areusually with evl4e|o,l?g associated to, ihe present continLrous theflrture coniinuous(/7 be dolhd or the futureperfect(/? l)avedone). a) luturefacs.................!*i!!................. or f ),edf Jturearrangements................................ c) nstantdecisions ........... d ) f J r u r ep l d n sd n d i n l e n l i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . e) p€d ctionswithpresentevidence .............

aboutthi futu.e 0 generalopinions q) lookingbackfromthefuture h) activiiies in prcgrcss in thefuturc Matchsentences 1-8 belowwith usesaFh). 'I wete goingto launchthe newmodelat the Bologna show d 2 sorryaboutthisconfusion. l ll tookintoit ightawayandI'llcallyouback. n 3 l'm meetinq mybankmanaqer on Thulsday. We'rehavinglunchtoqether L l 4 |ihinkwe llprobably year. makea smalllossthis Ll 5 Nextyearwill be the renthanniveEary of our companv. !! 6 Duringrry pFs.ntarion lllbe describing th. keybenefitsofour rewseace. Ll / Judgrng byrhesengutes, we'regorngro makFa smdlllossrhisyear n 8 . lt3 nota difficuhjob. We'llhavefinished bylunchtim". tr

TESI4 VERBTENsEs 217

Exercise4 Complete thes€cond sentence soit hasa similar meaning ro thefirstsentence. Th€answers inctude these totms:will,wan't,shall,prcsent present simple, continuous andfutu€ contnuous. 1 | promise to phoneyouwhenlget back. you. whenr set back,.........|.i!1..p19t:-e........ 2 Wo! d youlikemeto closethewindow? .................................. I close thewindow? 3 After the conference we cantrar,€lbacktogether. Whenthe ..........-....................... we cantravelbacktogethe. pdce. 4 They€fuseto lowertheir They........-....-.................... lowertheirprice. 5 Whatjobwillyouhaveaft€rthe company reorganisarion? What......................,...........doingaftefthecompanyreoEanisation? 6 l'll waithereuntilit nopsrainingWhenit stops rajnin9 .............--................... leave. 7 Howabouthavinga drinkafterwo ? ....--....................-.-... we havea d nkafterwork? 8 Ale youfreetomorrowevening? A€...-.........................,,,,, anythinq tomorrow evening?

Exercise 5 Rewriteeachsentencewiih will, shallot goir,gto, $ing the velb unde ined. I Sarahdoesn'tplan to get involvedin any researdyet.

2 3 4 5 6

..J*f*h..i:nl!-..1q!.Y..1e...4-. invotved in anyresearch yet. Howabouth.vinoa gameof tennisat theweekend? ,..................,,,,,,,,.........., a gameof tennis at theweekend? l'vedecided to !llJ!! Arabicin Caa.o. . Arabicin Cato. prcmise | to be backbeforcmidday. .. beforemidday. | haveanappointment to seethedoctor, solcan'tcome. . thedoctor,soI can'tcome. | promisenot to i9I9g!.

7 l planto dq my MBA in F6nce. my MBAin Fran... you you 8 Would likeme to beb with thosebags? with thosebags? qooe possible 9 lt! for us to backlaterif you like 10

. backlaterif you like. intendto lsk my bossaboutopportunities for promotion. - my bossaboutopportunities for promotion.

1l I want to hale the salmon Lhesalmon,pl.asF. 12 l'vedecidedto hayethe salmon. . . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h . .e. .s.a. .l.m . . o. .n .

2ia

Test 5 Passives (units F10) Exerrise 1 Crossout the mi5takein eachsentence andwrite the conectionat the end. 1 NilshiE+€€a€#€ra newFb in Brazil. 2 Yourparcelwasbeenposted'€sterday, 3 A newjndustdalsitei5 be developed out5idethe town. 4 All the food at the receotionwasate. 5 Goldis nill producein largequantitiesin SouthAfrica. 6 Nothingwill beingdecidedbeforenextwe€k. 7 Theprerentationis givingat the HotelIntercootinentat. 8 l'vejust heardthat Cadai5beenpromotedto Ma*eting Dir€ctor 9 Theintroductionto the reportwasw ting by the CEO. 10 lManycustomeEarelosingthroughpoorafter-sale5 s€rvice.

Exercise2 Rewte eachsentence with a fEssiveve6, without mentioningwho did the action. 1 Theauthoritieshaveclosedthe casino.

.........119...sn'j*"-..f sr-..*-4.^..ietd.|....... 2 Someone brokeintoourhous€last!\,eek. 3 Peopleall overlhe worldspeakEnglish. 4 Thelocalauthodtieshavefinallyopenedthe new motolwata 5 Someoneleft this umbrellain receotion. 5 Thecity councilwill banall raffic from the cjty centre. 7 Fi6t w€ mb(the two liquidt th€nw€ lea\€themlor 24 hours. 8 TheorganiseEa€ postsoningthe meeting.

Exercise 3 Completeth6 secondsentencasoit hasa similarmeaningto the firn senienceandcontainsthe wod in 1 Theyhavejun servi(edall our machines. (had)

w" .................h+ygjl.'l...kd_..+!1..9!f.{:..}+li!^ot,c.ui."d. --

, .o..,,*"o.y","*f"*n;;;.d,J--

Tomorow| .,.............._-...,,, 3 Theypdnt€dlome business cardswith the n€w togo.(had) We-.-.......................-......... 4 Theyarecomingto deanthe carpettomorow. (having) We...................-................ 5 ]hey havejun ref(6edmy requenfor oedit (hao

219 TEsri PASSTVES

Ex€rcise4 a4 52 underllne the cor€ctwordsin thisarticl€. v,

A Race Against Time ,- olemmrs acos Euopee ateady lJtrt sraaugrleur sta .d to norry. wlly? B€aurc low bi.th .ales combined with loreq Iife expelarc' (2)acdrlary hea|t thar the conlinent wil soor have fewer peoplewotkins md few{ People payine 1ae9 As a rcsull, a whole mep

taken ptace. 'rne spesker,dircctd of the populationdivision of the UnitedNatiom,(6) ,igli/t8rt d/rar ,tgrliBrred that ihis is a global problen, norjusl a EnrcFd one.Ho{ever thetuctr (s) took plo.etws

lhe few comtries wberc the popllation will prcb^bly (10) iacreoseI be increased. And as the population8 eel sndler, also getting oldei F om 2007

they e

onedds d

enomous pdl

of Eurcpe\

cmor (7) is,orclr" is,ord: tbe situation in Eurcpeis psticulely snous. tsk di

Wpttati,o (11)Nilt sta t*ill be staledro ctir. solutionswiu hale ( 12)mrrdlr, ,.

of measurcsmu$ 13)rakelbe raken ro deal with the problens thar rhis chage

fte

findinss of a recent Europ.a. Conni.sion study: Iralys popllation

lound to deat vhh the problems that tttis Nitt (13) createt h. crcat.4. Cen^inly

in demognphics(4) v'ill brinelvill be

(8) expecktis exp..ted lo drop fron

gove.nmenh must (14) .ftowd8e I be

58 rnillionto 48 milion by 2050,Spain\ \9) \'ill Joltt t il bela .a fton 40 nillio

encoltuged prieate persion plms, and

At the rccenlAnnual World Economic Forun iD Dav@, Swilzerltud, a ession called 'Refomirg Pcnsion Systcms'

ro 35 million, and Ccmlny s from 82 milion to 76 nillion. Swcdcnis oneof

old"fashioncd tax and social security moA.k must (r5) took dtlbe loak.d dt i^ d completely new Pay, r

Exercise5 Donot mention who didth€ soil hasa sirnlarme.nng to ih€ lrsi sentence. Competethese.ondsentence 1 Someone checked thesefigu€stor melastweek. L !+d..tt'e1.e-..!jA4l.-et .S!!ejl-e-d. ...... .... astweek. 2 Theygrowmuchlesscoffeen Coombiathesedays. -hese d4s 3 someon€ de vefedthisp.ck.gelhismorn.9. T's p.craqe theod dockands area. 4 Thecitycouncil is redeveloping T'e ojddo.kl.-ds a,ea pui !p inlereet raiesaqarn 5 They've nLeen .let yolr ide. in ihe meeing tomotrov'. 6 We discuss You ided somenewsoftwarc on myPCyesteday 7 Thetechnician innalled .................... on myPc Yesterday | ......... 8 Tokyois myplaceof birrh. ........................ n Tokyo. | ................................ 9 Whenisyourdateof birth? .....born? ....... .. ....................... Whenexactly. 10 Someon€ sioe Petersc.r hn w€€k. 'loe lc'lwe"l 11 D d anyonetell Alexaboutlhe meeiing? abort'lhemeetnq? ,,;";";,;;";;;"";;;;;;;;;;,i;;

220

Test 5 Modals (unitsi.t-14) Exercise l Undedine thecoffectword/s. 1 ThatlookslikeCartoroverthere,but it qaatlmun t be HeSin G€rm.ny. 2 Marieisnt at heroffice,soshecanlmustbe on herwayhere. 3 | think youne€dtolha!€ ,e.esray ro get someadvicefromyourco eagues. 4 lsyourcardoordamaged? Someone mun fiedlhaverr'atto bre.kin. 5 ltb gettingverylate.I rhinkwe d bettert we w)utd payrhe biil and teave. 6 | night/canbe ableto hetpyou,but t,mnotsure. 7 Yes,its a goodidea,we should/musr consukmo€ (tosety withthe unions. 8 lt! absolutely necessary wesho{r/d/mujr conslltmorectos€ty withtheunions. 9 LlCy.an'tharclnusthaveh€adthe badnews.Shetookssohappy. 10 Satry, I musttolhaveto qo now.tdont wantro oe Er. 11 Younight notldon,tneedro comero themeeting if youtebusy. l2 Thi!invoice can'rlmu5fnt beright.It saysf550 to repai.rhephorocopierl

Exercise2 Complete eachsenience wirha wordor ph€sefiomthe tisrbelow haveto hadto d€irt+arc+e didnl havero musl mustn,t rnlst have mighthave should coutd 1we'retryinganewdresscoae.we..denli..|4v.g..t9..wearfomalctothesonFridays. 2 You.................................. touchthatbuttont Thewhoteproduction tin€wt stopl 3 l'mnot9ure. butlthink| ,,,..............,.........,...... rnade a mistake, 4 Before wea9ree, we'll..--.-........,,.........,,,... sluoyihecont|act rnmoredetail. 5 Sorry I can'tstayanylonger| rcatty .............. .................. mytrain. 9o nowor t, rniss 6 lf youneeded thegoodsu.qentlla we ........ ....... ... .......speedup theoder 7 Sorry l',mlate,but| ....... .......................... golo rnedocror.s. 8 lt ................................. b€enembarrassing foryouto torgethisname 9 lth nkwe ......... ........................ a(cept theirofferlt3thebestwe,ltget. 10 Luckly,L....................... .......attendthe meeiing y€sterday, soJmanaged to finisha nrypaperwolk

Exercise3 Matchthe usesof would.)-g)wirhthesentences i-7 betow a)ofieflfghetp b)ofieringthinqs c) potitercquestd) tnvitations e)repodrng wharsomeone said 0 imaginary futorewith ,if, g) pasrrefusai I 2 3 4 s 5 7

Wouldyoumindca ingbackt.ter? C Whatwouldyoudo if th€yrefused ro neqoti.te? n Wou/dyoulikesomemiikin yourcoffee? I WouldyoLrlikerojojnusfor dinnertomorrow evening?n Theywouldntreduc€ rheprtceunderany circumstances. ll Wouldyo! likemeto openthewindow? n Hesaidhewouldcal ba.klater n

TEST6 MODALS 22'I

Exercise4 Complete thesecond sentence sothatit hasa slmibrmeaning asthefirsts€ntence. Usea wordor phrase can't miqht should hdveto don'thaveto €cgh{-i€ can'tbe miqhtbe m'.rst be shouldb-" 1 lt wouldbea goodideato bing in a fim of consulrants. we ........9$|J...1-o-....... b ng in a firmof consultants. not necessary for you 2 lt's to leavea deposit. leave You.................................. a deposit hesin Pans. 3 I m surethatisnt John.b€cause That.................................. John, because he'sin Pas. 4 ann isalmostceftainly witha custom€r Ann.................................. witha customer. 5 expect meeting will be finished byten. the Therneeting .................................. finshedbyten. 1.,,,.............................. taIe. 7 Wearcnotallowed to dispose of waslein thatway. We. ................................ dispose of wasteinthatway. 8 Perhaps l'll seeyouon Thu6day evening. ......seeYouon Trru6day evening 9 ts therulethatwecheckallbankrefercnces. We . ..................... ....... check allbankreferences. 10 You'dbetterspeakto herassoonaspossible. You........,,,,.,,,,,,,.............. to herassoonaspossib speak e. Exer
can'thave couldhave shouldhave(x2) mt]nhave shoudn't have mightnot have

I Perhaps Davidmadea mistake. madea mistake. David......x!41''t...hav.e...... 'm 2 surethatsheworkedveryhardon thisprol€ct. worked veryhardonth s prcject. She.................................. expned akeady. 3 L'msurethewarranty hasn't .............. Thewarranty................... expned akeady. you good idea for 4 lr woLrldhavebeena to tellme. You..................................ro|d me. you 5 Perhaps didnt seethe inewe launched at rheMunichFair You.................................. seenthelinewe launched at theMunich Fail 5 lwdsexpeciinq by now themto call .......... called bynow Th€y....................... our sornLrch 7 i wasa badldeafor usto drop prices ourp cessomucn. We................................ dropped posslble problem 8 ll was for usto seethis coming. we .................... ......seenrhiroroblem Loning

Test 7 Questions (units 1F15) Exercise I Whenwe makequestionsin spok€nEnglish,w€ often teawout the auxiliaryverbandthe subjectpronoun. Forexampfe.inneadof saying,Doyou |ikeit7' we say,Ukeir?,.Wdtefult questionsusingthe lldediled I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Finished yet?We'reallwaiting! you tomonow?Areyouburyall day? see YouIookrela€d. !o4e a nicetime? Paulsa bit difiicult.(!eW what I mean? Hi,Tim.Coming out for a ddnklat€r? Eeenwaitinglong?sorrytor the delay. Intereningconferencqisnl it. Eniovinoyoulself? tlea<he laten?babelis takingeart retircmemr

Have-..ye$...{i.^itk-d-.. y.el3

Exercise3 Matchthe beginnings of the phr6s€s with thehendings. I Doyoumindif 1... 2 Wouldyoumindif | ... 3 Wouldyoumind..-

a) closing rhewindow? b) closedthe window? c) .losethewindow?

Somebody asksvlbuld.youmird ff I cl6ed ttrc window2yol wantthe windowclosed.Tick(/) the answers youcouldgive. 4 Yes,lwould. ! 5 ruq ol coure not. E 6 Goahead. ! 7 Please do. n

tEltt 7 QUE5IIONS 223

Exercise 4 (dont insieadof do no0. W te shortans e6 for ead question,beginningasshown.Usecontractions 1 DoyoulikeBrazil? Yes,...........!...d..e.......... . No,........1..-d9!\:: ........ 2 DoesKaren likeSrazil? Yes, .,,,,,,,,........--.-..-..... . No,,,,,,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,,,,,, , youwo*edherelong? 3 Have Yes,...,,........................ No,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,,,,,,,,,,, 4 Areyoucoming wlthustonigln Yes,........................-..... No,............................. . 5 lsKaren coming withustoniglt? Yes, -..-.......................... No,...................-.......... 6 Canyoucomeon Friday? Yes. -........................... . No,.................-........... . 7 Wll yoube heretomonow? Ye5,............................. . No,...-......................... . pay 8 Didyouhave lot? Yes,.............................. to a No,---........................ 9 lsthatyourcoat? Yes,.........,,,,,,............... No;........,,,,,,,,,..,.....,,,, .

Exercise5 Completeeachs€ntence,usingthe vetb in brackebwherenecessary, (havego0 the fit€, haven,tyou?, 1 A: ,...-y.g*4...h4!e..4p-t-.. 'Yes, B: of cou6e.' 2 A: They'llbebackby4.00,.................................. ?' B:'lexpectso.' (eave)no /, areyou?' 3 A: 'You,,,,.,.,,...........,,,,,,,...,... 'Sorry, B: I reallyhaveto 9o.' 'They've 4 A: beenherebefore,.,,,,.,,..........,.,,,,,,.,...... ?' 8: 'Yes,lthinkso.' 5 Ai'Youcanm€d Madoleine et th€station,,..........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.... ?' 8: 'Yet of course.' (forget)thesamplet 6 Ar'You...............-----......... didyou?' 'No, Br of cours€not.' '.................................. (be)hereyesreday, 7 Ar wee you?' 'No, B: I wasnl I A: 'Youdont happen to knowthetime,.................................. ?' B: '59rry | don'f 9 A: 'LetShavea brcaknow,.................................. ?' B: 'O( goodidea.' 10 A:'Youhadthesamethingfor lunchyEterday, ..................................?' B: Yes.'

Exercise 5 Putthe wordsin the con€ctoiderto m6kequestions.

1 takevEadoyouf 2 I 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 1l 12

....De-..ye*...+*t+e..Y.rf.+.?

pleas€ lcans€€themenu?..................................... excus€ mehereanyoneissitting?........................... tromwhidrcountrydo @meyou? ........................... towhoyouwereiunnowlalking?......... ..... \ivhatmeando youer€ctlyby dtal? ........................ a littl€morespecificyoucould b€7 ......................... 'ivhattimethenextbainto Brussels is? .......... youcanrellmev,/hattimeisthenexttraintoBruss€ts?.................................... thisbriefcasetowhodoesbelong? ...................... couldI tromherea phonecallmake? do thinkyou I couldmakelrom herea phonecall?

Test 8 Conditionals (units 17-18) Exercise 1 Undernethecorrect words. 1 lf we sentthe goodsby sea,ihe transportcostsw'i{/ueqd be much owef. 2 lf thetprcnotelpranotedthebrandbetter,they'llgainrnarket share. 3 ll youleft/ had left ealier,you mighthavegot thereon t me. 4 lf anyonefrom HeadOfficevisits,theyalwaysnaylwil/ stay n a fivestarhote. 5 lf I weleyou,/ d/i 7 callthenTechnical supportnumber. 6 lf l hayeliadmoretime,l'd beabletocomeup witha solutlon. I lf it breakdownlwillbreak doM, ittakesddysfor theservice engin€er to arrive. 8lfyouneededrhemoneyDryenIly,Icouldphone/couldha!€phoredAccountsnowtot

9lfyouenterthedateinthewrcngfomat,thecornputerdoesn'r/d/drtrecognisetheinfo 1a ft wed beenlwewercmorccareful, we wouldnt havelostsomuchmoney. ll lf I hadboughtmo€ sharct,I wouldbeconelwould havebe
1lfwegotavirusonthenetwork,we.............rdl1.rld...l9r9.............(ose)allourdata (be)in Parisai isn'tate,1.............................................. 2 li mytrarn sx. 3liyourtalkhadbeenshorter,lthinkthey.............................................(a a I'youte mewhdlyouwart.| ............... {get)ir fo' youarI.e a 'po'r. (get)morcinqurries 5 We.............................................. if weadv€rii5ed moreoften. (miss) 6 lf we hadn'tleftsoearly, ......... thetran. (notsee) 7 lf wo*edabr@d, | .............................................. myfarny sooften. 8liyouhaven'tgotanychange.1..............................................(eav€)the (sortoui)theproblem 9 We.................-.......................--.. muchsooner l we hadhadih€manual. (you/do)? 10 li youwerein hissituaUon, what--......................... ....... ..

Exercise 3 Completeeachsentenceusingif ot unless. 1 Theirofficesareverynear.We'll walk therc,................. itb ralning. 2 We would probablyget the contract................. we dopped our pricea little. 3 C o m eo n ! . . . . . . . . . . . .w . . e. . h u r r yw e ' l lm i s st h e p l a n e . 4 ............ you haveany quenions,pleasefeelfreeio call. 5 Whatwould you do...........-..... they refusedto negoiiaie? 6 l d o n ' t f e e al b l e t o t a k e ad e c i s i o n . . . . . . . . . . .l.h. .a. .v.e a ltlh e f i g u r e s .

TEST8 CONDTTIONALS225

Exer
Exercise 5 Choose for eachs€ntence. thecorrect continuation 1 I wasnltakingnotes,andnowI can'trememberwhal shesaid. a)| wishI tooknotes.b) lwish l'd takennotes 2 Thisisa veryunusual situation. a)| wishl'd knownwhatto do. b) | wishI knewwhatto do. 3 Ouroffices arcin thecitycent€andthe rentisveryhigh. a)| wishwewereoutside thecentre.b) lwishwe areoutside thecentre. 4 Theygavethejob to anexternal candidate, but oowtheyregretit. a)Iheywishtheyhadn'tdoneit b)lhey wishtheydidn'tdo it. 5 | can'tenterthesystem I don'thavethe password, because ;) lf onlylwouldhavethe passwordb) lf onlyI hadthepassword. 6 Therearetoo manysimila.models on themarketnow. a)lf onlywelaunched ourveGion ea ier b) lt onlywe hadlaunched ourversion earlier nextFdday. 7 l'm wodedaboutthe meetinq Weneedto reachan ;qreemeft. a)lwishwe succeed. b)| hopewe succeed.

Exercise 6 complete eachsentence usingtheverbin brackets. (be). I We'renotthe marketleader, but lwishwe .........!Ygl_e.......... 2 Hemadea messof allmyphotocopyinq. lwish| ....-... ........(do)it myself. 3lpressedthewronqkeyonthecomputerlfonly1.. ........---......(notdo)it. 4 lcanl undedandanythinq Mariesa),s. l wish| ....................----..... {speak)French. (order)that 5 Youdessen look good-lwish1............................. too. (be)a flyonthewall. 6 They?e meeting atthemoment.lwish 1...-.................--...-.. (give)itto mebeforc. you......-...................... 7 Thisinformation isimpodant.lwish (have) 8 LooklThere3 . s3leat Haffods. lf only| ............................. myVisacardwith me.

E

n tr tr !

n n

Test 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19-20) Exercise 1 U!ds[!g the coffectwords. restaurant. 1 | realycanl affordlqrailealrhg in suchan expensive g 2 Do you mindto comelcont backin haffan hour? 3 Doyouwant to comelconingbackin halfan hour? 4 Katedeniedb givelgiing the officekey5to anyoneelse. mistak€. 5 Headmitted to ma*e/nd*inga s€rious 6 Remind / RenembermeIo callSyMathisafternoon. 7 we havebeenting to enterlenter;,,9ihe Chinesema*et for sometime. 8 | hopeto belbe,]ogat the nextmeeting,but l'm not sureif I canmakeit. I thinkI canmakeit9 | expectto belbe,hgat the no( meeting. you keep 10 lf sheisn'tin the offi(e when call, to lrylt4l,ing. ll I considered option.I evenimagined b resignlresigning. everypossible that we can't do it. We haveto try hardet 12 I refuseto be/le!€/be/leving lan time,but lwon't do it again. 13 ladmitfo belbe,ing a littlecareless people allthetime.lt! sorude. 14 I cant stand to lnterruptlintetrupting 15 Whercdo youfanq to golgoing fot lunchtoday? I 6 l'vearrangedlo mee|/rneetirgthemat theirhotel. l7 We guaranteeto der!€rldelt€lng the qoodsby the endot lune. l8 lmagine to wrl4lw/hnh9 the lotteryl 19 ThemanagerFfusedto seelseet9 me. 20 | realisedI hadfoeotten to packlpactinganysparebatteries. it means b aftivelativing in Bonnaftermldnight. 21 lf lmissmyconnection, i\, it was too heaw 22 | ttied to liftllifting but 23 | etioy b qrt awaylgetingawayto the coastat the weekend. 24 I'd loveto getawaylgEftingawayto the coan thiswe€kend. 25 | iied to peEuadehim, but he rcfus€db rnenl/istert g to me. yout factoryThankyouverym!ch. 26 | '€allyenjoyedto visitlv,i5it/ng 'lhey 27 decidedto otderlorder,inqI ,000 units. 28 Heofferedio meetlmeethgmeat the airport.

Exercise 2 eitherthe-ingformor fo + infintive. Compleie thesentences with a verbfrcmthe lin bebw.Choose get getthrough give raake ise unpackwat causecome compromise a minakeon the invoice. I Headmitted ..........k4fri4........ with usfot a drink? 2 Doyoufancy.................--.----..... fasterthan inflation. 3 wages tend..-......................--.. -one. whenl call.l keep ............. .. . ane'gaged 4 l .anr m.n.ge.............. ...... fora couple 5 Doyoumind................--.---....... of minuteswhile lwritethisemail? 5 Theyagreed................-.-.......... usthirtymoredaysto paytheinvoice. 7 Thetransport dpny.....---....................thedamage. company position wasv€ryiqid. Theyrefused ............................. . 8 Theirneqotiating 9lsawhim...-.............-----.......thpgoods,andtherewasnodamagevisible.

227

Test 10 Reported speech (units 21-22) Exercise 1 Complete€achquenionin directspeed, endingasshown. 1 JackaskedmewhetherI wasgoingout for lunch.

..........'..Arc..g..fitl...e!+1..ftr..ltnsl?1............. rack asked me. 2 CarolaskedAnn what sh€haddonethe daybefor€. ........, Ann?'aik€dCarot. 3 Johnaskedus if we oftenw€m to Germanyfor meetingis. ........?, Johneskedus. 4 Kateaskedme how manyintervieu/s l'd donethat day. ........?, Katea5ked me. 5 GeorgeaskedSueif 5hewas9oin9to changejobs. ,,,,,,,., Sue?,asked G€orge. 6 Aliceaskedmewho I hadtalkedto at the conterence. ........?' Aliceaskedme. 7 Thetechnicianaskedme if I wouldbe therethe nextday. ?' thetechnician ask€dme, 8 l\,4ary askedmewhereoul newoffi(es!\€F, ?' Maryaskedme. 9 Heaskedmeif l'd seenSillre@ntly. ?' heaskedme. 10 Heaskedmeif l'd be s€eingEillat the conference. ?' heaskedme.

Exercise2 Rewriteeachsentencein reportedspee.h,using6 verbfrcm the lin below advised apologised for congratulated on invjted offered Freni5ed rcfused suggen€d 1 'l'll meetyouat the airpo( sue,'saidMike. Mike.......d:g!ait:gd...t9..X-e-e.i..5149....... at theairport. 'Would you 2 liketo cometo the productlaunch,.,ean?'askedChds. chris.................-----.-..''. .. . ._____--...theproductlaunch. 3 | wouldnt signthe contractif I wereyou, Dave,'saidPatsy. Patsy ..............................:.........,.............-....,,,,,,........ theconfact, 4 'Howaboutgettingan alternati€quote?'said Nick. Nick..................____.._.....................................___..... quote. an alt€mative 5 'l'm teniblysorryfor arrivingso late,'saidSerena. serena...---..-...................... 6 'ShallI giveyoua lift?'saidMa*. Ma* -----,.,,,,.,,,,,,.----------...................-.................--mea lifl 7'Well done,you'vewonthe Emplo)€e of theY€araward!'hesaid. He...........--.---.-..............her-..........-.-....................Employ€€ of theYearawad. 8 'No, I can'tacceptanytunher delays,'saidPat. Pat..................--.....................--.-......................,. anyfurtherdetays.

22|l

Test 11 Phrasal verbs (units23-24) Exercise 1 1-12 with theirendinqsaFl). lvatchthe beginnings of sentences I;I 'I

n myjob ldeal 2 TheGovemment istryingto €ut form.Canyoufill 3 Herettheapplication and 4 | dealwiththerctailsideof the business,

tr tr tr tr

5 | hopelohn qetsbettersoon.we can't do 6 Thanks foryourcall,andlloot of ou|company, 7 Fi|stl lltalkaboutthe history

n n you yoLr PC, make srre 8 Before switchoff the n back market in the 9 Someof thesmaller compaaies n will prcbably betaken n l0 We needsomenewofficechails.l'll look 1l These daysyouneedto do a lot of €adingto n keep whofits n 12 lt'simportant to finda candidate

a) afterthewholesale sde. b) up withdeveopments in thefied.

rclated to c) withallthep.perwork team. withouthimon thenegotiating e) i) in withthecornpany culurcand

theotherpeoplein thedepartm€nt. 9) oownon oureaucracy. on io ourprcductrangeandmarkets, t overin thenextfewyears, t foMardto meetingyouonthetenth. andseewhat throughthecatalogue lind. can in bothsidesands9n it at ihe bottom

Exercise 2 wordswilh a phrasal verbfromthe st below Rewrite byreplacing the underlined eachsentence comeac.ossdealwith go on go over l66k{eA/erd*€ pickup putbackto runoutof sortout takeup 1 Lth]!! l'm SerSlg_edq th€ woekendverymuch. I k r@k'rM +otu ^rd tP. . trr weeleldverymu(h. metres of tloorspace. 2 Themachine !l!C!aboutfoursquare ......................,...,,,,,,,..,., abouttoursquare metres of floorspa(e. Themachine ,,,..............-the meeting untilnextweek. 3 thinkwe'llhaveto dclEjr thinkwe'11have...............-....................-.....................nextweek. 4 They.re not an easycompanyto dorbljrnelsrdUl. ..................... ...... Tl'ey.re noraneasy company ...................... 5 Canyou!q!!Edmefromtheairportin vourcar? lromtheairport? Canyou........................-.....,,,................--....... 6 sorry l'm rcallybusy,I haveto continuewritingthesereports. ............... theserepots. Sorryl'm reallybusy,I have just plt wele tryingto it dqbtnow 7 Therc!a smallproblem. problem. We?ejusttrying..............-...... Therc!a small the mainpoinisagain. 8 Before we finish,l'd justliketo summalise -.--....:...... the mainpointsagain. Before we finish,l'd justlike you 9 l've lostmy pen-Letmeknowif lj!!! it bylhalle. l'veronmypen.Leimeknowil ................. the me€ting tomonow.Wehaveno morctimelgfr. 10 We'llhaveto continue W€'ll haveto continuethe m€€tingtomorow. We have.

IEST 1 I PHR]|TSAL VERBS 229

Exercise3 Complete thesentenc€s witha word{rcmthe lin below away back by down into off €€ over out through up 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

Ho|d......-o......a moment, that3not exactly whatI said. Ciarewilltake...............-myjobwhenI change department nextmonth. l hateitwtrentheyputyouon hotdandyoucant 9e1................. . Thetotalbillforfournightsworks.........___..... at f380. Thefactorywillclose....__...__...... nextyearTheyre movingprcduction to China. itt goingto be difficultto get................. withsLrch a smattbudget. Paolagrew................. in a littlevillage outside Venice. l'lldropyou................. atthestation on mywayhome. l'll look........ ......theproblem andget ................. to youtornorow No,I don'thaveit anymore. I rhrewit ............. .. .

Exercise4 Complete thesentences with a phtasal verbfrcmthe tistbetow catchup with cut downon d€pifi-€a faceup to get backto get on with get roundto lookforwardto moveon to run out of 1 2 3 4 5 6

Willwe havetimeto ...C1-_9t...i4..9!!... Gunterwhitewe,rein Be in? lf you'veall helped yourself to coftee,I thinkwe should............................. th€ meeiing Thereponsayswe can.............,,,,,........... a lot of wastein thefactory lvetriedeveMhing andt'vecompletety ................_............ newideas. Sorryit!taken 50longto.................-........... youremait. answering Afeyougoingoutfora drinkrightnow?thavea fewthingsto do hercin theoffice,but t,ll ............................. youlater. 7 Please feelfreeto contactmeif youhaveanyfunherquenions. | ............................. hearing fromyou 8ltlnotgoin9tobeeary,butyouhaveto.............................yourresponsibt/tes. 9 Nowl'd liketo.................___.____.... thenextstidewhich 5hows oursates byreglon. 10 Ineedsometime to lookintothis. Cant............................. youlater?

Exercise5 Matchthe beginnings of sentences 1-12withtheirendings aH). 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 lO 1l 12

My pa€niswerequitest ct andbroughtme tr Whenareyouarriving? W;uldyoulikemeto pjck n Whenareyouleaving? Wouldyoulikemeto drop ! PeterTAnycomments? Wouldyouliketo come n Wouldyoumakesur€youturn n | can'tmakethemeeting on lhursday. Canwe bring n l can'tmakethe meeting on rhursday. Canwe put n Yes,it is a strangeword-Haveyoutried looking n l hopethe con of our raw materiats witt .ome n I lltry andlindher canyouhold n HelJo? Areyouthere?| thinkw€ werecut n Mydo{torsalslshoutdgive n

a) it backto Friday? b) it forwardto Wednesday? c) up In a verytraditional way. d) ofi ihe lghtswhenyouleave? e) up smoking. g) youup? h) off whenwe entered a tunnel. i) in here? k) it up in a dictionary?

230

fest 12 Makeldolgetlhave (unit 27) Exercise I llatch the usesofgetin sentences 1J with rheirdictionarydefinitions aFh) (sth.= something,sb. = somebody)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I didnl get homeunrileightlastnight. E I'm qettifga dnectflighttoDussetdod. n Weteonlygettinga 4% payrisethisyear n My nam€s Hugh,H-UG,H.Didyougetthar? tr lts no good.Well nevergetthemto agree. n l'm gettinglired.Shallwecontinve tomorrow? n | shouldgetsornething for mywtfeat tre airporr.n l'll getlastyeat figurcs. lustwaita moment. tr

a) obtairvbuy

e) i) g) h)

br ng sth.to a place/felch undeEtand peEuade sb.to do sth. travelby/carch(transpon)

Nowmatchthesesenrences withsomeoithe definitions aFh)above. 9 l'm sorry| d dn t quitegettharlan point. 10 Don'tworryyou'llsoongetusedto it. ll I'rngettfg a bit oi a headache frcmtookingat thescreen iortoo tong. I 2 lsthatyournewcar?Whendidyougei it? l3 Canlget youa coffeewhileyoutewairing? 14 got herebytaxi.

n n ! n n n

Exercise2

Complete thesentenceswith makqdoot have.you mayhaveto change thefom. I Whatafeyou....q-ollt....ar theweekend? 2 l'm.... ............ se.ious doubts aboutthewholelhing. 3 OK,sha||we.................. a start? 4 Could you...,,.......... . mea favou.? 5 Can| ............... a suggestionT Whydon'twe............... a m€eting to discuss wharto ............... . 5lthinkweneedto...............moretesrsbeforewe...............afnatdecision. 7 Th€company.............,,,, a loiof money lastyear, butlhisyearwe,re not..,............ sowell,We rnightevenhaveto .................. peopie some redunda.t. 8 lt..................meeattymadwhenpeoptec.n,t.................thei.jobspropert in ................anyplanswhenthesituaiion isio conrueng. 9 Goonl .................. a gottt doesn't matter if you........,,,....... a m6take. 10 Thehelplgotf.ommyemployer......_........... it possibte forme1o.................. anN4BA. l 1 l ' m . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . m y b e s t b u t l r c a l l y G n ' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e n s € o f t h e s e toi tgoul r € s . t , troubleseeinq whattheyallefer to. 12 Themenulooksreallygood.l'm goingto .................. French onionsoupasa startef, andthenthe sreaK with b6arnaise sauce. Buitthinkt'll .............._... withoutdessert. t,m.................. a bit of anefiortro loseweight.

TEST'I3 RELATIVECLAUSES 2!'I

Test 13 Relative clauses(units28-29) Exercise 1 Undeiinethecorectwords.In number10choose the mostcommonusage. 1 Thestationerywhotuahqlyou o'deredhasarriv€d. presentation 2 the speaketv,thichlwhose I heardbeforelunchwasverygood. 3 Everyone evhrthlthat I metin the Milanofficeaskedhowyouwere. 4 lhe pe6or ol whkhlwhoie newspaper I borrowedhasdisappeared. 5 the petsotit/tholwhon is relponsiblefor ihis isAntonioPlatini. wl,lchlwhose featu€saredescibedin theleaflet,sellsveryw€ll. 6 Thisproduct, 7 lhis Wadud,whichlwhose6 our bestseller,is avaihblein four colours. 8 Theperson whoselahat bookthisiswantsit back. 9 Theperson whoselthat lentmethisbookwantsit back. 10 Johnis someonewrh whon I useto worklwho I usedto work with.

Exercise 2 (who,whtct that) It youcan,put a bracket pronoun Decide if youcanmissout the relative rcundit. f you can't,und€dine it. (that)youcanu5eto linkto a Pc. 1 Thereisan attachment freewiththeproduct, 2 Theattachmenl, is usedto nkto a PC. lhal comes 3 Thepe6onwho I toldyouaboutisstanding ovff there. 4 Themea, whichwasnothingspecial, costusmorethanf50 a head. 5 Themeathatwe hadlastnightwasn'tverygood. 6 ThefirstthingthatyourcustomeE will noticeisthe price. 7 Theinformation, whichis strictly confideniial, comesfroma verygoodsource. 8 | cannotprovide thatyouwanl. the information

Exercise 3 Rewflte eachpairof sentences asonesentence usingthewordin bracket!. (which) I Ranishowed mea magazine article.lt wasrcallyinteresting.

aJ^tiflg..*hish. R"",....t1P.led..x9-..4.. l.rja?!.r.e.p.a{.... realyInreresnns. 2 Somelapanese visirors cameyesteday. Theygavemethisgift.(who) TheJapanese visitors ......... ..,....,,.,............,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,. thisgift, gaveit to me.(that) 3 Thisis a gift.TheJapanese visitors who cameyesteday Ihisisthegift.................... gaveme. .............................. 4 I boftowed a fiiendslaptop-Hewanlsit b.ck.(whose) Thefrend.......................... ........................ back. (who) 5 A marketing manager wo*s in mydepartment. SheSleaving the companytomoffow Themarketing manager.... ... isleaving the company tomorrowyeneday-lt wasveryintereninq.(that) 6 Wewent to a presentation Thepresentation ..........----................................... veryintercnlng. 7 | met a woman.Hersisterwork for A8N.(whose) I met...,,,,,,,,,,,,............,...... ...,............ ABN. Hewantsto seeyou.(who) 8 A rnaniswaitingin reception. Th€man............................ ...................... seeyou.

232

Test14 Nouns,pronounsand articles(units30-35) Exercise 1 crossout the mistakein eachlineand wite the correctionat the efd. 1 | spente{se talkingto Jack,and then I went home.

''Ye..a.tr.\.e

2 Ka 3 sister is doctor 3 It this umbrcllayour or mine? 4 Theysaythat the wine is good for you in smallamounts. 5 Wite down the .eferencenumberall the time you sellsomething. 6 Canyou giveme an advice? 7 Ilr sorrywe hdvelwo hflsbut eitherone is in setuice. in London. 8 | needsomeinfomation5aboutaccommodation 9 We iied io qet the machineworkingaqainbut no one of us coulddo it.

10 walkingwilltaketoo long- lets90 withthetaxi. l 1 sorryI m late,ihe trafficwereverybusy. 12 Ourmarketing director isexcellent, shehassomuchgoodideas. '13 A: Howmanypeople yourstandthisaftemoon? visited 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 17

B: Noat al. of.,ane? Haveyouevermetihe colleague Therc3coffeeandthere!tea.Youcanhaveboth. to makea decision, Thercistoo fewinformation We havetwo paymentoptions- everyonehasdifterentfeaturcs, predictioos in the Ministrys reportT Naveyouseenthe inflation got chai6enoughfot themeeting. Wehaven't Therearenonespa€partsin stockat themoment. Thenew5areon in a few minutes. You'llfindallthestatistics at the report3end. playerin eitherthefilmandmusicinduslries. We'€ a leading lor oneevery Thereareenoughfreesamples Alisonkeeps talkingaboutthatideaof hels. please? Couldyougivemean information, Canyouspeakup?| can'thearnothing. we lookedat two sitesbuteitherof themw€retoo smalL. therewasnonesinglequestion. At theendof mypresentation, Thereisn'tno oneto seeyoutoday. Please comebacktomorrcw. youfinish. putthemanualback in it3 properplacewhen Please job he3lhe bossson. He! onlygorrle betause

Exercise 2 nounandoneuncountable noun.Putthewordsintothecoffect Eachpairof wordscontains onecountable the wod. columnandw te a/anor somebefore desk/fumiturebaq/luqqagework/job iravel/tip accommodation/flat dollar/money trouble/problem chance/luckwine/litre equipment/machine f.ctlinfomation advice/suqgestion hour/time email/corr€spondence countablenouns a Oat

u!ca!d&le_!9tJ!5 tore ^ccoMModatio^

ETI 14 TIIOUI{S. PRONOUNS AND ARTICLES 233

Exercise 3 Complete thes€.ondsentence sotharit hasa similar meaning ro thefirstsentence andcontains theword (someihing) I Theboxisnl empty.

............4ere3...*-u+!.|li19...i1.............. treuox. 2 Let me tellyou what I thinkyou shoulddo. (advice) L e rm e 9 v e y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 We travelledthercon the t€in. (by) We ravelledrrere 4 | feelworied. (something) 5 Everymominglwalk to the office.(foot) E v F rny o r n i n gI L o r e t o t h eo f r , ( e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Matin s a iriendoi rny boss.(one) valin 5 7 Chrs advsespeopleabouttheirrax.(adviser) Ch'sis...

...................................... 8 t\,lanlelaknowsthi5 business betterthan anyone.(knowt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b . .e. .n. .e.ft h a nM a n u e l a . (got) got 9 | haven't anythingto do. Ive ..... . . . . . d. o . (everybody) 10 We areall tea drinkeGhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , t, e . .a. ... . Peoplewho are unemployed needbette.trainingprogrammes. {the) prcgrammes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b . .e. .t.t.e. trr a i n i n g 12 The prototypeneedsto be changeda lot. (redesigning) Tl^eprctotypeneeds.. 13 We can't do anything.(nothing) 1I

'14

T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . .o. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What did that pieceof machinery cost?(how) . that pieceof machinery cost?

15 Thereis littlerravelin my job. (much) T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r a v eiln m y j o b . l6 Claradoespeoplesaccountslor her living.(accountant) Clara s 17 No one was on t me yesteday.(late) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. .e. .s.t.e. r d a y . 18 Therewas nothingI coulddo about it. (couldn't) | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. b . _o_u.ti.t... . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Nobodyat all was available to seeme-(single) .....---.................. available to seeme. ",/as

20 Thereisn'tany €asonto worry (no)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r. e . .a. .s. .o tno w o r r y The €pod did not containthe informationlwanted. (in) T h ei f f o r m a t i o lnw a n t € d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e.r. e . porr. 22 Thiscopybelongsto the customer.(copy) 2l

TL5i-

(anything) 23 ]here'snothingin theposrthismorning. ...--.............-.--...intheponihismorning.

Test 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units36-40) Exercise 1 in eachlineandwritethecorFction at th€end. Cross out the mistake .............i*ef.91t9.4 1 l'm reay in+er€.*ing in forcigntravel. the newshopping centeunti theendol theyea. 2 They'llhaveflnished 3 P€terhasbeenworkingveryhardlyrccently. 4 l boughta bluelovelysilktie. Thepeople wereioo f endly. 5 We hada grcatumeon holiday. 6 Thismagazine articleisextemelyexcellent7 | thoughtthe meeting wentverygood. 8 UsingmyPCfor a longtimemakesmyeyesteeltiring. neveron theseplodocts. 9 Wegivediscounts in extending the gua€ntee) 10 Arcyouinterening 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Thereistoomuchnewequipmentthatwe'restilllearninghowtouset............. to cancel I lt wassoa riskyproject thatwe decid€d teamis notenoughexp€ienced. n myopinlontheirmanagement Theircompany islargerasours. Theircompany isjun asbrgethanouts. lt! thebetrerpriceI canotfer l'vebeenworkingin thiscompany sincethreemonths. wassuchtensewe hadto calla shofibreak. Thenegotiation WhenI willgetback,l'll giveyoua rinq. closes. | haveto plckup myticketuntilthetravelagency Youworkmuchhardera5| do. Thepresentation wasenolghlong,andsothealdiencegot bored, muchlittleusefllihanlastweekl. Themeetino wasn'tvelvuseful.ltwas Golfisn'tasgoodforyourhealththanswimming. ' Lwalthe.eby six,sotry andbe herebythen.

Exercise2 withoneof thefollowing wordsiChoose fromlo on,at far,sin.e,duing,ago, Complete eachsentence after\/vatds, aftet,later. mybirthday? 1 Shallwe allgo out for a med--........o.^'......... ....................... . 2 Henadedworfinqhere'ouryears L him....................... . 3 | wonr ohone m nowl'll phone thfeeweek. 4 | haven'theadfromth€m........--............. lastweek. heard fromthem....................... 5 | haven't .--.................... midniqht. 6 Thisbarcloses just.----.................. timetocatch thetrain. 7 Luckily I arrlved time. 8 L€i3trytostartthemeeting........-.............. sowe (ouldmeetfor lunch....................... . 9 My p€sentation willfinishat mid-day, l'll betalkingaboutthreemalnareas. 10 ...--.................. mypresentation yourpresentation you'llbe .bleto rel.x. 11 Don'tworry...-................... moreth.nan hour l2 l'vebeenwaiting ....--................. youa||......-...--........... here.l'llsee . somethings to finish 13 Dontwaitforme,lhave night. onethatworks.........--............ 14 We haveth€e shituin ihefactoryincluding

TEsT'5 ADJECNVESAND ADVEIISS 2:'5

Exercise 3 andcontainsthe word/s sothat it ha5a similarmeaningto the filsi sentence Completethe s€condsentence in btackets. I Yourspeechwasreallye(cellent(spoke) tDake .e llv kell 2 we $aned workingon the proiectin lanuary.(wo*ing/since) ... We,,.............................. 3 Retailbankingisn'tasprofitablea5invenmentbanking.(more) Invesvnent bankin9........... 4 She!a verycarefulworker(works) She............... thanthis. (ever) 5 I haven'tseenworseseruice Thi5is.........................---. 5 Monicaleft Pa s in July.(slayed Monica .....,,,...........,,,,,--7 Doyoufind operaint€rening? Are,,,,,,,,,.,........................, 8 Theme€tinqhada positivefinish.finished) . Themeeting 9 Thishesbeenhardwo* for you. (wo*eo

Jlrly, ..........,,...........,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,

You..............,,,,,,,,,.,.......... 10 Frankis a goodMiter (writes) Frank ............................--. 11 Kateis ill.{well) Kate,.....,,,,,,.....,,,,,......,,,,,.. 12 could you not talk so fest,please?(slowt) you......................... Could 13 lhe chines€marketi5biggs thantfie Indianmarket.(at Thelndianma*et .........,,,, (us0 of products asRichard. 14 Alansellsthesamenumber Alanse1|s........................... than Romy.(ban) 15 Theoiher membeEof the t€amaremoreexp€rienc€d Romy..................... ........... 16 l'll s€eyou in a few houB.{later) f ...................................... 17 | shrted thisjob in 1998.(doin9/since) 18 Dianeis on holiday.she! bad nextweek-(awayon holiday) nextwe€k. ........................................... Diane is .....................-........ to- (time) 19 ThetEin arived exactlywhenit w6 supposed Therain adved................ (time) 20 Hisinterventionw6stoo lateto savethe negotiations. ............ Hedidn'tintervene 21 | \,!onl anivether€lat€rrhanrwo. (get/by) t ......................................... 22 Weli€d hardbut finalv we garc up. (end) ..................... . Wetnedhad but.............. 23 lrs tw€l!€ andl've beenwaitingfor you sinceten. (two) . l'vebe€nwaitingfor you

hours --...-...........--..

Test 15 Prepositions (units45-48) Exer
Exercise2 Decide whichprcposilion fromthe listbelowgoeswlth eachverb. abolt (x2) againstfor (x3) ffom in into of(x2) on (x3) to (x2) wth(x2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 l6

| mustapologise .....fpl.....beinqlate. justsaid. l'd justliketo addsomelhing .......--........ whatJawad lsthefactory insured .....-........... fire? Thecost? Well,it depends ..........---.... wh.t you're looking ................. . Thewholepackage .............-... the mainunitplls allth€seaccessories. consists l'vedivided mypresentation..---............ threemainparts. Weneedto d versitto prevent us................. becoming too dependent on oneprodud. Please. letmepay................. this. Wecansupplyyou................. a full ranqeof sizes. Wespecialise ................. commercial caterinq equipment. Doyouknowanyahing ....-..--........ the Portuguese market? gettingthecontJact. Hecongratulated us---.............. Llsbon reminds mea bit ..---.---........ SanFrancisco. you,,..............| agree ................. that. Doesthisbagbelong................anyonehere? Inthe net!meeting lthinkwe shouldfocus............-.-.. ihe planning schedule.

TEST16 PnEPTOS|T|ONS 237

Exercise3 Und€dinethe corec( word in theseadjectiv€+ preposition combinatons. I Ar€ you cerran tolabolt/fro.n that? 2 l hoperh€ydon't 9o on strike.We?edependentollonlbythem for our 5!pp €s. 3 Thisline is verypopularforltolwith customersookingfor va ue for money. 4 Our countryis lackng ,n/oflfor enercyrcsources w€ haveto impo( allour o . 5 Ate yor awatetalbylof jun how seiou5this probem is? 6 Are you nterested l' /forlof long-termgroMh for you. savinqs? 7 I n rcspansibletar / to / by a tedm of eight consultanls. 8 li anylhinggoeswrofg, l'm di€ctly responsible forlaolbyih€ CEO. 9 Let me Lrsea calculatorl'm not verygoodarlforlby maths 10 lt would be goodatlforlby yourcarc€rif you workedabrcadfor a few y€ars 11 'm annayedwithlfarl abourtherrlackof ilexibility 12

m arrcyed with I far/ about them with / fot /abaut beinq so inflexib e

Exerci5e4 Competethe sentences with a nounfrom listA and a preposition frornlist B. A: advanlage advice inv€slment lack matter pe55rni9miR€e reason repy soltion subslitute trouble B

.bout for for in sl

of of on to to wth

with

1 A1the momentthe Pl--isg.9{.........oil is abour$25 a bafie. 2 Canyoute methe........ . . . . . . . . . . . . .t h e d ea y 7W e ' v eb e e nw a t i n ga l o n gr i m e . 3 T h er n an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .p. ...o p o s aI i st h a ti t s m u c hc h e a p e r 4 T h e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . p r o p o s aA i st h a ti t s v € r ye x p e n s i v e 5 W h a t St h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l .i l. l ?s h el o o k sr a t h e u r pset 6 H a v et h e ys e n ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y o ! r l a n € m a i l ? 7 Thereba . expei€nceat the lop o{ the company 8 l ' m s u r ew e c a nl n d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .i sp r o b l e mb,u r t m a yr a k es o m et r n e 9 C l e v ear d v e . t i s i fi gs n o . i yt a r e a s o n a bper c e . . . . g o o dq L r a l i a 1 0 T h i t y € a r w e ' r e m a k i la] gm a j o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. e. .w t e c h n o o g y . 11 Canyou g ve me some ......the ben way ro nven rnysavlnqs? 1 2 E v € r y o n ewso r r i e dT. h e r e !a l o t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . ... t h e f u t ! r eo l t h e e c o n o m y

Exercise5 Compete thetexlwiih ihe prepositions of placefromthelistbelow acrossat(x3) down nslde near nextto off on (x3) oppositero

Lizlejlearlytogotohe.jobinterview-shegot(1).......''o.....rhebus,paidherfareandwe (2)..............-.. . Shesatdown(3)............. . a woman.Theysta.tedtalkinganddiscovered theywere (4) bothgoing ....-............ thesamestop.'l'vegot an intetuiew a placecalledMurcort i5) ...._.__......... House.'said Liz.'ls ii (6)................. thebusstop?''Yes, it3notfar Youwalk(7)-................ thepark. (8)................. (9) (10) forbesRoad,andit3 ............-.--the riqht, ................. theend,'thewoman (11)...........-...-just(12)................. replied.'ln fact,llive theoth€rsldeof thercad, , sol canshowyou (13)................. theway.'whentheyaffived th€rrnop theygot{14)......-.-........ toqether

Appendix 1 Regular verbs: all forms Presentsimple (unitl) Atfirmative: l/youlwe/theywork.She/he/itworks. Do l/you/we/th€y lrork? Doesshe/he/itwork? Question: Negative: l/you/we/theydon,twork.Sh€/he/itdoesntwork. Presentcontinuous (unitl) are helping.she/he/it is helping. Affirmative: lam helping.You/we/they you/lve/they Am t helping? Are helping? 15 she/he/it helpingT Question: Negative: l'm not helping.You/we/they aren'thelping.she/he/itisnt helping. P.st simple: rc9ul6t (unit3) affrmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theysiarled. Didl/you/she/he/itlwe/theystart? Question: Negatlve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidn'tstart. Pastsimpl€: iri€gular {unit3) affimative: l/you/she/he/it/we^heywent. Did l/you/she/he/it/we/theygo? Qlestlon: Negatve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidntgo. P.n continuou3(unit3) w€re helping. Afinmauve: l/she/he/it$rarhelping.You/we/they you/we/they h€lping? Wasl/she/he/ithelping?were Qlestionr w6r€n1holping. Negativer l/she/he/itwasn'thelping.You/we/they P.3t perfect (unit4) Affirmative: l/youlshe/he/itlwe/iheyhadleft. Hadl/you/she/he/it/we/lheyleft? Qlesiion: Negative: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyhadn'tleft. s5ed to (unit4) Affirmaiive: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyu$dtowork. useto work? Didl/youlshe/he/itlwe/they Question: didnl useto work. Negative: l/you/she/he/it/we/they Present p.rf€ct Aff rmativei Queniof: Negative:

(unit 5) l/you/we/they haveleft.She/he/'thasleft. left?Hasshe/he/itleft? Havel/you/w€/they haven'tleft.She/he/ithasnl l€ft. l/you/we/they

Pres€nt p€rf€
APPENDIX1 REGULAR VERES 2'9

wir,luniti) Afiirmatve: Question: Negatve:

'll (= wlrj)+ verb. l/youlshe/he/it/we/they Willl/you/she/he/it/we/they+verb? l/you/she/he/it/we/th€y won\ (= wil not)+ vetb.

gotng to (unir7) Affirmative: l m/youte/she's/he5/it's/we rc/theytegoingto help. Am i/Areyou/lsshe/lshe/15 itlArcwe/Aretheygoingro hetp? Question: Negative: l'm not/Youaren't/sheisnl, etcgoingto help. Future perfect (unit8) Affirmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywillhavefinish€d. willl/you/she/he/it/we/theyhavefinished? Question: Negative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywon,t havefinished. Passive{unit9) Adle shehelps. Shes heping. Sheheped Shewasheping. shehadhelped. Sheha5helped. Shewill help. Shewill haveheped.

err5]le shei5 h€lped. Sheis beinghelped Shewas helped. Shewas b€inghelp€d. Shehad b€€nhelped. Shehasbeenhelped. Shewill be help€d. Shewlll haveb€enh€lp€d.

Reponcd spe€ch(!nit 2l) Acrualwodsspoken Eepad ' always workthere' Hesaid(that)hework€dthe.e. 'l'mworkingthe.e.' Hesaid(thaohewai workingthere. 'ltook it. Hesaid(thaohetook rtlhadtaken t. 'l wasreadn9 it.' Hesaid(that)hehad beenreadingit. 'l hadleftbythen.' Hesaid(that)hehad left bythen. 'l'veforgottenit.' Hesaid(that)he hadforgottenit. "ve beenreading' Hesaid(that)hehad be€nreading. 'l canhelp.' Hesaid(that)hecouldhelp. 'l will help.' Hesaid(that)hewould hetp. 'l mayhelp. . Hesaid(that)hemight hetp. 'l could/'rould/rnight go.' Hesaid(that)hecould/would/mightgo. 'l rnlsvshould Hesaid(that)he must/shouldgo. 9o.' Infinitives Present: passive: Present Past: Pastpassive:

to like to be liked to haveliked b havebeenJiked

Appendix 2 |rregular verbs verb

Past simple

Past participle

oegrn

began

begun bent

bleed

bit bled

binen/bh bled

bnn9

brou9ht

bro0ght

build

built

built

catch

bought caught

borJght caught

deah dug did

dealt

drg do

bind

dus

ddnk fall teed fight

fell fed felt fought

fed felt

{ld

ned

lought

fly ioqet

forgot

get give 9o gnnd

sor

90t 9iven gone

hang

hung had

hung

had

hidden

hit

hit held

laad

laid led

hud

lav

left

APPEITDIX2 IRiEGULAR VENES 241

Verb

light

Past simple

PaJt participle

lvlight€d

lent let lain lit/lighH

paid

ride dng rire

p(.n

put

rang

dden run9

said sought sotd

sought

shaken thoot

shot

shut sing sit

shut sng

shut sung

sllde

rlept slid

slid

speed 5peI 5pend spill spin spit split spring

spelt/rpelled 5pilt/spilled

sp€h/spell€d sp€nI spilt/spilled

spat split spoilUspoiled

spat split spoilt/spoiled

spran9

sprung

strn9

nun9

tau9ht

iaught

tnought

thought

steal sting

tell think

Appendix 3 Spelling Pr€sentsimple ve.bendsin -r. Blt verbsendingin o, r ch,sh,x add-es. ln thethid pe6onsingular. a p€senrsimple Hegoes He misses Shewatches t{e wishes Sherelaxes whena verbendsconsonant +y. the/ changes to -ie5.Butwe do notchange the-y after. vowe. hutty - hunies .opy

copies

BUT rtay - fayr

enJoy- enpyg

Pr€sent continuous (and adding -ttg generally) We leaveout ewhenwe add-tngto a velb.Butwekeepa doubleee. decide- de.iding wite - writing

BUT5e€ seeing agree agreeing

le to -y'ng.Butydoesnotchange. whena verbendsin'te,we change die - dying lie lying

BUI huny-hu ying

vowel-consonant'. Thishappens whena verbendsln'consonant Sometimeswe doublea finalconsonant. plan- planning stop - stowing BUTmeet- me€ting vn* - wotking isnressed we doubleihe lan consonant. Mosttovo+yllable verbsareregularButif thefinalsyllable na*et

ma*eting

BUI bqin - beginning discuss- discussing

Past simpl€ (and adding -€d g€n€rally) y to -ie. + y, we change Whena verbendsin consonant tty - tried deny-deniel1 hu y-huried

copy- copied

we doublea finalconsonant. Thishappens whena verbendsin 'consonant-vowel-consonani Sometimes plan- planned regrEt- regretted stop - stopped

BUT meet- meeting

Nounsadds to makea plural.8ut after
BUI herces potatoes tonEtaes

+ y, we changeyto-/bJ.Bulwe do not.hangeyaftef. vowel. Whena nounendsin consonant pdny Darties sloty sloties BUI day - days puney - totheys Adverbs we fom manyadverbsfrcm an adjective+ /y. Ona few occasions we leaveout e. safe- safely strange- strangely

BUI ttue - truly whole wholly

+y, we.hangey to'it. whenanadjective endsin consonant easy easily angry- argrily WhenanadjecUve + /e we dangee to -y. endsin consonant prcbable- prcbably sensiUe sensibly Whenanadjective endsin -,c we add-alt. Thereisoneexception. autonatic- automatically ronantic- ronanl.ally

BUI publk publicly

APPEI{DIX 3 SPELIING243 Thesuffix-fulhasonlyoneI When,ryisaddedfor adverbs, a doubte / isformed. su..essful successtuIy Thereisa usefulrule:i beforee exceptaftercwhenthesoundis,tl field believe scienceGoundis not n:,

.ecer,r€(soundisr:,

Exceptions to this rulea€ theit weighandwelght gandu The ettef g is alwaysfollowedby u. question reguire qualitl Silent lett€E ManywordsconiainletteEwhich do norobviously folm a sound.These a€ sornetimes ca ed 3ibnr ten€rs,. Thesilentlet1e6areunderlined. bt

douOt

ps

psychotogypsy(hiatist

nb

plunbu kumb

sc

s
gn

sign foreign

wh

kn

Lnow knife

w

wha why gong viE

Samesoun4 differ€nt sp€lling Thesamesoundin Engiish isoftenspeltusingdiffe€nttettefs. Ineachgroupbetowthe soundundertined s thesame. vowels

consonants

canpany trAlble ubbish blq4,d

relatbn Sbarc swe contsious deticiaus

ead nest hgne thalJgh

Cheap funiturc waEh

eafth fafthet wtd

pbone ljnish tauEh

shltt

wait geat late wE-ight new lqld dgwn faund SameprcnunciatioD dlfferent sp€lling and meaning These wods arecalled'homophones'. Common examptes are: allawedlaloud saw/sore

couttlGught

ttivokoo

farellair

waitlweight

findlfined

warntwDn

knewlnew

wastetwain

no/know writelright

Words with a syllable whi.h is not prcnounced Somewordsarespoken withfewersyllables thantheylook.Thisoftenteads io spetting prcbtems. tibnry people Wednesday

(spokenwith 2 sy|abes,not 3)

temperature vegetableintercnlng comfortable

(spokenwith 3 sylabtes,not 4)

l{ouns and verbs with . and s advke prc.tice lrouns)

advise wctise (\e-bs)

244

Appendix 4

Diagram of the English verb system

No'€s to the diagAm has forrn Usingthe diagram tensetstem in a simplfied Thediagram isa wayofshowingthewholeEnqlish . lt canhelpto studythe individual if youseeat thesametimehowtheyare.ll rclat€d tenses . lt showsthatthee isa patternandlogicto English verbs. . Somepeoplelikea visualpicture and eam. to helpthemto unde6tand at thesametim€: Readthroughthesenotesandrcferto thediagram I

thepresent sirnpeas action^ituation. Thefirsttimelineshowsthe pastsimpleasa completed (facts, habiB,etc),andthe wil/futur€ that90 allalongthetimeline rcf€ringto actionvsituations gene€l fact beliet. asa future or

2

whicha haveth€ m€aning oi an acton In tenses, Theseco.dtimelineshowsthethreecontinuous (thereisalsoan associated meaning thatth€actionhasa limiteddutation) progress

3

tenses, whichall havethemeanng of looki.gbackThe Thethirdtimelineshovlsthethreeperfect perfectlooksbackfromthe present, andthe pastpedectlooksbackfiomthe past,theptesent futurepedectlooksbackfromthefulure.

4

of whichallhavethemeaning continuous tenses, Thefourthtimelineshowsthethreeperfect Notethaithisisa combination of themeanngsoi the lookingbackat an adionin progress. prevousNvolrnes.

5

of ooking Theiith timelinethowslhe two waysto usegolhgto,whichbothhavea m€aning

of alltheseverbtenses. UnG ]J of thebookhavea muchfullerexplanation verbsthata diagram cannotshow.Manyof lheseotherusescanbe Thereafesomeusesof Enqlish 'the pan' in refe. to soc/:ldinance anddistantprcbabllitlaswe asib English can by on€ ldear explained moreobvious meaning of dkbnceintme. so. . Knowing helpsto understand whyCould/ ? is more thatwe canusethe pastto showsocialdistance polite formalor thanCan/...? . Knowng thatwe canusethe pastto showdistantprcbability helpsto understand whywe uset fol Ministet, rd ...). imaginary or unlkelysituations UfI were theFinance

AI?EXDTX 4 DIAGBAM OF TIIE EIIGLISHVERBsYsIEM

PastSimple

simple

I s',r'rd thisjob dlr.,9wB ago.

I usudvte.w

Pastcorfinuoui

R€6ent

arouncl730.

wirl future I'll befony nextyear lnflationw l probably

Fututecontinuous

<^^.^.> WhileI wE tMtdng at ABCI rnovedfton Sdes to Ma*eting.

245

<-^.^> We'ft producFat

Pagtperfect

I'll bc wo*lng at our

perte.t

Futurepeded

b ."''

2.'t

{

Thehergethadahady hepperrdvhenI joined

Pastperfect (ontinuous

jobtor mr€er,tlrrs

E the endof theWt sales w l he€ lntoved.

Futureperfe
Perfect

contl uouS

2--'J

--t

.@

<."v">

l4h'd beenseling the saneprodu1forwE beforewe dEnged the

t

thisretrort aI |ro/''ing.

was gping to

Sony I was going 6 a you,but I coarpletely torgot.

I

I

lf I retirewhenI'm sixtt l'll have been wo*ing herc bt norc thantr/entyWE.

going to future ---\ l'n going b askny bossfor a pay rise. fhafs going b be diffrcult.

Appendix 5

British and American English

Mostdifierences between &itishEnglish andAmerican English aremalteEof pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, hee. In spellinq. Ihesearenotcovered termsof thercarefewdifferences in formal,written English. Butin infonnal, spokenEnglish thercaresomediffer€nces. Thefollowing arcthe mostimportant. ,rave and ,Eve got ln BrEha!€got ismorecommon. InAmEha!€is mo€ common. Butbothcountries usebothforms. Britilh English

Ame can English

Haveyou gat anychildren?

Do you haveany.hildten?

rve got two children.

I have two childrcn.

I haven't qot any.hildrcn.

I don't have anychildren.

Present perfect and p.n rimple perfect n BlEthe present isusedlorthe present resultof a pasractionandlifeexperience upto now(unit5). n AmEthe pastslmpleis morecommon,especially with lust, aheady,yet,everard never. You tai hasjust arrived.

Yaurtun justanived.

I've aheadyspokento heraboutiL

I alreadytpoke ta hetabout it.

Haveyou finished the repoftyet?

Did you finith the rcpodyet?

Haveyou everea'€n sushi?

Did you evereat sushiT

It's neverdone thatbefore.

lt neverdid that befote.

goftE

In AmEgoltenk usually usedar thepastparticipie of theverbget. It'sgot quite late.Maybeweshouldgio.

lt's gotten quitelate.Maybeweshouldgo.

He'sgot a newjab.

HeSgotten a newhb.

shal and srrorrrd tor suggGitlons InAmEshouldisusedin suggestions wheresha//ismorecommonin BrE. Sha we breakfor lunchnow?

Shouldwe breakfar lunchnow?

Quostioh tagj tags(unit16)ae muchlesscommonin AmE. Question YaucanspeakFtench,
VoucanspeakFrench,ight?

tI cal a tati, sha t?

l'llcalla taxi,oK?

IninformalAmE the-/yending to adverbs isoftenleftout.Ako,in infomalAmEan adj€ctive issometimes place usedn of an adverb. It'sworkingrcally slowly at themonent.

lt s wotkingrcal slow at thenonent

It s workingrcally well at the non$t.

lt s wotkingrcal good at thenonent.

(seeunit13).InAmEmush'tis akoused. ln BlEcan'tisusedto saythaisomething islogically impossible I calledbut theres no anflver Theycan't be at home.

I caledbut theres no ansvrcr fhey can't/mustn't be hane-

APPENDIX 5 BR|T|SH ANDAMERICAn| ENGLISH247 Prepositions NotethefolTowing difierences in the useof p€positions. aritish English

Ameri€n Engtish

What did you do at the wpekend?

Whatdidyou do on the weekend?

Patis in the teamnow

Patis on the tean now_

16 ten ninutespast three-

ft's ten ninutes past/afEr three.

It'stuventyto three.

It s twentyto/of three.

We'rcopenfron Mondayto.lti satufliay.

Were openfrcn Mandaythrough Saturday.

I lookedout of the window.

I lookedout the window

I stayedat homeon hturday.

I stayedhomeSatutday.

Hewroteto meabouthisvisit.

tle wroE ne about hisviit.

yestuJay. t 'iet an old colleague

I net with an old colleague yesterday.

I lookedroundlarcund the nuseun.

I l@kedarcund the museun.

Shewalkedaowads/roward /r,e.

Shewalkedtoward ne.

I haven'tseenhin for severalweell.

I haven'tseenhim in serEtalweeks.

Go a''d ... n AmEtheword'and'isoftenleftout of thisnructure. I'll 90 and speakto Mary

t ll go speakto l\4ary.

Emphatic do In BlEdo canbe usedwilh an imperative foremphasis. Ths is ra€ in AmE. Do havesonenore coffee-

Havesomemarecoffee.

sornerrrte c end sorreprace ln informalAmEioreplaaq anyplaceandno phcecanbe usedaswell a9somew/terc, anryhere ard Lets find somewherc to eat

Let'sfind sonewherc/soneorace to eat

me Notethisdlfference for theword'hospital'. My nothet is in hospital.

My motheris in the hospital.

two hundredand fitly

tA/ohundredflftt ORtwo hundrcdand fifty

On the telephone HeIo,is that Paul?

Helb,is dtis Paul?

249

Answer key

3 happ€n€d/cll€d 4 wasexplain ng/interupred5 wereinvestiqalinq/rcsgne 6 Jinished/qM7 w3swaiting/@lled 3 wasceanig/d@pped 9lound/waslookinq 10ariEd^old

Unit 1 Presenttime I 2 don'tknow 3 doyouknow 4d@5n1wo{ 5 Y6, I do 5 shercdc 7'mwlnq SlheyrenolEpynq 9 shappennq 10A.etou enjotlnq 1 1S h e s! p e a k n q1 2 Y 6 ,s h e i j

2 is 3 knos 4'm 5 doyoudo 5wo 7 make 3don'tmake 9inrclwr l 0 i s n t l l s u p p i e r1 2 ' F 13 d oy o uo l l e n. o m € 1 4 h a r 1 5 d o s 1 l a k €

Unit 4 Pasttime 2 2 usedto/was 3 hadboughvnaned 4 ued lo hde/changed 5 eid/hadnl anired 6 hadlocked/was 7 uie! io be/usedto wa k 3 renl back/iound/hadiaken 9 saw/knew/hadmet grcwn 10wasl@king/turned/w/had sed 2 Ms sure/had *t 3 caled^tillhadn l linshed 4 hadspoken/rea 7 hadn'lFen/put 5 hadgi@nreh 6be@me/hadaEadywo.ked a hadro/hadrunou ol t hadsiopped/gotoui ot l0was/hadaFadyleil 2 @mpaigned/had ddpaigned 3did$eDanesejed 4wathad been perfomed Thadtaen 3@re/hadbeen 5 waslhadben 6 perfomed/had 9 t@sed/hadfdued r0made ll feaEd 12wanred

4 a begnning/bexpedaions n9lb marketshae 5 a Gapp@ach 6 a 5 attracting/b attention

2 hadban ldidyouget 4lnifiad{ofhadiinished)5@ni 6 hadnrdecided7@c 3&slooknq 9 gave l0 d alreadytaken 1r complered12ent 13inleryiewed14lelr l5(hanged l5went 1 7w : sW t i n q I a w a s b * o d n ! ( o r h a d b < o m el )9 d d n ' 1 h a v e2 0 h a d

Unit 2 Presenttime 2

2 u*n lo 3 ued ro/rculd 4 u*d ro

2 a . ey o ud o i n gI a . e y o u w o { i n g4 d o } ! ! h * 5l.one 6l'mcom'ng 7 I m d e ai n gw i l h 3 l d e a l w i l h9 a . ey o ug o i n q l 0 d o y o u g o

Unit 5 Prcsentand past 1

2lootal 3d6niwo 4 B n t w o d i n g S l h l n [ 6 ' m r h i n k i n g7 B n . y i n g 3 s t a y s9 r a k e l 0 a r c r a k n g l l a G 1 2 a r e b e L n g

2 @.evers.en 3 haven r compla ned 4've a €adyspenl 5 flave$ey Ep Ed der laken 5 [*n1 gor 7 ha3goie up I 3iun efi t haF lallen 10Na@you

3 don'tbeliaeI 4/

3a 4b 5a 6b 7b 3a 9b !0a

5r'

6ldon't undeEtand7.onl.ins 3/

2 ieed 3ooyouknN 4!rc*nq 5think6@* Torganie 3',e expeclnqt have 109i€ I 1 areyourvisiro6rbyinq12don'rknw 135 dealing14donlwod/ d notwoding 2 is movinq I i5 @kinglor 4 provde5 I E ie5 6 s rryingio 7 Ginve{igating 3 wants

Unit 3 Pasttime 1

2iun 3tu

4n*r

5 y€t 6 aLways7 since 3ryer

U hd b€en 3 harlalle^ 4 haveperfomed 5havecul 6tuvelaun(hed 7 haswirhdrawn 3 ha5had t has5pent 10haslaken 2 D - b € € n l A - l o r 4 c - j u n 5 B - a l r e a d y6 D y e t 7 B - q o n e AA-rolar 9C-&er 10D-nmr

Unit 6 Presentand past 2

2 didyoulee/told 3 tel/rd d 4didn'tsee/qot 2 Did/h.ve 3 Did/make4werc 5made Sddn'ttke 7Didn1/lke 3 w a s n i 9 s o l d l o M E n t 1 1 w a s 1 2 d i d ^ h i n k1 3 d l d n l h a v e1 4 b o u g h t 2 went 3 @e pofrot nq/dopped 4w6@*idg

s called/eid

2had 3qave 4cme 5 supplied5 beqan Tbuilt ajoined 9t@k 1 0 r c n 1 1 b { a m e 1 2 € n 1 3 s o l d1 4 c u l l 5 m e a n t 1 6 t u m e d 17changedl3made 19grs 20 bought

2 havewo*ed her€ 3 hasiunadved 4 havemade 5 | saw 6 went Thasb€€nawa 9left l0has eli 2 a€rare/hareetup 3 d@sn'tlook/have come 4Hawyouseen/et( 5 harejusrmevDoyou kn@ 6 haven@r spoken^pok€ youlread 7 @rt/haveb€€n/Do youknow 3 havewo*edlwant/Have 2 v. b€€nphoninq/!qone3 Haveyousen/'w b*n @kinqtoNatd 4 he youben pndu.nq/'v€invened

Z5O AF'ER

TF'

2hentbeen s veb€en 4 tpfr s@ud 6 iatked 73b€er 3 venwefdone 9lmagined10Hav€you*r ben (of oftenth nk) 12had t3'reknM r |ve oftenrhouqhr 14,rehad l5 haveb€one 16'vea readydone17pul la didn,tqd t9 hareyu ptn

2 began 3 have(ashed 4 announced 5 haspeak€d 6 fett 7 was 3 dropped 9 rel€aFd 10 hde dsen I I hasgained 12 hs managed 13hasoothil 14bought l5havebe.ome

Unit7 Futuret

r,/

4ltir€€h.ki*

5/

6t+€m

3 Tnisfinewas@aled byoneol ou b6l youngd€siqneu 4In etry.lhat6nt b€done 6 ThBrearmoE itun a mi liondollaEit beinqspenlon adren: n9./ Morethana mil ion do la6 is b€ingspenlon ad@nisingrhisy€ar 7 Tnit Fyment maynot b€authoried by$e r'{.ounts Depanmenr.

2 c'epd

I ndn"buled . d?,.-. b.cl 5 Loffpr.o 6 . ana'j"d

2 willbeneeded3 arebeingordeEd 4aEbeingprinled5 shoutd beI nished 2 W e r c g o i n g i o o p e3ni t l l p o b ab t ys u c . e e d4 t t s F t o u t h € n 5 wharae yougonglo do? 6 Arcyoudoinqanrrhing

Unit l0 Passive 2

2 a mm e e t n 93 i 5 9 o i n 9 b b e 4 w i l b e 5 i s g o i n g t o h e 6 wil [email protected] 7 a@9oln9to t6r/ae€stn9 3 amgonq 9 @nt be 2 l e 3 a r c 9 o n q b b a 4 ? e 9 o n g b r e l t l u d u r e5 i si l g o i n gr oh a p p € n 6wIbe 7wiIprcbabydisppear3 e qoingto ha@(orte having)9, ter 1 0? e9 on sr o o l l e r 1 1 , t h a w 1 2 w I b e 1 3 w i t i h e n v j o b i n r c t @ 14 rc goingro expand15'lbe t6 tmea. lT Une€d l3wont be(orrenotgongb be) t9'm goinglovkit (or,mvisiling) 2 0W l l r o uh a v e 2 1 ' l i g i v e 2 I adve 3 w lbe 4'E Eeing 5 l p.obabyilke 6 are.,rdoing 7,thaw I t e n a y i n g9 ' m 9 0 n g 1 0 1 g i v e

2log@ 3wasbom 4cleaned5 haEdemanded5 asembted 7 @e you bo.n I lo bel@king 2lw6 qi€n 3 weE pomied deliEry 4Thslabicwasfiade SWemfe5enl

3 hd beenbbught 4 harb€enencouraged 5hasplvat5ed 6 ha@arb rnvgled 7 hasb*n mded (orhasdded) 3 havebeen5otEd

uhit 8 Future2

2 i5sid to be 3 aF knoM to be lookingat 4 I betded lo bedse oping 5 h eportedro ha€ 5p€nt 6 is lhoughl ro be/ s thoughllo ha@ben 7 is u.de6t@d lo h:E negoliated

2 w l l b em d l n g 3 w i l l h a v e m @ e4dd 6 r l o $ a n 5youteave 6 @'vercceEd Twillhav€cpaid 3 they'e I w6 goinglo wile lOthope r l d u e r o a t r v el 2 t h o p e t w o n , tt 3 t d o n l t h t n k t , l t a B t 5 s h a t@

2 6 beihgd€ahwirh 3wilbedetEre! a hasbeenincluded {ori5 n(uded) 5 @nbe opMed 6 areonlygu.Enteed

Unit 11 Modalsand relatedverbsI 2d 3a 4c 5l 5h 7q 3e 2 leaw/atrr 3 wl l beeeng 4witthav€finished5 wjl b€ptainq 6 hsr 7 wrI have{aned 3 wil youhavelearnl 9 Wityoubeusing lO R 2B-expe.l 3D-wilfal 4B-w pbbabv 5a-abouilo 6c 7 A - w l l h a v e b e g u n3 B w t t b €t i q h n n q9 D k p t a n n i n i oq

isdueb

2 @re goinqro be 3wittbe.oteding 4, hawp@duced 5'llbedrusnq 6wil haveaq@d 7 happ€B S come 9gets lOmeel rrwil have l n k h e d 1 2 w t t b € f t n d ^ g1 3 h f t t 4 w a s g o j n g l o h e

Ljnit 9 Passive1 2 isseen 3 w ll not be linished ahavebeen.@d 6 cannotbe sh pped

5aEbeing@€wEd

2 l 6 n c o n € 3 b € a b l e t o4 l . o u l d n 1 5 w a s n l a b t e t o6 w i l y o u 7 6n E do 3 lo beable 9 | muslspeak10| manag€d 1o 11 I coud

2 b€.blaro 3 coutdnl 4 coutd 5 canlb.ab. to 6 can/can r 7 can'l/b"ablelo a b€abtetol6nt 9coutdn,tl0(oud 2d 3g 4. 5f 6e 7a ah 2 l'll pu!youlhouqh r ca^t helpyou 4 aoutdyouiet me 5 t lu{ qo 6 Couldyouhold 7 r'llwail a can'ta 9 t'Uneed 10Cantca tyou ll.ouldyouspeak 12Canyouhear13Coutdyourepeal 14t,] beon 15l'llqel backto you t5canyouqnd lTt,ttputone 2 h 3 e 4 . s d 6 b 7 a a I 9 t l o m 1 1 i l 2 k 1 3 1t 4 n

ANSWERKEY 25I

Unit 12 Modalsand relatedverbs2 2d 3b 4a 5h 6l 7e 3g 9

1 0 k 1 lj t 2 i

[Jnit15 Questions 1 2 say 3Y5,ldo 4 d6 thii machine m* 5setupMicrosoft 6 did Mi@eft ei up 7 i€lephonedme 3 did youtelephone

1 nun 2 haveto 3 haveto 4 musr 5 haw to 5 mun 2D 3r 4r 55 6t 7D at 9r 105 11t 12r130 14l 2 c a n 3 h a w t o 4 5 h o u d 5 c a ^ 6 6 n 1 T s h o u dS d o n t h a @ t o t hav€ro 10$ouldnt rr should 12@n 2 h a d t o 3 . o u d n ' i 4 h a d r o 5 . o ! d n , l 6 $ o ! l d h a w 7 s h o u l dr nh a v e 3 d dn'thavato 9shouldn'tha€ 10ddn1havelo

Unit 13 Modalsand relatedverbs3 2 < a n lb e 3 m u sbt e 4 m i g h t b e5 m a y n o t b e6 o n ' t b e 7 m u nb e S r h o u d b € 9 < o u l d b e1 0 @ n ' l l l c o u l d be 12munbe 2d 3b 4a 5i 69 7e 2 m i g h t3 c a n t 4 m u n 5 m i g h l 6 @ n 7 ( a n l S m u r t

2Doyouwo*from home?r canyouundeEland GemanT 4 Hawyouak€ady hadlunch? twil youbeba.kntimelorlunch? 6 Areyouenjoyinqth€.ontercnce? 7 Did,ou aE€ewilh her? 3 Haw )ou @r lpokento P€r€? 2 hN youinvnei 3are)ougoing 4didyoupal( 5ae)ouherc

2 vlhat haw youdone? I where d d ,ou pul the rcpo.t? 4 Whydo you slayh€F? 5 H@ reE youtee nq yeneday? 6 wheE areyouslaying? 7 Whodo your€ponb? a WnE is lhis b.q/Whoe bagis th s? 2 w€r doyoudo? 3 H@ onqha€ F! been@* nqrhere' 4 wrt did you do beloe ihar2 5 Doe5you iob inrclvemuchl.avel n97 5l! ihi5yo( li6t vi5itto Lron? 7 Whend d Jouariva? a Hd onq aE you srayingfor? 9 Wherca€ younaying? 10 Whals il ike? 2 8 @ t u r y 3 h w d u c h 4 h @ i 4 5 h o w l o n g6 w h a r T w h o s e a howolren 9whid 10whar ll shch

2a 3d 4c 5c 6b 7a 3d 2wrldefiniiey 3miqht 4ls almostcenainro s ru^liketto

2 hghlhave 3 6n1 have 4mighl 5 cn't 6munhaw

Unit 14Modalsand relatedverbs4 2 Wouldyou 3 Wouldyoulike 4 M.y | 5lalking 6 Shalll 7 L€lme S C o u d 9 y o u s h o u d1 0 c o u d r c u 1 1 c o u l d 1 2 o p e n1 3o p e n e d

Unit'15Qu€stions 2 2 doi'r you 3 ddnlyou 4haveyou 5 hashe 6willyou 7 5 he sdidn'r@ 9aGn1r loihallwe 2 enr theiar, didnlyou 3 5n1MrPete6,i5 1 4 s Mf PeleE,3nl r 5 hava@Eded thenoder h*n t they 6 ha€nlcan.eedthenodet havet,rey 2 lhedad€tng emina. e 3@6h

4you lelt 5l(ould

2 who didrougertheintomalonirom? 3 wh (h lundsdoyouin@srin7 4 whai wasrhe weatef lik€in sreden7 (of whar was$e ealher in sw€i€n

2 1 3 h 4 a 3 . 5 e 7 h 3 i 9 q 1 0 1l l k 1 2 m 1 3 J

2 shal!w 3wn1he 4shouldnlhe 5 wasn'lit 6 ha@n'tthey Twuldn'til aisn'ril t harelhey l0 doesn't il

2 W o u l d y o u l i k3e d o n l m n d 4 D o y o u m i n d5 O i @ u e n o l 6 wouldyoulikeme1o 7l'd apF*iate$at ash.llwe 9 wduldyoumind l 0 r s h o u l dr r w 6 u l dy o ui k e r o 1 2 o f c o u e

Unit 17 Conditional5 1 Line3 CouldyouspeI that lor me,ple&? Une5 Woud youm nd ednq you pa$pod? Une6 Doyouthinkyoucouldbookm€anedy momingcdllT Llne3 lmnder il youcouldiell melvhenbrcaHanis? L ie l0 Wouldyoumind1l lefta messgelor a coleague? L ne 11 Wouldyou ikemeto lendyoua pen?

2 take/@,||ani@ 3 wo*ed/we'dger 4goetis s don'lhwy/re' be 6chanqe/qi@ me Tdick/t@nr aoderend 9lend/wi yourelurn

3 hN/,|ldel 7 Mit/'llgi€

4 banned/Muldn't be 5knew/'dtel 6l€ve/'ll(aLh 3 had/'dlm

252

ANSWEB KEY

2 r c n t 3 d o n t 4 w i t 5 s 6 u n t 6 s 7 i s g o t n q t o b €B b e 9 U n t 6 l0rcnt 1r@ud t2woutdnil3didnl 14wutd

2 to take 3 hearing4to rctuh 5torsk 6 buinq 7 duming a b a c . € p t 9 t a k i n gl 0 t o c o p y r r b e n g 1 2 t o b i n q l 3 t h t n k i n q 14behavingI5 to tran 161odea

Unit 2l Reportedspee(h1 2 dolwi 9w 3 mrked/wouldnibe 4 @uld happen/@ored 5 ms/don l5em 6lan.y/give

Unit 18 Conditionals 2

2lle'llb€ backaflerlun.h 3 SheS 9on9to conta.irhefi nt€E 4lwanl lo makea phone.a 5 rm meering thebankmanaqerar e ev€n 6 l loundout aboultheprcblem a longtme ago 7 lhave1obebackin theollic€bylh.eeth.q 3 l,tttelyouknM

2look/mighll€e 3 hadInen€d/wo!dn'rhavemade 4 @'d found/w€d havemoved 5 k€pt/mighr preent 5Id known/mudn'1havedone 7 hadbeen/coutd ha€ suc(H{

2 $eelme 3 theyd/our/before45h€rqht$e^

2 n c a s e3 a 5 o n g a s 4 u n € s 5 a s l o i ! a s 6 i n c a r e 7 w h e ^ S o n e s

2 (lhat)hed .eadthe '.pon and(rha0hed dn'i undeErand 5
2 had 3 .ou d stly 4 enioy 5 hadtaken 6 knew 7 coutdtype s d d n ' i i n r e n u ptlh a d r o h a v e l l o u r d d o 1 2h a d n b. ro u g h l

7P|IC 3PISI 4P|IC 5 2 G n 3 A 5 o n g a s 4 ' d h a v e 5 ' d S w o u t d nht & 9 i n c a s e1 0 u n e $ 1 1 1 2u n l e $

6ptIC

7plla 8t 9p/tT tOp/',tc

7 d a@utd/have 2 h i s 3 h e ' d s e m4 $ e d a y b e t o e 5 l h e 6 $ e y v e 7 m e 3 l h e r c 9 w a s lob€toe ]l hadlone 12wasl3that t4me

2a 3d 4c 59 6h 7e 3l

Ljnit 22 Reported spee(h 2

Unit 19 Verb+ -irg or infinitive 1 2 e y 3 l e i l 4 i a d S r o d / e i d 6 s i d ^ a d T s a d / t o l dS e i d r o ^ e l 2 g o l n g 3 1 0 u s e4 s p e n d i n5gt o c l o s e d @ n6 t o d e t E f 7 @ t t n 9 3 l o s i n g9 l o p E p a e 1 0 1 0 b e l l w a i t i n gl 2 t o s i g n 1 3p d t p o n i n q

2e 3b 4a 5d 6k 7i 3i 9g

2 to e(ognie 3 ldvertsn9 41okdve 3 l h n k i n g 9 l o f y 1 0t o h e l p

2 whar$e lene6'URLmeant 3 d/whelher I hadprepared theliquE

5 wrti^9 6 to rpeak 7 dak nq

2 peBuade h m lo 3 rcmindmelo 4 hep youlo 5 expe.therto 6 encouraged melo 7 iorcedusio 2 losing 3 ro (ash 4 io do 5 to lix 6 to.ome 7 cating a io wait 9iodo l0askng ll roiype 2laking 3lopay 4 worrying5robe 6 pretendinq7 Glertng 3103hd

Unit 20 Verb+ -ing or iniinitive 2 3 meting 4benq slomake 6tospeak 7saynq abop€n 9 o p e n i n g l 0 q v i n q 1 1r o l o o k a t l 2 t o a i n o u n c e l 3 q u i n n 9 t 4 e f l i n q

1 0 11 t h 1 2 1

5 illwherher hehadrehembercn(or he,emenbefed)b b!.k up rhe ii e 6 whyI hadluhed off theaif.ondtoninq 7 illwhe$erI ipokerralia^ 3 h @ m u . hh ?h a dp a i d ( o r hpea i d ) l o f h h c r 2 ruqqded Sprcpoed 4aEeed 5 decided 2 l o l d l h € m3 t o l i s l e n4 s i d 5 l h d d 6lake Tsringup 3nortosay 9lochaif l05hould@pon 11rcmlnd€d rhemthal 12tomk'

unit 23 Phrasalverbs 1

2iomeei

2b 3d 4a 5b 6d 2 hord(or hans)o. 3 rill;n 4 go (or G[y) on 5 g)ueup 6 dea with 7 pi.kup 3 9o (or.ome)bacl 9lakeup l0tmkaier

2belng 310be

4iobe

2lobook 3to{an 9tohave l0iolon 14 to have l5being

5being 6betng

4tocome 5toqo 6d$ing 710give 3 rclking rr@*n9 1 2 q € n n 9 ( o r 1 o g e l ) 1 3 m i s s i nogL , r r6Lft9

17 Jinkhtnq(or rolinish)

2l@k uplhe inlomaton/lookthenfomarionup/tookir up 3 kep dM our cosE/kep ou. .ostsdowd/keeprhen doM 4 dowithoutmymobiephone/do wilhout1 5 tumeddM lhe id€/lurnedthe deadownnuhedit d@n 6 en oul thepmblem/en$e prcblem od/son ir oul

ANSWERKEY

2 dropoff 3 ru.n !p 4 checkingLn 5 qei by 6 ed olt 7 drawup 3l@kingrhrough9cal on t0ringup ll kep dNn 12lindour l3 breaking down l4printoul l5backup

25!

2 meeting3 shoppinq4 inlerening /coilusn9 5wearnq/laning 6mr@ming 7 oninq ad nq 2 me€r 3t3ke 4$kn9 5 working 6mrk

2 back 3 off 4 doM 5 ihouqh 6 on 7 oul 3 @r 2 of beinq 3 by lakinqover 4 Beforcqo n9 5 nsreadol usinq

Unit 24 Phrasalverbs2 2 back10 3 dowi on 4 out of 5 on to 6 in wilh 7 up wfth 3 up lo

2 up 3 off 4behnd 5 of 5 b3.k Twirh 3on 9on r0ihough 11ro 12out 13 n r4wilh 2 g e t $ r o u g h3 c l / b a c k 4 h o d o n 5 g o a h s d 6 € n g / u p 7 t @ k i n l o 3 g e t b a c k t o9 $ e a k u p l 0 b e a k i n g u pt t c u t o i i t 2 s n / o d 1 3 q o d e r

2 sA€+ S lhir+

4v**

3 hopingrhalthemarker MUld qo up 4 trol b€rngan exp€iencedn€gotiaror 5 Arsuminq3herculdn'r fr,nd 6 nol kneinq il wouldcearc $ manyproblems

Unit 27 make /do,/9et/have 2 did 3 make 4dohake 5 do 5do/ma[e 7 make 3 made/do 9did/mEde lOdid/made 1l make/do 12do

Unit 25 Verbsand oblects

2a 3t 4b 5e 6.7h 39 2/

3t 4,/ 9X 6t

3/

4t

7/

Ar 9/

tOji

5X 6,/ 7X g,/ 9,/ 1At 11/ 12'l 13t 14/

2 a)r 2b)I / fte ma.ker nqdepartment

5 a)

2holday 3lun.h 4.han.e/look Slime SaltematveTbreak 8 appontde.l 9thetish l0doubt ll dill(uly 12headache/day ofi l3 @rd l4go 15@nveElion

5b)J/ myfamyandlriends

2 g e t 3 d o i n g a m a k e 5 n a d e 6 d o i n g 7 9 o r S m a d e9 d o n e l 0 m a k e l l d o 1 2 q o t 1 3 m l d e 1 4 q o r r 5 m a d e1 6 d o 1 7 d o 1 3 g o t 1 9 m a d e 2 5u99estlo them 3p@miFdm€ 4etpainedloihem 5 cau5ing uspoblem5 6 lhe chclenro you 7 theLulr ro ther4hnician8oldthem 9 lhewhoe sitlalon to$em l0tod me ll introduce youio Joephte

[rnit 28 Relativeclauses1 2ND3ND4O 5D 6ND

2le la.kelheanideaboulma*elinq 3 ent $em an ema yesieday ! erta^ erailro.Fei lusoFer\ea A depafrrl yrn.ddy 5 od h m $e dGplay modelthartb*n in lhe window 6 bd lhe dGplay modeltoa rcmdn who.amen rhismoming 7 gav€hermy rcport$G morning 3 gavemyrcponb hers{@taryrh5 morning 21ohat 31otl1o 4tollot sl.tlra

2lhal 3 wtro 4whde 5who 6who 7 whose athai 9who 10who

r (which)4/

5 (hat) 6/

7/

3 (who) 9/

10(rhal)

2 hav€b€n waitnglor rnayedal 4 usuaydea w$ 5.h(lalhe emplerlbm 6 am responsible for

6 rolfor 7 to/for 31o/ror 5P 7t 3P 9Lr0P]]P 12P

Unit 26 The -,rg form 2a 3. 4b 5g 5l 7e ah

254 ATIiWER TEY

Unit29 Relative clauses z 2 nothing3 anr{hinq45on6ne 5 anrvhere6 Fmelhinq Tson@ne 3 antlhing 9 anylhingtoNoone

2 who ou d be a us€lutcontacrlor tbu 3 wh6e CVison youfdesk 4 who s.omingnexlweek

2 enjoyed ouel6 3 taughrhimsef/isrea.hing himFtf 4hunyouEeff 5 expEi heEff 6 helprcuetvE 7prepa€youett a inroducehyseff 9 blan€you6eJ 10maketouetvs

6 wh6e preentaiionI head 7 iharlwai €llnq youabout 3 wherctheyreloinq 1obui d the newla.rory 3J 4n St6ey 6ir 7/

2 fell/elared I anylim€, anywtleE4 @member/Mrry5weryUre 6 havthen 7 anylnere a iomewherc9lhemelres tO€chorhe.

ail

zwh6e 3who 4whom 5 rhat Srhar Twhar aihal 9 whee to$at

2 Fmewhere 3 anywhere 4 somene 5 Everylne 6 Anyone 7 smelhing a everylhing 9 anythinq

3/

I helpyouelf 4 met s inircnuce you6ett 6.hange 7 askmFetf srctar

4who 5whal 6whi.h 7/

awhch 9/

t o l a / h a l1 l l

12whar

Unit32 Determiners

2 wh ch wa5rhe iargeslluxuryg@ds@mpanyin rhe rcdd 3 whichwoulddecdeihe fulureof rhe ndunry

2 a t s o l r h e h 3 b @ o f t h e m 4 m a i y o t l h e m5 h o s r o i l h e m

5 who wasthe chleiiinanciaofiicer 6 wh chwasm€antlo bea me$agetor Ahaulr 7 whichrcpresented 34%of Gucd!totatnock 3 whoGuccihad b€enlooknqror 9whowastheheadof a non-lood rclatgmup(a tedppR l0whlchwasa42%stakein Guc.

z s
lJnit 30 Countableand uncountablenouns

2 ncr'e,lh3 en r ei$e.4At 5e€ry/al6each7Mry Bnonegany r0 borh 11ei$er 12each

2AB/maiy 3Ghlch 4H@much 5a€ 6a.e 7 equrpm€n Sim a d i n s 9 a pieceoi equpmenl l0a machine1t some/wast2 mu.h t3tr/se

2 Ew.ypani(lpanr3Nolasingepe6on 4 Nenher idea/Neithe. oi theideas 5 Soheof $e audien(e didnr 6Noneotmycoteague7Alwewa is 8weren'tanyddumenB9Nerherhotelwas/Netherotlheholes@re ro Sorhrhepropoekael8orhotthepropoekae rr Noieol rhe* rrems ae t2ioneatall

2 fme

3 much 4 many 5an 6 bfie 7 many B much gmuch 10m.ny

2 A - aachode 3 C - Nelhercodpany 4 A - a I ts 5 C _ftey arcbolh 6 C-ery 7 3-mo5tot 3 c-Mrrlhing

2a)G 2b)s 3.) s 3b)c 4a)t 4b)c

Unit 33 Possegsives and compoundnouns

l@d:Theretbmet Therc,s crothesrhaven'tqothanyjTnere arcomej lieyre rcrk: I havent got much;TheFGsomejfteEk job:I hawnt sol a; rhereraj t|s a money: I haven t got much;TheEGsomejfteEk d o a " . l h a \ e nl g o n a l y ,- F q . a r f 1 a , 1 e / r expenses: haven tgoi maiyrTherc ae omqlteyte idea:lharen'tqolmu.hjI hawnl qoi an;Th€Fisan; ts an

2you 3youE 4you6 SourM

6 o u & t v e sT m n e B M y g h e r 1 0 r

2 Ajicet l andsname! 8ill. HegoneoJMedl LFchStop anaysE. I Tolot t d.al on is .ompany@6 k benerthan ou6. 4 | @nt to my do
e,

6 My bo$s PAreadsall rh€ cBroders bneu 7 L@kat thoe trm Mercd6. ones our dnetloG andlhe orhel3a visitol!. 5 p e 6 o n5 a 7 m u . h 3 a n 9 b m e l O a t j m u c h 14a oi ol rs infomauo^ 16an

Unit3l Pronouns 2 no one 3 anylhinq 4 anyone 5 Something6 emede sanrihing 9 *ryth nq lONothing

7 ftrrone

7 ndfl neun9/!t6,o@r 1 ( Fd( Lcm/d"pa.rnffsoF 4 iiternara.G/summerlle 5 inflaionligures/pnce ranqe 6 ma*et suNey/rushhour 7 inlomaion te.hnotoqry/.ar keys 3 3hopasistanvpow. laitu€ 9 shopftoorrcrker/@rking tun.h 10iNUGdc6nl,?cr/banktoadj1 pmduclteatures/[email protected] T2ma*et l@derlmarkelinqbudgel 2 Jad

of 6 pi
A

2fryp€n 3mine 4iama!dftumenis 5 colleaque ol he6 6islo(bo$3 7 an expertin company 3 shos lhe el6 figu6 9 cunomerof 0!6

2 two squaEwden

255

SWER I(EY

Gnons

3 an am-ing ne efiwaE 4 a difiicult $@eno^th

package

transition peiod

5 hiqh-qualily Taiwane compder chips

2 €he€&3€**

4F€€

5 €r$c{ 6shR 7li*

3R.*€r

9d

6 a mllplanned inv6hent

nEteqy

7 deap hiqhjp€€d htehet acc6 3 a r@lulionary ne handh€ld.ompubf 9 a @nd€rful ns

w.shinq pordef

Unit 34 Articles1

l0 alvlulch€p planjcFmnns

2 a n l l h e 3 a l T h e 4 a 5 t h e n h e5 l h € / a 7 a a a 9 a l 0 a n n h e 11anlth€orher 12$e^he 13rhe 14lhe Porruque

2 late - adv 3 a€ adj 4 wel ad. 5 ha'dly adv 6 good 7 ha.d - adj 3 had a& 9lan adc r0 iast adj.

2a 3 anl

4 -l-

5 al- 6-

1 ala a la 9 arl

2-/a 3at-h6e 4 /lhe 5 ^h€/a 51 0 A / a n l ar r a ^ h e r 2

2 @nwntion.l 3 rapidly 4 pbp€ y 5 qood 69@d 7we l 0 d @ l l d r e c t t 1 2 € t y 1 3 . h € a p 1 4 q u i c k l yl 5 f q h t

10ala

adj

3bady

9easy

16huge

Ta^he 3 rh€/anh€ 9-l-

Unit37 Comparing I

2 r h e 3 - 4 - 5 a 5 a T T h e3 9 $ e l 0 r h e l l l 4 t h e 1 5 a n l 5 r h e l 7 r h e r 3 - r 9 a 2 0 i h e2 r -

12

13rle

4 a 5 - 6 - 7 a f t e 9 a 1 0 - 1 l - 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e1 4 - 1 5 1 6 1 h er 7 - 1 8 a 1 9 f t e 2 0 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 r h a2 4 r h e2 5 -

2 $e n6l pDlitable 3 Renl

4lhan 5 rcEe

6 best 7 as ongas 3 wo6e

2 sm.llerrhan I ls inreetng thadnorasinrresing as 4 $e honen 5 b€ne.ftan 6 a59@da5 7 mo€ ditl(ur 3 ai largeas 9 wo& rhan

Unit 35 Articles2 2 a5/a53 than/des 4least 5 ben 6most T rhan/hadSatas 9lun/as 2 Crcle 3 h6pira/
5a)rne 5b)

2 a t 3 t h e e n d o t l h e4 n l h e 5 a t 6 r h e s u t o n d 7 a l 3 a l 2th€ 3rhe 4fte 5$e 6 7 3 glhe 10- 11 12 13 1 4 - 1 5 r h e l 5 r h e r 7 $ e 1 3 1 9 t h e 2 0 r h e 2 1 ( o r r h € )2 2 l h e 2 3 t h e 2 4 i h e 2 5 - ( o r r h e )2 6 $ e 2 7 f t e 2 3 t h e 2 9 3 0 . 3 r l n e 32the 33ihe 34rhe 35 rhe 16rhe 37 33the 39lhe 4!

unit 36 Adiectivesand adverbs 2 mprdeddramatcaly3 hasd@pped signifi@ndy 4 pauFbrielt 5he imp@edsteadly 5 rc.overeds@ly 7 hasnFn gradually

2 bored 3borng 4eKiling smded

6larqe 7 enomoG a bad

2 hed t pomoted r badlyd6lgied 4 exiremevhelplol s east rc.osniebre 5 undpecredlydelayed 7 completetillesal 3 qute ate

3 mores.<1ions ol lhe €pod rhanme 4 a5longasle4e
9 $e ben communi@ton5ki15 l0 $e m6l inlercitingpeple I havee€r met 2lorer 3 better 4doEattE live 5 tukiest 6 Eeater 7 wo6r a morcensible 9 eaier l0mosraggre$Lwll hiqhef 12b61

Unit38 Comparing 2 2a I rhebener 4moreandmorc5lhewondlarc.n 6 dighlly 7la*ei a moF andmoreexpensive 9morequickt 10muchbeiter 11lhesamea5

a littk/abn b./mu.h morcorls/buqhly lun/eecty 2 nea.lylvntually3 just/esart 4 a ltile/a bh 5 farlmuch 2 thefane* g@ing 3lhemosi.ftryd€sqned 4bslseling 5 rhele6r kn@n 6 themosrrapidt.hanging 2 roughly th€eme lrliqhtyls 4aLm6tasmaiy 5alm6rdmu.h 6 rcnsiderabt l6s 7 moElhanl'ri.e sbyfar 9 nornea,ly l0a ol

256

ANSWER XEY

2oughlylheeme i consde6b/y more 4 similar5 dilfe€nt 6alot T b y f a f 3 t w i . € a r m a n y9 i w c e a s m u c h1 0 a i f t l e

Unit 39 Adverbsof degree 2c 3d 4a 59 6l 7h 3e 250iew 3loohuch 4such 5e 6loomu.h 7omlch 3emany 9 solillle 101@shon ll tallenoughl2enouqhmoney 2 somu.h 3 somany 4sofs

5 b linle 6t@ Tsuch 3 enough9e

2a)50su(ce$ru that 2b)su.ha succesrhar 3a)50@llhat 3b)su.ha goodode. pMes ngt,slemthat 4a)suchalqebankdehs$at 4b)soraEethal 5a)iofasithal 5b)5ucha fan niemelconnedonrhat

2bLt 3 still 4lhough 5hspiteof 6wher€5 7 anyway 2a)Intpiteof myheadache I slil @nt to $e meeiig /h 5p1eof havnqa headachestillmnt to rhe merinq. 2b) | hada h€da.he, but I nil rent to lhe meelinq. la) someanabdsrhinkihar siq* wil lal in vaue,whereasolhe6 d egree 3b)Allhouqh$me analtdlslh nk thar ntrks w ll ia I in value,othe6 d 5a9@. rta)D6pile lhe dilfituhie in rhe negoraions, re won the contac. 4b) Enn thoughrhee @re diffituhi6 in ihe negolations,we won the .ontraar. 5a)Whereasoilpl.6 rcFdlhlylanyear, thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown. 5b)Oilpd@soe sllqhlyal year,ahhough thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown. 6a)Ive win€n tvvi.e,yel lslil havent recd€d a eply. 6b) Despnewritingtwic, I nill havent receiv€d a rcply.(or Despitehavn9 wr fien lwi(e Inillhawnl rcc€iEda rcply.) 7a)Ahhouqh hedidn'iu* anynoles,hegryeanex.eenl presenlalon. 7b)H€d dnl ue anynor6 Hegaveanexcellent preEnration,lhough 2 a l $ 3 d e s p i l e4 a l l h o u q h5 . s w e l 6 B o t h T w h e . e a 3 sasmllas 9)d l0athough 11despite12Althouqh

2 wa5sucha dnicullp6bem 3ft€t@lewopies 4i@Inb5pa.€ 5 p r e s e n t a iwoans$ q o o d 6 d d n ' r s e l e n o u g h u nTi tk5s b u s y 8so manybr*hurcsrhal9 ioo nrlerme

Unit42 Linkingwords2 2 s ol * h e r a . o p y otlh e m l n u t e s . 3 b
Unit 40 Timeadverbs 2at 3at 4on 5 n 6ar 7on 3in 9in 10on 11on 12in 13at

s hed@5n1kn@,llarkbmeoneehe. 2b

3so that 4 n oderlo 5 tor 6 can 7 could 8@udn1 9woi1

2a 3k 4m 5f 6i 7e 8i 9b l0l ll n 12h13d14c 2 neNtwee[ 3 $e dayaftertomori@ 4 at n]ght 5on time 5in time 7 tor S d u r n q 9 n l o y e a u a q o l 0 b e l o . eI l D u f n q r 2 w h l l e l 3 w l i l e 1 4 d u r n 9 l 5 b y l 6 u n t l T t h e n 1 3a f t e d a d s 1 9 A f t e r2 0 l a l e r 2 Q:Nowlonghawyouhada subsdiaryin Ponuqal? Ai Sn(e 1998. 3 Q: NowlonghasPeterMidd€lhoffbeenCEO?A Sincethe 5radol the y?ar 4Q: fowlong hasyourconpanyhadrheem€ loqoTA Fortenryysr 5 Q: fowlonq ha€ youowiedyourTeekom shaB?A:slncepdatstioi. 6 Q: Fowlongha€ youknen A exSonTA: Fofa onqrime. 7 Q:NM onghaverou lvedin this!M7 A: Sncelwasbom. 2 ago 3 tor 4duing 5 afier 5 belore 7 for Ssince 9 for r0$hile l l 5 n ( e 1 2 a g o 1 3 B e l o r e1 4 w h i . 1 5a t l e t u a d s1 6a f t e r

ljnit 4l Linkingwords I 2 Although 3despte 4whie

5 Whe€a

3 a 4 b t b 6 a 7 a 3 b 9 b 1 0 a I l a l 2 b 1 3 a1 4 b 2t 3P 4t 5P 6r 7P 8P 9r 10P 2 aglike 3 like 4 as,,l ke 5 like 6 !s 7lke A atl ke 2 t o 3 l k e 4 b e c a u s5 e t h a ! 6 b 7 a s I 3 i o r 9 [ e 1 0 t o l 1 $ . s n o r l o M r r y r 2 a 5 1 3 l i k e 1 4 s o t h a rr 5 t o 1 6 i k e

unit 43 Developing an argument1 2 h a n d 3 A s a t u l e 4 e x ( e p l5 e r t h e r6 A s a m a t t e r o f l a cTl O i t h e w h o e a Onft€ olher hand 9 36ides 10suchas 1l lor example 12 nsleadol 2 *ept 3 therclorc4innead 5 n qene.al6su.has TElher 3 As@llas $is 9 Nmrihd6 10So

6ihouqh 7bll

a{heEas

9 a n y l v a y1 0 r n 5 p € o f l l a r h o u q h 1 2 a r h o u q h b) odlt v Fd rh" Mad"d o'file re d5 LpBdl"lon"o!fi p "! 2a)We.an hande lhe tEnspon arangemenisand ako the insuEn@. 2b) We can hand€ bolh the lransponaraigementsand the insuranc. 3a) want ihe eles lisu6 lor octoberand N@nber as@ll. 3b) | want the sa es I sures lor o.rober as @ll as N@mber 4a) we?e setting up ofiices in Peruand alo (in) E.uador 4b) we'E setting up ofi @s in Peruand (in) Ecuadort@.

Inqenera!, taknqanM&Aisa goodid€ tor anambt ousyoungpEle$onal, hl]wr youdo haw to makesomeldifice' Youmksout on lvvoyea6 valuablem|t axpe ence,for *mde and t cn be veryexpeisve. 23 Fi6toa l ll 3A-aswelas 4D-Secondl5 y C asaresult 6A H@rer 7B Inaddnion 3 D - l o r e x a m p e9 A - s u c h a s

ATIISWER KEY 257

2 l n a d d l o n 3 h f a . r 4 l h e r e l o E5 r i a r u t e 6 h @ m r 7 l n c o n d u s i o n

Unit 47 Adjective+ preposition 2h 3d 4b 5j 5a 7i ac 9i lOe

Unit 44 Developingan argument2

2 sfelron

2fiomourpontolvs 3 Appaeddy4 trFms rhat 5 tonunaret 6&tuatt T l M d n q o n t o S i n t h e e n d9 a l a n 1 0 U n t € sl t u d 6 1 2o l h e m i F

2Of@u6e 3 Unforlunalely 4Bytheway 5Iobeirank 6Ahsatl 7Appaeny 3 Anylvay9 Abryeatt l0or6ther

3 atiached to 4 dependent on 5eriousabout 5 nrctved in

2 wilh 3for 4 about 5wiln 6 about Tlor aJor 9for lOwth ll at

2 lo Addan 3 to dtung on the eir 4 lo. rhe meeing 5 inteEied in archaeoloqy6 aboutwhal he eid 7 at ma$enar
2 npancular 3Cleary 4Toqveanexampta5 excepr ior 6AslaraslhegeneGpubic isconcerned7 funhmor€ asrnudt 9 Asa manerol fact l0suchas 1tp6aresuh 12 0n rheotherhand 1 3o r 6 t h e . 1 4 l n l e n e r a1 5a f t h o u g h] 6 l o s u n u p

2 at&ned 3 dependenr4pepared 5cpabe 3 inrcl4d 9nght l0oppGed ll compatibe

2Asamatteroliac13 r'6iar as...isconcehed4To9i€anebmple 5In EeneG 6 Cleay 7 Funheno@3Asa rclutt 9Ontheo$erhand l0tosumup rl excepllor 12athough 13*ntu.Iy 14or ra$ei

Unit 48 Noun+ preposition 2ror 3 with 4 benreen5with 6i./oi

2 pnceol 3 advanrage ol 4 tocu5on t paynenrto. 6 objectionro 7 nwlvement in I suhabilry lor

Unit 45 Prepositions of place 2on 3 above/be@ 4in 5on 6opp6n.7.t l l n e x t l o 1 2 i n 1 3 o v e r1 4 n e a r1 5 i n 1 6 o n 20 by

2 forlup 3in/by 4lorlon 5in/On 6in 7 an/lot Santhy 9t^/n

2 r 3 h 4 c 5 j 6 i 7 d 3 e 9 r r 0 b 1 lk 1 2 9

2on 3on 4in 5on 6aun Tidoi 3at 9on 1 3 n 1 4 i n 1 9 i d a t 1 6 n 1 7 a t 1 3 o nn t 9 a t 2 lowads 3 al 4 der 5 p.st 5 on 7 in a $@ugh 9.r

7 ber€en 8to 9in/oi lOlor

2 r i 3 t o f 4 0 1 5w i t h 6 i n 7 0 1 a o u t 9 i n l o i n 1 1 t o . 1 2 i n l 3 t o r 14up 15in 16lor 17at l3abour

t0 on

Unit 49 Trends,graphsand figures 2 at 3 in 4on 5 nexr 6 n 7 in 3on 9 oppositet0in lt to t2at

Unit 46 Verb+ preposition 2beeve n 3wairfof 4lead1o Sdependon6kn@aboul 7 suflerIrcm

2wilh 3ol 4aboul 51or 6 abour Tinb Alor 9on t0 from

in

2 lolabout 3lrom 4 ol s of 6 wilh/abour7 fbm 3 in 9lor 1 0 l o / a b o o lt 1 a r 1 2 l o r

2 om lhou$nd, nrc hundcd and$idy 3 1$€l€ rh@end, rhe hlndred 4 rwelt€ lhouend.nd lh iy 5 twt€ lhouend,thR hundcdandth.ty 6 me hundcd andt*€nry thou5and,$re hundrcd 7 onehundr€dandh€nty threerhouend 3 o.e hundrcdandr*nty $ree rhouend, threehundredandlh dy I one mill@n,tm hundredand$iny ftouend 2 imed/slbhrt 3in 4by 5EMr! 6 ht/tow/EoveEd/a1 7 mchedheak 3 slowly/by9sN/of 10to 11Ge/l€ll 12ra$d/.ut 2 HowMr 3 ahhough 4 in spiteoi 5 TheEfo€ 6 so 7 becue or

2belonglo 3l5tenro 4 explain/io5 agre€iwirh 5 appvlor Tetyon 3 apoiogiedlor 9Remnd/aboutlohopnglor ll headlmm r2compywilh 13insisron 14quairyJor 2with 3 aboul 4lmm 5for 6in Tlor 3 againn 9i6n lotrom l l l o r 1 2 f o r 1 3 o n 1 4 o n 1 5 r o 1 6 f o f 1 7f r o m t B a b o u l 1 9 o t

254 ANSWERKEY

Test1 2aalm6l 50q/62ba lnbundef50% 3 a a b u n d5 0 % 3 b a b o u i 5 0 % 4a€n. y s0% 4b precisey 50% 5 a a i i e d e r 5 0 % s b d i q h l yn o r e t h a5n0 % 6 .onr deGblymoreihan 50% 2Uat 3allhough 4be.ause 5 ecwery 6peak 7up 3by 9mitton l 0 p o u n d s1 1 o n 1 2 c u t r r s i g n i f i c a n1l l4yH d e w r 1 5 h . t l 1 5 r @ 1 7s h a r p y1 3 l o 1 9 o v s 2 0 i n

Unit 50 Punctuation 2 LaslfebruarymelMaryCaeenier lor thefi6t line. , abo-r50l'lor4? I'on odn!. 4lvlylarcur€ Nilchco.ktim k 91fan9e6 ona Tran'. 5 Cao worksasa^ oli .e managern a ma*ei n9 consutancy 6lw jun rcceived ihe reponpublished a( MaybyrhewoddT6deOrganzaiio^ 7 OnChrshasDaywel 9oto myparenG' houp nearBighronn5usx 3 lh nkJeans qoinq10beinletos n9theD€puty finance Minkterne{ wk

3 don'tundeEland4 m talkn9 5 isn'tseinq 6 know 7'm naynq 3 a F y o u 0 L r d D oy o -o f f e ' 9 r o l e i l 0 d o y o u . d l l d t r N "

b)Pc c)Pc OP5 e)Ps 0Pc a)Ps h)Pc 2a 3e 4c 5q 6f 7h ad Prenr slnple:aNvays, assoonar, befoe, e@rydry hardy trr nweL mosioi lhe lime, nextlime, nom.lly, o.caionaLly, oien, Grel, smetimes,twicea year, Penl conrinuous: at lhe momenl,nM, n

adays,$6e daF

1 lusually he llnchar abodoneo crock 2 Lunchs oft€ntun a sandwr.h. 3 I visnPadsH€d Oflicef.om I mero ime 4 amhadt evs lat€in th€morninq 5 | hadt mr lake$e rranro work. 5 I prcpare a !15 Eponon.€a month 7 | n*r missa Boadmeeln9 3lam n4r laretor a Boadn€tinq. 3.onrah4t

5./ 6weowi 7 lhink 3/

glrseffi r0l

]]/

2c 3b 4a 5.5a 7a 3c 2l'm 5orryKm, heeid theg@dswouldaiiiveon time.bur$ey d dn1. 3 Jacksadihar@ rhoud l€r up th€plans, togel aboutit andnan again 4 Whenlsawmybo$,lMnl uplo hm,.nd e d, CanI ha@Friday ofi, pleae? 5 Oi theothe.hand,we couldue a ditiecnrtnm..oudntwe?'eid f.an@h. 6'Nello,Alan,sid Tina,Howwaslhe menngyened:y?' 7 lf wereyou,i'd askiof bme help,or pedapslookarlhe manlataqrin 3 O shafesddwell anwk Standard Oilwasup2%, Een wasup La%,and grcupShelgainen lhe An9lo-Dutch 2.3%

r 9@supldenand 2 I iallinq/meaG3 a€you wa nng/doil th nk 4 doour
Test 2 1b{ame 2 began 3blole 4 b.oughr 5 bought 6(hose Tate 3iel 9 tolnd l0lorgor ll g@ 12lepr l3led 14lenrl5mel l5pad 173ed lashut 19spefl 20 undeElood

(opriona DearAngela, comma) ll wasgrealto heartiomyou,and$ank lor thephotooi *ryone on rheMBA cou6e.llbrngsbackhappymemodes, ahdlm sureyo! l age thatwe wep 2 ued rocraih 3 mshed/wa5pdnrnqo 4was€ling ofl^laned luckyto havesuchnErcstngp6ple n oury€r 5wanlen/d6e 6 used1ohave/combined 7atrved/waswaiiing I m gladrhatyouere succesfuinyblf €dloralobin publcelaions |ve 3 kndked/.ame 9@eargung/lost 10watv sred notbsn solu.ky$ lar l n alraidlapplenlorajob arlhe begl^ning ol $e fronth n lhelnan.edepanme ola algeSws-Mnedphaha.eulcal 2didn'lue 3lhadn'tfolqonen4uedlo prcduce5l'd rcad(orsan) (ompany'd bev€rywellquaied iorrhetob,butInil haven'r heardanyrhinq. rf 6 hadalready left 7 ued ro !o sking/used lo sti Sthameetinghadlnished ldonlqetan ansmrbon, llry wiliig againAcrually, illdon't hearan,,lhinq, I won1betoo d FppoinledbeGue 1 ehs $e I .ompany isn'tdoinqto Mll at themoment, aid ldonl thinkthere'dbefranyoppodunitiglofpomotDn. 2 W h e n 3 a r 4 r n 5 0 n 5 W h e n T W h i l e / w h eani n 9 a l l 0 w h e n 'vebeenm€ninglo emailyoufor aq6 about somelh nqee. Doyouby.ny , Fdn!"-"F Alkona-d J'r \ doaA. rT pta.n'ngon{}lng lrtr Ltryn lhe aurumnand|dlketo.a n la n d s e e i h e m . r v n a l a b o u l y o u ? D o y o u h a v e a 2n got/had y nopp€d I didyoulindouvhadqoi 4loined/hadwo*ed pansiocomeherc?rt @uld bercnderlultoee youaqain,rnd youkn@ 5 *nl/had a mdyrpoken 6 hadalw4$ suspe.lei/wasnt youre rekome to sraywhen4er youw.nl Well,that3 all lor now I m qoinqawaylomorow lor a lM dayrto vkll my I hadbed waiting 4 hadak€ady head 5 hadbeei dsing 6hadn'tinished parcn$,and'vegoi lo pa.kandgetreaCy. fi ank againlor rhephoro,andit 7 hadner met Shadbeenl@kinq thad@n r0hadbee^losinq was$ niceto hearlrcm you aqan Al thebel, (optiona.omma)

Test3 2 h a d 3 h a v e h a d4 r w b f t 5 l l e f t 6 h d e r c u b * n r c r k i n g 7 a r c ' o u g o n g3 h N n ' t p a i d 9 d l d n l p a y l 0 d d y o u a n s e

ANSWENKEY 259

2 stanen 3 beenwriting 4didyouaniE 5Hareyou 6 hasbeenoryanGing/has oqanls€d 7 for rhe months 3 haveiEd/havebeenliving 9t'€banwaitnghm lOthmntqi€n l l l vebeenwaitinq l2 haveyourclked/helou benrcrking 2 always3 aheady4*f

/ nulr lN , o1ts r a6f i r Coonbb 3 wd. d. F@ rhisao- nq 4 6 beingrenmbp€d 5 havebeenpur up agan 5 wlll bedl
5jun 6 yet Tfor 3ne€r 9 ofG^ t0Sofar

2 ve nsef been 3 My wallethar a vejusrsen 5 havenl fin sh€d(or wftinq) 6 rcrkinq h€rcfor 7e€rbenlot tinAnen@(orrer visid LatinAmenca) a haven i spoken9Aniacome lCqone ha@n,l sn Oavid 12livingherefofr3 ve eft 14hen'rf nished l5 jun teft t6Mb€en l7learning(ornudyng) 13hmnlhad l9n@reaien 20 plainglennisfor 2l torgoilen 22 \ changed23*n Marqarclsn@

2 m u n 3 n e € n t o 4 h * l r i e d 5 r e ' d b e t l e r6 n i q h t T i h o u d S m u n 9 c a n lh a v e r o h a v e i o t i d o n ' t n e €r do t 2 ( a n r 2 m u n n ' t 3 m l h r h a v e4 h a v e l o 5 m u n 6 . o u d 7 h . d r o S m u s t h a w 9 s h o u l dl 0 d i d n ' t h : E l o

Test4 2i 3b 4d s9 6a 7e 2 n o p s 3 S h a l 4 w e ? € q o n 9 o u l5 i t t g o i n q t o b €6 t l d o 7 c o m eb : c k 3 She be@rking 9w?egoinqio 10lhey'ttpobabty 2 w i l b e h e r e3 w l p r c b a b y q e4r i 5 9 o l ^ 9 be n d 5 t l l k y o u 6 won't(orcant)see 7 WhalaF rou 9o^q 3 wit pobabty b)prese .onrnuous()wil d)9onsto e)qoinqro i)wll 9) futuc p€rle
2 d o n t h a @ i o 3 c a n l b e 4 m u { b e 5 s h o u t d b e6 m i g h l b e 7 G n l amlqhrt harclo l0shoud 2 mun have 3 can'thaF 4 rhoud haw 5 mqht norhe 7 shouldn t have S couldhaw

6 shoud have

Test 7

2c 3b 4i 5a 6h 7e 3q 2 Shall 3.onfeenceends(orf nkhesof i5o@r) 4 wonl 5 wittyoube 6ll 7 Sha 3youdoing 2 s h al M h a v e3 ' m g o n g t o 5 t u d y4 ' t t b a b a . k 5 t m a t n g 6 lwon't iorgel 7 Im qoingto do a Shalllhelpyoo 9 we'rcome 1 0 l ' m g o i n g t o a s1k1l ' l h a E 1 2r ' m9 o l n 9 b h*

2 wasposted 3 Gbens d* oped(or Gto bedeEropd) 4 w.s aaten 5 is sri pbdu.ed 6 wi be ddden 7 k beinggi@. 3 hasben prcmoled 9waswifien 10arclost(o.arcbenqldt) 2 ourhousewas bokeninrolastweek 3 Engshisspoken a lder the@rd. 4 the newmoloeay hasrinaV opened. (or ben opened). 5 ThkumbreLla was eftin Repton. 6A lrafic wi I bebann€d tom thec t cenrc. 7 -ia rh" 1o 'qu'4den'{ed. -er lh.} ae leh lo,24 4or5 3 Themeelinq h b€ng pslponed. 2 am havingnrycr rcpaired 3 hadsohebusinesGdsprlnledwirhlhe ne toqo 4 arehavn9thecarpdcleaned tofro@ 5 havalust hadnryrequenlor .edit rclued 2mean 3beGken 4wilbrtng 5t6kptae 6 hightightei7 b€ignored 3 isexpeci€d9wil fal 10in.reae 1twittst.t 12tob€found 13ceare l4encouEge 15belookedat

2 Wtl I s ,bu tomor@? 3 D d you havea nke limeT 4 0o you knowwhar I mean? 5 Ae youcohing out Io. a d.ink latet 6 Haveyoub*n waillnqlong? 7 Areyouenjoying youuellT 3 Hae rcu head $e larn? 2whatthi5m€ns [email protected] 4 whatime $e bankopens 5Im inlheighteat 6 whe.€lhe OperaHou5es 7 lh( is lhe way10the s
3a 4

5,/ 6,/ J/

2 sheds/$e d@sn't 3 iha4/lhavenl 4 am/r'mnot Sshek/rheisnt 6l6n/l.an'l 7lwil/lwon1 3 drd/lddnl 9 tk/ilisnt 2 @.1 they 3 aEnl €avinq4 havenlrhey 5can'lyou 6 didn'liorcer T Y o u @ @ i t 3 d o y q 9 r h a lr e r 0 d i d n r y o u 2 Canlk thenenu,pease? 3 Excuem€, s anyoie siningherc? 4 WriCn.ounta/do you.ome I@m? s Whowrc you ralkinqio jun now? 6 what eEdly do you msn by lhal? 7 Coud yoube a litlle mF $€.ific? 3 wlEI tihe is lhe nexttrain 10Bru$es? 9 Canybu tell mes,hatt methe nexrraln to 8tus*ls ts? 10Wro d@slhis bnelcasebelonqto? 11Couldlmakea phonecal lom he€? 12Doyoulh nkI couldnakea phon€ca!lom here?

250

AI{5WER t(!Y

Test 1l 2 p b m o t e 3 h a d l e f t4 s t y 5 I d 6 h a d 7 b m k s d e n 3 c o u l d phone 9 d o e s n l l 0 @ d b e e n l l w o u l dh * b e o m e 1 2 9 @ s 1 3b a c k eudp / w o u l d nr st k r 4 h a d n t / w e d b el 5 h a d 1 6 w a s 2 wil be 3 wouldhaveasked 4 will gel 5 wu d g.t 5 rculd haw miFd 7 wouldnt see 3willleave 9 @uld haresrted oul l0rcudyoudo

2g 3l 4a 5d 6j 7h ae 9i 10k11b12f 2 tak6 up 3 lo pur backthe meeingto^o pul rhe meetingba(k to 4 tode.l wilh 5 pickmeup 6 lo 9o on witinq 7 to so,'iir out 3 lo go over 9 you ome ac6s t 10run our ol rim€ 2@r

l u n e $ 2 i l 3 U n l e s4 l

5l

3lhough 4out 5down 6by 7up Soli 9 nto,6ackl0 away

6!ne$

2 hadmademorecopetmuld havehad yourhap/rcu dn'thav€gon€ 3 hadb@uqht 4 hadinvened n newlechnology/rcud havesuNi€d 5 hadwa ted/wouldnthavehappeied 6 hadrcalled youfte 50b!5ylwouldnl he askedyou 7 hadcolapsed/wouldhav€been 3 hadbrcughtoutrhenns modaloniime/@udnl ha€ l6i 2b !a 4a 5b 6b 7b

2q€lonwilh 3 cutd@non 4 tunourot 5 gel roundlo 6 catchupwlh 7 lookfo ardlo 3la(e upro 9 froveonto 10gel backto 29 3l 4i 5d 5b 7a 3k 9l l0j ll h l2e

Te* 12 2h 3b 4t 59 6.7a

a e 9 l 1 0 . 1 1 b 1 2 a1 3 e ( o r 1 a4 ) d

2 haddone 3 hadn'1done4 spoke(orcould3peak)s hadorde@d 6 wa, (orwerc) Thadgven thad

2 havinq 3make 4do 5 make/have/do 5do/dake 7 frade/dong/male 3 maketdo/havi^9/mak ng 9 Have/dake10frade/do 11dong/make/having r2 have/dohakn9

Test9

Test13

2 (ofrng 3 to coma 4 giving 5 makn9 6 Remnd Tloentei atobe 2wh4 3$ar 4wh6e 5who 6who* 7 which 8 whose 9thal 9 t o b e 1 0 t r y i n g1 1 r c ! 9 n i n 91 2 l o b d * 1 3 b e i n g1 4 i n r e r u p r i n g l0wholuedlowolkwith 1 5 g o i n gl 6 1 0 m e e l l T r o d e l v { l S w l n n i n gl 9 t o s e 2 0 i o p a c k 21arivn9 22ro ir 23genngawa2 y 4 t o g e t a w a y2 t t o l i 5 t e n2 6 v i s i t i n g 3 (who) a qId s(ha0 5(ha0 7 !a[id 3 (that) 2.omng 3lo lGe 4 to gel thouqh/gefii^g5 waitng SlogiE 7 @usinq 3 to @npbmise 9 unp&king

Test10 (of'lhedaybeioE) 2 Whatd d youdoyasreday 3 Do youoften go lo Gemanyfor meetoqs 4 l-lowmanyinlefr ew haveyoudoneioday 5 AE you 9o iq b chansejobs 6 Whod d youla t lo.r $e.ontercnce 7 Wi vor behet o' ther) oTorow SWhercaEyournewolices 9 HawyouFen Bil @@nly l0Wil youbeseeng3i atlheconle@n@ 2invtedJeanlocometo3 advisdDav€notto siqn 4 suqqan€d qening 5 apologed for a(ving 6 ofiered(to qiv€) ? onqEtllared/on winninq

2 who (ameyestedayqde me I lhal lh€ )apane* vRito6who cane yenerday 4 wh6e laplopI borowedwanisit 5 who@*s in my depanm€nl 6 lhal we we.l lo y5l*d.y w6 7 a @manwh6e sinerwo stor A whoiswaning'n t(eplonwanE b

Test14 2 isa d*tor 3 you6{oryourumbrela)4lhalwln€ 5ev€rytme 5 ome advl(e Tnelherone 3someinlomation9noneolus l0bylaxi 1 l l h al i a f f i w c a 1 2 s m a n y 9 @ dd e d s1 3 N o n e a r a l1 4 l a n e g c o l e a g u e 15.ilner l6 roolinleinlonaion lTeachone lSMinsq! 19enouqh.hairs20 nosparcpans 2l ftene6 s 22rheendof ihe rcpoft 23bolh 24 everyone25 hets 26someinfooation 27can'thed antlhing 2abo$oflhem 29 lhercwaql a sinqe quesuonl0 sn'tanyon€31 ils

aounbbledouns: a dest,a bag,alob,a lip, a ptublem, a.han.e,a itre, a machine,a dollaLan email,a facl, a suggesion, an houf Uncounliblenouns:someiurnilure,someluggag€,somewo*, sme tGvel,ome trcuble,eme luck,sre wine,eoe equipnent somemonry some cotrgpond€n.e,ome inlomation,$me advice,sone time

ANSWERKEY 261

/ s o n ed d \ . p 3 b , f a - 4 ) o n e l h ' n g b m ] ' n g 5 o n l m 6 oie ot my bos3 friends 7 a tax advier 3 Nobody(orNoone)knds ihisbusinEs9 goi nolhingio (orEveryone) 10Everybody heredrnks rr Tlieunemployed 12redgigning 13is norhn9we can [email protected] r5isnlmuch 16anaccouniam (or Everyone) 17 Everybody waslate 13 couldn'rdo anr,rhlng 19Noia snglepeuon 20ftere!no 21warn'tii 22ihe.unomer!opy

Test15 2 byihe€nd 3veryhad 4lovelyblu€ 5 e fr endly(orwy fdendly) good(orabsoluleyexcelenr) 6 errremely 7verywl 3f€ltrcd 9Wenever9ve 10 nleenedin ll somuch l2 !u.h..islryprcje.r l 3 n o le x p e r e n eedn o u g hl 4 l a r q e r $ a nl 5 a s l a r c e a sl 6 l h e b s n p n c e l T f o r r h r e e m o n $1s3 ! o i € n s 1 9 w h e ng e lb a c k 2 0b e l o e 2 l l h a n r d o 22too ong lr nu(r lej,selr .or ri a5userular l4 ar smn'T

2ago 3laler 4ior 5 since 6at 7 n 3on 9.ltEB:ds ll Aner 12for l3laler 14at

lOOu.ing

2 've beenrcrking on thB prcj{t 5in.eJanuary 3 ismoE prclirabe lhanreiaibanking. 4 wolksverycareluy. 5 $e @d sefr.e rve *f en. 6 rrayedin P.nsoniil Tyou nterested n opera?SinBhedpdlvely. t h*h.kedhad. l0w tswell. 11 5nl well(orB un@tl) 12speak mo.eiMt pteae. 13 snorasbigasthechnesemadet. 14justasfranyprcducG asRl
Test15 2 n 3 a t / i n 4 o v e r 5 i n / n 5 o n 7 a t 3 r o 9 i n 1 0 o n 1 r a t 1 2o € r 1 3u n d e r1 4 a r r 5 i n / a t 1 6 i l T a t 1 3 t o / i n l 9 o n 2 0 o n 2 l o 3 a g a i n s4t o n / l o r 5 o t 6 n t o T i o m S i o r 9 w t h 1 0 i n l l a b o u l 1 2o n 1 3o l 1 4 w l h / a b o u lt 5 i o 1 6o n 2 on Swirh 4in 5 ol 6in Tlor 3ro 9at r0for rr aboul

2rea5onlor3 advaniaqe ol 4 trouble wlth 5 m.tterwilh 6rcplylo 7 ackol 3 solulion io 9 sub{hotefor l0invesrmenrinll adviceon

2 nsde 3nextto 4to 5ai 6n€ar7a.b$ Sdown9on r0at 1 1o n 1 2o p p o s i t e 13al 14olf

263

lndex with pastsimplein AnE Appendx 5 p246 wth pEent p€rfectp26c

A

wiihsinguarcounlable nounspl27D,1423

be .bout to (etumngro ruture)p39t

b€fo€non-Eadabl€ adjadiE pl51C pe6onor organetio^ vdlo d*

acton p42

adtedives andadlelbsp150A.p2030:AmE.nd 8lE difieGn.6 Appendix5 p246 adjediv6andadwdswilh sme iom pls03 e n d l n 9 i n - . d p 1 l 0pBl 5. 1 E endin9in -lng p1100,p151E gEdabeandnongradable p151C iregula.adjecrig pl548 oder ot adjediE pl 510 possi€ adjedivesp13aA

wilh psent onlinuouspl4c wilh pEent p€rfe.t p27c wnhpsentsimplepl0C aslinkingwordp170A,3 p1543,159D in compaGons wod5andphrargmeahing and pl7aA Bnyor sme? pl27D,pll0B pl27D in aftnmatwsentence5 pl270,p1303 in negaiB.nd qu€nions p127D in olfe6andreques$ nol . .ny (innegari@ *n&ncet p1350 anybody/anyone p]30A,B

of rnypl.e (Ama)Appendix5 p247 apostrcphe s (l) pl333,pl39C artkl$ (r, rhe, elc)u34, u3s in Elaii€claoespl22A p]43E,p147t nofilcle whentalkinggeneraly noanldewilh nam6oi (ounvis,(ompanies elc pl43E, sp
wi$ pRnrsmple p10c

adwd endngs({lly, -il, -y) p1503.App€ndl 3 p242 adwds .nd .djediE pl 504, p203O

frequency advedsp10C,pl 50a compannq advedspr59D oder ol advebspr 50a

after after :nd pal (AhE/8lEdiii€rcn.€)App€ndix5 245 .ftor $at GhMinq a equence)y'3c, p167a in ime expKionsp167t wth pan sinpled pastp€rfe
pl55D,pl53A a... $ (incompadsont linlingrcd pt74A,p175E wlh pa51@nlinuouspl9F

wi$ pae perfe.l p33a wnh presnr sifrple p33A

a pFp6itionpl9l C,D in .dn phraFrpl99G in limeexprsionspl aC,pl55,4 pGilion/lo@tion p136A,p1378

pl 1D bewilh peent (@rinuous h.d wilh p6r periectp22a h.d ben w h pan p€rfect@it nuousp23D haE wfth p6ent perfeclp26,A in Pasiw asreporringvErbp95C be .llowld ro/nor .llowrd ro pemhsion/prchibiUon p54s,C

264

trDEX

B + going to (reiernngro tuture)p34B assr.Gvelbandadio^@rbp15D In pan.ontnuouspr9D

.ommandtin repoftedsp€€.hp95E comp.rattet andsupe att€s u37, u33 onesyllableadje.ttes p1543 onetllab e adredsp1590 te or moresyllabe adjeciB pl 548 t*o or morcsyllab e advedsp159D phEs6andntuciures common wrh comparatives and

in presnt pede.t @ntinuousp30C p155E comparng aclions omParne g q u a l l nh g rp 1 5 5 D

be.bl6 to or @uld?P5lc in ^egaiives andqueslionsp5lC n Mtng inneadof 6n p503 ininitie tormolen p50A

wlih.5long at, on @nditionth.t, pFviding,pbvidint th:i so r6n9ar p73c wilhim:gineandsuppodngp73C

be€nto andgoneto p27D wth part3imple or panp€ri
< o u l d( m o d a l € 6 ) u 1 1 u ,1 2u, 1 3 u , 14 p903 n .eponed $*h

PemBionp54C,p620 BirishEnglGh/Ahe c.. Eiqrkh(difiednc8in uege)

wod5andphras meaninq blrpl78A

pt3D,p59E,F un(enainry wilhqlslion ta95aftermperarNespToC

+ mysell/you&lf etcpl310

n .eponed5pe*h p9og

rn.oun phr.espl99G Positon/lo.alonpl370 wlh pastperr
c . a n ( m o d a r v . 6 ) u fu, r 2 ,u r 4

wth question p70c rigs atlerimpeDtives .6!ld or b€ abletoTP51C singula f/ plurallom5 pl264,C wilhsp{ilic m.aningl27E

D

p53E ofle6andinvilalions p6lD Permisson with quenionLgs afls impe.alivep70C

ceftainlyanddedu.uonp53B

defining relanwdaus pl13 A, C definire anicle(!h6)p142A,p1430 wilhpla@namep1468 sp{ili. maannq pr47E

posirion wilhwill andwon1p34A,p533 d e s p i t . / i snp h e o l p t T t G delermineE(a, tne, this, etc)u32 combininq rntenc6 usnga @laiveclau* p122A .ome + -ing (sporc/o!1d@racrivilie) p32a

wilh qu6rron lagsp70A,c

INDEX

wirhp6en1tlmpleploA

26s

with prsnt pede
with queniontaqs704, B commonoaresions wilh do p114A p€nidein phEsa€rb6 prorc panidein ph6el v€lbspl03C be due to (cferinq to luruF) p39F

pGilionin sent€nce plOC,pl50A with preenl perlearp27c withprcenrsimplepl0c

E

p]91C,D uegeasPeposnion

€achandev.ry p135E ea(ho$erlone anoth€rpl31O p2063 endot senlence

adjectwendii9p1103,p151E padcipleending^ elaiveclaus pi230

anacrvnyin prc96s in rhetuturep33 p38 some$inq th willdeiinney happen €l lhe end or In lhe end?p133O

@kingb..k iioma pointn thelururetoanearer la kingabouriuturc dents that 5E I kelyto happenp74C

eventhouqhandrhhoughpl?00 with presenlpede
[email protected] a pointn theiururetoan aclvnyin

G

get 5omelhn! done p47E q6+-inq (spon5/ourd@raclvilig) p32a

exdafr.tionma* (l) p207G + nriniive(€Ie.nnq !o rulde)p39r

F

a fs

(oO1348

soinq to (eletr n9 to lulure) u7 lutur€*nG lhal are kelyto happenp75c goinglo of p6ent.ontinuous? p35E goinglo ofwill? p35D plansandinlenlions p34 pcd clionsusingevden.ein prcsenrsituationp34B cleding 10n€r or d nanl l me n luturep34B goneto andb*n to p27D gotten(pastpafti.pLeol qet n AmE)Appendix 5 p246

p43c,pl73D shownga sequen(e

H had + pastp:rti. ple p22a

p4lc, pr73D sh@inqa sequen@ pu.p6e/@n) p174C + noun(expGsinq afternounsmeaninq'ned','wish' or'requ6t pl99F forand sinc p27C,p166C in nounphras (for pl€atuE,for *le, er)plee6 with pasrsimplep304,pr66c

wilh pastperl€.t .onlinuousp22D

necsary/not n4essry p54C

266

[{D€X

wiLt .onditionalsp73c wilh preenr peden p33A wnh pPenl imple p33A

wnhpresenr5implepr0c

in spireolldespitep171G indelini| arlicle(a/an) u34 ind€Jinile pbnounsp130131A,3,C

haE/hs + paslpanidplep26A hde somethnq dore p47E wilh questontaqsp708,C hav€ Gtale@lb andactionwlb) pr 5D,pr r sC .ommo^exprsionswithhaveprr5c have/hd. 9or p115C:AmE?BIdlfi€rcn.d Appendix5

indiredspee.l'Ge reponedspe.h) aJtermodawlbs p50a aner |gt and makep33D afier ve6s ot p"rceprionp363

msning'post pll5C nol n contnuousr€n!5 a5a naG verbpt 15C ne.Esary/noln(&ry

wilhp@*nl5ifrplepl0A wt,roul b paiD, p363

p54A,s, p55F

adle.t€ endinqpl T03,p I 51t after a pRed n9 velbp32A,p37C pll0-1 11c, p194a afterpreposirions pr10a,p171G 4 a noun(getund) ar beginn ngof clauFp111D beforeanother velbp37C panicpleendingin rclarire . aus$p l23D p33c wilhflrura
+ obje.i + infinir'€ p863

his(posF$ive prIA adje
H o w , , . ? ( q u e n im od n)!r5 + inliniive(€lel|ingto iltoc)p39f How long,,.?wirhp@nt pededp27c HN m.ny,,,?wirh@unrable noun5pr27D How mudr.,,?withuncounrabe no!n5pr27D

I idaginary iurue aenr p75O,p79E, pta3E haEnarypan4nB p73B li[ely tuiurc denrs p74C,p79E po$rbrepan ftft p7&A th nqslhar aG alwaysor qenerat rruep743 if ohly .

alter nounsmeaning'inc|€e' or 'dmaF'

+ to + nfniti@pa2B,p37C panicen ph65a@lbsplo3c invaninive ve.bsp438,p203C rregurarwlbs appendi{2 p24o it + pa$i@ot repodingv€d p95c pronoun) iaelt (r€flexi@ p1I1 D

J .aprrao. Mf .are?p206A by./an pl423 Pre.€ded

wiri pan simpleih AnE appendx s p246 wnh p6enl p€rfectp27C pt 93D

K rnnounph6es (in.dhn.o in debt,in a hurry,erc) in t meqpresioGp]3c, pr66a in time or on rihe? p1563 pcdon/loGtion pia6,\ B

In pasve a rcpoidng velb p45c

[{DEX

L

nodal€d6 u11. ul2. ul3, u14 u18

ine |ern + un@table mun p159E

diKtand

indiEt languagp u14

+ uncounrable n4n p159E let , hfinitiE wilh@t ro p33D Lefs... G!qq6d@) p63F like (linkinqwqd 'ande e, lhaf) p175E + lng peTC

linkingaods andph6g p1820.p203t ue ot @mmawilh 6nkin9wd! P206(

nm ... rh.n (inonprtons) p15&c

+ object+ infiniive p86B

6. nst + ndn p159E

. lhd6 (o0 pr 3,r3,pr 624

lnh uEwntal'lenouFp1270,p1341 nBt (modal v€rb) u11,ul2,u13 + -1|l9p87C

h Ep..bd 9..
M

n6ln'a d donl h.w to? p5)43 iry b6661€ .djrriE) p133A ny$la(ElbdppMdn) p1310 + Infnldw withdt lo p830 commo elp6ioB lili mt€ pl l4A n.n.e€ + t r infiniliE p32B wirh @nr.ble ruB pr27o, pl Ls n.y (trFd.lEtb) ul 1,ul3, !r4

mlglrt(modal wb) ul1, u13 in €poned tpeechpsoB

not he

wnn pent uith pent {ith pent sith p|Ent

@nlin@6 p11D pste
(ure.binr}' p59E

+ ing in n
mine (p6siE

p544 C, p55F trery/Nt nffiry tm p.65iblenegatiEtom p55F

Bib aryhody, rE6.dy, er
may not ul1, ul3

nlth

N

po'un) p13aA

p32A

wnh p6t Flfe
257

26a TNDEX

showng a equencep43C lixedexpresionswilh on p] 373 in nounphrases(on businest,on foot, on holiday, er.)

no (inn€qari€)p13,t135D n o o n e / n o b o d y p r r1o3 r a 3 , ,c no pla.e (AmE)App€ndl 5 p247 nobody/noonep13Gl3l4 B,C non-defin n9relatreclaus pTr&A,prrqD n wrillng6lhe.lhanspe(h prlaA useol @mmas wilh nonietininqrclaliwclaus p206c

n lrmeexpe$ions plaC,p156A on rine or in tlneT pl668 parlicle in ph€el ve65pr03c P6ition/octon pl36 78 frrh
+ obled + infinlrivap353 opinons/rccomme^dal onsp55D oughr/ouqhr.l to have(crtc5mof panactoB p55El + prcpo5tonarph6spl99G cohmonploralnoune^dngsAppendix 3 p242 cofrpound nounrpr39D couilablenounspl264, C, pl27D (ounlable anduncoontable nou6 pr27E general/spednc pr27E,pr47t me.nings meanrng inceae'and'd{€a* p2033 engllaror p uGllom pl26C uncounrEble nounspr268,c, pl27o

ouE (po$esiFponoun)pl384 ou6€lv€5(rellexive p6noun)plllD parlklein phrael@dsp103c own (hy own,rlurM,

etc)pl33A

P wirhphdslvads 023 toma andinpetsonawdtngp46 rocusonfrponairintomallonp42B andpceduresp43c t5tems,pro(6sas + n l i n t € p 4 6 Cp, a 7 0 h+pa$kol reponing v.lb p95C + to b. + pan pandpep370

or no pra.€(amt)Appendt5 p247 .ommain arqenumbeEp202A, p207< symbosor @rds?p2024

o n pdsivesenbncesp42A pc non af@ commonvells p 1904\B p6ilon in aclve aid pa$ivesenlences p42A posilion wih [email protected] @6s wilh 1!lo obi{.rs p47D,pr 07E wilh 1ranst re wlbi y'3E, p r064 B,D

wrtlr @rbswilh rwo obledsp47D w(h transiti@vebs onlyp43E pastandafier (AmE/BlE d ilercnce)Append | 5 p247

a silualion in prcgre$in $e pall pl9E inlomalionabouta backEounddtualon pl9E + (onditondaue p75D wth tifreexprcsion5.s, wh.n andwhile pl9f wilh be (fooing pa$ ve)p37D

alier nounsmeaning'in.reae' or 'd&rca*' p193D common/nxedphraFswilh ot pl39c, D in.ondton claulep73B

pa.ti.e n phraelredspr03c

wiihlme expreslonr p22C wilhvedsot th nkingp22B pan perfecrandpasrperfear.ont nuousp23E Panpedectandpansinplep223

[{DEX

269

pdt perfe.t contnuousp23D,E pastperfect@nunuousand pan perled p23E differcn.esin AnE/&E ueq€ App€ndix5 p2'16 JorcompletedpenodoJtime p23E lor habitualactionsin the pan p1a td sp(nic evenlsp26c p75D in @ndhonclause pasldmpe of @nlinuous? Pl9G wth afterandb€foE p223 w th limeexpElionsp13C pastr mpleor presanlp€d€d?p27C.p30A pe@nalcomments/opinions uFiul @d5 andph.as pl a2A @mmonpaft<16led in pr03c .ommonp€p6irion5 ls€n in p1024

noan de in tont oi pr4lE,p146,a p.eeded byth. pr 46s

with lime expE5ion5ever, nev.r, dFdy andyet p26C withrim€*pB5ion5lhatEferlo thefutuFp36A pr&nt perlector pasts mpleTp27C,p30A pr*nt pertector presenlp€rfecrcontinuous? P31F pr*nt pedector presenl simpe7P30B prent perted@it nuousu6 for adion5or s tuationsin progres p31D for empha5ising lenq$ol timep31D for rcp€at€dadionsp3I D wilhlim€exp6sio6for 5ince,ately,Renlyp3lE pr*nt p.d..i .ont nuousor pE5enrperfe.lTP3lF lo. aclionsandsitualionsitut areganeat rrue p108 lor adionsrhatarercpeated regua yp103 for pemanenrladspl0B plac ro. no er andiouhali5m p14C,p333 lo. rimerablB andschedule n .oidition.laurep743,C with tequencyadwbr p10C whhrimeexpr6ionsp 10c wnh ime expBions ftar rcier b lhe tuturcp33A pent s mpleor p€senicontinuous? pl4A pr*nt 5impleor pre5enrped*r? P30Aig

po$8i@ adtedivetplorcuB p133A po$6si6and
PrcPdiiionsu45, u46,!47, ula p194A,B,c, pl95D afteradje.rives alts @mro. @'!s p1904,B aits nounspl9aa, 3, c, D, E,F alter phra5al8tb5 ploza p1950 choice of pEpo5iton d llerencesin AmE/&Euege Appddrx 5 p247 poslton in quErions p7l I p1904 posionrnrelative dals p1198 preposLrional phraesPI996 p@positions of da@pr3G137a,3, c, D rerb + difterenrpepqirions pr 9r c u*s ol dfieE pftpcilions p1.910 presentconrinuous ui, u2,u7 lor tixedtim€rable@ endaror pog6mme p33B ior tuturearcngemenlsp1,K, p34C,pl5E for tempodryactionsor situadoNpl l in condirjonclaue p743,c p€seni conrinlousor golng to? p35E pFsentconiinuousor pent parfed olinuous? p148 wilh t mee&nsioB p10F ditferen.g n AmE/3rEuege Appendix5 0246 in condition cauep74B.C wi$ tor aid eine p27c with trequencyadved5p27C

pnirionwih wlll andrcnr p34a,p58B p@noun5 p13G1314, ind-.linile B,C p6es vepbnounsp138A E lexi€ prcnolnspl31D

omksonn AmEfupendir5 p246 indlre.tquslioB p71E neg.t w questionsp67E position p71F,p] 90A ot prcpositions in quenions quenionwod qu6tons P66B quenionwods a5lhe sublectp67D

with modalwlbs p50A wilh p.sl .ont nuoui p13D with paslpedear.ont nuousp23D wnh pastpedectp22A wirhp@nt wih peent wnh pEent wilh psent

@ntnuousp] 1D perfedr@nrj^uousp30C perfe.rp26A s mplep10A

270 tf,tt€x

beforegradable adjdivesp151C,pl63E quora on ma*s {ee sp€ed rorts)

rl.ce andtor p263,pl66C wilh p@ni pedec(p268,p27C wilh p@nt perfectonlinuous p31E

R

pluElvelbpr26c + singulafor pl73a eQ€$inga rcsuhp174B, foremphasis: s tflls litde,so much/rcmanyp153D ror pumos $ at ro p]74C,s that p174D eglla @rbsAppendix1 p233-9 plauvead@6s(wlre.,wneo, wny)pr23c pr22A n combined Qnrences wilha p.dcipleting, +d)pl23D eratve prcnountGnar,whi.n, who, eto u2a p1198 andprcpGitionr omi$ionin a deiining Elalip clau* pl l9C

e long .r wlth condionak p73C s, so.h andtoopl6SD 5 o m e p 1 2 7 D , 1 3p0r83,4 B in one6andrcqu6|lpr27D p1303 sd€ or .rry?p127O, sonebody/soheone p130A,B (AnE)Appendrx somepla(€ 5 p247

or$n.plae (AmE)Appendix 5 p247 wlh pan p€iecl p22B

spenn! Appendx 3 p242-243

+ obje.l+ Ebourpl908 rcponed sp.4h u2l, u22,App€ndix 1 p239 .eporting(o mmandsandequals p95E edph&sidga.ontan prToc wrh paslped.ci p22c

rcponinq verb5lnpa$t€ p95C

s + a + a d , e c t w r n o up n] 6 3 0 w$ reponed sp*h u21 t(h, $aidt@p163O + obtect+ infiniiivep36B onesyllable adjedi€sp1s43 h@ or motesYllabe adjectvespl s4B onesyllable ad@d6pl590 irb or moresyLlab e advedsp I 59D .ommonphaseswirhsupedat6 pl53c

phEsl wb5 pqAB sepa6ble thall(modalvelb) ui1, ul4 Shall1,,w8...?(suqqeniontp39t p63f,App.ndiy5 p246 p63E shall| ..,?(otfe6/inMtadoB) should(nodalwb) u11,ul2, u13

T rane (srar€verbandadion @6) pt50

in rcported$Rh pgo8 ps5D opinlontRommendarions suggesuons in AmEAppendt 5 p245 crilicishot past.dions p55E

p55D opniontreommendadoE

te@ changsin reponed speh p908,p91C in (ompan$ns pl54C,p153A thar (rela ve ponoun)u23, u29 thal da@ (arte.wrbs) p33E

+ 5up€ali6 pr4rD,pr52A deinneani.lep142Apr4lD, p r458,C, E

[{DEX

diff€Fn@ in AnE/BrEusge App€ndix5 p247 lor specitic meaiin96 p147E sp€.ialus ol rhe pt46c

n neqati@andquenionsp23F a habnor siate o $e pan p23F habiEor Fp€aledacrionsp23F 6€d to or would? p2lF

(refldi€ p@noun) pl3l D themselves then Gheins a equ€n.€) p43C,pr67F think Gtaleverbandactionwlb) p15D rhink + ll (to eler lo tuture)p39F rhRpaft phrael@t6 p1023 wlthp@nr dmplepr0a

andd€n lhoughpl70D lneexpBionsut, u3,u5,u7,u36,uto wirh furue tens p35F wirhpasrconri.!@smeani^g p19F whh pasrp.rfe.lp22C wth preenr conrinuou5 for 5ituarionrh.ppeningn@ p11F wth pre*nt contnwus tor talkingaboolf!tue p14c wiih p@*nt perled ior unfini$ed rimep27C wilh p@nt peded
V €lb tFlem (diagcm)Appendix4 p24!-245 + ing or infintreu19,u2O + oblect+ preposnion pl903 + obted+ to + infiiitire p33C + quslionw.d (how,whoE, ac) p1068 + (thaoclause p338,pr07c + iwo objecGp45o,pr07D +tr ! objecsutig for p107E commd Elt) endngsAppendix3 p242 inrEBtiE p43E,p106C,0,p203C icgu ar €rb5 Appendix2 p240-241 ol perceplion(4, ho.r, erc)p€58 regular w& Appendix 1 p23H singular/plu.al wlb toll@ingiingularnounpl26C t6n5hi@p!3E,p106A,S,D,p203C nanttre/intansitiP€lbs pl060 w|,osandobtedsp203c p15l C wnh gdd:ble adteciives

W t6. s andrld pl 63D ransi vevedsp431,p104,p203C

+ nnini€ (o Ef4 to turure)p39F w.r/weE goinqio p39E

velbsfor de*ibing lEnds p2028 + obie
U

Elarlwponounp 1233 whtt clauFsloremphasising nlomationpla2c

in witinq inneadof on.t p503 alwdrssinquar pl263,C phras with undnlable nou6 pr 268 lypesol uncountabl€ nounpr263 wlh qeneral p127E meanings

in condilion clauep75E,pla3E wilh prent perfectp3&A wilh pe nmpb pj&a

ar a futu@lime exprsion p33a

wlDt ...?or wlich .,.?p65c Whrt .bo!r ...? p63f Wh.t ... tuA andWhat .,, like?P71G 6 rclaliw adw6 p123c sten .,, daus e&6 n9 a .onditionp74B lvnh Panconlinuouspl9t lith Pr*nl pe,lecrp33A wilh Peedt simplep3&A when...? qudiq md p6B where Elat@ adre|6p123C wheE .-.?qslon @rd p66B ste|6

andahhoughp171F

271

272 TNDEX

litfi @dtiomls

pTAD

whld, th.t d {to pl13B, c lintinq rN rhingspi93E que5ton@d P568,C Whidr ... or Wh€t ..-? p66C whiL, .hhoulh andlt.|s whih d durlnr? pl6/D wi$ pan @dM6 pr 9F

pcilion wnh !.obEHy/denniGly p34A tshninq to th€ ftJtuEp34A pl71F

in eponed q!5tioE p95D wdd (rFdalw6) u] 1, ul4 who, wlrldr or lhat p1138,c who q wnm? P1laB who .,-?qFnion @d p668,D al.tw p@ounp1188 whoh d who?p1188,p1191 whore elattE ponoun u28 who*...? querlioi wod p66B why €lariEadve6p123c why...? que3uon rd p660 will (mod.lt€ib)!l1. !14 furue/pa*nt dgtt psl D ofhR/rlquaB p510,p52l l6t nt d*isions andihoughs p3zrA polition{ith pFt bly/d.nnh.ly p3aA efening 1otE lutu€ p3zrA wlll + b. + -l'!9 (tut!€ @tnw6) p36C wlll h.s + p.n p..!cipl. (duE p€rh) p38o wlll or golie to? p35D $rh tutuE p.r,.
in Gportedipeedr p90B cp€red ..ri63 in rne pan p8F w@ld llt + infnhiE ro de. to Juiurcp39F l@ld or u.d to? p23l Nuldwoddnt hlw for inaginaryp.n 4.nt Wbrld you llt ...? p63E wbid yo|r nhd ll ...? p53c

Y insie.dol but Inwitlnop!7oc rnh p.n 3hpl. InAnEApp.ndlx5 p246 wih p@nt p.rtectp25c yqcdtyoscdE

(E lqiF F@noun) pI31D

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Audio CD Tracklist 01 Unil 1, Exercise4 02 Unil 1, Exercise5 03 Unii 2, Exercise4 04 Unii 2, Exercise5 05 lJnit3, Exercise2 06. lJnit3, Exercise4 07 Unit4, Exercise3 m .Unit4, Exercise4 09 Unit5, Exercise4 10 Unit6, Exercise3 11 Unit6, Exercise 4 12 Unit 6, Exefcise5 13 Unit 7, Exercise2 14 Unit 7, Exercise4 19 Unit8, Exercise5 16 Unit 10, Exercise4 17 Unil 10, Exercise5 18 Unil11,Exercise 4

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Unit12,Exercise 4 Unit 12, Exercise5 Unit 13, Exercise5 Unit 13, Exercise6 Unit 14, Exercise4 Unit 15, Exercise6 Unit 16, Exercise5 Unit 17, Exercise4 Unit 18, Exercise4 Unit 19, Exercise4 Unit20, Exercise4 Unii 22, Exercise4 Unil23, Exercise5 lJnil24, Exercise5 lJnii27, Exercise6 Unil28,Exercise 6 Unit29, Exercise5 lJnit30, Exercise6

37 38 39 40 4't 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Unit 31, Exercise5 Unit31, Exercise6 Unit32, Exercise5 Unil34, Exercise4 lJnil34, Exercise5 Unil36, Exercise6 Unil37, Exercise5 Unii 38, Exercise5 LJnil40,Exercise5 Unit4'1,Exercise5 Unit42, Exercise6 Unit43, Exercise4 Unit 43, Exercise5 Unit44, Exercise3 Unit49, Exercise6 Test 5, Exercise4

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