Business Analyst Guide v1.1

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts

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Wnmbl ad Ja`tl`ts >.

Zadtw Zad tw nrl Glvlba Glv lbapc pcl`t l`t Cltea gaba ga ba fkls fk ls ............. .................... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............ .....>>

VNWL]DNBB CAGLB .............................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................. .............. >7 X]AWAW[XK@F CAGLB ........................................... .......................................................................................... ............................................................. .............. >< ZXK]NB CAGLB ........................................................................... .............................. .................................................................................. ..................................... >4 NFKBL CLWEAGABAF[ ......................................................... ...................................................................................................... ............................................. >5 ZJ]\C ....................................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................................... ..................................... >; GLTAXZ CAGLB .................................................... .................................................................................................. ............................................................ .............. =6 NXX]ANJELZ WA Z[ZWLC GLZKF@ N@G GLTLBAXCL@W ....................................... ......................... .............. :: =.

]lquk rlcl`t rlc l`ts s Fntelr k`f k` f & Lbk jktnt jk tnt ka` ka ` ............. .................... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ......... :4

K@W]AG\JWKA@...................................................................................... ....................................... ............................................................................ ............................. :4 ]L^\K]LCL@WZ GLTLBAXCL@W ...................... .................................................................... ....................... :6 GLTLBAXCL@W ................................................................... JNZL ZW\G[ ........................................................................ ........................... .......................................................................................... ............................................. 77 X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@W ...................................................................... ......................... ............................................................................ ............................... 75 :.

]lquk rlcl`t rlc l`t N`nby N` nbysk sk s n`g Cag lbk `f .............. ..................... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ......... .. <>

]L^\K]LCL@W N@NB[ZKZ............................................... .............................................................................................. ..................................................... ...... <= ]L^\K]LCL@WZ CAGLBK@F .......................................................................... ................................................................................................. ....................... <: 7.

]lquk rlcl`t rlc l`t Zpljk dk jntka jnt ka `s & Tnbk gntka gnt ka` ` ................ ....................... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............ .....<6

]L^\K]LCL@W ZXLJKDKJNWKA@Z............................................. .......................................................................................... ............................................. <6 DA]CNW AD Z]Z......................................................................................... ........................................ ..................................................................... .................... <5 ]L^\K]LCL@W TNBKGNWKA@ ............................................................ ................................................................................................. ..................................... 4> X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@WZ .............................................................. ............... .................................................................................... ..................................... 46 <.

]lquk rlcl`t rlc l`ts s Cn`nflcl` t .............. ..................... .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .......... ...6;

............................................................................................. ..................................................... ...... 58 ]L^\K]LCL@WZ MNZLBK@L .............................................. ............. ............................................................................ ............................. 5> NZZAJKNWKA@ MLWVLL@ XENZLZ ............................................................ W]NJOK@F/CN@NFK@F ]L^ JEN@FLZ ..................................................... .................................................................................. ............................. 54 4.

AANG wkte \CB ......................................................................................................... ;:

AANG X]AJLZZ .................................................................................. ............................................................................................................... ............................. ;: \@KDKLG CAGLBK@F BN@F\NFL & CAGLBK@F....................................................................... ........................................ ............................... ;4 \CB WAABZ ........................................... .......................................................................................... ............................................................................ ............................. ;;

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \ZL JNZL GKNF]NCZ ............................................. ............................................................................................ ........................................................... ............ >87 NJWKTKW[ GKNF]NC......................................................................................... ........................................ ................................................................... .................. >>8 ZL^\L@JL GKNF]NC .......................................................................... ............................. .......................................................................... ............................. >>6 JBNZZ GKNF]NC .............................................................. ............... .......................................................................................... ........................................... >:> ZW]\JW\]LG N@NB[ZKZ N@G GLZKF@ NXX]ANJE (ZNG) ‚ (DA] ]LD A@B[) ......................... ..................... .... >:6 X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@W ...................................................................... ......................... .......................................................................... ............................. >7< 6.

Du`jt Du` jtka ka `nb Wlstk` Wlst k`f f .............. ..................... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ......... ..>7;

JA@G\JWK@F D\@JWKA@NB WLZWK@F .................................................................................. ....................................... ........................................... ><8 Wlst Jnsl KG ................................................................... ........................................... ><8 Wlst Jnsl @ncl ................................................................... ..................................... ><8 Wlst Jnsl................................................................ Jnsl................... ............................................. ............................................... .... ><8 K`put Gntn .......... .............................................. .............................................. ............ ><8 Ztlps ........................................ ............................................... ................................... ><8 Xrl-rlquksktls ........................................... ................................................ .................. ><8 Lxpljtlg Autput ................................................................... ..................................... ><8 Njtunb Autput ........................................... ................................................ .................. ><8 Ztntus ....................................... ............................................... ................................... ><8

GNWNMNZL WLZWK@F .............................................. ............................................................................................. ........................................................... ............ ><5 X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@W ...................................................................... ......................... .......................................................................... ............................. >4: 5.

Z^B9 Zlttk` Zltt k`f f up te l l`v kr a`cl`t a` cl`t ............. .................... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ......>46

ZLWWK@F \X A]NJBL GNWNMNZL Z[ZWLC ................................................................ .......................................................................... .......... >46 ZLWWK@F \X Z^B GLTLBAXL] JBKL@W ............................................................ ............ .................................................................. .................. >64 VA]OK@F VKWE Z^B GLTLBAXL] ................................................................ ................... .................................................................. ..................... >6; JA@@LJWK@F WA GNWNMNZL ......................................................................... .............................................................................................. ..................... >5= AMILJWZ K@ A]NJBL ........................................... .......................................................................................... ........................................................... ............ >54 ;.

Gntn typls k` A]NJBL ............................................................................................ >5;

>8.

Gntn ûlry Bn`f unfl (G^B) ......... ................ .............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ......... >;< >;<

\ZK@F ZLBLJW ........................................................................... .............................. ................................................................................ ................................... >;< G\NB .................................................................................. ................................... .......................................................................................... ........................................... =8> \ZL AD BKOL ............................................................................................................... ................................................................ ................................................... .... =8> C\BWKXBL ZLN]JE JA@GKWKA@Z ........................................................................... ............................. .......................................................... ............ =87 IAK@Z ......................................................................................... .......................................... .................................................................................. ................................... =86

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ZA]WK@F ]LZ\BWZ......................................................................................... ........................................ ................................................................... .................. =>< K@ AXL]NWA] ................................................................................... .................................... .......................................................................... ........................... =>4 \ZK@F K@-M\KBW D\@JWKA@Z ...................................................................................... .................................................................................. .... =>; \ZK@F WAQGNWL ............................................................................................................ ................................................................................. ........................... ==< \ZK@F ]A\@G ................................................................................................... ..................................................... .......................................................... ............ ==< \ZK@F ZA\@GLU......................................................................................... ........................................ ................................................................... .................. ==5 GLJAGL .................................................................... ....................... ............................................................................................ ................................................... .... =:8 ZKF@ ......................................................................................................... ............................................................ .................................................................. ..................... =:= GKZWK@JW ................................................................................... .................................... .................................................................................. ................................... =:7 F]A\X D\@JWKA@Z & AXL]NWKA@Z ..................................................... ................................................................................ ........................... =:4 JA\@W ..................................................................................................... ........................................................ .................................................................. ..................... =:6 CNU, CK@ N@G NTF .......................................................................... ............................. .......................................................................... ............................. =:; Z\C D\@JWKA@ ............................................. ............................................................................................. .................................................................. .................. =7= AWEL] Z^B D\@JWKA@Z ..................................................... ................................................................................................ ........................................... =7: .................................................................................................. ................................... =77 X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@WZ ............................................................... >>.

NGTN@JL NGT N@JL JA@JLXW9 JA@JL XW9 Z\M-^\L]KLZ Z\M -^\L]KLZ .......................................... ..................... =<:

Z\M-^\L][ K@ VEL]L JBN\ZL........................................... ...................................................................................... ........................................... =<7 Z\M-^\L][ K@ ZLBLJW JBN\ZL .......................................................... ..................................................................................... ........................... =<4 Z\M-^\L][ K@ D]AC JBN\ZL ................................................................... ...................... .................................................................. ..................... =<5 DK@GK@F G\XBKJNWL TNB\LZ K@ N WNMBL ................................................................ ............................................................................ ............ =4> X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@WZ ............................................................... .................................................................................................. ................................... =4< >=.

Gntn Gldk`k Gldk `ktk tk a` Bn`f unfl unf l (GGB) .............. .................... ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .......... ...=4;

J]LNWL/NBWL] WNMBL .................................................................. ..................... .......................................................................... ............................. =4; JA@ZW]NK@WZ ................................................................................................. ................................................... .......................................................... ............ =5= G]AX WNMBL ..................................................................................... ...................................... .......................................................................... ........................... =;4 J]LNWL ZL^\L@JL ....................................................................................... ........................................ ........................................................... ............ =;4 J]LNWL TKLV ............................................................................................ ............................................ .................................................................. .................. :8> J]LNWL/NBWL] \ZL] ................................................................................................. ............................................................................ ..................... :87 Z[@WNU ................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... ........................................... :87 X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@WZ ............................................................... .................................................................................................. ................................... :8< >:.

Gntn Cn`kpu Cn`k pubnt bnt ka` ka ` Bn`f unfl (GCB) ............. .................... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ........... .....:>:

K@ZL]W ZWNWLCL@W .......................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ............................. :>: \XGNWL ZWNWLCL@W ................................................................ ................... .................................................................................. ..................................... :>5

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts GLBLWL ZWNWLCL@W ............................................ ........................................................................................... ........................................................... ............ :== W]\@JNWL WNMBL ................................................................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ...... :=: X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@WZ ............................................................... .................................................................................................. ................................... :=<

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Xrldnjl Weks maao ks wrkttl` ta pravkgl n rldlrl`jl cntlrknb dar tel Musk`lss N`nbysks stugl`ts ad Wljejn`vnss. Weks maao javlrs ZGBJ

clteagabafkls

spljkdkjnbby

NFKBL

&

GLTAXZ,

rlqukrlcl`t glvlbapcl`t n`g cn`nflcl`t prajlssls, \`kdklg Caglbk`f Bn`funfl (\CB), du`jtka`nb tlstk`f & Ztrujturlg ûlry Bn`funfl (Z^B). Jenptlr > pravkgls mnskjs ad sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t bkdl jyjbl clteagabafkls k`jbugk`f wntlrdnbb, NFKBL n`g GlvAps. GlvAps ks a`l ad tel cast rljl`t glvlbapcl`t clteagabafkls n`g ens mll` fnk`k`f frau`g k` rljl`t tkcls. Jenptlr = glnbs wkte tel rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` n`g fntelrk`f prajlss, wekje ks a`l ad tel cniar rlspa`skmkbktkls dar n musk`lss n`nbyst. Kt nbsa k`tragujls yau ta tel ja`jlpts ad ]lqukrlcl`t

l`fk`llrk`f,

rlqukrlcl`t

glvlbapcl`t

n`g

rlqukrlcl`t cn`nflcl`t. Jenptlr : glnbs wkte tel rlqukrlcl`t n`nbysks n`g caglbk`f pensl. Jenptlr 7 glnbs wkte tel rlqukrlcl`t spljkdkjntka` n`g vnbkgntka`. K` teks jenptlr, wl pravkgl k`-glpte gltnkbs ad n Du`jtka`nb

spljkdkjntka`

(DZ)

ar

spljkdkjntka` gajucl`t (Z]Z).

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Zystlcs

rlqukrlcl`ts

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Jenptlr < tnbos nmaut rlqukrlcl`ts cn`nflcl`t pensl, welrl musk`lss n`nbysts envl ta glnb wkte cn`nfk`f jen`fls ta tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Jenptlr 4 glnbs wkte tel k`-glpte gksjusska` ad tel Amiljt arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` usk`f \CB =.<. Amiljt arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` (AANG) ks a`l ad tel cast patl`t nppranjels dar sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t. Jenptlr 6 wkbb k`tragujl yau ta tel ja`jlpt ad du`jtka`nb tlstk`f n`g sjl`nrka tlstk`f. Jenptlr 5 ta >: ks lxjbuskvlby dar n gltnkblg gksjusska` a` Ztrujturlg ûlry bn`funfl (Z^B). Wel cntlrknb a` Z^B ks gltnkblg n`g ja`tnk`s ùcmlr ad sabvlg lxncpbls n`g prnjtkjl nsskf`cl`ts dar prnjtkjnb oàwblgfl. Weks maao usls Arnjbl Xlrsa` Lgktka` >>f dar pravkgk`f tel sabutka`s.

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Jenptlr >

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts > . Z a d t w n r l Gl G l v lb lb a p c l ` t C l t e a g a b a f k l s

Zadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t clteagabafkls mlttlr oàw` ns Zadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t bkdljyjbls (ZGBJ) nrl tel clteagabafkls wekje nrl uslg ta glvlbap sadtwnrl nppbkjntka`s. Zlvlrnb ZGBJ clteagabafkls envl mll` glvlbaplg avlr tel ylnrs, rkfet drac wntlrdnbb clteagabafkls ta àw GlvAps. Lvlry ZGBJ clteagabafy jacprksls ad pensls. K` sacl ad tel clteagabafkls, tel pensls nrl ja`gujtlg k` n slqul`tknb cn``lr, welrlns k` atelrs tely nrl jnrrklg aut k` k`jrlcl`tnb k `jrlcl`tnb cn``lr. Mrangby splnok`f, nbb tel clteagabafkls wkbb jacprksl ad tel pensls ns seaw` k` tel kcnfl mlbaw9

]lqukrlcl`t N`nbysks

Zystlc Glskf`

Glvlbapcl` t

Wlstk`f

Zystlc Kcpblcl`tnt ka`

Vntlrdnbb Vntlrdnbb Glvlbapcl`t Glvlbapcl`t Clteaga Clteaga bafy Blt‛s sll went enppl`s k` lnje pensl. ]lqukrlcl`t Glvlbapcl`t

]lqukrlcl`t glvlbapcl`t ks pramnmby tel cast kcpartn`t pensl ad n`y ZGBJ clteagabafy. Wel oly nspljts ad teks pensl nrl9 ▩

▩

K`put9 M]G (Musk`lss rlqukrlcl`ts gajucl`t), Lxkstk`f Zystlc Zjrll`s, Xrajlssls, ]lparts ûlstka`s, K`tlrvklws, K`tlrvklws, clltk`fs nrl ja`gujtlg ja`gujtlg ta flt flt gltnkblg rlqukrlcl`ts

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ▩

]lqukrlcl`ts nrl n`nbyzlg, vnbkgntlg n`g gajucl`tlg gajucl`tlg

▩

Xratatypls Xratat ypls jn` nbsa ml glvlbaplg k` teks pensl

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Autput -0 Z]Z/DZ (Zystlc (Zystlc ]lqukrlcl`ts ]lqukrlcl`ts gajucl`t/Du`jtka` gajucl`t/Du`jtka`nb nb spljkdkjntka`s)

K` teks pensl, wl cny nbsa usl caglbk`f tlje`kquls bkol \CB caglbk`f ta mlttlr u`glrstn`g tel rlqukrlcl`ts. K` aur jaursl, wl envl javlrlg usl jnsl, njtkvkty, slqul`jl n`g stntl cnjek`l gknfrncs ad \CB v =.<. Kt‛s àt cn`gntary ta jrlntl nbb tel gknfrncs dar nbb tel prailjts, kt glpl`gs a` tel suktnmkbkty, jacpblxkty n`g tkclbk`ls ad tel prailjt. Xratatypk`f

N pratatypl ks n grlsslg gaw` vlrska` ad n systlc. Wel pratatypls envl jacpbltl uslr k`tlrdnjl glvlbaplg wkte `nvkfntka`nb nkgs mut wkteaut n`y rlnb jagk`f. Wel pratatypk`f pensl elbps k` flttk`f n` nfrllcl`t a` tel rlqukrlcl`ts drac tel justaclr. Glskf`

K` teks pensl, prailjt tlnc glvlbaps tel gltnkblg sabutka` n`g nppranje dar glvlbapk`f tel sadtwnrl. Lnje u`kt ad rlqukrlcl`t ks cntjelg wkte n sabutka` lblcl`t. Dar lxncpbl, kd a`l ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts stntls tent a`by nutearkzlg uslrs jn` bafk` k`ta tel systlc, tel sabutka` ckfet k`vabvl spljkdyk`f gltnkbs jacprksk`f ad9 •

•

N bafk` sjrll` glskf` N gntnmnsl tnmbl ja`tnk`k`f uslr kgs n`g pnsswargs

Wel sabutka` ks glskf`lg dar lnje n`g lvlry u`kt ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts mldarl lxktk`f tel systlc glskf` pensl.

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Jagk`f

K` teks pensl, tel jagk`f ad tel systlc ks jnrrklg aut. Mnslg a` tel glskf` gajucl`t n`g prafrnc spljkdkjntka` gajucl`t, tel prailjt tlnc jnrrkls aut tel jagk`f. Glvlbaplrs nrl tabg wlbb k` ngvn`jl nmaut tel jagk`f stn`gnrgs ta ml dabbawlg. Cn`y n tkcls kt ens mll` amslrvlg tent jbkl`t nbsa kcpasls telkr aw` stn`gnrgs dar tel jagkdkjntka`. Glvlbaplrs nrl rlqukrlg ta jacpbltl tel \`kt Wlstk`f (tlstk`f dar lnje u`kt ad jagl). Glvlbaplrs, mldarl en`gk`f avlr tel jagl ta tel Zadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t tlnc, nrl lxpljtlg ta cnol gltnkblg gajucl`tntka` ad tel jagl. Gajucl`tntka` cust ml bujkg drac tel cnk`tl`n`jl (durtelr ar duturl cagkdkjntka`s) pak`t ad vklw. Wlstk`f

Wlstk`f pensl rldlrs ta tel vnbkgntka` pensl welrl tel glvlbaplg systlc flts tlstlg nfnk`st tel lxpljtlg systlc usk`f tlst jnsls. Wel tlst jnsls nrl prlpnrlg my lxplrts usk`f tel rlqukrlcl`t nfrllcl`t gajucl`t (Z]Z gajucl`t) n`g tel musk`lss gacnk` u`glrstn`gk`f. K` tel sumslqul`t jenptlrs wl nrl fak`f ta envl carl gksjusska`s a` teks pensl. Wlstk`f pensl ks ta cnol surl tent tel glbkvlrlg sadtwnrl ks ns plr tel justaclr lxpljtntka`s. Wel ml`je cnro ta cnol surl kt ks sntksdyk`f nbb tel rlqukrlcl`ts ks Z]Z (gajucl`t wekje ks rlblnslg k` tel dkrst pensl). Zystlc Zystlc Kcpblcl`tntka` Kcpblcl`tntka`

A`jl tel systlc ks tlstlg kt ks rlngy ta fa BKTL n`g tel justaclr ks lxpljtlg ta cnol nbb tel nrrn`flcl`ts ta ru` tel sadtwnrl. Bnrfl systlcs n`g musk`lss jrktkjnb systlcs nrl tlstlg suddkjkl`tby (bkol pnrnbblb ru`s ar skcubntk`f rlnb bkdl sktuntka`s ltj.) ta cnol surl tent gurk`f kcpblcl`tntka` stnfl systlc wkbb àt mrlno gaw`. Zystlcs kcpblcl`tntka` stnfl nbsa k`vabvls lxtl`skvl uslr trnk`k`f. \slrs nrl trnk`lg a` tel rlquksktl musk`lss du`jtka` ad tel sadtwnrl n`g nsolg ta prnjtkjl mldarl bnu`jek`f ad tel systlc. >: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts VNWL]DNBB CAGLB

Vntlrdnbb ks a`l ad tel abglst ZGBJ clteags n`g ks n slqul`tknb clteagabafy. A` tel atelr en`g, NFKBL ks n` lxncpbl ad k`jrlcl`tnb clteagabafy, welrlk` pensls nrl lxljutlg rlplntlgby n`g k` scnbb ktlrntka`s. Wel pras n`g ja`s ad teks ZGBJ clteagabafy ks seaw` mlbaw k` tel tnmbl 9

Vntlrdnbb Vntlrdnbb clteagaba fy

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X]AWAW[XK@F CAGLB

Xratatypk`f caglb ks n vnrkntka` a` wntlrdnbb caglb n`g ks glvlbaplg ta avlrjacl tel seartjack`fs ad wntlrdnbb caglb. Xratatypk`f caglb k`vabvls glvlbapcl`t ad pratatypls gurk`f tel rlqukrlcl`t pensl n`g lvl` tel glskf` pensl ta cnol surl tent justaclrs envl n mlttlr u`glrstn`gk`f ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts n`g jen`fls ta tel rlqukrlcl`ts nrl ck`kckzlg.

Xratatypk`f Caglb

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Z X K] K ] N B C A GL GL B

Zpkrnb caglb ks n` k`jrlcl`tnb clteagabafy n`g ns appaslg ta wntlrdnbb, pensls jn` ml jnrrklg aut rlplntlgby ns appaslg ta slqul`tknb clteagabafy bkol wntlrdnbb. K` teks caglb, rlqukrlcl`ts nrl gkvkglg k`ta cubtkpbl pnrts n`g nrl tnol` up k` n` ktlrntkvl cn``lr. Wypkjnbby lnje ktlrntka` ks slbljtlg jnrldubby mnslg a` tel rksos pradkbl. ]lqukrlcl`ts, wekje envl dlnskmkbkty rksos ar n`y atelr rksos, nrl tnol` up k` lnrbklr ktlrntka`s. Dkfurl mlbaw seaws tel gknfrnccntkj rlprlsl`tntka` ad ZXK]NB Caglb.

ZXK]NB Caglb

Wnmbl seaws tel pras n`g ja`s ad tel Zpkrnb caglb.

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ZXK]NB Caglb

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts N F K B L C L W E A G A B A F [

NFKBL clteagabafy ks a`l ad tel cast papubnr clteagabafkls telsl gnys. N bat ad jacpn`kls n`g prailjts nrl fak`f tel NFKBL wny. Za went lxnjtby ks NFKBL1 NFKBL clteagabafy ks9 •

•

•

Nfkbl sadtwnrl sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t glvlbapcl`t ks n ja`jlptunb ja`jlptunb drnclwaro dar sadtwnrl sadtwnrl l`fk`llrk`f tent pracatls glvlbapcl`t glvlbapcl`t ktlrntka`s ktlrntka`s teraufeaut teraufeaut tel bkdljyjbl ad tel prailjt. Zadtwnrl glvlbaplg glvlbaplg gurk`f gurk`f a`l u`kt ad tkcl tkcl ks rldlrrlg rldlrrlg ta ns n` ktlrntka`, wekje cny bnst drac a`l ta daur wllos. Nfkbl clteags nbsa lcpenskzl lcpenskzl warok`f warok`f sadtwnrl ns tel prkcnry clnsurl ad prafrlss

Oly NFKBL Xrk`jkpbls nrl9 •

Dajus a` Justaclr Tnbul Tnbul ‚ Nbkf` prailjt, pragujt n`g tlnc

vkska`s

ta glbkvlr glbkvlr mlttlr pragujt pragujt qunbkty ‚ dnstlr n`g jelnplr. •

Zcnbb Mntjels - Jrlntl n dbaw ad vnbul ta justaclrs my ‒jeuòk`f–

dlnturl glbkvlry k`ta scnbb k`jrlcl`ts. K`tl`sl jabbnmarntka` vkn dnjl-ta-dnjl jaccu`kjntka`, jabbajntka`, ltj? gkvlrskdklg rabls a` k`tlfrntlg, slbdarfn`kzk`f, slbd-gksjkpbk`lg tlncs.

•

Zcnbb, K`tlfrntlg Wlncs -

•

Zcnbb, Zcnbb, Ja`tkùau s Kcpravlcl`ts ‚ Wlncs rldbljt, blnr` n`g ngnpt

ta jen`fl? waro k`darcs tel pbn`. Vent nrl tel oly jenrnjtlrkstkjs ad NFKBL clteagabafy1 •

Kt‛s n Bkfet Vlkfet clteagabafy

>5 | X n f l


•

Kt jn` waro wkte scnbb ta clgkuc skzlg tlncs

•

Kt‛s ekfeby rljaccl`glg k` vnful n`g/ar jen`fk`f rlqukrlcl`ts

sjl`nrka A`l kcpartn`t nspljt ta àtl ks tent NFKBL k` ktslbd ks àt n clteagabafy, rntelr kt rlprlsl`ts n pekbasapey. Welrl nrl vnrkaus clteags, wekje kcpblcl`t NFKBL wny ad glvlbapk`f prailjts n`g telsl clteagabafkls clteagabafkls nrl9 •

Lxtrlcl Xrafrncck`f (‒UX–)

•

Nfkbl \`kdklg Xrajlss

•

ZJ]\C

•

Xnkr Xrafrncck`f

ZJ]\C

ZJ]\C ks a`l ad tel cast papubnr kcpblcl`tntka` clteagabafkls clteagabafkls dar NFKBL n`g k` teks maao, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss teks clteagabafy. ZJ]\C ks jenrnjtlrkzlg my tel dabbawk`f d abbawk`f dlnturls9 •

Zlbd-arfn`kzk`f tlncs

•

Xragujt prafrlssls k` n slrkls ad ca`te- ba`f ‒sprk`ts–

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]lqukrlcl`ts nrl jnpturlg ns ktlcs k` n bkst ad ‒pragujt mnjobaf– mnjobaf–

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@a spljkdkj l`fk`llrk`f prnjtkjls prlsjrkmlg

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\sls fl`lrntkvl rubls ta jrlntl jrlntl n` nfkbl l`vkra`cl`t dar glbkvlrk`f prailjts

•

A`l ad tel ‒nfkbl prajlssls–

Dkfurl a` tel `lxt pnfl seaws tel jacpa`l`ts ad ZJ]\C9 >; | X n f l


ZJ]\C

Wel ZJ]\C clteagabaf c lteagabafyy ens dabbawk`f jacpa`l`ts9 ]lqukrlcl`ts9 \slr starkls ]abls 9 Xragujt Aw`lr, Zjruc Cnstlr, Wlnc Jlrlca`kls 9 Zprk`t Xbn``k`f, Zprk`t ]lvklw, Zprk`t ]ltraspljtkvl, & Gnkby

Zjruc Clltk`f Nr t k d njt s 9

Xragujt Mnjobaf, Zprk`t Mnjobaf, n`g Mur`gaw` Jenrt, \slr

Ztarkls Blt‛s baao nt lnje ad telsl jacpa`l`ts k` gltnkbs. \slr Ztarkls

\slr Ztarkls nrl pramnmby tel cast kcpartn`t jacpa`l`t ad n`y ZJ]\C clteagabafy. \slr starkls nrl seart, skcpbl glsjrkptka`s ad n dlnturl tabg drac tel plrspljtkvl ad tel plrsa` wea glskrls tel `lw jnpnmkbkty, usunbby n uslr ar justaclr ad tel systlc. Wypkjnb darcnt ad n uslr stary ks

=8 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ns n 2typl ad uslr0, K wn`t wn`t 2sacl fanb0 sa tent tent 2sacl rlnsa`0.

\slr starkls nrl àt usunb Z]Z ar D]G bkol gajucl`ts. Wely nrl seart n`g skcpbl ns tel darcnt seaw` nmavl. Welsl uslr starkls nrl tel` wrkttl` a` stkjoy àtls n`g tel` pnstlg a` manrgs dar rlngy rldlrl`jl ns seaw` k` tel dkfurl mlbaw9

\slr \slr Ztarkls dar n prailjt

Lxncpbl ad n uslr stary ks ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9 2Ns n stugl`t K wn`t ta purjensl n pnrok`f bat pnss sa tent K jn` pnro cy mkol nt tel jabblfl pnrok`f bat0 Xragujt Aw`lr Blt‛s dkrst baao nt tel rabl ad n Xragujt Aw`lr. Wel rlspa`skmkbktkls rlspa`skmkbktkls ad tek s rabl

nrl ns dabbaws9 => | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts •

Gldk`l tel dlnturls ad tel pragujt

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Gljkgl a` rlblnsl gntl n`g ja`tl`t

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Ml rlspa`skmbl dar tel pradktnmkbkty ad tel pragujt (]AK)

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Xrkarktkzl dlnturls njjargk`f ta cnrolt vnbul

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Ngiust dlnturls n`g prkarkty lvlry ktlrntka`, ns `llglg

•

Njjlpt ar rliljt waro rlsubts.

ZJ]\C Cnstlr Wel ZJ]\C cnstlr‛s rabl n`g rlspa`skmkbktkls nrl ns dabbaws9 •

]lprlsl`ts cn`nflcl`t cn`nflcl`t ta tel prailjt

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]lspa`skmbl dar l`njtk`f Zjruc vnbuls n`g prnjtkjls

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]lcavls kcplgkcl`ts

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L`surl tent tel tlnc ks dubby du`jtka`nb n`g pragujtkvl

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L`nmbl jbasl jaaplrntka` njrass nbb rabls n`g du`jtka`s

•

Zeklbg tel tlnc drac lxtlr`nb k`tlrdlrl`jls

ZJ]\C Wlnc

N ZJ]\C tlnc, typkjnbby , jacprksls ad <-5 < -5 clcmlrs n`g k`jbugls n pragujt aw`lr, n ZJ]\C cnstlr, glvlbaplrs n`g tlstlrs. Kglnbby tel ùcmlr ad glvlbaplrs n`g tlstlrs seaubg ml lqunb. Nbb tel tlnc t lnc clcmlrs k` n ZJ]\C tlnc nrl dubb-tkcl. Envk`f baaolg nt tel ZJ]\C tlnc n`g tel rabls, blts àw baao nt tel oly ja`jlpts rlbntk`f ta tel ZJ]\C clteagabafy. == | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Xragujt Mnjobaf

Xragujt mnjobaf rlprlsl`ts tel rlqukrlcl`ts ar glbkvlrnmbls dar tel l`tkrl pragujt. Wel oly nspljts ad pragujt mnjobaf nrl ns dabbaws9 •

Kt ks cn`nflg n`g aw`lg my n Xragujt Aw`lr

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Kt‛s n sprlngsellt prlngsellt (typkjnbby) - N bkst bk st ad nbb

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Kt ks usunbby jrlntlg gurk`f tel Zprk`t Xbn``k`f Clltk`f

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Kt jn` ml jen`flg n`g rl-prkarktkzlg

glskrlg waro a` tel prailjt

N pragujt mnjobaf ja`tnk`s tel bkst ad dlnturls nba`f wkte tel lstkcntlg lddart n`g prkarkty. ZX]K@W

N ZX]K@W rlprlsl`ts lnje ktlrntka` ad tel ZJ]\C clteagabafy. Lvlry ZX]K@W jacprksls ad glvlbapcl`t , jagk`f n`g tlstk`f pensls. N ZX]K@W ks9 •

N ca`te-ba`f ktlrntka`

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@A autskgl autskgl k`dbul`jl jn` k`tlrdlrl wkte tel Zjruc Zjruc tlnc tlnc gurk`f tel Zprk`t

•

Lnje Zprk`t mlfk`s wkte tel Gnkby Zjruc Clltk`f

ZX]K@W Mnjobaf

N ZX]K@W mnjobaf ks n sumslt ad Xragujt Mnjobaf Ktlcs, wekje gldk`l tel waro dar n Zprk`t. Kt ks jrlntlg A@B[ my Wlnc clcmlrs ad tel ZJ]\C tlnc. Lnje Ktlc ens kts aw` stntus. Kt seaubg ml upgntlg lvlry gny mnslg a` tel gksjusska`s k` tel Gnkby sjruc clltk`fs. Wypkjnbby ZX]K@Ws ga`‛t envl taa

cn`y ktlcs/dlnturls. Lnje tnso ks nppraxkcntlby >4 ers ba`f.

=: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ZX]K@W mnjobaf jn` ml jen`flg my tel tlnc wel`lvlr tely `llg ta, k` arglr ta cllt tel Zprk`t Fanb. Wel jen`fl jn` nbsa k`vabvl rlcavk`f u``ljlssnry tnsos. Lstkcntls dar lnje ktlc ks nbsa ga`l wel`lvlr telrl‛s `lw k`darcntka`. ZX]K ZX]K@W @W Mur `gaw ` Jenrt

ZX]K@W mur`gaw` jenrt glpkjts tel tatnb Zprk`t Mnjobaf eaurs rlcnk`k`f plr gny. Kt seaws tel lstkcntlg ncau`t ad tkcl ta rlblnsl tel ZX]K@W. Kglnbby tel ZX]K@W seaubg mur` gaw` ta zlra ta tel l`g ad tel Zprk`t. Wel jenrt, ns seaw` k` tel Dkf mlbaw, ks àt n strnkfet bk`l.

ZX]K@W mur`gaw` jenrt

Wel mur`gaw` jenrts nrl nbsa cngl dar tel l`tkrl pragujt n`g k` tent jnsl, tel jenrt seaws tel mur`gaw` jenrt dar tel l`tkrl pragujt, rntelr ten` iust n ZX]K@W. Jlrlca`kls

=7 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Jlrlca`kls k` ZJ]\C rldlrs ta tel clltk`fs ja`gujtlg. Welrl nrl gkddlrl`t typls ad clltk`fs, wekje nrl ja`gujtlg. ja`gujtlg. ZX]K ZX]K@W @W Xbn``k Xbn``k`f `f clltk clltk`f9 `f9 Kt‛s n jabbnmarntkvl clltk`f, wekje ks

ja`gujtlg k` tel mlfk``k`f ad lnje Zprk`t mltwll` tel Xragujt Aw`lr, tel Zjruc Cnstlr n`g tel Wlnc. Kt tnols 5 eaurs n`g ja`sksts ad = pnrts (‒mldarl bu`je n`g ndtlr bu`je–) . Okjo-add clltk`f9 Kt‛s n spljknb darc ad Zprk`t Xbn``k`f Clltk`f. Kt enppl`s

mldarl tel mlfk``k`f ad tel Xrailjt. Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, tel gnkby stn`gup clltk`f ks n >8->< ckùtls clltk`fs n`g ks fl`lrnbby ja`gujtlg nt tel stnrt ad tel gny n`g dabbawk`f : qulstka`s nrl gksjusslg gurk`f telsl clltk`fs9 Gnkb Gnkb y Ztn`gup /ZX] /ZX]K@ K@W W clltk`f 9

Gnkb Gnkb y Ztn`gup Clltk Clltk`f `f nfl`gn ZX]K@W ]lvklw Clltk`f9 Gurk`f

teks clltk`f, tel tlnc prlsl`ts went kt njjacpbkselg njjacpbkselg gurk`f tel sprk`t. Wypkjnbby kt tnols tel darc ad n glca ad `lw dlnturls ar u`glrbyk`f nrjektljturl . Kt‛s n` k`darcnb clltk`f n`g dabbaws n =eaur prlp tkcl rubl. Wypkjnb pnrtkjkpn`ts ad teks clltk`f nrl9 Justaclrs Cn`nflcl`t Xragujt Aw`lr

•

•

•

=< | X n f l


•

Atelr l`fk`llrs

=4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts G L T A X Z C A G LB LB

GlvAps ks n tlrc dar n fraup ad ja`jlpts tent, wekbl àt nbb `lw, envl jntnbyzlg k`ta n cavlcl`t n`g nrl rnpkgby sprlngk`f teraufeaut tel tlje`kjnb jaccu`kty. jaccu`kty. GlvAps arkfk`ntls arkfk`ntls drac twa twa wargs `nclby `nclby ‚ ‒Glvlbapcl`t– n`g ‒Aplrntka`s– . Kt‛s rlnbby nmaut mrk`fk`f tel glvlbaplrs n`g aplrntka`s tlncs ta waro jbaslby tafltelr ta ml`ldkt tel musk`lss. Wel fanb ks ta rlgujl drkjtka` n`g k`jrlnsl vlbajkty. Wypkjnbby glvlbapcl`t n`g aplrntka`s tlnc waro k` k`glpl`gl`t tlncs ar skbas. Dajus ad tel aplrntka`s tlnc ks ta cnol surl tent tel systlcs ga`‛t

fa gaw` ‚ tely nrl nbwnys up & ru``k`f. Wel glvlbapcl`t tlncs nrl carl jrlntkvl n`g nrl dajuslg a` glskf`k`f n`g glvlbapk`f tel mlst sabutka`s, lvl` kd kt cln`s glbnys. Za, went nrl tel gkddlrl`jl k` vklws ad glvlbapcl glvlbapcl`t `t n`g aplrntka`s tlncs1 Glvlbapc Gl vlbapc l`t tlnc vklw •

•

•

•

Castby glbkvlrs dlnturls ndtlr tlstk`f k` glvlbapcl`t systlcs Glv systlc ja`dkfurntka` n`g tlst gntn cny àt ml sncl ns pragujtka` systlc Glvlbaplrs wkbb envl dnstlr tur`nrau`g tkcl w.r.t dlnturls @at cuje ja`jlr`lg ja`jlr`lg nmaut tel k`drnstrujturnb k`drnstrujturnb ns wlbb ns glpbaycl`t kcpnjt mljnusl ad tel jagl jen`fls

Aplrntka`s tlnc vklw •

•

•

Varrkls carl nmaut XZ](Xrailjt Ztntus ]lpart) n`g Xragujtka` Ztnmkbkty ]lwnrglg cnk`by dar uptkcl Blsslr tur`nrau`g tkcl w.r.t w.r.t dlnturl dlnturl glpbaycl`t glpbaycl`t n`g tlstk`f gul ta bnrfl ùcmlr ad glv mukbgs jack`f telkr wny =6 | X n f l


•

Tlry cuje ja`jlr`lg ja`jlr`lg nmaut nmaut tel k`drnstrujturnb k`drnstrujturnb ns wlbb ns glpbaycl`t kcpnjt mljnusl ad tel jagl jen`fls

Bat ad jacpn`kls bkol Faafbl n`g Ncnza`, weasl musk`lss caglbs rlby elnvkby ar jacpbltlby a` sadtwnrl nppbkjntka`s flttk`f upfrnglg rlfubnrby wkte ;;.;;% uptkcl, jn`‛t nddarg ta nbbaw telsl twa tlncs ta waro k` skbas.

Went ens mll` tel catkvntka` dar GlvAps caglb ta lvabvl. Darcnbby splnok`f, GlvAps Kt‛s n sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t clteagabafy tent strlssls jaccu`kjntka`, jabbnmarntka` n`g k`tlfrntka` mltwll` glvlbaplrs n`g aplrntka`s pradlsska`nbs telrlmy •

•

L`nmbk`f rnpkg lvabutka` ad pragujts ar slrvkjls ]lgujk`f rkso, kcpravl qunbkty njrass partdabka, n`g rlgujl

GlvAps k`tlfrntka` tnrflts pragujt glbkvlry, qunbkty tlstk`f, dlnturl glvlbapcl`t n`g cnk`tl`n`jl rlblnsls k` arglr ta kcpravl rlbknmkbkty n`g sljurkty n`g dnstlr glvlbapcl`t glvlbapcl`t n`g glpbaycl`t jyjbls. Eaw gals GlvAps mrk`f tafltelr tel glvlbapcl`t n`g Aplrntka`s tlnc9 •

•

Glvlbaplrs waro wkte Aps Aps ta u`glrstn`g tel kcpnjt ad jagl jen`fls Glvlbaplrs àw waro carl jbaslby wkte pragujtka`-lqukvnbl`t systlcs

•

Glvlbaplrs dajus a` cltrkjs rlqukrlg my Aps tlnc bkol XZ]

•

Aps àw envl carl jbnrkty a` k`drnstrujturl `llgs

•

Carl nutacntka` a` glpbaycl`t

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Jbaslby ca`ktars tel Glv ‚ Wlst ‚ Xrag pkplbk`l dar lnje glpbaycl`t wkte kcclgkntl dllgmnjo =5 | X n f l


•

Mlttlr jabbnmarntka` n`g jaccu`kjntka` jaccu`kjntka`

GlvAps

Wel ngaptka` ad GlvAps ks mlk`f grkvl` my dnjtars suje ns9 •

•

•

•

\sl ad nfkbl/atelr glvlbapcl`t prajlssls n`g clteagabafkls clteagabafkls Glcn`g dar n` n` k`jrlnslg rntl ad pragujtka` rlblnsls drac nppbkjntka` n`g musk`lss stnoleabglrs Vkgl nvnkbnmkbkty ad vkrtunbkzlg vkrtunbkzlg n`g jbaug k`drnstrujturl drac k`tlr`nb k`tlr`nb n`g lxtlr`nb pravkglrs K`jrlnslg usnfl usnfl ad gntn jl`tlr jl`tlr nutacntka` n`g ja`dkfurntka` ja`dkfurntka` cn`nflcl`t taabs

Xrk`jkpbls ad GlvAps nrl9 ‚

Jabbnmarntl njrass tlncs

‚

Glvlbap n`g tlst k` n pragujtka` bkol l`vkra`cl`t l`vkra`cl`t

‚

Ktlrntkvl n`g drlqul`t drlqul`t glpbaycl`ts usk`f rlplntnmbl n`g rlbknmbl prajlssls

‚

Ja`tkùausby ca`ktar n`g vnbkgntl aplrntka`nb qunbkty jenrnjtlrkstkjs =; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ‚

Ncpbkdy dllgmnjo baaps

Varok`f ad GlvAps GlvAps Caglb

GlvAps lxtl`gs tel prk`jkpbl ad NFKBL n`g nggs ja`tkùaus glbkvlry n`g Ja`tkùaus glpbaycl`t ta njeklvl frlnt rlsubts. K` n` Nfkbl sjl`nrka, tel glvlbapcl`t tlnc pragujls warok`f du`jtka`nbkty du`jtka`nbkty nt tel l`g ad lvlry sprk`t. Eawlvlr, tel jacpbltlg du`jtka`nbkty waubg envl ta wnkt u`tkb tel rlblnsl gntl nrrkvls. Lvl` a` tel rlblnsl gntl, kd tel Aps tlnc ks àt prlpnrlg dar k`tlfrntka` n`g glpbaycl`t ar musk`lss ks àt rlngy ta fa bkvl wkte tel `lw du`jtka`nbkty, telrl wkbb ml rlblnsl glbnys. Zeartlr tkcl ta cnrolt -- n oly ml`ldkt ad Nfkbl -- ks àt dubby rlnbkzlg. Za, went nrl ja`tkùaus glpbaycl`t n`g glbkvlry cljen`kscs1 Ja`tkùaus Glbkvlry Glbkvlry Kt‛s slrkls ad prnjtkjls glskf`lg ta l`surl tent jagl jn` ml rnpkgby n`g sndlby sndl by

glpbaylg ta pragujtka`. Ja`tkùaus glpbaycl`t Kt‛s tel `lxt stlp ad ja`tkùaus glbkvlry. Lvlry jen`fl tent pnssls tel

nutacntlg

tlsts

ks

glpbaylg

ta

pragujtka`

Ja`tkùau s glbkvlry n`g n`g glpbaycl`t

:8 | X n f l

nutacntkjnbby.

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Za, ns wl jn` sll, my jacmk`k`f tel NFKBL glvlbapcl`t clteagabafy wkte ja`tkùaus glpbaycl`t n`g glbkvlry, wl jn` njeklvl rlsubts, wekje nrl ja`tkùausby mlk`f uslg my bnrfl arfn`kzntka`s. arfn`kzntka`s.

Ml`ldkts ad GlvAps Caglb

Ml`ldkts Ml`ldkts ad GlvAps GlvAps ]lnb-bkdl lxncpbls ad GlvAps Kcpblcl`tntka` •

•

•

•

Ncnza` glpbays sadtwnrl upfrngls lvlry >>.4 slja`gs. Dnjlmaao glpbays upfrngls nt blnst twkjl n gny @ltdbkx glpbays upfrngls n eu`grlg tkcls plr gny Dbkjor glpbays upfrngls >8+ tkcls plr gny

:> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Welsl rnpkg n`g njjurntl glpbaycl`ts nrl `lxt ta kcpasskmbl wkteaut tel nutacntlg kcpblcl`tntka` ad GlvAps caglb. Nrl telrl taabs, wekje jn` ml uslg dar GlvAps1 [ls, telrl nrl. Blt‛s baao nt telsl taabs mlbaw9 •

Glpbaycl`t nutacntka` Dnk , okjostnrt, prlsllg, jammblr

•

Ja`dkfurntka` Cn`nflcl`t Cn`nflcl`t Xupplt, jeld, jeld, jdl`fk`l, jdl`fk`l, Mjdf=, Fkt, N`skmbl, ZnbtZtnjo ZnbtZtnjo

•

Ja`tkùaus K`tlfrntka`/Mukbg Nutacntka` Ilòk`s, cnvl`, n`t, jrukslja`trab, eugsa`

•

Ja`tkùaus Glpbaycl`t Glpbaycl`t Xupplt, Jeld, Zlrl`

•

Nppbkjntka` ca`ktark`f @lw ]lbkj , Bafstnse, Mbulpkbb, @nfkas

:= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts N X X ] A N J E L Z W A Z [ Z W L C G L Z K F @ N @ G GLTLBAXCL@W

Vl envl gksjusslg sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t clteagabafkls clteagabafkls k` teks jenptlr sa dnr. Welsl clteagabafkls gldk`l, tel arglr k` wekje tel pensls ad tent clteagabafy nrl lxljutlg k` arglr ta jacpbltl tel sadtwnrl nppbkjntka`. Zacl clteagabafkls nrl slqul`tknb welrlns atelrs nrl k`jrlcl`tnb. Eawlvlr, krrlspljtkvl ad tel clteagabafkls, tel sadtwnrl glskf` n`g glvlbapcl`t jn` ml jnrrklg aut usk`f n`y ad tel twa nppranjels9 •

•

Ztrujturlg N`nbysks n`g Glskf` (ZNG) Amiljt Arkl`tlg N`nbysks n`g Glskf` (AANG)

Aur jaursl javlrs tel AANG nppranje ns teks ks uslg carl adtl` ten` ZNG n`g pravkgls cn`y ngvn`tnfls avlr tel ZNG nppranje. Eawlvlr, wl e nvl pravk glg n spljknb sljtka` a` ZNG dar y aur rldlrl`jl a`by .

Mldarl wl stnrt gksjussk`f AANG, wl wkbb ml gksjussk`f nbb tel pensls ad rlqukrlcl`ts oàw` ns rlqukrlcl`ts fntelrk`f, n`nbysks, caglbk`f n`g vnbkgntka`. A`jl yau u`glrstn`g tel rlqukrlcl`ts pensl, wl wkbb ml gksjussk`f tel AANG prajlss usk`f \CB gknfrnc k` jenptlr 4. K` tel `lxt jenptlr, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss nmaut rlqukrlcl`t fntelrk`f fntelrk`f n`g lbkjktntka`, dkrst stlp ad rlqukrlcl`t l`fk`llrk`f. l`fk`llrk`f.

:: | X n f l


Jenptlr =

:7 | X n f l


:< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts = . ] lq l q u k r l c l` l ` t s F nt nt e l r k ` f & L b k j k t n t k a ` Envk`f gksjusslg sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t clteagabafkls, blt‛s gkf gllplr n`g

dajus a` a`l ad tel oly rlspa`skmkbkty nrlns dar n musk`lss n`nbyst. Musk`lss N`nbysts nrl k`vabvlg k` rlqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t n`g systlc vnbkgntka` ad tel ZGBJs. K@W]AG\JWKA@

]lqukrlcl`t l`fk`llrk`f l`fk`llrk`f glnbs wkte jnpturk`f, n`nbyzk`f n`g cn`nfk`f tel rlqukrlcl`ts teraufeaut teraufeaut tel bkdljyjbl ad tel prailjt. Kt ja`sksts ad twa gkstk`jt pensls9 •

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]lqukrlcl`t Glvlbapcl`t Glvlbapcl`t ]lqukrlcl`t Cn`nflcl`t Cn`nflcl`t

]lqukr ]lqukr lcl`t lcl`t L`fk`llrk`f L`fk`llrk`f

Ns Dkfurl nmavl glca`strntls, rlqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t ks dabbawlg my rlqukrlcl`ts cn`nflcl`t. cn`nflcl`t. ]lqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t ks tel dkrst pensl dar n`y sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t prailjt. Blt‛s envl n gltnkblg baao nt tel rlqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t n`g cn`nflcl`t.

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ]L^\K]LCL@WZ GLTLBAXCL@W

]lqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t glvlbapcl`t ks tel prajlss ad stugyk`f stnoleabglr `llgs ta nrrkvl nt n slt ad jacpbltl n`g prkarktkzlg rlqukrlcl`ts tent nggrlssls strntlfy, plapbl, prajlss, n`g tljeàbafy kssuls rlbntlg ta tel prailjt. ]lqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t jacprksls ad daur stlps ns seaw` k` dkfurl mlbaw.

]lqukr ]lqukr lcl`ts lcl`ts glvlbap glvlbap cl`t pensls ]lqukrlcl`t Lbkjktntka`9 Kt

ks tel prajlss ad u`glrstn`gk`f tel musk`lss rlqukrlcl`ts, ja`tlxt n`g tel stnoleabglrs. ]lqukrlcl`t N`nbysks9

Kt ks rlbntlg ta n`nbyzk`f n`g caglbk`f tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Vl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss tel tlje`kquls k` jenptlr :. :6 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ]lqukrlcl`t Zpljkdkjntka`9

Kt ks nmaut gajucl`tk`f tel gltnkblg rlqukrlcl`t spljkdkjntka`s k` n du`jtka`nb spljkdkjntka` (DZ) ar systlcs rlqukrlcl`t spljkdkjntka` (Z]Z) gajucl`t. Vl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss teks tlje`kqul k` jenptlr 7. ]lqukrlcl`t Tnbkgntka`9 A`jl

tel rlqukrlcl`ts nrl gajucl`tlg k` tel prlvkaus pensl, kt ks vnbkgntlg k` teks pensl. K` tel vnbkgntka` pensl, pensl, wl baao nt k`jacpbltl, k`ja`skstl`t , ncmkfuaus rlqukrlcl`ts n`g lbkck`ntl telc. ]lqukr ]lqukr lcl`ts lcl`ts lbkjkt ntka`

Ns cl`tka`lg nmavl, ]lqukrlcl`ts lbkjktntka` ks tel prajlss ad u`glrstn`gk`f tel justaclr rlqukrlcl`ts, tel ja`tlxt n`g stnoleabglrs gltnkbs. Wel autput ad teks prajlss ks tel du`jtka`nb spljkdkjntka` ar systlc rlqukrlcl`ts spljkdkjntka` gajucl`t. ]lqukrlcl`ts lbkjktntka` pensl jacprksls ad cubtkpbl stlps. Welsl stlps nrl ns dabbaws9 >. Kt stnrts wkte gldk`k`f gldk`k`f pramblc pramblc stntlcl`t/glsjrkptka`. stntlcl`t/glsjrkptka`. =. Wel `lxt stlp ks ta envl envl tel u`glrstn`gk`f ad tel jurrl`t sktuntka`, sktuntka`, wekje k`jbugls ‚

\`glrstn`gk`f stnoleabglrs

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Musk`lss Fanbs, Arf. Ztrujturl, ja`strnk`ts ltj

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\`glrstn`gk`f tel ja`tlxt ja`tlxt (N `lw systlc systlc ar n` lxkstk`f lxkstk`f systlc)

:. Lbkjktk`f rlqukrlcl`ts ‚

Gltnkbk`f aut tel rlqukrlcl`ts rlqukrlcl`ts

‚ \`glrstn`gk`f ‒Ns -KZ– n`g ‒Wa-ml– sjl`nrkas

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ‚

Ztrujturk`f rlqukrlcl`ts (pnrtktka`k`f)

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Jbnsskdyk`f rlqukrlcl`ts (Du`jtka`nb, à`-du`jtka`nb, k`tlrdnjl ltj)

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Xrkarktkzk`f rlqukrlcl`ts

7. Lxpn`gk`f tel sjl`nrkas sjl`nrkas n`g gajucl`tk`f kt

Ztlp > & =9 Wel

dkrst twa stlps k`vabvl u`glrstn`gk`f ad tel pramblc gldk`ktka` nba`f wkte tel ja`tlxt n`g tel stnoleabglrs. Wypkjnbby, telsl twa stlps wkbb rlsubt k` tel gntn ns seaw` k` tel jenrt mlbaw9 Vent nrl wl tryk`f ta njeklvl1

Wel mnskj pramblc wl nrl tryk`f ta sabvl. Kt seaubg ml ZCN]W9 spljkdkj, clnsurnmbl, njtka`-arkl`tlg, rlblvn`t n`g tkcl-mau`g. Vent Vent ks tel ja`tlxt dar teks systlc1

Vent ks tel jurrl`t sktuntka`1 Vent ens enppl`lg sa dnr1 Vey ks teks pramblc mlk`f nggrlsslg àw1 Ztnoleabglrs Ztnoleabglrs N`nbysks

Vea nrl tel stnoleabglrs ar k`dbul`jlrs dar teks prailjt1 Vent ga tely `llg1 Eaw Eaw ga yau gldk`l gldk`l tel sujjlss sujjlss dar teks prailjt1

Eaw wkbb wl clnsurl tel sujjlss ad teks prailjt1 Vent nrl tel pnrncltlrs dar tel sujjlss Velrl Velrl wkbb wl flt carl k`da rcntka`1

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Eaw ga wl flt carl k`darcntka` dar gltnkblg u`glrstn`gk`f n`g gajucl`tntka` dar teks prailjt Wa u`glrstn`g tel justaclr rlqukrlcl`ts, kt ks kcpartn`t ta usl sk`fbl ar cubtkpbl rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` tlje`kquls. Welsl tlje`kquls k`jbugl clltk`fs wkte justaclrs, k`tlrvklws ltj. Wel bkst ad rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` tlje`kquls nrl9 Ztlp :9

K`tlrvklwk`f n`g qulstka``nkrls qulstka``nkrls ]lqukrlcl`t Varoseaps Mrnk`starck`f n`g kgln rlgujtka` Ztarymanrgs \sl jnsls Xratatypk`f

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Wel jeakjl ad n spljkdkj tlje`kqul wkbb vnry mnslg a` tel typl ad nppbkjntka`, tel sokbb n`g sapekstkjntka` ad glvlbapcl`t tlnc, tel sjnbl ad tel pramblc, tel jrktkjnbkty ad nppbkjntka`, tel tljeàbafy uslg, tel u`kqul`lss ad tel nppbkjntka`. Dabbawk`f jenrt wkbb ml usldub wekbl slbljtk`f rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` tlje`kqul dar n`y prailjt9 Wlje`kqul

Nppbkjnmkbkty

Ngvn`tnfls

K`tlrvklwk`f & K` jnsl ad Faag qulstka``nkrl bnrfl fraup ad u`glrstn`gk`f uslrs nvnkbnmbl n`g mlttlr ja`jbuska` jn` ml grnw`

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Gksngvn`tnfl Wkcl ja`suck`f Zacltkcls bat ad jenas

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ]lqukrlcl`t waroseap

Wek`fs nrl àt Vlbb gldk`lg jblnr. \slrs fraup nrl àt a` Blss tkcl sncl pbntdarc ja`suck`f

Mknslg apk`ka` ( glpl`gs upa` fraup slbljtlg dar waroseap)

Mrnk`starck`f Bnrfl ùcmlr Carl n`nbysks, Zacltkcl n`g kgln ad plapbl ( lvnbuntka` ad jn`àt jacl ta rlgujtka` carl ten` ><) ja`jlpts n`y ja`jbuska` Ztarymanrgs Ztarymanr gs

K` jnsl ad Ckjra blvlb Zacltkcls kt clgkuc n`nbysks ad jn` fa nwny ùcmlr ad lnje kgln drac sumiljt. plapbl nvnkbnmbl wkte dlw kglns

Xratatypk`f

K` jnsl ad pragujt glvlbapcl`t, ja`jlpt glvlbapcl`t n`g nppranje glvlbapcl`t

Elbps k` tnok`f Zacltkcls dllgmnjo drac tkcl uslrs. ja`suck`f @a lddart bass ndtlr glvlbapk`f pragujt >st nppranje9 Glvlbap pragujt

wkte

‒jrktkjnb– pak`ts

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts n`g gksjuss wkte uslr =`g nppranje9 Glvlbap sjrll`s n`g gksjuss wkte uslr ta u`glrstn`g uslr tnstl

Gurk`f tel rlqukrlcl`ts lbkjktntka` prajlss, usk`f n`y ad tel tlje`kquls cl`tka`lg nmavl, tel musk`lss n`nbyst tlnc kgl`tkdkls tel dlnturls ar du`jtka`s ad tel systlc n`g tel sjl`nrkas ad usnfl. Nt teks stnfl, tel caglbk`f ad rlqukrlcl`ts jn` ml stnrtlg, caglbk`f rldlrs ta tel jrlntka` ad caglb gknfrncs. Nt teks stnfl, a`by k`ktknb caglb ks jrlntlg bkol usl jnsl caglb. \sl jnsl gknfrncs nrl tel cast mnskj darc ad caglbk`f. Atelr caglb gknfrncs nrl jrlntlg k` tel rlqukrlcl`t n`nbysks pensl, wekje wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss k` tel `lxt jenptlr. Du`jtka`s/dlnturls nrl tel oly lxpljtntka`s drac tel systlc, welrlns sjl`nrkas glsjrkml tel usnfl ad lnje du`jtka`/dlnturl. N dlnturl jn` envl cubtkpbl nssajkntlg sjl`nrkas. N sjl`nrka ks ‒ N N `nrrntkvl `nrrntkvl glsjrkptka` ad went plapbl ga n`g lxplrkl`jl ns tely try ta cnol usl ad jacputlr systlcs n`g nppbkjntka`s –

_C. Jnrrab, Zjl`nrka-mnslg Glskf`, Vkbly, >;;
N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts N sjl`nrka k`jbugls tel dabbawk`f9 •

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Zujjlss sjl`nrka ar @arcnb @arcnb dbaw ad lvl`ts lvl`ts k` tel sjl`nrka Lxjlptka`s ta tel àrcnb dbaw ad lvl`ts K`darcntka` nmaut ja`jurrl`t ja`jurrl`t njtkvktkls N glsjrkptka` glsjrkptka` ad tel systlc stntl nt tel l`g ad tel sjl`nrka

K` teks stlp, wl lxpn`g tel sjl`nrkas ta k`jbugl tel slrkls ad stlps ta jacpbltl tel sjl`nrka. Ztlp 79

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts JNZL ZW\G[ #> Blt‛s

tnol n jnsl stugy ta sll tel kgl`tkdkjntka` ad du`jtka`s n`g tel glsjrkptka` ad sjl`nrkas. Vl wkbb tnol tel rlqukrlcl`ts dar n Bkmrnry Cn`nflcl`t Cn`nflcl`t Zystlc. N Bkmrnry Cn`nflcl`t Zystlc ks n` nutacntlg sadtwnrl systlc k` n` k`stktutka`. Ztugl`ts n`g dnjubty nrl clcmlrs ad tel bkmrnry n`g envl ta ml rlfkstlrlg k` tel BCZ systlc ta nvnkb tel dnjkbkty. Wel bkmrnrkn` cn`nfls tel addbk`l n`g a`bk`l systlc. Maaos nrl ngglg/Lgktlg/Glbltlg ngglg/Lgktlg/Glbltlg k` tel bkmrnry my tel bkmrnrkn`. bk mrnrkn`. Wel maaos purjenslg my tel bkmrnrkn` nrl ad : typls ‚ Iaur`nbs, Cnfnzk`ls, Ztugy Ztu gy maaos. Lnje maao ks pbnjlg nt n spljkdklg bajntka`. bajnt ka`. Ztugl`ts n`g dnjubtkls nrl clcmlrs ad tel bkmrnry n`g tely nrl suppaslg ta pny n dlls dar flttk`f n maao drac tel bkmrnry. Vel` n clcmlr rlqulsts dar n maao, BCZ jeljos dar kts nvnkbnmkbkty n`g kd kt ks nvnkbnmbl, kt ks kssulg ta tel clcmlr. Vel` n maao ks kssulg, kt ks fkvl` dar n dkxlg plrkag n`g kd telrl ks n glbny k` rltur`k`f tel maao, n dlls ks dk`lg. Lvlry clcmlr ens n bkckt ad cnx ùcmlr ad maaos, tent jn` ml kssulg.

Wel dkrst stlp ks ta kgl`tkdy tel oly du`jtka`s ad teks systlc. Wel mlst wny ta kgl`tkdy tel oly du`jtka`s ks ta kgl`tkdy tel vlrms/njtka`s k` tel glsjrkptka`. [au jn` sll tent, telrl nrl dabbawk`f du`jtka`s cl`tka`lg k` tel glsjrkptka`9

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Kssul n maao Ngg n clcmlr Ngg/Lgkt/Glbltl n maao Xny dlls ]lqulst n maao

Welsl du`jtka`s nrl kgl`tkdklg k` tel > st ktlrntka`, wl jn` passkmby kgl`tkdy carl du`jtka`s gurk`f durtelr gksjusska`s wkte tel justaclr. Wel `lxt stlp ks ta dkfurl aut tel usnfl sjl`nrka dar lnje du`jtka` bkstlg nmavl. K` teks lxncpbl, blt‛s ga kt dar Kssul n maao du`jtka`. Vekje nrl tel gkddlrl`t sjl`nrkas nssajkntlg wkte teks du`jtka`1 Kssul n maao s jl`nrkas jl`nrkas •

Maao ks kssulg ta n clcmlr wel` kts nvnkbnmbl

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Maao ks àt nvnkbnmbl

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]lqulstk`f plrsa` ks àt n clcmlr

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Wel clcmlr ens rlnjelg tel bkckt ad maaos ta ml kssulg

Ns yau jn` cnol aut, telsl sjl`nrkas nrl gkddlrl`t sktuntka`s, wekje nrksl, wekbl kssuk`f tel maao. A`jl wl envl kgl`tkdklg tel sjl`nrkas, kt ks lxpn`glg durtelr ta kgl`tkdy tel stlps dar lnje ad telsl sjl`nrkas. Zjl`nrka Zjl`nrka >9 Zujjlss Zujjlss sjl`nrka sjl`nrka Maao ks kssulg ta tel rlqulstlr

>. Wel stugl`t/dnjubty stugl`t/dnjubty cnols n` l`qukry nmaut n maao =. Wel bkmrnrkn` jeljos tel nvnkbnmkbkty nvnkbnmkbkty ad maao. :. Kd tel maao ks nvnkbnmbl, nvnkbnmbl, tel bkmrnrkn` jeljos jeljos kd tel rlqulstk`f rlqulstk`f clcmlr clcmlr ks n clcmlr ad tel BCZ systlc. 7< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts 7. Kd tel rlqulstlr ks n clcmlr, tel tel bkmrnrkn` wkbb jeljo jeljo tel bkckt ad maaos maaos dar teks clcmlr. <. Kd tel bkckt ks àt jrasslg, tel bkmrnrkn` bkmrnrkn` wkbb kssul tel maao ta tel tel clcmlr. 4. Wel bkmrnrkn` wkbb ngg tel gntl ad kssul, kssul, gul gntl n`g clcmlrsekp clcmlrsekp kg ad tel clcmlr, ta weac tel maao ks kssulg. 6. Wel maao stntus ks upgntlg. 5. Wel clcmlr rljarg ks upgntlg.

Zjl`nrka Zjl`nrka =9 Nbtlr`ntl sjl`nrkas sjl`nrkas Maao ks àt nvnkbnmbl

K` jnsl tel maao ks àt nvnkbnmbl, tel clcmlr ks k`darclg n`g à durtelr njtka` ks `llglg.

Zjl`nrka Zjl`nrka :9 Nbtlr`ntl sjl`nrkas sjl`nrkas Maao ks nvnkbnmbl mut rlqulstlr ks àt n clcmlr

>. K` jnsl ad clcmlr clcmlr àt rlfkstlrlg wkte wkte tel BCZ, tel bkmrnrkn` wkbb nso dar rlqukrlg gltnkbs n`g kgl`tkdkjntka` =. Wel bkmrnrkn` wkbb ngg ngg tel clcmlr clcmlr k` tel BCZ systlc my l`tlrk`f clcmlr gntn :. A`jl tel rlfkstrntka` ks ks ga`l, stlp 7 ad tel cnk` dbaw wkbb stnrt. Za k` tel rlqukrlcl`ts lbkjktntka` pensl, wl envl warolg a` dk`gk`f tel rkfet wny ta k`tlrnjt wkte tel justaclr n`g flt tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Zumslqul`t ta tent, wl warolg a` kgl`tkdyk`f tel du`jtka`s n`g tel sjl`nrkas. K` tel `lxt jenptlr, wl nrl fak`f ta baao nt rlqukrlcl`t n`nbysks. 74 | X n f l


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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X]NJWKJL NZZKF@CL@W Xrailjt Glsjrkptka`

Weks sadtwnrl systlc ks ta ml glskf`lg ta nbbaw pnssl`flrs ta jeljo k` n`g flt tel manrgk`f pnss dar dbyk`f. Wel mnffnfl jn` nbsa ml jeljolg-k`, wekje ks aptka`nb. Wel jeljo-k` jn` enppl` my tel jau`tlr jblro ar my tel pnssl`flr usk`f okaso. Wel systlc seaubg nbbaw k`gkvkgunbs ns wlbb ns fraup ad pnssl`flrs ta jeljok` teraufe tel systlc. Wel manrgk`f pnss jn` ml kssulg teraufe teks systlc. Xnssl`flrs mlbaw 7 yrs `llg àt envl tkjolts. Wel nkrpart nbsa nbbaws ta pravkska` dar tel spljknb `llgs ad pnssl`flrs pnssl`flrs bkol wellbjenkr ltj. Wel systlc seaubg nbsa ml nmbl ta jnpturl tel dnjt tent tel mnffnfl dar n pnssl`flr ks sjrll`lg my sljurkty. Nssk Ns sk f` cl` t Wnso W nso s

Weks prailjt wkbb ml tnol` ns n dubb prailjt n`g wkbb ml lxljutlg l`g-ta-l`g. K` teks jenptlr, yau nrl lxpljtlg ta jacpbltl tel dabbawk`f9 n) Kgl`tkdy nbb tel oly du`jtka`s/dlnturls du`jtka`s/dlnturls dar teks prailjt m) Kgl`tkdy n`g n`g glsjrkml glsjrkml nbb nbb tel sjl`nrkas sjl`nrkas

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Jenptlr :

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts : . ] lq l q u k r l c l ` t N ` n b y s k s n ` g Ca Ca g l b k ` f

K` tel prlvkaus jenptlr, wl gksjusslg nmaut tel rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` tlje`kquls. A`jl tel rlqukrlcl`t fntelrk`f prajlss stnrts, kts amiljtkvl ks ta fntelr n gltnkblg, k`-glpte n`g jarrljt u`glrstn`gk`f ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Gurk`f tel rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` prajlss, ns gksjusslg k` tel prlvkaus jenptlr, caglbk`f pbnys n` kcpartn`t rabl. Caglbk`f ks a`l ad tel cast usldub tlje`kquls ta mlttlr u`glrstn`g tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Caglbk`f elbps tel justaclr ns wlbb ns tel tlje`kjnb tlnc ta ml nbkf`lg lvl` kd tely splno gkddlrl`t bn`funfl b n`funfls. s.

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ]L^\K]LCL@W N@NB[ZKZ

]lqukrlcl`t n`nbysks ks tel slja`g stlp ad rlqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t. K` teks pensl, yau nrl lxpljtlg ta mrlno gaw` tel rlqukrlcl`ts k`ta carl gltnkblg rlqukrlcl`ts. Wel rlqukrlcl`ts n`nbysks tlje`kquls cny gkddlr mnslg a` tel nppranje tnol`, ns gksjusslg lnrbklr, telrl nrl twa nppranjels9 •

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Amiljt Arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g Glskf` (AANG) Ztrujturlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` (ZNG)

Vl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss rlqukrlcl`ts n`nbysks n`nbysks k` jenptlr 4 usk`f AANG n`g \CB. Vl nrl nbsa fak`f ta pravkgl n sljtka` a` ZNG dar yaur rldlrl`jl a`by.

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ]L^\K]LCL@WZ CAGLBK@F

Welrl jaubg ml cubtkpbl wnys ad caglbk`f n systlc, twa ad tel cast papubnr clteags nrl9 Xratatypk`f \CB Caglbk`f

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K` teks jenptlr, wl nrl fak`f ta fkvl yau n mrkld avlrvklw ad pratatypk`f ns n caglbk`f taab, \CB caglbk`f ens mll` gksjusslg k` jenptlr 4 nt bl`fte. Xratatypk`f ks n pawlrdub wny ad u`glrstn`gk`f tel justaclr lxpljtntka`s mldarl wrktk`f lvl` n sk`fbl bk`l ad jagl. N pratatypl ks nbsa rldlrrlg ta ns "Vkrldrncls". Kt ks àtek`f mut n gknfrnccntkj rlprlsl`tntka` ad tel prapaslg sadtwnrl sabutka` wkteaut n`y jagk`f (ar ck`kcnb ck `kcnb jagk`f). Xratatypk`f caglb prapasls ta usl pratatypls ad tel sadtwnrl systlc ta lbkck`ntl nbb tel kssuls rlbntlg ta justaclr rlqukrlcl`ts. Xurpasl ad n pratatypl ks ta fkvl tel justaclrs n dllb ad tel systlc lnrby k` tel glvlbapcl`t bkdljyjbl sa tent sadtwnrl vl`gar jn` u`glrstn`g tel justaclr lxpljtntka`s jacpbltlby lbkck`ntk`f nbb rlqukrlcl`ts rlbntlg gldljts. Vekbl k` tel rlqukrlcl`ts pensl, pratatypk`f ar rnpkg pratatypk`f jn` tnol cn`y gkddlrl`t darcs. Wel cnk` purpasl ks ta qukjoby ja`strujt n pratatypl ad tel systlc n`g usl kt ta njqukrl justaclr/uslrs‛ dllgmnjo.

Wel skcpblst pratatypl jaubg ml n slt ad grnwk`fs tent kbbustrntl tel uslr k`tlrdnjls ad tel duturl systlc. Wel cast sapekstkjntlg sapekstkjntlg pratatypl jaubg ml n pnrtknbby kcpblcl`tlg systlc tent tel uslrs jn` lxplrkcl`t wkte ta fnk` en`gs-a` lxplrkl`jl. Wel cast jacca`by sll` pratatypl ks a`l tent tel tlnc jn` glca`strntl tel du`jtka`nbkty n`g uslr k`tlrdnjls ad tel systlc ta tel justaclr ar l`g uslrs. Vekje typl ad pratatypl ta usl ks n` nppbkjntka` glpl`gl`t kssul1 Dar k`stn`jl, nppbkjntka`s tent nrl castby ja`jlr`lg wkte <: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts cksska` jrktkjnb aplrntka`s waubg ml`ldkt drac pratatypls tent glca`strntl tel du`jtka`nbkty n`g mlenvkar. Nppbkjntka`s tent nrl l`g uslr arkl`tlg waubg ml`ldkt drac pratatypls tent glca`strntl tel uslr k`tlrdnjls. Wypls ad pratatypls

Welrl nrl twa cniar typls ad pratatypls- Werawnwny n`g Lvabutka`nry Xratatypl.

Werawnwny Xratatypk`f

Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, telsl pratatypls nrl à`-rlusnmbl pratatypls. A`jl tel ad tel pratatypls ks njeklvlg, tel pratatypl ks gksjnrglg. Kt k`vabvls jrlntk`f n warok`f purpasl caglb ad tel systlc wkte `nvkfntka`nb nkg. Wel clteag uslg k` mukbgk`f kt, ks usunbby quktl k`darcnb. Wel caglb tel` mljacls tel stnrtk`f pak`t drac wekje uslrs jn` rl-lxnck`l telkr lxpljtntka`s n`g jbnrkdy telkr rlqukrlcl`ts. Vel` teks ens mll` njeklvlg, njeklvlg, tel pratatypl caglb ks 'Weraw` nwny', n`g tel systlc ks darcnbby glvlbaplg mnslg a` tel kgl`tkdklg rlqukrlcl`ts. rlqukrlcl`ts.

Lvabutka`nry Lvabutka`nry pratatypk`f

Lvabutka`nry Xratatypk`f (nbsa oàw` ns mrlngmanrg pratatypk`f) ks vlry gkddlrl`t drac tel terawnwny pratatypk`f. Xrkcnry purpasl ad teks caglb ks ta mukbg n vlry ramust pratatypl k` n strujturlg cn``lr sa tent kt jn` darc tel dau`gntka` dar duturl glvlbapcl`t. Wel pratatypl ks àt teraw` nwny bkol tel ―Werawnwny Xratatypls‛. <7 | X n f l


Jenptlr 7

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<4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts 7 . ] lq l q u k r l c l` l ` t Z p l j k d k j n t k a ` s & T nb nb k g n t k a `

Vl gksjusslg rlqukrlcl`t n`nbysks n`g caglbk`f k` tel prlvkaus jenptlr. Wel `lxt pensl k` rlqukrlcl`t glvlbapcl`t ks tel ]lqukrlcl`t spljkdkjntka`. ]L^\K]LCL@W ZXLJKDKJNWKA@Z

K` cast ad tel ZGBJ clteagabafkls, yau, ns n musk`lss n`nbyst, nrl lxpljtlg ta glvlbap n gltnkblg gajucl`t jnpturk`f jacpbltl rlqukrlcl`ts. Xurpasl ad teks gajucl`t ks ta jrlntl n rldlrl`jl pak`t dar durtelr glvlbapcl`t n`g njjlptn`jl. Wel gajucl`t, wekje jnpturls tel gltnkblg rlqukrlcl`ts, ks rldlrrlg ta ns Du`jtka`nb Zpljkdkjntka` Gajucl`t (DZG) ar Zystlc ]lqukrlcl`ts spljkdkjntka`s (Z]Z). Vl nrl fak`f ta rldlr ta teks gajucl`t ns Z]Z, k` teks maao, drac elrl a`wnrgs. N` Z]Z ks •

N gajucl`t gajucl`t tent jblnrby n`g prljkslby glsjrkmls, lnje ad tel lssl`tknb rlqukrlcl`ts ad tel sadtwnrl n`g tel lxtlr`nb k`tlrdnjls. ‚

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(du`jtka`s, plrdarcn`jl, glskf` ja`strnk`t, n`g qunbkty nttrkmutls)

Lnje rlqukrlcl`t rlqukrlcl`t ks gldk`lg gldk`lg k` suje suje n wny tent kts njeklvlcl`t ks jnpnmbl ad mlk`f amiljtkvlby vlrkdklg my n prlsjrkmlg clteag? dar lxncpbl k`spljtka`, glca`strntka`, glca`strntka`, n`nbysks, ar tlst.

Za, went gals n typkjnb Z]Z gajucl`t ja`tnk`1

<6 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts DA]CNW AD Z]Z

Zystlc ]lqukrlcl`ts spljkdkjntka` gajucl`t ks n jacprlel`skvl gajucl`t n`g ja`tnk`s gltnkblg k`darcntka` a` vnrkaus nspljts ad prailjt k`jbugk`f rlqukrlcl`ts. Lvl` teaufe , tel Z]Z darcnts d arcnts vnry njrass arfn`kzntka`s, wl nrl prlsl`tk`f tel cast jacca` darcnt k` teks maao. Blt‛s baao nt tel ja`tl`ts ad n typkjnb

Z]Z gajucl`t9 ▩

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Amiljtkvls9 Weks

sljtka` seaubg cl`tka` tel amiljtkvl ad jrlntk`f tel gajucl`t nba`f wkte tel mrkld glsjrkptka` ad gajucl`t ja`tl`ts. Zjapl9 Weks sljtka` seaubg cl`tka` tel sjapl ad tel waro k` tlrcs ad glvlbapcl`t sjapl, plrdarcn`jl sjapl n`g usnmkbkty sjapl. Weks sljtka` seaubg nbsa ja`tnk` n`y tkclbk`l ja`strnk`ts, kd telrl nrl n`y. Lxjbuska`s drac tel sjapl9 Weks sljtka` seaubg cl`tka` lvlrytek`f wekje ks àt pnrt ad tel sjapl. Weks ks n` kcpartn`t sljtka`. Dar lxncpbl, k` sacl jnsls, tel \K glskf` ks àt k`jbuglg k` tel sjapl ad waro. Kt cny ml ga`l my tel justaclr glskf` tlnc ar kt‛s nbrlngy rlngy.

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Gurk`f tel rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` pensl, yau wkbb ml k`tlrnjtk`f wkte tel justaclr tlnc n`g nbb tel kssuls wkbb ollp flttk`f rlsabvlg. Eawlvlr, nt tel ja`jbuska` ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts pensl n`g tel dk`nbkzntka` ad teks gajucl`t, telrl jaubg stkbb ml sacl kssuls, wekje wkbb rlcnk` autstn`gk`f. Welsl autstn`gk`f kssuls wkbb ml cl`tka`lg k` teks sljtka` k` tel dabbawk`f darcnt9

Autstn`gk`f Autstn`gk`f kssuls9

Autstn`gk`f Kssul

]lspa`s ]lspa`s kmk bkt y

Lxpljtlg Lxpljtlg gntl

Wel EK@FW rlpart ]amlrt Tnfe, darcnt wns ta ml Cn`nflr

<5 | X n f l

KW ><-Npr->4

jbas url

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts dk`nbkzlg my tel JLA n`g ta ml sl`t ta us

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Weks sljtka` seaubg bkst gaw` nbb tel nssucptka`s n`g ja`strnk`ts dar tel prailjt. Npp Np p ra vnb s 9 Weks sljtka` seaubg pravkgl nbb tel lxpljtntka`s ad tel stnoleabglrs k` tlrcs ad nppravnbs ad tel vnrkaus nrtkdnjts rlbntk`f ta tel prailjt. Wel sufflstlg darcnt ad tel prailjt ks ns dabbaws9 Nss Ns s uc pt k a` s n`g ja`s ja `s t r nk` t s 9

]abl

@ncl

& Zkf`nturl

Gntl

Glskf`ntka`

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Weks sljtka` pravkgls tel avlrvklw ad tel systlc. Weks glsjrkptka` jn` ml pravkglg k` tel darc ad mbajo blvlb gknfrncs ar ja`tlxt gknfrncs ltj. [au jn` nbsa k`jbugl n systlc blvlb dbaw gknfrnc k` teks sljtka`. Jacpa`l`ts n`g sum-jacpa`l`ts glsjrkptka`9 Weks sljtka` seaubg pravkgl gltnkbs ad tel sum-cagubls ad tel systlc, kd nppbkjnmbl. Za n` ljacclrjl systlc ckfet envl sum-systlcs bkol uslr cagubl, pragujt cagubl ltj. [au jn` k`jbugl dbaw jenrts ar njtkvkty gknfrnc dar tel sumcagubls. Zystlc Zystlc glsjrkptka` 9

<; | X n f l


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Weks sljtka` ks passkmby tel ba`flst sljtka` ad tel gajucl`t, welrl lnje n`g lvlry dlnturl ad tel systlc wkbb ml glsjrkmlg k` gltnkbs. K` sacl jnsls, yau ckfet nbsa envl njjacpn`yk`f njjacpn`yk`f sjrll`s dar lnje dlnturl. Njj Nj j lpt n`j l Jrkt Jrk t lrk n9 Weks sljtka` seaubg ja`tnk` tel njjlptn`jl jrktlrkn drac justaclr vklwpak`t. Njjlptn`jl jrktlrkn cust ml spljkdkj n`g clnsurnmbl sa tent tely jn` dubdkbblg gurk`f tel kcpblcl`tntka` tkcl. Dlnturls Dlnturls glsjrk glsjrk ptk a`9

Kt waubg ml plrtk`l`t ta prlsl`t n sncpbl Z]Z gajucl`t dar rldlrl`jl purpasl, sa tent yau flt n faag kgln ad tel njtunb ja`tl`t k` n` Z]Z gajucl`t. [au jn` dk`g n skcpbl Z]Z gajucl`t nt tel l`g teks jenptlr.

48 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ] L ^ \ K ] LC LC L @ W T N B K G N W K A @ Weks sljtka` jaubg envl mll` `nclg ns ‒]lqukrlcl`ts vlr kdkjntka`

n`g

vnbkgntka`– ns wlbb. Eawlvlr, wl prldlrrlg ta `ncl kt ns ‒]lqukrlcl`t Tnbkgntka`– ta ollp tel amiljtkvl ad tel sljtka` amvkaus. Tlrkdkjntka` n`g

vnbkgntka` nrl twa gkddlrl`t tek`fs. Kt‛s passkmbl ta envl n` Z]Z gajucl`t wekje ks plrdljtby wlb b

gajucl`tlg

n`g vlrkdklg ylt jacpbltlby uslblss1 Went‛s tel rlnsa`, K wn`tlg ta strlss upa` tel tlrc vnbkgntka` n`g tent‛s wey tel `nck`f dar teks sljtka`.

Xurpasl ad rlqukrlcl`t vlrkdkjntka` ks stntlg mlbaw caglbs cllt tel `ljlssnry stn`gnrg ad qunbkty ta nbbaw telc ta ml uslg lddljtkvl by ta fukgl durtelr waro.– ‒L`surl tent rlqukrlcl`ts spljkdkjntka`s n`g

]lqukrlcl`t vlrkdkjntka` prajlss ks ja`jlr`lg nmaut cnok`f surl tent rlqukrlcl`ts cntje n fkvl` slt ad jeljobkst ktlcs ar stn`gnrgs. Weks k`jbugls vlrkdyk`f tent tel Z]Z gajucl`t dabbaws gajucl`tntka` stn`gnrg ar tent tel gajucl`t ja`tnk`s nbb tel sljtka`s ad tel Z]Z ltj. \`dartu`ntlby, vlrkdkjntka` gals àt dajus a` jeljok`f weltelr tel rlqukrlcl`t ks dlnskmbl ar àt1 Za wl ckfet l`g up wkte n sktuntka`, welrl tel Z]Z cny ja`tnk` vlrkdklg rlqukrlcl`ts mut à`-kcpblcl`tnmbl rlqukrlcl`ts. Kt gals àt cln` tent rlqukrlcl`t vlrkdkjntka` ks n à`kcpartn`t pnrt ad ZGBJ, eawlvlr ta fnk` tel cnxkcuc ml`ldkt, wl cust usl vnbkgntka` ns n jacpbkcl`tnry prajlss ta rlqukrlcl`ts vlrkdkjntka`. Tnbkgntka` ks n carl k`vabvlg prajlss dar tel musk`lss n`nbysts n`g tel purpasl ad vnbkgntka` ks ta l`surl tent tel rlqukrlcl`ts cl`tka`lg k` tel Z]Z gajucl`t nrl9 •

Jacpbltl 4> | X n f l


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Ja`skstl`t Dlnskmbl Cagkdknmbl \`ncmkfuaus Wlstnmbl

Jacpbltl

Wel rlqukrlcl`ts cust ml jacpbltl, went ks tel cln`k`f ad jacpbltl`lss1 jacpbltl`lss1 Kt cln`s tent nbb tel rlqukrlg k`darcntka` ta kcpblcl`t ( rlng Jagl) tel rlqukrlcl`t ks nvnkbnmbl. Welrl ks à `llg ta nssucl n`ytek`f k` arglr ta kcpblcl`t tel sncl. A`l ad tel kcpartn`t nspljts ad jacpbltl`lss ks ta nbsa envl clnsurk`f u`kts, kd nppbkjnmbl. K` jnsl ad n` lrrar, tel systlc cust lxkt frnjldubby.

K nc surl, cn`y ad yau cust envl sll` teks rlqukrlcl`t mldarl. Weks ks n` k`jacpbltl rlqukrlcl`t, rlqukrlcl`t, kt gals àt pravkgl nbb tel k`darcntka` `llglg ta kcpblcl`t tel lxkt, k` jnsl ad lrrar. N jacpbltl rlqukrlcl`t waubg ml ns dabbaws9 K` jnsl ad n` lrrar, tel systlc cust seaw n` lrrar pnfl ta tel uslrs wkte tel dabbawk`f clssnfl9 clssnfl9 Aaps! Vl envl l`jau`tlrlg sacl lrrar n`g warok`f a` kt. K` tel wekbl yau jn` fa ta tel eacl pnfl n`g try atelr aptka`s ar wrktl ta us nmaut went wlrl yau gak`f, sa tent wl jn` elbp. Aur lcnkb kg ks suppartHnmj.jac

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N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ja`skstl`t

Ja`skstl`jy ks n` kcpartn`t nspljt ad rlqukrlcl`ts. Kt cln`s tent nbb k`puts ta n`y prajlss, cust ml prajlsslg skckbnrby. Kt seaubg àt enppl` tent prajlssls pragujl gkddlrl`t autputs dar k`puts jack`f drac gkddlrl`t saurjls. Ja`skstl`t rlqukrlcl`ts nbsa cln` tent yau wkbb àt dk`g n ja`trngkjtk`f k`darcntka` k` tel Z]Z gajucl`t. Blt‛s baao nt telsl rlqukrlcl`ts9

]lq>9 Wel k`vakjls wkbb ml fl`lrntlg n`g sl`t nutacntkjnbby mnslg a` tel ckblsta`ls njeklvlg wkte n japy ta tel njjau`ts glpnrtcl`t

]lq=9 Wel njjau`ts glpnrtcl`t wkbb fl`lrntl tel k`vakjl mnslg a` ckblsta`ls njeklvlg n`g wkbb sl`g kt ta tel justaclr.

Wel rlqukrlcl`ts cl`tka`lg nmavl nrl àt ja`skstl`t ns tely nrl prlsl`tk`f ja`trngkjtary k`darcntka`. Dlnskmbl

Weks ks a`l ad tel jrujknb jenrnjtlrkstkjs ad lvlry rlqukrlcl`ts. Nbb tel rlqukrlcl`ts k`jbuglg k` tel Z]Z cust ml dlnskmbl ta kcpblcl`t. Dar n rlqukrlcl`t ta ml dlnskmbl, kt cust ml9 •

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Kcpblcl`tnmbl wktek` tel fkvl` tkcldrncl n`g mugflt Kcpblcl`tnmbl usk`f tel lxkstk`f n`g jeasl` tljeàbafy pbntdarc N dlnturl, wekje wkbb ml uslg my tel l`g uslrs

Blt‛s baao nt sacl ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts mlbaw9

Wel glvlbaplg sadtwnrl cust ml rlbknmbl n`g seaubg àt jrnse. Wel glvlbaplg sadtwnrl cust ml drll ad gldljts.

4: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Mate tel nmavl rlqukrlcl`ts nrl àt dlnskmbl. Welrl ks à sadtwnrl wekje ks drll ad gldljts k` nmsabutl tlrcs. Cagkdknmbl

Wel rlqukrlcl`ts cust ml cagkdknmbl. K` tel caglr` sadtwnrl prailjts, rlqukrlcl`ts nrl `lvlr stntkj n`g ga`‛t stap jack`f ndtlr tel Z]Z gajucl`t

tel rlqukrlcl`ts ar nggk`f `lw rlqukrlcl`ts ns wl nbsa `llg ta baao nt musk`lss `llgs. ks skf`lg skf`lg add.

Vl jn`‛t lxpljt tel justaclrs ta stap stap nbtlrk`f

Za tel mlst wny ta cn`nfl tel rlqukrlcl`ts ks ta cn`nfl telsl jen`fls. K` arglr ta ga sa, wl cust envl n` Z]Z, wekje jblnrby kgl`tkdkls lnje n`g lvlry rlqukrlcl`t k` n systlcntkj cn``lr. K` jnsl ad n`y jen`fls, tel spljkdkj rlqukrlcl`ts n`g tel glpl`gl`t glpl`gl`t a`ls jn` ml cagkdklg njjargk`fby njjargk`fby wkteaut kcpnjtk`f tel atelrs. \`ncmkfuaus

\`ncmkfuaus cln`s n sk`fbl k`tlrprltntka`. Kd n rlqukrlcl`t ks gldk`lg k` suje n cn``lr tent kt jn` a`by ml k`tlrprltlg k` a`l wny, kt cln`s tent tel rlqukrlcl`t ks u`ncmkfuaus. Nbb sumiljtkvl wargs ar stntlcl`ts cust ml lbkck`ntlg drac tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Blt‛s baao nt teks rlqukrlcl`t9 Nbb tel sjrll`s k` tel systlc systlc cust bang qukjoby.

Ga yau tekò, teks stntlcl`t ks jblnr1 Jlrtnk`by àt. @atek`f jn` ml kcpblcl`tlg drac tel warg ‒qukjoby–. Kt cust spljkdy jblnrby went ks tel cln`k`f ad ‒qukjoby–. N mlttlr vlrska` ad teks rlqukrlcl`t waubg ml9 Nbb tel sjrll`s k` tel systlc systlc cust bang wktek` 5 slja`gs.

47 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Wlstnmbl

N tlstnmbl rlqukrlcl`t jn` ml gldk`lg ns n rlqukrlcl`t, wekje jn` ml tlstlg n`g vnbkgntlg usk`f n`y ad tel dabbawk`f clteags9

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K`spljtka` Vnboteraufe Glca`strntka` Wlstk`f

K` teks cn``lr, kt ks passkmbl ta l`surl tent tel rlqukrlcl`t ens mll` kcpblcl`tlg jarrljtby. Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl n`g lxnck`l kd kt ks tlstnmbl9 Wel systlc cust ml uslr-drkl`gby.

Kd teks ks nbbawlg ta ml pnrt ad tel dk`nb Z]Z gajucl`t, eaw wkbb yau vnbkgntl tel systlc nfnk`st teks rlqukrlcl`t, ns kt ks àt tlstnmbl. Za n mlttlr lxncpbl waubg ml9 Wel uslr k`tlrdnjl seaubg ml clù grkvl`, wekje wkbb ml a` tel tap ad tel wlmsktl nba`f wkte tel sktl k`glx. N taab tkp dar nbb tel tlxt maxls cust ml pravkglg.

K` teks sljtka`, wl baaolg nt tel rlqukrlcl`ts vnbkgntka`. ]lqukrlcl`ts vnbkgntka` ks tel bnst pnrt ad tel rlqukrlcl`t glvlbapcl`t pensl. Vkte teks, wl ja`jbugl tel rlqukrlcl`t glvlbapcl`t pensl ad tel ZGBJ prajlss. Eawlvlr, rlqukrlcl`ts gals àt rlcnk` stntkj, kt fals teraufe cubtkpbl jen`fls lvl` ndtlr tel skf`k`f add tel Z]Z, sa kt‛s kcpartn`t ta nbsa envl n cljen`ksc ta glnb wkte tel jen`fls ta tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Went, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss k` tel `lxt jenptlr. Eawlvlr, pblnsl àtl tent NFKBL clteagabafy, ns gksjusslg prlvkausby k` teks maao, gals àt envl gltnkblg gajucl`tntka` pensls sa tel rlqukrlcl`ts 4< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts cn`nflcl`t dar NFKBL clteagabafkls nrl jacpbltlby k`bk`l n`g enppl`s ns n`g wel` tely jacl.

44 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X ] N J W K J L N Z Z K F @ C L @ WZ WZ

K` telsl nsskf`cl`ts, yau nrl rlqukrlg ta vnbkgntl tel fkvl` rlqukrlcl`ts n`g stntl went nrl tel kssuls wkte telsl. ]lquk ]lquk rlcl`t >

Wel nblrt systlc, wekje `llgs ta ml glvlbaplg, ks lxpljtlg ta pravkgl stntus clssnfls nt rlfubnr k`tlrvnbs, wekje ks àt blss ten` lvlry 48 slja`gs. ]lquk ]lquk rlcl`t =

Wel rlstnurn`t mkbbk`f systlc wkbb pravkgl gksjau`t ta tel justaclrs mnslg a` n cnstlr jarparntl gksjau`t gksjau`t bkst. ]lquk ]lquk rlcl`t :

Wel pnsswarg seaubg ml l`jryptlg dar sljurkty rlnsa`s. ]lquk ]lquk rlcl`t 7

Wel glvlbaplg Zadtwnrl cust ml jnpnmbl ad ru``k`f a` n`y mrawslr. ]lquk ]lquk rlcl`t <

Wel sadtwnrl cust envl n pravkska` ad cnxkckzk`f tel bafk` nttlcpts. Ndtlr : ja`sljutkvl u`sujjlssdub u`sujjlssdub bafk` nttlcpts, tel gntnmnsl sjrkpt cust bajo tel uslr aut ad tel systlc.

46 | X n f l


45 | X n f l


Zncpbl Z]Z

4; | X n f l


68 | X n f l


Amiljtkvls Weks gajucl`t pravkgls tel gltnkblg rlqukrlcl`t spljkdkjntka` ad tel Zlck`nr sadtwnrl. Wel sadtwnrl wkbb ml glvlbaplg glvlbaplg dar Nrktn @arn K`j. Wel purpasl ad tel sadtwnrl ks ta n`àu`jl tel gntls dar n slck`nr ns wlbb ns jnpturl tel gltnkbs ad tel pnrtkjkpn`ts.

Zjapl Nrktn @arn K`j ks n` lgujntka` pravkglr n`g pravkgls trnk`k`f ta O>= stugl`ts. Kt ks baaok`f ta glvlbap n` a`bk`l jaursl glbkvlry n`g tlstk`f pbntdarc. Wel sjapl ad waro dar aur jacpn`y ks ta u`glrstn`g tel rlqukrlcl`ts (ta ml gajucl`tlg k` teks gajucl`t), glvlbap n`g glbkvlr tel sabutka` wktek` tel gldk`lg tkclbk`ls.

Autstn`gk`f Kssuls @a autstn`gk`f kssuls.

Nssucptka`s, Ja`strnk`ts n`g glpl`gl`jkls

6> | X n f l


•

•

Nrktn @arn tlnc wkbb ml nvnkbnmbl nvnkbnmbl dar pravkgk`f pravkgk`f us tel gltnkblg rlqukrlcl`ts Wely wkbb nbsa ml nppravk`f/pravkgk`f nppravk`f/pravkgk`f k`puts ns ns plr plr tel tel tkclbk`ls tkclbk`ls ta tel Z]Z gajucl`t ns wlbb ns atelr gajucl`ts welrl telkr nppravnb ks `llglg.

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6= | X n f l

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Wel sadtwnrl jacprksls ad terll mnskj cagubls9 • • •

Ngck` Cagubl Cy Jaursl Cagubl A`bk`l Wlstk`f Cagubl

Ngc Ng c k ` Cag ub l9 Ngck` cagubl ks tel jarl cagubl wekje wkbb ml uslg

ta ja`dkfurl n`g slttk`f up tel systlc. Ngck` cagubl wkbb envl tel dabbawk`f d abbawk`f du`jtka`s/sjrll`s9 • • • • • •

\slr Cnstlr Jntlfary Cnstlr Zum-jntlfary Cnstlr ûlstka` Cnstlr Nsskf`cl`t Cnstlr Ja`tl`t Cnstlr

A`bk`l Wlstk`f Cagubl9 A`bk`l

tlstk`f cagubl wkbb pravkgl tel oly du`jtka`nbkty ad jeaask`f n`g npplnrk`f dar n tlst dar stugl`ts wea sumsjrkml n`g nrl nutearkzlg uslrs. Weks cagubl ks tel jaursl glbkvlry cagubl, welrl stugl`ts wkbb ml l`rabbk`f dar n jaursl n`g wkbb ml tnok`f tel jaursl. Lnje

Cy Jaursl Cagubl9

6: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts jaursl wkbb envl cubtkpbl cagubls n`g n` nsskf`cl`t ks ta t a ml jacpbltlg ndtlr jacpbltk`f lnje cagubl. Xrajlss Gknfrnc9 Jrlntl n prajlss jenrt n`g k`slrt Elrl

Dlnturls Glsjrkptka` Weks sljtka` wkbb ja`tnk` tel gltnkblg du`jtka`nb rlqukrlcl`ts dar lnje cagubl. Vl enjl jrlntlg a`l du`jtka`nbkty ta seawjnsl tel strujturl n`g gltnkbk`f ad lnje rlqukrlcl`t. [au nrl rlqukrlg ta jacpbltl kt dar nbb tel atelr du`jtka`s ns gksjusslg. gksjusslg.

\slr Cnstlr Xurpasl9 \slr cnstlr sjrll` wkbb ml uslg ta ngg n uslr k` tel systlc. Weks sjrll` wkbb ml jnbblg drac tel ‒Cnstlrs clù– n`g wkbb ml bkstlg ns ‒\slr Cnstlr–.

Glsjrkptka`9 •

Weks sjrll` wkbb ml njjlsskmbl njjlsskmbl ta tel systlc ngck`kstrntar a`by. 67 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Dklbg Dklbg K`darcntka `9 Dklbg`nc

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@a gkrljt autput ks lxpljtlg drac teks prajlss, eawlvlr jrlntka`/upgntka`/glbltka` ad n uslr wkbb gltlrck`l bafk` nmkbkty ad tel uslrs. Zadtw nrl/En nrl/Enrgw rgw nrl K`tlrdnjl

@a sadtwnrl k`tlrdnjl kgl`tkdklg. Gajucl`tntka`

N`y gltnkblg gajucl`tntka` gajucl`tntka`

@a`-Du`jtka`nb ]lqukrlcl`ts 6< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Xravkgl gltnkbs ad nbb tel qunbkty lxpljtntka`s bkol plrdarcn`jl ltj.

Enrgwnrl/Zadtwnrl ]lqukrlcl`ts Enrgwnrl ]lqukrlcl`ts 9 Xravkgl tel enrgwnrl rlqukrlcl`t nba`f wkte tel gntl Zadtwnrl ]lqukrlcl`ts9 pravkgl tel sadtwnrl rlqukrlcl`ts nba`f wkte tel gntls.

Njjlptn`jl Jrktlrkn Nbb rlqukrlcl`ts rlqukrlcl`ts kcpblcl`tlg wkbb ml u`kt-tlstlg dkrst. N tlst sjrkpt sjrkpt wkbb ml wrkttl` ns n fukgl ta dar tlstk`f mnsl du`jtka`nb du`jtka`nb jen`fls. jen`fls. Weks sjrkpt wkbb ml uslg dar systlc tlstk`f n`g \slr Njjlptn`jl Wlstk`f (\NW).

64 | X n f l


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66 | X n f l


65 | X n f l


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]lqukrlcl`t cn`nflcl`t ks n` ucmrlbbn prajlss dar cn`nfk`f tel jen`fls ta tel rlqukrlcl`ts n`g kt‛s n` kcpartn`t pnrt ad n`y ZGBJ

prajlss. Za, ns n Musk`lss N`nbyst pradlsska`nb ar n`y atelr pradlsska`nb k`vabvlg wkte tel sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t prajlss, yau cust njjlpt jen`fls ns pnrt ad tel prajlss n`g dk`g wnys ta en`gbl kt. K` teks jenptlr, wl nrl fak`f ta baao nt ]lqukrlcl`ts cn`nflcl`t, n prajlss dar cn`nfk`f jen`fl. ]lqukrlcl`ts cn`nflcl`t prajlss/pensl stnrts ndtlr tel rlqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t pensl ks avlr. Zk`jl rlqukrlcl`ts cn`nflcl`t ja`tkùls teraufeaut tel bkdljyjbl, wl nbsa jnbb kt n` ucmrlbbn prajlss.

Blt‛s envl n baao nt tel rlqukrlcl`t cn`nflc l`t prajlss9 •

Gldk`k`f tel rlqukrlcl`ts mnslbk`l

•

Zlttk`f up nssajkntka` mltwll` pensls

•

Wrnjok`f/Cn`nfk`f Wrnjok`f/Cn`nfk`f Jen`fls ta rlqukrlcl`ts

Blt‛s baao nt lnje ad

tel stlps ad rlqukrlcl`ts rlqukrlcl`ts cn`nflcl`t pensl9

6; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ] L ^ \ K ] LC LC L @ W Z M N Z L B K @ L

Mnslbk`l rldlrs ta n` nfrllg n`g skf`lg-add vlrska` ad n gajucl`t. Cnrok`f tel gajucl`t ns n mnslbk`l elbps k` cnk`tnk`k`f tel duturl jen`fls ns wlbb ns rlvlrtk`f mnjo ta tel prlvkaus vlrska`, k` jnsl sacltek`f fals wra`f. Lvlry gajucl`t cnk`tnk`s n jen`fl ekstary n`g typkjnbby, kt ks ns seaw` mlbaw9 ]lvkska` ]lvkska` ekstary Tlrska`

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Wel k`vakjk`f prajlss wns cagkdklg n`g nppravnb stlp wns ngglg dar k`vakjls nmavl >,88,888

Wel grndt vlrska` ad tel Zlck`nr sadtwnrl Z]Z

Ns yau jn` sll k` tel nmavl rlvkska` ekstary dar n gajucl`t, tel vlrska`/rlvkska` ekstary cnk`tnk`s tel gltnkbs ad tel jen`fls ta tel gajucl`t. Vl jn` vlry wlbb u`glrstn`g drac tel nmavl tnmbl, vlrska` >.> rlblnsl k`vabvlg n skcpbl jen`fl rlbntk`f ta tel nggktka` ad n stlp. Kd wl waubg bkol b kol ta rabb mnjo teks jen`fl, wl jn` lnskby ga tent n`g rlvlrt ta tel prlvkaus vlrska`. Nggktka`nbby, wl jn` envl gkddlrl`t japkls ad lnje vlrska` n`g usl tel vlrska`s ns `llglg. Elrl nbb vlrska`s k`gkjntl mnslbk`ls dar tel gajucl`t.

58 | X n f l


Ns yau jn` k`dlr, cnk`tnk`k`f mnslbk`ls elbp k` trnjok`f jen`fls ta tel gajucl`t. Vl nrl fak`f ta usl tel sncl tlje`kqul dar rlqukrlcl`ts. rlqukrlcl`ts. N Z Z A J K N W K A @ M L W V L L @ X E N Z L Z

]lqukrlcl`ts jnpturlg gurk`f tel rlqukrlcl`ts pensl fa teraufe glskf`, jagk`f n`g tlstk`f pensls . Kt‛s kcpartn`t drac n trnjlnmkbkty plrspljtkvl. K` jnsl ad n`y jen`fls ta ml plrdarclg k` n`y ad tel rlqukrlcl`ts, wl seaubg ml k` n pasktka` ta oàw tel rlbntka`sekp mltwll` nbb tel pensls, dar n`y rlqukrlcl`t. Vey ks teks kcpartn`t1 Weks ks kcpartn`t mljnusl kt elbps k` trnjk`f tel nddljtlg pnrts teraufeaut tel prailjt n`g nbsa k` dk`gk`f nbb tel rlbntlg pnrts ad tel rlqukrlcl`t. Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl ta u`glrstn`g tel trnjlnmkbkty nspljt. Lvlry wlm

nppbkjntka` k`vnrknmby ens n bafk` sjrll`. N` lxncpbl ad n bafk` sjrll` ks seaw` mlbaw9

Weks sjrll` gals àt envl n darflt pnsswarg dlnturl. @aw wel` tel justaclr pak`ts aut tel lrrar, tel glvlbapcl`t tlnc ens ta cnol tel jen`fls. Kd yau tekò kd kt, tel jen`fls `llg ta ml ga`l k` tel dabbawk`f nrtkdnjts9 5> | X n f l


Z]Z gajucl`t Glskf` gajucl`ts Wnmbls Jagl dar bafk` sjrll` Wlst jnsls

•

•

•

•

•

\`blss jarrlspa`gk`f jen`fls nrl cngl nt nbb ad telsl pbnjls, tel systlc nrtkdnjts wkbb ml k` n` k`ja`skstl`t stntl. Nàtelr kcpartn`t pnrt ta oàw ks ‚ welrl ga yau `llg ta cnol jen`fls1 Za k` aur lxncpbl, kd darfat pnsswarg dlnturl `llgs ta ml ngglg, tel amvkaus pnrt ks tent tel jen`fl wkbb enppl` k` tel bafk` sjrll`. Mut jarrlspa`gk`f ta telsl jen`fls, wekje tnmbls/prajlgurls ar tlst jnsls `llg jen`fls1 Eaw ga wl oàw tent1 @amagy jn` rlclcmlr nbb ad teks k`darcntka` n`g el`jl, wl `llg n cljen`ksc ta ga sa. ]lqukrlcl`t trnjlnmkbkty tnmbl (]WW) ks uslg ta cnk`tnk` n`g cn`nfl nssajkntka` mltwll` gkddlrl`t pensls ad n`y sadtwnrl. Kt cnk`tnk`s tel rlbntka`sekp drac tel dkrst stnfl ad tel prailjt ta tel l`g stnfl ad tel prailjt k` a`l tlcpbntl. Wel oly lblcl`ts ad n` ]WW nrl ns dabbaws9 •

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•

]lqukrlcl`t Kgl`tkdkjntka` n`g rlqukrlcl`t rlqukrlcl`t glsjrkptka` nt n ckjra blvlb Glskf` lblcl`t dar tel rlqukrlcl`t \`kt `ncl n`g kgl`tkdkjntka` dar lnje glskf` kcpblcl`tntka` Wlst jnsl kg ta tlst tel u`kt Arkfk` ad ]lqukrlcl`t ]lqukrlcl`t (@lw, Cagkdklg ltj) ]lbntka`sekp ]lbntka `sekp ar glpl`gl`jy a` atelr rlqukrlcl`ts (teks ks tel cast vktnb k`darcntka` dar ja`gujtk`f kcpnjt n`nbysks) Wypl ad ]lqukrlcl`t (Du`jtka`nb, K`tlrdnjl, Xlrdarcn`jl) Dk`nb stntus (Jbaslg ar Apl`) 5= | X n f l


Wel darcnt ad n typkjnb rlqukrlcl`t trnjlnmkbkty trnjlnmkbkty tnmbl ks ns seaw` mlbaw9

5: | X n f l


Lxncpbl

ta u`glrstn`g. Dar teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb ja`skglr tel dabbawk`f rlqukrlcl`ts9 Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl

Xragujt Dlnturl

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KG ]888> ]888=

Bafk` Zjrll`9 Weks sjrll` wkbb ml uslg dar baffk`f k`ta tel systlc Darflt Xnsswarg9 Wel uslr jn` jen`fl tel pnsswarg my l`tlrk`f tel lcnkb kg n`g n` lcnkb wkbb ml sl`t ta ekc/elr dar rlslttk`f

dar telsl rlqukrlcl`ts. Wel ]WW tnmbl dar telsl rlqukrlcl`ts ks seaw` a` tel `lxt pnfl. Ns yau jn` sll k` tel tnmbl, kt ens nbb tel k`darcntka` plrtnk`k`f ta tel nssajkntka` mltwll` vnrkaus lblcl`ts. Wel cast kcpartn`t nspljt ks tel ‒]lbntlg ta– tel k`darc ntka`. Weraufe teks dklbg, wl nbsa cnk`tnk` tel rlbntka`sekp mltwll` tel rlqukrlcl`ts, sa tent k` jnsl ad n`y jen`fls, wl oàw wekje nbb rlqukrlcl`ts nrl kcpnjtlg.

Blt‛s sll eaw gals tel rlqukrlcl`t trnjlnmkbkty tnmbl baao bkol

57 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ]lq. Kg

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K` tel prlvkaus sljtka`, wl gksjusslg nmaut ]lqukrlcl`t trnjlnmkbkty tnmbl. ]WW ks tel gajucl`t, wekje ks uslg ta trnjo n`g cn`nfl jen`fls ta tel rlqukrlcl`ts. K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta sll eaw ga wl fa nmaut cn`nfk`f tel jen`fls k` tel rlqukrlcl`ts. Wel stlps dar cn`nfk`f jen`fls nrl cl`tka`lg mlbaw9 n) Wel jen`fls nrl rljarglg n`g gajucl`tlg k` n jen`fl rlqulst (J]) baf wkte gltnkbs bkol gntl ad J], wea rnkslg kt ltj. Wel jen`fl rlqulst baf ks n cljen`ksc ta ollp trnjo ad nbb tel jen`fl rlqulsts. Kt ks n skcpbl darcnt ns seaw` a` tel `lxt pnfl.

54 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Jen`fl ]lqulst KG J]88> J]88=

Jen`fl ]lqulst Glsjrkptka` Ngg tel ]lbntkvl gltnkbs n`g ùcmlr wekbl rlfkstlrk`f dar bntlr usnfl Ztnrt jnpturk`f tel bajntka` wekbl maaok`f nppak`tcl`t

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56 | X n f l

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m) Wel `lxt stlp ks ta ja`gujt tel kcpnjt kcpnjt n`nbysks. n`nbysks. A`jl tel J] ks bafflg, tel `lxt stlp ks tel cast kcpartn`t stlp ns kt k`vabvls lstkcntk`f tel kcpnjt ad tel jen`fl rlqulst. A`l ad tel jabuc`s k` tel jen`fl rlqulst baf, seaw` a` tel prlvkaus darcnt, ks lstkcntka` lddart. Lstkcntk`f tel lddart, ks rlqukrlg ns tel justaclr `llgs ta ml sl`t n prapasnb dar jnrryk`f aut tel jen`fls. K` arglr ta lstkcntl tel lddart dar jen`fls, yau `llg ta cnol usl ad tel ]WW gajucl`t nbsa, ns kt tlbb yau tel kcpnjtlg rlqukrlcl`ts n`g nrlns. Weks cnols kt lnsklr ta lstkcntl tel lddart. Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl. K` tel ]WW tnmbl seaw` k` tel prlvkaus sljtka`,

wl eng n rlqukrlcl`t ns dabbaws9 Wel uslr jn` jen`fl tel pnsswarg my l`tlrk`f tel lcnkb kg n`g n` lcnkb wkbb ml sl`t ta ekc/elr dar rlslttk`f. ]88= Darflt Xnsswarg9

Kd n jen`fl ks rlqulstlg k` teks rlqukrlcl`t, wl jn` baao nt tel ]WW n`g sll tent n`y jen`fl k` ]88=, wkbb nbsa rlqukrl jen`fls k` tel Z]Z n`g prafrnc spljkdkjntka` gajucl`t n`g tel tlst jnsls W8>8>. Kd wl nbsa baao nt tel ‒]lbntlg Wa– jabuc`, jabuc`, wl jn` sll tent ]88= ks rlbntlg ta ]88> n`g tent cln`s tent wl nbsa `llg ta ngg tel jen`fls k` ]88>. Vkteaut n` ]WW gajucl`t, lstkcntk`f tel lddart njjurntlby wkbb ml lxtrlclby gkddkjubt.

j) Wel J] ks tel` nppravlg nppravlg my tel justaclr mldarl tel jen`fls jen`fls nrl jnrrklg aut ‚ weltelr kt‛s jen`fls k` tel gajucl`ts ar jen`fls k` tel 55 | X n f l


jagl. Wel bnst stlp ks ta sl`g tel gltnkbs ad tel J] nba`f wkte tel jast ta tel justaclr dar nppravnb. A`jl tel justaclr nppravls nppravls kt, tel J] ks lxljutlg. K` teks jenptlr, wl envl gksjusslg eaw tel jen`fl rlqulsts nrl jnrrklg aut k` n sadtwnrl. Xrkar ta tent wl gksjusslg nmaut tel rlqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t. Mate ad telsl nrl pnrt ad ]lqukrlcl`ts l`fk`llrk`f. ]lqukrlcl`ts glvlbapcl`t n`g cn`nflcl`t nrl pnrt ad n Musk`lss n`nbysts iam. Welrl ks a`l carl rlspa`skmkbkty ad musk`lss n`nbyst n`g tent ks - du`jtka`nb tlstk`f. tlstk`f. Vl nrl fak`f fak`f ta gksjuss du`jtka`nb tlstk`f k` tel `lxt jenptlr.

5; | X n f l


;8 | X n f l


Jenptlr 4

;> | X n f l


;= | X n f l


4 . A A N G w k t e \ CB CB

Amiljt arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` (AANG) ks a`l ad tel cast papubnr n`g lddljtkvl nppranjels ta systlc glskf` n`g glvlbapcl`t. Kt‛s n

carl rljl`t nppranje ns jacpnrlg ta strujturlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` (ZNG) nppranje. Amiljt arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` nppranje baaos nt n systlc drac tel amiljts n`g jbnssls plrspljtkvl, welrlns ZNG baaos nt n systlc drac du`jtka`s plrspljtkvl. Ns wl envl sll` k` tel prlvkaus jenptlr, tel dkrst pensl k` n`y ZGBJ clteagabafkls, ks u`glrstn`gk`f n`g gltnkbk`f tel systlc rlqukrlcl`ts. Za, wel` wl tnol tel ZNG nppranje, tel systlc ks gldk`lg k` tlrcs ad du`jtka`s n`g sum-du`jtka`s. A` tel atelr en`g, wel` wl tnol tel AANG nppranje, tel systlc ks gldk`lg k` tlrcs ad usl jnsls, jbnssls n`g amiljts. Xblnsl rldlr ta Amiljt Arkl`tlg Ja`jlpts sljtka` k` teks jenptlr, kd yau nrl àt dnckbknr wkte telsl ja`jlpts ad amiljts n`g jbnssls.

AANG X]AJLZZ

Amiljt arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` nppranje ens slvlrnb stlps ta njjacpbkse tel tnso ad lxljutk`f n sadtwnrl prailjt. Welrl nrl slvlrnb vnrkntka`s ad AANG clteags, wekje envl mll` prapaslg avlr tel bnst slvlrnb gljngls. Zacl ad tel cast prack`l`t AANG clteags nrl9 •

Frngy Maaje‛s clteagabafy

•

Jang n`g [aurga` clteagabafy

•

Kvnr Injamsa`‛s AAZL

•

Incls ]ucmnufe‛s ACW

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Zebnlr n`g Clbbar AA N`nbysks ;: | X n f l


]ntka`nb \`kdklg prajlss (]\X)

Kvnr Injamsa`, Frngy Maaje n`g Incls ]ucmnufe iak`lg en`gs k` >;;< ta darc ]ntka`nb K`j. n`g prapaslg rntka`nb u`kdklg prajlss (]\X). ]ntka`nb K`j wns bntlr njqukrlg my KMC Jarparntka`. ]\X ks n wlbb pravl` prajlss n`g ks uslg my slvlrnb arfn`kzntka`s eawlvlr, kt cny àt ml sa skcpbl ta kcpblcl`t kt k` lvlry sktuntka`. Za mnslg a` tel cy lxplrkl`jl, K nc prapask`f n skcpbl n`g prnjtkjnb clteagabafy. Ztlp ad teks prajlss nrl ns dabbaws9 ▩

Lbkjkt Justaclr rlqukrlcl`ts dar tel systlc

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Kgl`tkdy usl jnsls n`g systlc mau`gnry

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Kgl`tkdy sjl`nrkas n`g stlps ta jacpbltl sjl`nrka

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Jrlntl Njtkvkty gknfrncs, kd `llglg

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Kgl`tkdy Kgl`tkd y systlc amiljts n`g clssnfls n`g jrlntl slqul`jl slqul`jl gknfrnc Kgl`tkdy Jbnssls Kgl`tkdy nttrkmutls n`g aplrntka`s dar lnje systlc amiljt (Jbnss]lspa`skmkbkty-Jabbnmarntka` ]lspa`skmkbkty-Jabbnmarntka` nppranje)

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Mukbg stntl trn`sktka` gknfrnc, kd rlqukrlg

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Tnbkgntl tel caglb

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]ldk`l tel tel jbnss gknfrnc ta ngg cubtkpbkjkty, glpl`gl`jkls glpl`gl`jkls,, nffrlfntka` nffrlfntka` ltj

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L] Gknfrnc kd `llglg

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GM Zjelcn & Gkjtka`nry ;7 | X n f l


Nrjektljturnb Glskf` (Zystlc bnylrs, `-tklr ltj)

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Glpbaycl`t Caglb

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Xsluga jagl/Nbfarktecs/Dbawjenrts jagl/Nbfarktecs/Dbawjenrts (Jacpa`l`t Glskf`)

Jagk`f

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Zystlc Tnbkgntka`

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Justaclr Njjlptn`jl

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Zuppart n`g Cnk`tl`n`jl

Zjapl ad teks maao ks ta jntlr ta tel rabl ad n musk`lss n`nbyst, sa wl wkbb gksjuss tel dkrst < stlps ad tel AANG prajlss. Ns yau jn` sll, AANG lxtl`skvlby usls caglbk`f n`g a`l ad tel wnys ta caglb n systlc ks ta usl \CB caglbs. Vent ks tel atelr wny ad caglbk`f1 Xratatypk`f. K` tel `lxt sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss \`kdklg Caglbk`f bn`funfl ja`jlpts. K` tel `lxt jenptlr, wl wkbb lxpbnk` eaw ta fa nmaut kcpblcl`tk`f AANG drac n musk`lss n`nbyst‛s plrspljtkvl.

;< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \@KDKLG CAGLBK@F BN@F\NFL & CAGLBK@F

Caglbk`f ks n` lddljtkvl wny ad vksunbkzntka` n`g ns snkg ‚ vksunb caglb elbps lddljtkvl u`glrstn`gk`f ad n pramblc. K` aur jnsl caglbk`f elbps k` u`glrstn`gk`f tel musk`lss rlqukrlcl`ts mlttlr. K` sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t nbsa, caglbk`f pbnys n` kcpartn`t rabl n`g telrl nrl slvlrnb tlje`kquls uslg dar caglbk`f. Wwa ad tel cast kcpartn`t caglbk`f tlje`kquls nrl9 Xratatypk`f \CB Caglbk`f

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K` teks maao, wl nrl usk`f AANG nppranje ta sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t n`g glskf` usk`f \CB caglbk`f. \`kdklg caglbk`f bn`funfl ks n caglbk`f bn`funfl wkte n rkje slt ad frnpekjnb frnpekjnb àtntka`s n`g gknfrncs ta rlprlsl`t n`g glpkjt lvlry nspljt ad sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t n`g glskf` prajlss. Nt tel tkcl ad teks maao fak`f ta prlss, tel bntlst vlrska` ad \CB ks =.< n`g telrl nrl >7 gknfrncs spljkdklg my ACF (Amiljt cn`nflcl`t fraup), tel prapa`l`ts ad \CB. \CB spljkdkjntka`s jntlfarkzls tel gknfrncs k`ta twa jntlfarkls9 •

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Ztrujturl gknfrncs Mlenvkar gknfrncs

Ztrujturl gknfrncs nrl cln`t dar seawk`f tel strujturl ad tel systlc n`g kts pnrts nt gkddlrl`t blvlbs n`g dar gkddlrl`t pensls. Welsl gknfrncs ga`‛t seaw n`y darc ad k`t lrnjtka`s mltwll` tel lblcl`ts ad tel gknfrncs.

;4 | X n f l


Mlenvkar gknfrncs nrl k`tlrnjtkvl gknfrncs n`g nrl cln`t ta seaw tel k`tlrnjtka`s mltwll` tel lblcl`ts ad tel gknfrncs. Wel tnmbls mlbaw seaws tel strujturnb n`g mlenvkarnb gknfrncs ns plr \CB =.<. \CB \CB Gknfrnc Gknfrnc

Glsjrk Glsjrk ptka `

Jbnss Gknfrnc

Weks gknfrnc seaws tel jbnssls, rlbntka`sekp mltwll` tel jbnssls n`g tel vnrkaus nttrkmutls dar tel jbnssls Amiljts nrl k`stn`jls ad jbnssls n`g kt rlprlsl`ts rlbntka`sekp mltwll` tel amiljts n`g tel vnrkaus nttrkmutls dar tel amiljts Kt seaws tel pnjonfls (bafkjnb fraupk`f ad jbnssls, amiljts n`g atelr lblcl`ts) n`g tel rlbntka`sekp mltwll` tel pnjonfls, kd telrl nrl cn`y pnjonfls k` n systlc

Amiljt Gknfrnc

Xnjonfl Gknfrnc

Jacpasktl Ztrujturl Gknfrnc Jacpa`l`t Gknfrnc

Glpbaycl`t Gknfrnc Xradkbl Gknfrnc

Kt seaws jacpa`l`ts n`g glpl`gl`jkls mltwll` telc. Weks typl ad gknfrncs ks dar caglbk`f Zlrvkjl Arkl`tlg nrjektljturl (ZAN) prailjts. Glpbaycl`t gknfrncs jaubg ml uslg ta seaw bafkjnb ar peyskjnb `ltwaro nrjektljturl ad tel systlc. Xradkbl gknfrncs nrl uslg ta jrlntl gknfrncs wekje lxtl`g tel lxkstk`f gknfrncs Ztrujtur l Gknfrncs Gknfrncs

;6 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \CB \CB Gknfrnc Gknfrnc

Glsjrk Glsjrk ptka `

\sl Jnsl Gknfrnc

\sl jnsl gknfrncs rlprlsl`t n slt ad njtka`s tent uslrs ad tel systlc jn` plrdarc k` tel systlc. Wel uslrs nrl rldlrrlg ta ns Njtars n`g tel njtka`s nrl oàw` ns usl jnsls. Njtkvkty Gknfrnc Njtkvkty gknfrncs nrl skckbnr ta dbaw jenrts ns tely seaw tel slrkls ad stlps, rlqukrlg ta jacpbltl n tnso Ztntl Cnjek`l N` amiljt k` n systlc jn` fa teraufe cubtkpbl Gknfrnc stntls n`g telsl jen`fls/trn`sktka`s nrl seaw` k` n stntl cnjek`l gknfrnc. Zlqul`jl Gknfrnc Cast jacca` ok`g ad k`tlrnjtka` k`tlrnjtka` gknfrncs wekje dajusls a` tel clssnfl k`tlrjen`fl mltwll` bkdlbk`ls (amiljts). Jaccu`kjntka` Dajusls a` tel k`tlrnjtka` Gknfrnc mltwll` bkdlbk`ls welrl tel nrjektljturl ad tel k`tlr`nb strujturl n`g eaw teks jarrlspa`gs wkte tel clssnfl pnssk`f ks jl`trnb. Wkck`f Gknfrnc Zeaws k`tlrnjtka`s wel` n prkcnry purpasl ad tel gknfrnc ks ta rlnsa` nmaut tkcl. Wkck`f gknfrncs dajus a` ja`gktka`s jen`fk`f wktek` n`g nca`f bkdlbk`ls nba`f n bk`lnr tkcl nxks. K`tlrnjtka` Gldk`ls k`tlrnjtka`s teraufe n vnrkn`t ad Avlrvklw Gknfrnc njtkvkty gknfrncs k` n wny tent pracatls avlrvklw ad tel ja`trab dbaw. Mlenvkar Mlenvkar gknfrncs

Vl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss tel dabbawk`f gknfrncs, ns telsl nrl kcpartn`t drac n musk`lss n`nbyst‛s plrspljtkvl9

;5 | X n f l


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\sl Jnsl gknfrnc Njtkvkty Gknfrnc Jbnss Gknfrnc Zlqul`jl Gknfrnc Ztntl cnjek`l gknfrnc

\CB WAABZ

Welrl nrl n ùcmlr ad taabs nvnkbnmbl k` tel cnrolt, wekje jn` ml uslg dar \CB caglbk`f. Zacl ad tel taabs nrl jacclrjknb pragujts, wkte jnsl taabs bkol dlnturls, welrlns sacl ad telc nrl apl` saurjl taabs, wekje pravkgl mnskj \CB caglbk`f dlnturls. Vl envl pkjolg up twa apl` saurjl taabs, wekje nrl skcpbl ta usl ylt pravkgl bat ad skcpbkjkty n`g dblxkmkbkty ns tely suppart L`fbkse bn`funfl bkol sjrkpts. Welsl taabs nrl glsjrkmlg mlbaw9 \CBlt

\CBlt ks n` apl` saurjl taab n`g supparts nbb \CB gknfrncs. Kt pravkgls k`gkvkgunb lblcl`ts ns wlbb ns tlcpbntls dar glvlbapk`f skcpbl ta jacpblx slqul`jl gknfrncs. Zlttk`f up \CBlt9 Wa slt up \CBlt a` yaur cnjek`l, yau `llg ta dabbaw tel dabbawk`f stlps. Ztlp> Tkskt tel \]B ettp9//www.ucblt.jac/jen`fls.etc n`g gaw`bang tel bntlst vlrska` ad \CBlt. Ns a` tagny tel bntlst vlrska` ad \CBlt ks vlrska` >7.>.> ns seaw` k` tel sjrll`seat mlbaw9

;; | X n f l


Jbkjo a` tel \CBlt >7.>.> n`g gaw`bang tel YKX dkbl. d kbl. Ztlp = Fa ta tel dabglr welrl yau gaw`banglg tel zkp dkbl. \`zkp tel dkbls ta n glskrlg dabglr. A`jl kt ks u`zkpplg, fa ta tel dabglr n`g yau jn` sll tel dabbawk`f gkrljtary strujturl9

Gaumbl-jbkjo a` tel \cblt.lxl n`g kt wkbb apl` tel \CBlt taab n`g yau jn` sll tel dabbawk`f sjrll`9

>88 | X n f l


Vlm Vlm Zlqul`jl Gknfrncs (Vlm mnslg taa b)

>8> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztybls nvnkbnmbl nvnkbnmbl k` wlm slqul`jl gknfrnc gknfrnc t aab

>8= | X n f l


-

Wel sjrkpt uslg k` teks taab ks k`tuktkvl n`g jn` ml wrkttl` k` nbcast L`fbkse bkol bn`funfl. Wel sjrkpt ens n tktbl lblcl`t, pravkgk`f tel tktbl ad tel gknfrnc, ns seaw` k` tel gknfrnc nmavl.

>8: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \ZL JNZL GKNF]NCZ

Darcnbby splnok`f, \sl Jnsl gknfrncs kgl`tkdy tel dlnturl/du`jtka`nbkty lxpljtlg lxpljtlg ta ml pravkglg my tel prapaslg systlc. Eawlvlr, tel mlttlr wny ta u`glrstn`g usl jnsl gknfrncs nrl ta tekò ad usl jnsls ns ‚ tely rlprlsl`t tel wny lxtlr`nb l`tktkls usl tel systlc. Wel lxtlr`nb l`tktkls nrl oàw` ns rabls/njtars, wekbl tel wny tely usl tel systlc nrl oàws ns usl jnsls. \sl Jnsls nrl uslg k` tel N`nbysks pensl ad sadtwnrl glvlbapcl`t glvlbapcl`t ta nrtkjubntl tel ekfe-blvlb rlqukrlcl`ts ad tel systlc. Wel prkcnry fanbs ad \sl Jnsl gknfrncs k`jbugl9 •

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Xravkgk`f n ekfe-blvlb vklw ad went tel systlc gals Kgl`tkdyk`f tel uslrs ("njtars") ad tel systlc Gltlrck`k`f nrlns `llgk`f eucn`-jacputlr k`tlrdnjls.

\sl jnsl jnsl caglb lblcl`ts lblcl`ts & frnpekjnb à tntka`s

\sl jnsl gknfrncs nrl skcpbl gknfrncs ylt tely envl lblcl`ts wekje jn` nbsa rlprlsl`t dk`lr gltnkbs. K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta baao nt tel lblcl`ts ad tel usl jnsl caglb. Njtar N` Njtar, ns cl`tka`lg nmavl, ks n` lxtlr`nb l`tkty wekje usls tel

systlc. N` njtar ks rlprlsl`tlg rlprlsl`t lg my n stkjo dkfurl ns seaw` nmavl. Lvl` >87 | X n f l


teaufe tel kcnfl nmavl cny k`gkjntl tent n` njtar ks n eucn` mlk`f, mut tent‛s àt l`tkrlby jarrljt. Lvl` n sadtwnrl systlc jn` ml n` njtar. N` lxtlr`nb systlc, wekje rljlkvls gntn drac tel systlc ar pravkgls gntn ta tel systlc jn` nbsa ml n` njtar dar tel systlc. \sl Jnsl N usl jnsl rlprlsl`ts tel du`jtka`nbkty ar dlnturl ad tel prapaslg systlc. N` njtar k`tlrnjts wkte tel systlc teraufe telsl kgl`tkdklg usl jnsls. L.f. N uslr baffk`f k`ta tel systlc, N uslr rlfkstlrk`f wkte n wlmsktl ar n` njjau`tn`t fl`lrntk`f n` k`vakjl drac tel t el systlc.

Ns yau jn` sll sll nmavl, nmavl, tel usl usl jnsl ‒Cnols n pnycl`t– pnycl`t– ks glpk jtlg my : lblcl`ts. Wel dkrst lblcl`t ks tel njtar ‒Tksktar–, tel slja`g lblcl`t mlk`f usl jnsl ‒Cnols n pnycl`t– n`g tel tekrg lblcl`t ks tel

nssajkntka` mltwll` tel njtar n`g tel usl jnsl. Wel bk`l ja``ljtk`f tel njtar n`g tel usl jnsl ks n skcpbl nssajkntka`. Xrkcnry n`g slja`gnry njtar Njtars jn` ml jntlfarkzlg ns prkcnry n`g slja`gnry njtars. Xrkcnry njtars nrl teasl lxtlr`nb l`tktkls, wea k`ktkntl tel usl jnsl. Velrlns slja`gnry njtars nrl teasl l`tktkls, wea flt k`vabvlg k` tel usl jnsl pnsskvlby. Zlja`gnry njtars elbp tel prkcnry njtars k` jacpbltk`f tel usl jnsl.

>8< | X n f l


Lxncpbl K` teks skcpbl lxncpbl, wl wkbb baao nt n ban` addkjlr rlvklwk`f tel ban` nppbkjntka` ad n justaclr. Weks prajlss nbsa k`vabvls n qukjo rau`g ad jrlgkt rntk`f dar tel justaclr. Weks dlnturl ad tel nppbkjntka` ks seaw` k` tel usl jnsl gknfrnc mlbaw9

K` teks jnsl, tel prkcnry njtar ks tel ban` addkjlr, welrlns tel slja`gnry njtar ks jrlgkt rntk`f nppbkjntka`, wekje ks k s nsskstk`f tel ban` addkjlr k` jacpbltk`f tel ‒rlvklw ban` nppbkjntka`– usl jnsl.

K`jbugl K`jbugl rlbntka`sekp mltwll` usl jnsls k`gkjntl n spljknb nssajkntka`. Kt‛s uslg ta slpnrntl aut jacca` usl jnsls sa tent jacca`by uslg

dlnturls jn` ml frauplg tafltelr. Kt pracatls rl-usnmkbkty n`g snvls glvlbapcl`t tkcl.

>84 | X n f l


Ns yau jn` sll, wl envl n jacca` usl jnsl ‒Justaclr nutel`tkjntka`– k` tel nmavl gknfrnc. Ns yau jn` amslrvl, tel ‒justaclr nutel`tkjntka`– ks n jacca`

du`jtka`nbkty wekbl n mnò

justaclr gals n`y a`l ad tel dabbawk`f9 ▩

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Vktegrnw ca`ly Wrn`sdlr du`gs Jeljo mnbn`jl

Lxtl`g Lxtl`g ks uslg ta prlsl`t n spljknbkzlg jnsl dar n usl jnsl. Kt ks uslg ta k`gkjntl lktelr n spljknb jnsl dar n usl jnsl ar n` lrrar ja`gktka` dar n usl jnsl. K` n mnòk`f sjl`nrka, wel` n justaclr apl`s n` njjau`t, n prajlss ks dabbawlg ta apl` tel njjau`t dar tel justaclr. Lvlry justaclr flts sacl prkvkblfls ns n justaclr ad tel mnò. Eawlvlr, sacl ad tel justaclrs nrl fkvl` ‒E@K stntus–, wekje cnols telc lbkfkmbl dar ekfelr

k`tlrlst rntls n`g cn`y atelr prkvkblfls. prkvkblfls. Za, apl`k`f E@K njjau`t ks n >86 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts spljknbkzlg jnsl dar ‒Apl` mnò njjau`t–, ns seaw` k` tel gknfrnc

mlbaw9

Nàtelr kcpartn`t nspljt ad cnok`f usl jnsl caglb ks ta k`gkjntl tel systlc mau`gnry. Zystlc mau`gnry ks n rljtn`fubnr max wekje ks uslg ta k`gkjntl tel systlc mau`gnry, uslg spljknbby dar usl jnsl caglb. Blt‛ sll tel prlvkaus lxncpbl wkte systlc mau`gnry, grnw` nrau`g kt9

Fl`lrnbkzntka` ad njtars

>85 | X n f l


Ns n` ngvn`jlg ja`jlpt, wl wkbb baao nt tel fl`lrnbkzntka` ad njtars. Fl`lrnbkzntka` ks n` amiljt arkl`tlg ja`jlpt n`g kt k`gkjntls tel pnrl`tjekbg rlbntka`sekp. Weks ks nbsa rldlrrlg ta ns ‒kèlrktn`jl–, a`l njtar

jn` kèlrkt drac tel rabl ad nàtelr njtar n`g ngg nggktka`nb rlspa`skmkbktkls. Dar lxncpbl, n` E@K justaclr ad n mnò jn` ml snkg ta ml kèlrktk`f drac tel àrcnb justaclr ad tel mnò. Weks rlbntka`sekp ks seaw` mlbaw9

>8; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts N J W K T K W [ G K N F ] N C

Njtkvkty gknfrncs nrl skckbnr ta dbaw jenrts n`g nrl uslg ta rlprlsl`t/caglb warodbaws dar n musk`lss. Welsl gknfrncs nrl tel mlst wny ta rlprlsl`t n musk`lss prajlss. \CB =.< pravkgls lblcl`ts ta jrlntl njtkvkty gknfrncs. Zacl ad telsl lblcl`ts nrl jacca` wkte stntl jenrt gknfrncs. Gurk`f tel rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka` prajlss, wl kgl`tkdy tel sjl`nrkas. Lnje ad tel sjl`nrkas k`jbugls àrcnb n`g nbtlr`ntl sjl`nrkas. Vl jrlntl njtkvkty gknfrncs dar nbb tel sjl`nrkas, wekje nrl jacpblx ar rlqukrls carl u`glrstn`gk`f. Zjl`nrkas nrl gajucl`ts k` n stlp-mystlp cn``lr n`g tent‛s tel wny, njtkvkty gknfrncs nrl nbsa jrln tlg. Blt‛s dkrst envl n baao nt tel lblcl`ts ad njtkvkty gknfrncs9 K@KWKNB ZWNWL

Wel k`ktknb stntl k` n` njtkvkty gknfrnc ks uslg ta seaw tel stnrt ad tel njtkvkty gknfrnc. Kt ks rlprlsl`tlg ns sabkg gnro jkrjbl ns seaw` mlbaw. Welrl jn` a`by ml a`l K`ktknb Ztntl a` n gknfrnc.

DK@NB ZWNWL

Dk`nb Ztntls ad n` njtkvkty gknfrnc ks uslg ta seaw tel l`g ad n prajlss. Kt‛s passkmbl ta envl cubtkpbl l`g pak`ts dar n`y njtkvkty gknfrnc. Wel

dk`nb stntl ad n` njtkvkty gknfrnc ks ns seaw` mlbaw9

>>8 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Nj t k vk t y st s t ntls

Njtkvkty stntls cnro n` njtka` my n` amiljt. Wel àtntka`s dar telsl stntls nrl rau`glg rljtn`fbls, tel sncl àtntka` ns dau`g k` Ztntl jenrt gknfrncs.

Wrn`sktka`

N` njtkvkty stntl ks ja``ljtlg ta tel `lxt lblcl`t my trn`sktka` nrraw ns seaw` mlbaw.

Blt‛s try n`g n sll eaw gals n` njtkvkty gknfrnc baao bkol9

>>> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Gljkska` Max

A`l ad tel cast kcpartn`t lblcl`t dar n` njtkvkty gknfrnc ks tel gljkska` max. Gljkska` maxls nbbaw ta seaw gljkska` mlk`f tnol` k` tel musk`lss prajlss. Lvlry musk`lss prajlss jacprksls ad cubtkpbl stlps wkte gkddlrl`t lxljutka` pntes mnslg a` ja`gktka`s. Wel gljkska` max k` tel njtkvkty gknfrnc ks seaw` ns gknca`g9

Wa u`glrstn`g eaw tel gljkska` max ks uslg k` n` njtkvkty gknfrnc, wl wkbb tnol n skcpbl lxncpbl. Lxncpbl K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb caglb n skcpbl musk`lss prajlss ad du`gs trn`sdlr dar n mnò justaclr. Wel mnò justaclr ks baaok`f ta trn`sdlr K@] >=,888/- ta eks/elr drkl`g‛s njjau`t. Kt‛s amvkaus tent tel trn`sdlr jn` a`by enppl`, kd eks/elr njjau`t ens carl ten` >=,888/-. K` jnsl, tel mnbn`jl ks k`suddkjkl`t, tel systlc wkbb teraw n clssnfl. Wel gknfrnc mlbaw seaws tel njtkvkty gknfrnc dar teks prajlss.

>>= | X n f l


IAK@ & DA]O

Iak` & Daro nrl lblcl`ts, wekje nrl uslg ta elbp prlsl`t tel lxljutka` pnte mlttlr. Daro mrlnos gaw` tel stlp k`ta cubtkpbl pnrts, welrlns Iak` nbbaws cubtkpbl lxljutka` pntes ta iak` tafltelr. Kt‛s passkmbl ta jrlntl njtkvkty gknfrncs wkteaut usk`f iak` n`g daro.

Eawlvlr, ns gksjusslg nmavl, telsl lblcl`ts nkg ta mlttlr vksunb rlprlsl`tntka` ad tel musk`lss prajlssls. Vl envl rl-grnw` tel prlvkaus njtkvkty gknfrnc usk`f IAK@ ns seaw` mlbaw9 >>: | X n f l


Zwkc bn`l

Zwkc bn`l ks n dk`lr lblcl`t ad n` njtkvkty gknfrnc ta seaw carl gltnkbs. gltnkbs . Zwkc bn`ls elbp k` seawk`f tel stlps lxljutlg my vnrkaus rabls pnrtkjkpntk`f k` n pnrtkjubnr musk`lss njtkvkty. Ns wl envl gksjusslg lnrbklr, njtkvkty gknfrncs nrl uslg ta caglb musk`lss prajlssls. Kt‛s

passkmbl tent carl ten` a`l uslr cny pnrtkjkpntl k` n musk`lss prajlss. Zwkc bn`ls jn` ml uslg ta seaw jnsl tent. Blt‛s tnol n`

lxncpbl ta seaw tel usnfl ad swkc bn`ls. >>7 | X n f l


Lxncpbl K` teks lxncpbl, wl nrl seawk`f tel ‒Kssul n maao– k` n bkmrnry

cn`nflcl`t systlc. Ns yau jn` sll k` tel gknfrnc mlbaw, telrl nrl twa jabuc`s seaw`, telsl nrl oàw` ns swkc bn`ls. Welsl Wel sl swkc bn`ls seaw tel stlps lxljutlg my n pnrtkjubnr rabl k` tel l`tkrl prajlss. Za n clcmlr gals tel maao slnrje my l`tlrk`f tel maao jagl. Zkckbnrby, systlc gals tel jeljo a` tel nvnkbnmkbkty ad tel maao.

>>< | X n f l


Lxncpbl dar njtkvkty gknfrnc. K` teks lxncpbl, N justaclr slrvkjl jl`trl rljlkvls n jnbb. N jnbb jl`trl nfl`t jeljos kd tel justaclr ks `lw justaclr ar n` lxkstk`f a`l. N `lw justaclr ks trn`sdlrrlg ta snbls glpnrtcl`t welrlns k` jnsl ad n` lxkstk`f justaclr, tel jnbb ks trn`sdlrrlg ta Elbp glso. K` lktelr jnsl, tel jnbb ks bafflg. Wel njtkvkty dar teks lxncpbl wkbb ml ns dabbaws9 Blt‛s tnol nàtelr lxncpbl

>>4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Z L ^ \ L @ JL JL G K N F ] N C

Zlqul`jl gknfrncs gajucl`t tel k`tlrnjtka`s mltwll` vnrkaus systlc amiljts ta njeklvl n rlsubt, suje ns n usl jnsl. Mljnusl \CB ks glskf`lg dar amiljt-arkl`tlg prafrncck`f, telsl jaccu`kjntka`s mltwll` amiljts nrl oàw` ns clssnfls. Wel Zlqul`jl gknfrnc bksts amiljts earkza`tnbby, n`g tkcl vlrtkjnbby, n`g caglbs telsl clssnfls avlr tkcl. K` n Zlqul`jl gknfrnc, jbnssls n`g njtars nrl bkstlg ns jabuc`s, wkte vlrtkjnb bkdlbk`ls k`gkjntk`f tel bkdltkcl ad tel amiljt avlr tkcl. Bkdlbk`l

Wel Bkdlbk`l kgl`tkdkls tel lxkstl`jl ad tel amiljt avlr tkcl. Wel àtntka` dar n Bkdlbk`l ks n vlrtkjnb gattlg bk`l b k`l lxtl`gk`f drac n` amiljt.

Nj t k vntk vnt k a`

Njtkvntka`s, caglblg ns rljtn`fubnr maxls a` tel bkdlbk`l, k`gkjntl wel` tel amiljt ks plrdarck`f n` njtka`.

CLZZNFL

Clssnfls, caglblg ns earkza`tnb nrraws mltwll` Njtkvntka`s, k`gkjntl tel jaccu`kjntka`s mltwll` amiljts. >>6 | X n f l


Wel`, wl dabbaw n skcpbl bldt ta rkfet clteag ad wrktk`f sjrkpt. sa k` tel dabbawk`f sjrkpt, Jbkl`t -0 Arglr cln`s tent jbkl`t ks sl`gk`f n clssnfl ta Arglr amiljt k` tel systlc. Wel clssnfl `ncl jacls k` tel l`g prljlglg my ―9‛.

Wa seaw tel rltur` clssnfl ta tel arkfk`ntar, wl iust rlvlrsl tel arglr ns seaw` mlbaw9

]lsubt ad teks slja`g bk`l ad clssnfl ks ns seaw` mlbaw9

>>5 | X n f l


K` arglr ta seaw tel tkclbk`ls k` tel slqul`jl gknfrnc, gknfrnc, wl jn` usl ―+‛ n`g ―-― sycmabs. Wkclbk`ls seaw tel dk`lr gltnkb ad n` amiljt. Kt k`gkjntls tent tel amiljt lxksts gurk`f tel tkclbk`l, nmsl`jl ad tkclbk`l cln`s tent kt gals àt lxkst.

Ns yau jn` sll, k` tel gknfrnc n mavl, wl envl uslg n ―+‛ skf` mldarl Arglr amiljt. \snfl ad teks skf` cln`s stnrt ad tel tkclbk`l. t kclbk`l. Wa l`g tel tkclbk`l, wl jn` usl ― -― skf` ns seaw` k` tel bk`l ùcmlr 7 k` tel nmavl gknfrnc. Weks sjrkpt fl`lrntls tel dabbawk`f gknfrnc9

Vent kd wl rlcavl tel ―-― skf` drac tel rltur` clssnfl, tel rlsubtk`f kcnfl ks ns dabbaws9

>>; | X n f l


K` teks jnsl, tel tkclbk`l gals àt l`g n`g ja`tkùls. @aw, blt‛s ngg

tel `lxt stlp k` tel gknfrnc. K` teks jnsl, tel Arglr amiljt sl`gs n clssnfl ta tel Cn`nflr amiljt dar nppravk`f tel arglr n`g tel Cn`nflr amiljt nppravlg tel arglr. Wel sjrkpt dar tel sncl ks wrkttl` ns dabbaws9

N`g tel gknfrnc wkbb ml rlprlsl`tlg ns mlbaw9

>=8 | X n f l


Za, àw wl envl jrlntlg n skcpbl slqul`jl gknfrnc wekje seaws tel dabbawk`f stlps9 n. Wel jbkl`t pbnjls n` n` arglr, wekje tel Arglr amiljt amiljt nsos ta ja`dkrc, wekje ks tel` ja`dkrclg my tel jbkl`t. m. Wel Arglr amiljt, amiljt, tel` sl`gs sl`gs tel clssnfl clssnfl ta tel Cn`nflr Cn`nflr dar nppravk`f tel arglr, wekje el/sel gals

Eawlvlr, wl `llg ta ngg tel bnst rltur` clssnfl ta tel Jbkl`t amiljt wkte ja`dkrcntka` tent tel arglr ens mll` pbnjlg.

@aw, aur slqul`jl gknfrnc baaos bkol teks9

>=> | X n f l


Nggk Ng gk `f j a` gk t k a` s t a t el s lqu l`jl l`j l gk nfr nc

Ns yau jn` cnol aut drac d rac tel nmavl dbaw, telrl ks sacltek`f agg nmaut lvlry arglr fak`f ta tel cn`nflr dar sllok`f nppravnb. Went gals àt enppl` k` rlnb prnjtkjl. K` rlnb prnjtkjl, telrl jaubg ml n gkddlrl`t sjl`nrka dar tel sncl. Blt‛s ja`skglr tent sjl`nrka9 •

•

•

Kd tel arglr vnbul ks blss blss ten` ar lqunb lqunb ta ta >8,888 >8,888 tel` tel` à nppravnb ks `llglg Kd tel arglr vnbul vnbul ks carl ten` >8,888 n`g tel blss ten` ten` ar lqunb lqunb ta <8,888, tel` tel Cn`nflr ens ta nppravl tel arglr Kd tel arglr vnbul ks carl carl ten` ten` <8,888 <8,888 tel` tel Jekld Jekld cn`nflr cn`nflr ens ta nppravl

Welsl terll ja`gktka`s nrl `ljlssnry ta ml jeljolg mldarl pbnjk`f tel arglr. Wa seaw tel KD n`g LBZL ja`gktka` k` slqul`jl gknfrnc, wl usl NBW amiljt ns seaw` mlbaw9

>== | X n f l


Wel NBW amiljt nutacntkjnbby fl`lrntls n sjrkpt ns mlbaw, NBW rlprlsl`ts KD stntlcl`t. Vl jn` ngg cubtkpbl LBZL k` teks NBW stntlcl`t fraup9

Kt nbsa seaws n gldnubt jarrlspa`gk`f gknfrnc dar tel nmavl mbajo, wekje ollps a` jen`fk`f mnslg a` tel jen`fls tel tlxt, ns mlbaw9

>=: | X n f l


@aw, blt‛s fa nelng n`g ngg tel ja`gktka` s ns plr

Wel cagkdklg sjrkpt wkbb baao bkol9

N`g aut dk`nb slqul`jl gknfrnc baaos bkol9

>=7 | X n f l

aur rlqukrlcl`ts.


Wel slqul`jl gknfrnc nmavl, rlprlsl`ts tel dabbawk`f dbaw9 n. Wel jbkl`t pbnjls n`g n`g arglr, wekje tel Arglr amiljt amiljt nsos ta ja`dkrc, wekje ks tel` ja`dkrclg my tel jbkl`t. m. Kd tel arglr vnbul ks blss blss ten` ar lqunb lqunb ta >8,888 >8,888 tel` à nppravnb ks `llglg j. Kd tel arglr vnbul ks carl carl ten` >8,888 n`g n`g tel blss blss ten` ar lqunb ta <8,888, tel` tel Cn`nflr ens ta nppravl tel arglr g. Kd tel arglr vnbul vnbul ks carl ten` <8,888 <8,888 tel` tel Jekld cn`nflr cn`nflr ens ta nppravl l. A`jl tel nppravnb enppl`s, tel Jbkl`t flts n ja`dkrcntka` clssnfl tent tel arglr ens mll` pbnjlg

>=< | X n f l


Lxncpbl Blt‛s tnol nàtelr lxncpbl. Vkte teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb sll eaw ta

rlprlsl`t baap ja`gktka`s k` n slqul`jl gknfrnc. Kd n` njtka` ens ta enppl` cubtkpbl tkcls, eaw jn` kt ml rlprlsl`tlg1 rlprlsl`tlg1 Welrl ks n BAAX mrn`je k` slqul`jl gknfrnc àtntka`s, wekje jn` ml uslg. Wel BAAX mrn`je baaos bkol9

Za, blt‛s dkrst gldk`l tel sjl`nrka, wekje ks ta ml uslg dar grnwk`f tel

slqul`jl gknfrnc9 L-jac L-jac clrjl cnol n pnycl`t pnycl`t slqul`jl

N jbkl`t slbljts n dlw ktlcs a` n` l-jacclrjl wlmsktl n`g tel` tnols tel dabbawk`f stlps9 •

•

•

Wel jbkl`t jeljos aut nbb tel ktlcs drac tel jnrt Wel jnrg jnrg nggs nggs nbb tel ktlcs ktlcs ta pragujl tel arglr arglr maao maao wkte tatnb tatnb ncau`t pnynmbl my tel jbkl`t (BAAX) Wel jbkl`t tel` cnols tel pnycl`t usk`f n pnycl`t fntlwny. K` jnsl tel pnycl`t ks sujjlssdub, tel jbkl`t ks k`darclg njjargk`fby.

>=4 | X n f l


Kd tel pnycl`t ks sujjlssdub, sujjlssdub, tel systlc nbsa jeljos wkte tel jbkl`t, kd tely `llg tel nrtkjbls ta ml sl`t my K`surlg Jaurklr, kd tel jbkl`t nfrlls ta tent, tel gkspntje glpnrtcl`t ks nbsa k`darclg ad tel sncl. (AXWKA@NB)

Wel bnst stntlcl`t k` tel sjl`nrka ks n` aptka`nb stlp n`g slqul`jl gknfrnc ens n spljkdkj mrn`je dar tel sncl kgl`tkdklg ns AXW ns seaw` mlbaw9

Za usk`f tel BAAX n`g AXW mrn`jels, tel slqul`jl gknfrnc dar tel fkvl` sjl`nrka jn` ml grnw` ns seaw` s eaw` mlbaw9

>=6 | X n f l


Wel sjrkpt dar tel nmavl gknfrnc ks nbsa seaw` mlbaw9

>=5 | X n f l


Wel sncl lxlrjksl jn` ml ga`l k` \CBlt taab, wekje wl envl uslg dar grnwk`f usl jnsl n`g njtkvkty gknfrncs. Blt‛s sll, eaw gals kt baao bkol

k` \CBlt9

K` \CBlt nbsa, wl `llg ta wrktl tel t el sjrkpt, kt ks bkttbl bk ttbl carl jacpblx ten` Vlm slqul`jl gknfrncs gknfrncs taab. Eawlvlr, wkte iust n bkttbl mkt ad lddart, yau jn` cn`nfl tent. Ztnrt my slbljtk`f tel ‒\CB Zlqul`jl ‚ Nbb k` A`l– drac tel t el rkfet tap

jar`lr grap gaw`. Weks wkbb pravkgl yau twa aptka`s ad jacmk`lg slqul`jl gknfrncs, slbljt tel slja`g a`l. Wel` cagkdy tel arkfk`nb sjrkpt ta jrlntl tel slqul`jl gknfrnc ns nmavl. Wel sjrkpt ks seaw` mlbaw9

>=; | X n f l


>:8 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts JBNZZ GKNF]NC

Jbnss gknfrnc ks n strujturnb gknfrnc n`g elbps k` stntkj caglbk`f ad tel systlc. N jbnss ks n ja`jlptunb lblcl`t, wekje ks kcpblcl`tlg bntlr my tel glvlbapcl`t tlnc my wrktk`f jagl ad tel sncl. \CB =.< pravkgls àtntka`s ta rlprlsl`t n jbnss ns seaw` k` tel gknfrnc mlbaw9

Wap ad tel gknfrnc seaubg k`jbugl tel `ncl ad tel jbnss. K` teks jnsl, tel `ncl ad tel jbnss ks ‒Jbajo–. Wel `lxt sljtka` ad tel jbnss gknfrnc

seaws tel nttrkmutls ad tel jbnss. Wel nttrkmutls nrl àtek`f mut praplrtkls ar jenrnjtlrkstkjs ad n jbnss. Bkol daag jn` envl n praplrty ns ‒drlse`lss–, skf`kdyk`f tel drlse`lss ad tel daag. K` aur lxncpbl, ‒Wkcl– ks n` nttrkmutl ad tel jbajo ns teks ks went jbajos nrl cln`t dar.

Vl jaubg nbsa envl atelr nttrkmutls bkol9 Zenpl @ucmlr ad en`gs Wypl (Gkfktnb/N`nbaf)

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Wel bnst sljtka` seaws tel clteags ar mlenvkar ad tel jbnss. Ns yau jn` sll, tel jbnss seaws twa clteags9 rlpartWkcl() rlsltWkclWA()

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>:> | X n f l


Ns yau jn` cnol aut, telsl nrl twa wnys k` wekje wl jn` k`tlrnjt wkte tel jbajo ‚ dar flttk`f tel tkcl n`g rlslttk`f tel tkcl. Za ns yau jn` cnol aut, clteags rlprlsl`t tel wnys k` wekje wl jn` k`tlrnjt wkte n jbnss ‚ lktelr dar stark`f k`darcntka`, nsok`f dar k`darcntka` ar lvl` dar prajlssk`f sacl k`darcntka`. Lxncpbl Blt‛s

nàtelr lxncpbl ad n jbnss ‚ mnò njjau`t. N mnò njjau`t ks aw`lg my n justaclr ad n mnò. Za `nturnbby a`l ad tel jenrnjtlrkstkjs ar nttrkmutls ad tel njjau`t ks tel `ncl ad tel justaclr. K` nggktka` ta tent telrl wkbb sacl atelr jenrnjtlrkstkjs ns cl`tka`lg mlbaw9 ▩

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Njjau`t eabglr `ncl Njjau`t ùcmlr Wypl ad njjau`t (Znvk`fs/Jurrl`t)

Weks jn` ml rlprlsl`tlg rlprlsl`tlg ns seaw` mlbaw9

>:= | X n f l


Ns yau jn` sll wl envl a`by ngglg tel nttrkmutls dar tel jbnss. Weks jbnss gknfrnc ks k`jacpbltl ns wl envl àt ylt ngglg tel clteags ta kt. Blt‛s ngg tel clteags ta kt àw. Za went ga yau ga wkte yau r mnò

njjau`t9 ▩

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Jeljo mnbn`jl Flt stntlcl`t

Ad jaursl, telrl jaubg ml carl clteags mut wl wkbb rlstrkjt aurslbvls ta telsl twa. @aw, aur dk`nb dk `nb jbnss gknfrnc wkbb ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

Kt ks kcpartn`t ta àtl tent jbnssls jn`‛t lxkst k` ksabntka` dar n`y sys tlc.

Went cln`s tent telrl nrl rlbntka`sekps nca`fst tel jbnss gknfrncs. Jbnss gknfrncs envl : ok`gs ad rlbntka`sekps ns gksjusslg mlbaw9 Nss Ns s aj k ntk a `

Nssajkntka` ks n rlbntka`sekp mltwll` twa jbnssls n`g ks tel skcpblst darc ad rlbntka`sekp. Nssajkntka` cln`s tent tel twa jbnssls nrl ja``ljtlg ta lnje atelr dar njjacpbksek`f n tnso. K` \CB gknfrncs gk nfrncs,, kt ks seaw` my usk`f n` nrrawlg strnkfet bk`l drac a`l jbnss ta nàtelr k`gkjntk`f ‚ eaw nrl tely nssajkntlg1 Eawlvlr nrraws jn` ml >:: | X n f l


u`kgkrljtka`nb ar mkgkrljtka`nb. \`kgkrljtka`nb cln`s tent tel nssajkntka` ks a`by wel` a`l jbnss ks `llgk`f atelr a`l. A` tel atelr en`g, mkgkrljtka`nb nssajkntka` cln`s tent mate tel jbnssls `llg lnje atelr. Lxncpbl Vl wkbb tnol n skcpbl lxncpbl welrl wl envl twa jbnssls `nclby eaclmuylr n`g eacl. N eacl muylr jn` muy a`l ar carl eacls n`g kt‛s n a`l-gkrljtka`nb nssajkntka` ns seaw` mlbaw9

8..` a` tel eausl skgl k`gkjntls k`gk jntls tent tel eacl muylr cny muy à eausl ar n`y ùcmlr ad eausls. Nffr Nf fr lfnt k a`

n` nssajkntka` k` wekje a`l jbnss ks nssajkntlg wkte n fraup. Dar lxncpbl, n clù ktlc mlba`fs ta n clù, wekje ens cubtkpbl clù ktlcs. N` nffrlfntka` nffrlfntka` ens n gknca`g l`g pak`tk`f ta tel pnrt ja`tnk`k`f tel weabl. Weks nssajkntka` ks seaw` mlbaw9

Kt‛s n darc ad

>:7 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Fl`lrnbkzntka`

Fl`lrnbkzntka` ks n darc ad nssajkntka` tent seaws kèlrktn`jl ar pnrl`t-jekbg rlbntka`sekp mltwll` tel jbnssls. Weks nssajkntka` seaws tent a`l jbnss ks n jekbg ad atelr a`l. Weks ks n vlry usldub tlje`kqul ta lstnmbkse rlbntka`sekp mltwll` jbnssls. Wa prlsl`t n` lbnmarntl lxncpbl, wl envl jeasl` teks kcnfl drac Vkokclgkn wlmsktl ns seaw` mlbaw9

K` teks gknfrnc, yau jn` tel fl`lrnbkzntka` nssajkntka` nca`fst GTGCavkl, Earrar Cavkl n`g Njtka` Cavkls wkte Cavkl jbnss. Cavkl jbnss ks tel fl`lrnb jbnss drac welrl telsl spljknbkzlg jbnssls ad cavkls nrl jrlntlg. Went‛s tel rlnsa` teks rlbntka`sekp ks k s rldlrrlg ta ns

fl`lrnbkzntka` nssajkntka`. K` tel nmavl gknfrnc, yau jn` nbsa sll tel nssajkntka` mltwll` Cavkl n`g tel cavkl Wypl ns wlbb ns mltwll` cavkl n`g cavkl darcnt. Welrl ks n a`l ta cn`y nssajkntka` mltwll` cavkl n`g cavkl Darcnt >:< | X n f l


k`gkjntk`f tent telrl jn` ml cubtkpbl cavkls ad n pnrtkjubnr darcnt. Velrlns telrl ks a`l-ta-a`l rlbntka`sekp mltwll` cavkl n`g cavkl typl, mljnusl lnje cavkl ks ad a`by a`l typl. Weks ks rldlrrlg ta ns cubtkpbkjkty. Wel cubtkpbkjkty ad n` nssajkntka` l`g ks tel ùcmlr ad passkmbl k`stn`jls ad tel jbnss nssajkntlg wkte n sk`fbl k`stn`jl ad tel atelr l`g. Weks tnmbl fkvls tel cast jacca` cubtkpbkjktkls. Cubtkpbk jktk ls Cln`k`f Cln`k`f

8..>

zlra ar a`l k`stn`jl. Wel àtntka` ` . . c k`gkjntls ` ta c k`stn`jls.

8..* ar *

à bkckt a` tel ùcmlr ad k`stn`jls (k`jbugk`f à`l).

>

lxnjtby a`l k`stn`jl

>..*

nt blnst a`l k`stn`jl

Lvlry jbnss gknfrnc ens jbnssls, nssajkntka`s, n`g cubtkpbkjktkls. @nvkfnmkbkty n`g rabls nrl aptka`nb ktlcs pbnjlg k` n gknfrnc ta pravkgl jbnrkty.

>:4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Z W ] \ J W \] \ ] L G N @ N B [ Z K Z N @ G G L Z KF KF @ N X X ] A N J E ( Z N G ) ‚ ( D A ] ] L D A @B @B [ )

K` tel prlvkaus sljtka`, wl gksjusslg nmaut Amiljt arkl`tlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` nppranje (AANG). K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta pravkgl n qukjo avlrvklw ad ZNG. ZNG ks n` abglr nppranje ns jacpnrlg ta AANG. Zacl oly pak`ts nmaut ZNG ks ▩

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Glvlbaplg k` tel bntl >;68s my GlCnrja, [aurga`, n`g Ja`stn`tk`l ndtlr tel lclrfl`jl ad strujturlg prafrncck`f. K`

>;5;,

[aurga`

pumbkselg

‒Caglr`

Ztrujturlg

N`nbysks–. ▩

Wel nvnkbnmkbkty nvnkbnmkbkty ad JNZL taabs k` tel >;;8s l`nmblg n`nbysts ta glvlbap n`g cagkdy tel frnpekjnb ZNG caglbs.

Wel pekbasapey mlek`g ZNG nppranje ks9 ▩

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Xekbasapey ad strujturlg n`nbysks n`g glskf` N`nbysts nttlcpt ta gkvkgl bnrfl, jacpblx pramblcs k`ta scnbblr, carl lnskby en`gblg a`ls. ‒Gkvkgl n`g Ja`qulr–

Wap-Gaw` nppranje Du`jtka`nb vklw ad tel pramblc. N`nbysts usl frnpekjs ta kbbustrntl telkr kglns wel`lvlr passkmbl

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ZNG jacprksls ad cubtkpbl caglbs ns bkstlg mlbaw9 ▩

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Lssl`tknb caglb Mlenvkarnb caglb >:6 | X n f l


Kcpblcl`tntka` caglb

Oly dlnturls ad n` l`vkra`cl`tnb l`vkra`cl`tnb caglb nrl9 ▩

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Gldk`ls tel sjapl ad tel prapaslg systlc. Gldk`ls tel mau`gnry n`g k`tlrnjtka` mltwll` tel systlc n`g tel autskgl warbg. Jacpaslg ad9 Ztntlcl`t ad Xurpasl, Ja`tlxt Gknfrnc, n`g Lvl`t Bkst.

Oly dlnturls ad mlenvkarnb caglb nrl9 ▩

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Caglb ad tel tel k`tlr`nb k`tlr`nb mlenvkar n`g gntn l`tktkls l`tktkls ad ad tel systlc. Caglbs tel du`jtka`nb rlqukrlcl`ts. Jacpaslg ad Gntn Gkjtka`nry, Gntn Dbaw Gknfrnc, L`tkty ]lbntka`sekp Gknfrnc, Xrajlss Zpljkdkjntka`, n`g Ztntl Wrn`sktka` Gknfrnc.

Oly dlnturls ad kcpblcl`tntka` caglb nrl9 ▩

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Cnps tel du`jtka`nb rlqukrlcl`ts ta tel enrgwnrl n`g sadtwnrl. Gltlrck`ls wekje du`jtka`s seaubg ml cnùnb n`g wekje seaubg ml nutacntlg. Gldk`ls tel Eucn`-Jacputlr Eucn`-Jacputlr K`tlrdnjl. Gldk`ls à`-du`jtka`nb rlqukrlcl`ts.

Iust bkol AANG, ZNG nbsa usls frnpekjnb àtntka`s n`g atelr lblcl`ts ta caglb n systlc. Welsl lblcl`ts nrl ns dabbaws9 ▩

Gntn dbaw gknfrncs >:5 | X n f l


▩

Xrajlss spljkdkjntka`s ▩

▩

strujturlg l`fbkse, gljkska` trlls ar tnmbls9 tely gajucl`t k` n prljksl n`g ja`skjl dnseka` tel lblcl`tnry prajlssk`f aplrntka`s plrdarclg my lnje du`jtka`nb prkcktkvl k` n slt ad gdgs

Gntn gkjtka`nry l`trkls ▩

▩

seaw rlbntka`sekps rlbntka`sekps mltwll` mltwll` prajlssls, prajlssls, gntn dbaws, gntn rlpasktarkls n`g lxtlr`nb k`dubl`jls mlya`g tel systlc mau`gnry k` n frnpekjnb n`g strujturlg cn``lr

glsjrkml tel `nturl ad gntn dbaws n`g eabg tel prajlss spljkdkjntka`s

L`tkty ]lbntka`sekp Gknfrnc

N gntn dbaw gknfrnc (GDG) ks uslg ta k`gkjntl tel dbaw ad gntn n`g slt ad passkmbl pntes dar gntn dbaw. Kt gals àt seaw tel dbaw ad ja`trab. Wel oly dlnturls ad GDG nrl ns dabbaws9 ▩

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N wny ta caglb n rlnb warbg sktuntka` n`g spljkdkjnbby prajlssls Welkr cnk` purpasl ks ta jaccu`kjntl jaccu`kjntl wkte tel uslr, tel n`nbyst‛s u`glrstn`gk`f ad tel sjapl ad

tel rlqukrlg systlc ▩

▩

GDGs nrl lxpn`glg ar gljacpaslg k`ta blvlbs. (Du`jtka`nb gljacpasktka`) Zeaws dbaw ad gntn àt dbaw ad ja`trab

>:; | X n f l


Zeaws slt ad passkmbl pntes (àt went jnusls n pnte ta ml tnol`)

Tnrkaus lblcl`ts ad n gntn dbaw gknfrnc nrl ns dabbaws9

Xrajlss ks rldlrrlg ta ns waro ar njtka`s plrdarclg a` gntn (k`skgl tel systlc). Wel `nck`f dar n prajlss seaubg ml vlrm pensls. Lvlry prajlss rljlkvls k`put gntn n`g pragujls autput.

Xrajlss9

Gntn dbaw ks n pnte dar gntn ta cavl drac a`l pnrt ad tel GDG ta nàtelr. Wel gkrljtka` ad tel nrraw k`gkjntls cavlcl`t ad gntn. Kt jn` nbsa rlprlsl`t dbaw mltwll` prajlss n`g gntn starl my twa slpnrntl nrraws. Gntn Dbaw9

Gntn starl ks uslg k` n GDG ta rlprlsl`t gntn tent tel systlc starls. Bnmlbs seaubg ml àu` pernsls.

Gntn Ztarl9

Welsl nrl lxtlr`nb l`tktkls wekje nrl arkfk` ar glstk`ntka` ad gntn (autskgl tel systlc). Kt ks tel sk`fubnr darc ad n

Zaurjl/Zkò9

>78 | X n f l


glpnrtcl`t, autskgl arfn`kzntka`, ar plrsa` ltj. Wel bnmlbs seaubg ml àu` pernsls. N` lxncpbl ad n dubb-mbaw` GDG ks ns dabbaws9

Weks kcnfl ens mll` tnol` drac d rac ettps9//jacca`s.wkokclgkn.arf/ ettps9//jacca`s.wkokclgkn.arf/.. Gntn Gntn dbaw db aw g knfrncs (GDG) (GDG) blvlbs

Musk`lss prajlssls nrl taa jacpblx ta ml seaw` a` n sk`fbl GDG, sa wl usl gljacpasktka`. Gljacpasktka` ks tel prajlss ad rlprlsl`tk`f tel systlc k` n eklrnrjey ad GDG gknfrncs. Jekbg gknfrncs seaw n partka` ad tel pnrl`t gknfrnc k` frlntlr gltnkb. K` fl`lrnb, n systlc jaubg ml vklwlg ns n sk`fbl Xrajlss ns seaw` mlbaw9 >7> | X n f l


Wel mnskj blvlb GDG gknfrnc ks nbsa oàw` ns Ja`tlxt Gknfrnc. Welrl nrl atelr blvlbs ad tel gknfrncs, lnje blvlb ad gknfrnc seaws carl frnùbnr blvlb ad k`darcntka` ns dnr ns prajlssls nrl ja`jlr`lg. Za tel ja`tlxt gknfrnc seaws tel ekfe blvlb prajlssls, welrlns blvlb > seaws tel prajlss stlps dar lnje prajlssls k` ja`tlxt gknfrnc. Ja`tlxt Gknfrnc ▩

Zeaws tel systlc n`g tel lxtlr`nb l`tktkls wkte wekje kt k`tlrnjts

Wap Blvlb Gknfrnc ▩

Zeaws tel cnk` prajlssls k` tel systlc n gljacpasktka` ad tel ja`tlxt gknfrnc prajlss

Bawlr Blvlb Gknfrncs ▩

Gljacpasktka` ad tel prajlssls k` tel tap blvlb - jn` ml sujjlsskvlby gljacpaslg gljacpaslg

Zacl oly nspljts ad gkddlrl`t blvlbs ad GDG nrl ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9 ▩

▩

Kd n prajlss p ks lxpn`glg, tel prajlss nt tel `lxt blvlb nrl bnmlbblg ns p.>, p.= ltj. Nbb gntn gntn dbaw l`tlrk`f l`tlrk`f ar blnvk`f p cust cust nbsa l`tlr ar blnvl kt‛s lxpn`glg vlrska`

>7= | X n f l


Lxpn`glg GDG cny envl gntn starls

▩

@a lxtlr`nb l`tkty jn` npplnr k` lxpn`glg GDG

▩

Ollp tel ùcmlr ad prajlssls nt lnje blvlb blss ten` 6

Mnbn`jk`f k`vabvls

k`surk`f tent k`darcntka` prlsl`tlg nt a`l blvlb ad n GDG ks njjurntlby rlprlsl`tlg k` tel `lxt blvlb GDG. Ztlps dar jrlntk`f GDGs

Ja`tlxt gknfrnc ▩

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▩

Grnw a`l prajlss prajlss rlprlsl`tk`f rlprlsl`tk`f tel l`tkrl systlc systlc (prajlss 8) Dk`g nbb k`puts n`g n`g autputs autputs tent jacl drac ar fa ta lxtlr`nb l`tktkls? grnw ns gntn dbaws. Grnw k` lxtlr`nb lxtlr`nb l`tktkls ns tel saurjl ar glstk`ntka` ad tel gntn dbaws.

Blvlb 8 gknfrnc gk nfrnc ▩

Jacmk`l tel slt ad GDG drnfcl`ts k`ta a`l gknfrnc.

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Fl`lrnbby cavl drac tap ta mattac, bldt ta rkfet.

▩

Ck`kckzl jrasslg bk`ls.

Blvlb > gknfrnc ▩

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Lnje usl jnsl ks tur`lg k`ta kts aw` GDG. Wnol tel stlps bkstlg a` tel usl jnsl n`g glpkjt lnje ns n prajlss a` tel blvlb > GDG. K`puts n`g autputs bkstlg a` usl jnsl mljacl gntn dbaws a` GDG. >7: | X n f l


▩

K`jbugl saurjls saurjls n`g glstk`ntka`s glstk`ntka`s ad gntn gntn dbaws ta prajlssls n`g starls wktek` tel GDG. Cny nbsa k`jbugl lxtlr`nb l`tktkls dar jbnrkty.

Kglnbby, n GDG ens nt blnst terll blvlbs. Vel` tel systlc mljacls prkcktkvl k.l. bawlst blvlb ks rlnjelg n`g durtelr gljacpasktka` ks uslblss.

>77 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X ] N J W K J L N Z Z K F @ C L @W @W

Nsskf`cl`t > K` n u`kqul Cucmnk rlstnurn`t, welrl cniarkty ad tel stndd ks glnd n`g gucm, teks systlc ks prapaslg ta ml glvlbaplg ta nsskst tel stndd k` cn`nfk`f tel rlstnurn`t wel` jbkl`ts nrl envk`f daag. Lvlry wnktlr, `ljlssnrkby n glnd n`g gucm plrsa`, ens mll` nbbajntlg n slt ad tnmbls, wekje k` teks jnsl ks :. Welrl W elrl ks n cn`nflr, wea ks n` lxplrt k` skf` bn`funfl n`g waros ns tel k`tlrclgknry mltwll` tel jbkl`t n`g tel wnktlr. Wel wnktlr ks nsskf`lg n` kXNG ta pbnjl tel arglr dar tel tnmbl kcclgkntlby, wekbl u`glrstn`gk`f tel arglr. Wel arglr wel` pbnjlg, rnksls n` nblrt k` tel oktjel` n`g ks qululg up. Wel jelds stnrt prlpnrk`f tel ktlcs. Ns n`g wel`, arglr flts rlngy (daag ks prlpnrlg mnslg a` lntk`f arglr bkol saups nrl prlpnrlg dkrst, dabbawlg my stnrtlrs ltj), tel wnktlr ks sl`t n` nblrt a` tel kXNG nba`f wkte tel cn`nflr. Wel wnktlr rusels ta tel oktjel` n`g mrk`fs tel daag. Wel wnktlr jn` fl`lrntl tel mkbb ndtlr tel jbkl`t ens dk`kselg telkr daag. Welrl jn` ml jnsls, welrl gksjau`ts jn` ml fkvl` ta jlrtnk` slt ad justaclr. Wel systlc nbsa ollps trnjo ad gnkby jabbljtka`s nba`f wkte jabbljtka`s drac lnje tnmbl n`g wnktlr. Welsl stntkstkjs nrl nvnkbnmbl ta tel rlstnurn`t aw`lrs. Nss Ns s k f` cl` t t nso s

[au nrl lxpljtlg ta jacpbltl tel dabbawk`f d abbawk`f tnsos9 n) Kgl`tkdy nbb tel du`jtka`s/dlnturls ad tel systlc m) Kgl`tkdy tel usl usl jnsls n`g njtars n`g nbsa tel usl usl jnsl caglb caglb >7< | X n f l


>74 | X n f l


Jenptlr 6

>76 | X n f l


>75 | X n f l


6 . D u ` j t k a ` n b W ls ls t k ` f

Ns musk`lss n`nbysts nrl k`vabvlg k` fntelrk`f tel rlqukrlcl`ts dar n sadtwnrl prailjt, tely nrl tel mlst plapbl ta vnbkgntl tel sadtwnrl wkte rlspljt ta rlqukrlcl`ts. Weks darc ad tlstk`f ks rldlrrlg ta ns du`jtka`nb tlstk`f. Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, sufflsts, du`jtka`nb tlstk`f ks nbb nmaut tlstk`f ar vnbkgntk`f n du`jtka` ar n dlnturl ad tel systlc. Wlstk`f tel du`jtka`nbkty ad n sadtwnrl systlc ks nbsa oàw` ns mbnjo max tlstk`f, wekje ks gkddlrl`t drac wektl max tlstk`f. Wel tnmbl mlbaw seaws tel gkddlrl`jl mltwll` wektl max n`g mbnjo max tlstk`f9 Vektl Max Wlstk` Wlstk` f

Mbnjo Max Wlstk Wlstk `f

Mnslg a`

K`tlr`nb strujturl, ]lqukrlcl`t Jagl n`g Gntnmnsl Du`jtka`nbkty glskf`

\slg \slg M y

Glvlbaplr Glskf`lr

Zuktnmbl Dar

\`kt n`g tlstk`f

n`g

n`g Du`jtka`nb tlstlr n`g tel justaclr cagubl Zystlc n`g uslr njjlptn`jl tlst

>7; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts J A @ G \ J WK WK @ F D \ @ J W K A @ N B W L Z W K @ F

Du`jtka`nb tlstk`f ks ja`gujtlg usk`f tlst jnsls. N tlst jnsl rlprlsl`ts tel ja`gktka`s n`g ja`strnk`ts, usk`f wekje tlstk`f ks ja`gujtlg. Eaw gals a`l gljkgl a` telsl ja`gktka`s, tel saurjl ks nbwnys tel rlqukrlcl`ts gajucl`t gajucl`t n`g a`l ad tel mlst wnys ta ja`gujt du`jtka`nb tlstk`f ks ta stnrt wkte tel du`jtka`s n`g tel jarrlspa`gk`f sjl`nrkas. Vl nrl fak`f ta baao nt tent k` gltnkbs k` tel lxncpbl. N tlst jnsl jacprksls ad tel dabbawk`f9 N tlst ja`gktka` Wlst gntn Ztlps Xrl-rlquksktls Lxpljtlg ]lsubt Njtunb ]lsubt Ztntus

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•

•

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•

Kd tel lxpljtlg rlsubt gurk`f tel tlstk`f, cntjels tel lxpljtlg rlsubt, kt cln`s tent tel systlc ens pnsslg tel tlst. Kd tel systlc pnssls nbb tel tlst jnsls sujjlssdubby, kt ks rlngy ta ml glbkvlrlg ta tel justaclr. N typkjnb tlst jnsl gajucl`t wkbb baao bkol9 Wlst Wlst Jnsl Jnsl KG @ncl

Wlst Jnsl

K`put Gntn

Ztlps

XrlLxpljtl Njtunb Ztnt rlqukskt g Autput Autpu us ls t

Wel stlps k`vabvlg k` ja`gujtk`f du`jtka`nb tlstk`f nrl ns dabbaws9 •

Glvlbap tel tlst jnsls dar sjl`nrkas ><8 | X n f l


•

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•

Xrlpnrl tel tlst gntn Xrlpnrl tel tlst l`vkra`cl`t Lxljutl tel tlst jnsls ]lpart tel rlsubts ta glvlbapcl`t glvlbapcl`t tlnc

K eapl yau cust ml rlclcmlrk`f tel sjl`nrkas, wl gksjusslg wekbl gksjussk`f rlqukrlcl`t lbkjktntka`. Zjl`nrkas nrl tel mnskj darcnts ad rlqukrlcl`ts jabbljtka` drac tel justaclrs n`g tent pravkgls tel mlst frau`g dar wrktk`f tlst jnsls n`g plrdarck`f du`jtka`nb tlstk`f. K` tel lxncpbl, wl nrl fak`f ta tlst n systlc usk`f teks tlje`kqul. Lxncpbl Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl ta u` glrstn`g eaw tel tlst jnsls nrl wrkttl`. K` tel dkrst lxncpbl, blt‛s rl -vkskt

tel sjl`nrkas ad kssuk`f n maao, k` n

bkmrnry cn`nflcl`t systlc. Blt‛s dkrst baao nt tel sjl`nrkas ad n kssuk`f n maao9 •

•

•

Wel maao ks kssulg sujjlssdubby sujjlssdubby Wel rlqulstlg maao ks àt nvnkbnmbl Wel maao ks nvnkbnmbl mut tel rlqulstlr ks àt n clcmlr clcmlr

Wel stlps ad tel sjl`nrkas nrl ns dabbaws9 Zjl`nrka9 Zjl`nrka9 Wel maao ks k ssulg sujjlssdubb y •

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Wel stugl`t/dnjubty cnols n` l`qukry nmaut n maao Wel bkmrnrkn` jeljos tel nvnkbnmkbkty ad maao. Kd tel maao ks nvnkbnmbl, nvnkbnmbl, tel bkmrnrkn` bkmrnrkn` jeljos kd tel rlqulstk`f clcmlr ks n clcmlr ad tel BCZ systlc. Kd tel rlqulstlr ks n clcmlr, tel bkmrnrkn` bkmrnrkn` wkbb jeljo tel bkckt ad maaos dar teks clcmlr.

><> | X n f l


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Kd tel bkckt ks àt jrasslg, tel bkmrnrkn` wkbb kssul kssul tel tel maao maao ta ta tel clcmlr. Wel bkmrnrkn` wkbb ngg tel gntl ad ad kssul, gul gntl n`g clcmlrsekp kg ad tel clcmlr, ta weac tel maao ks kssulg. Wel maao stntus ks upgntlg. Wel clcmlr rljarg ks upgntlg.

Zjl`nrka9 Zjl`nrka9 Maao k s àt nvnkbnmbl nvnkbnmbl •

K` jnsl jnsl tel maao ks àt àt nvnkbnmbl, nvnkbnmbl, tel clcmlr ks k`darclg k`darclg n`g n`g à durtelr njtka` ks `llglg.

Zjl`nrka9 Zjl`nrka9 Maao k s nvnkbnmbl nvnkbnmbl mut r lqulstlr lqulstlr ks àt n clcmlr clcmlr •

•

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K` jnsl jnsl ad clcmlr clcmlr àt rlfkstlrlg wkte tel BCZ, BCZ, tel bkmrnrkn` wkbb nso dar rlqukrlg gltnkbs n`g kgl`tkdkjntka` k gl`tkdkjntka` Wel bkmrnrkn` wkbb ngg tel clcmlr clcmlr k` tel BCZ systlc my l`tlrk`f clcmlr gntn A`jl tel rlfkstrntka` ks ga`l, stlp 7 ad ad tel tel cnk` dbaw wkbb wkbb stnrt.

Za, ns n musk`lss n`nbyst, went yau `llg ta tlst ks tel du`jtka`nbkty Kssul n maao maa o n`g tel nssajkntlg sjl`nrkas ns cl`tka`lg nmavl. Blt‛s

try n`g jrlntl tel tlst jnsls dar telsl sjl`nrkas. Blt‛s stnrt wkte Zjl`nrka K ad sujjlssdubby kssuk`f tel maao. K` teks

sjl`nrka, lvlrytek`f ks lxpljtlg ta waro ns pbn``lg. Wel tlst jnsls dar tel sncl k` a` tel `lxt pnfl. K` tel sumslqul`t pnfls, tlst jnsls dar atelr sjl`nrkas nrl nbsa prlsl`tlg. ><= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Cn`nflcl`t Zystlc Xrailjt @ncl9 Bkmrnry Cn`nflcl`t

Zjl`nrka9 Maao kssulg sujjlssdubby ta n clcmlr

Wlst Jnsl

Wlst Jnsl

Xrl-

Ztlps

ja`gktka`s

KG

Wlst Gntn

Lxpljtlg ]lsubt

Zjl`nrka Zjl`nrka K9 Zujjlssdub kssul ad n maao

Bafk` k`ta tel systlc ns n bkmrnrkn`

Zlnrje dar maao

Apl` tel mrawslr n`g fa ta tel wlmsktl www.bcs.jac

Jbkjo a` tel "Zlnrje Maao" a` tel tap clù

Bafk`KG9 Bkmrnrkn` XVG9 U[Y

Wel bafk` wkbb ml nbbawlg n`g yau wkbb ml tnol` ta tel maao slnrje pnfl/Gnsemanrg

Maao `ncl9 Xrnjtkjnb Wel slnrje seaws tent tel maao ks AANG nvnkbnmbl

Jeljo weltelr Jbkjo a` Zlnrje ]ljarg rlqulstk`f clcmlr ks clcmlr ad tel BCZ Zystlc

Clcmlr Kg? >=:

Jeljo tel bkckt ad kssuk`f tel maao ta n clcmlr

Clcmlr Kg? Wel clcmlr ens àt jrasslg tel >=: bkckt ad kssuk`f tel maao

Wel clcmlr ks tel BCZ clcmlr

Jbkjo a` Bkckt Wnm ad ]ljargs

><: | X n f l

Nj tu nb ]lsubt

Ztntus

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Kssul tel maao

Jbkjo a` Kssul tnm

Clcmlr Kg? >=:, Maao @ncl9 Xrnjtkjnb AANG,Gntl Zeaw n clssnfl tent maao ks ad kssul n`g kssulg, maao stntus ks upgntlg n`g Gul gntl clcmlr dkblg ks upgntlg

Cn`nflcl`t Zystlc Xrailjt @ncl9 Bkmrnry Cn`nflcl`t Wlst Jnsl

Wlst Jnsl

KG

Ztlps

nvnkbnmbl Zjl`nrka9 Maao ks à t nvnkbnmbl Xrlja`gktka`s

Wlst Gntn

Lxpljtlg ]lsubt

Bafk`KG9

Wel bafk` wkbb ml nbbawlg n`g yau

Bkmrnrkn`

wkbb ml tnol` ta tel maao slnrje

XVG9 U[Y

pnfl/Gnsmanrg

Zjl`nrka Zjl`nrka KK9 Maao ks àt nvnkbnmbl nvnkbnmbl


><7 | X n f l

Nj tu nb ]lsubt

Ztntus

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Maao `ncl9

Zlnrje dar maao

Jbkjo a` tel "Zlnrje Maao" a` tel

Xrnjtkjnb

Zeaw wnr`k`f clssnfl "Maao ks àt

tap clù

AANG

nvnkbnmbl"

><< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Cn`nflcl`t Zystlc Xrailjt @ncl9 Bkmrnry Cn`nflcl`t

rlqulstlr ks àt n clcmlr Zjl`nrka9 Wel rlqulstlr

Wlst Jnsl

Wlst Jnsl

Xrl-

Ztlps

ja`gktka`s

KG

Wlst Gntn

Lxpljtlg ]lsubt

Zjl`nrka KKK9 Wel rlqulstlr rlqulstlr ks ` at n clcmlr


Bafk`KG9

Wel bafk` wkbb ml nbbawlg n`g yau

Bkmrnrkn`

wkbb ml tnol` ta tel maao slnrje

XVG9 U[Y

pnfl/Gnsmanrg

Maao `ncl9 Jbkjo a` tel "Zlnrje Maao" a` tel

Zadtwnrl

Wel slnrje seaws tent tel maao ks

Zlnrje dar maao

tap clù

Wlstk`f

nvnkbnmbl

Jeljo weltelr rlqulstk`f clcmlr ks clcmlr ad tel BCZ Zytlc

Jbkjo a` Zlnrje ]ljarg

Zeaw n wnr`k`f clssnfl "Clcmlr

><4 | X n f l

Clcmlr KG9

@at BCZ clcmlr" wkte n` aptka` ta

@at Dau`g

]LFKZWL] CLCML]

Nj tu nb ]lsubt

Ztntus


K` teks lxncpbl wl snw eaw jn` wl wrktl tel tlst jnsls dar n fkvl` du`jtka` n`g nssajkntlg sjl`nrka. Wel sncl ja`jlpt jn` ml lxtl`glg dar tel l`tkrl prailjt. Nàtelr nrln ad tlstk`f ks gntnmnsl tlstk`f. Kt cny àt ml cn`gntary k` nbb tel jnsls dar n musk`lss n`nbyst. Mut yau `llg ta oàw tel mnskjs ad gntnmnsl tlstk`f.

><6 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts G N W N M N Z L W L Z WK WK @ F

Gntnmnsl tlstk`f ks nssajkntlg wkte vnbkgntk`f tel gntn k` tel gntnmnsl wkte rlspljt ta tel aplrntka`s jnrrklg aut k` tel dra`t l`g. Kd n uslr rlfkstlrs wkte n wlmsktl wkte n uslr `ncl ―nmek=:7‛, teks gntn cust ml

starlg k` tel gntnmnsl ad tel nppbkjntka` ns wlbb dar duturl usnfl. Weks ks jnbblg plrskstl`jl. Ns n musk`lss n`nbyst, yau ckfet `llg ta vnbkgntl tel gntn drac tel gntnmnsl. Vl envl glvatlg tel bnst sljtka` ad teks maao dar Z^B, wekje ks tel prkcnry bn`funfl dar k`tlrnjtk`f wkte tel gntnmnsl. Vl envl gltnkblg sljtka`s a` gntn qulry, cn`kpubntka` n`g gldk`ktka` bn`funfls. bn`funfls. K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss nmaut gntnmnsl tlstk`f ja`jlpts. Za went ga wl tlst wel` wl sny gntnmnsl tlstk`f1 •

Gntn njjurnjy n`g Tnbkgkty (Dklbg skzl vnbkgntka`)

•

Gntn K`tlfrkty (Ja`strnk`ts, K`slrt, \pgntl n`g Glbltl)

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Gntnmnsl Amiljts (Wnmbls, Xrajlgurls)

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Gntnmnsl Zljurkty (\`nutearkzlg njjlss)

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Gntn Ckfrntka` (Kcpart n`g Lxpart)

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Gntnmnsl Xlrdarcn`jl Xlrdarcn`jl (K`glxls, ùcmlr ad trkfflrs, rlspa`sl tkcl)

Welsl nrl tel avlrnbb sjapl ad gntnmnsl tlstk`f n`g ns n Musk`lss N`nbyst, yau wkbb a`by ml baaok`f nt tel dkrst twa typls ad tlsts. Za, k` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss a`by tel dkrst twa pak`ts. Gntn Gntn njjurnjy n`g vnbkgk ty

><5 | X n f l


Gntn njjurnjy n`g vnbkgkty, ns tel `ncl sufflsts, rldlrs ta vnbkgntk`f tel njjurnjy ad tel gntnmnsl strujturl. Carl spljkdkjnbby, yau `llg ta vnbkgntl9 •

•

Cnppk`f ad dra`t l`g gntn lblcl`ts wkte mnjo l`g gntn lblcl`ts ‚

Zkzl

‚

Ja`strnk`ts (Gntl darcnts)

‚

Gntn Wypls Cntjek`f

Ztrujturnb Wlstk`f

A`l ad tel skcpblst lxncpbls jaubg ml tel skzl ad uslr `ncl a` tel rlfkstrntka` sjrll` àt cntjek`f wkte tel sncl dklbg k` tel tnmbl. Weks jn` ml plrdarclg usk`f Gntn gldk`ktka` bn`funfl. Gntn Gntn K`tlfrkty Wlstk` Wlstk` f

Gntn K`tlfrkty tlstk`f ks n carl k`vabvlg darc ad gntnmnsl tlstk`f n`g teks k`vabvls usnfl ad gntn qulry n`g cn`kpubntka` bn`funfl. Xurpasl ad teks tlstk`f ks9 •

Gntnmnsl Aplrntka` vnbkgntka` (K`slrt/\pgntl/Glbltl) (K`slrt/\pgntl/Glbltl)

•

NJKG Wlstk`f

•

‚

Njkgkty ad Gntn (Xnrl`t & Jekbg)

‚

A`by Tnbkg gntn ks snvlg

‚

@a ja`jurrl`jy lddljt

‚

@a lxtlr`nb dnjtar seaubg seaubg ml nmbl ta nddljt snvlg snvlg gntn

Tnbkgntk`f tel musk`lss rubl

><; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Lxncpbl Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl ta u`glrstn`g kt. A` aur wlmsktl, wl envl n jnbb

cl mnjo dnjkbkty, welrl n vksktar jn` rlqulst dar n jnbb mnjo. Ns n musk`lss rubl, wl wn`t tel ja`tnjt ùcmlr ta ml snvlg wkte n ―8‛ prldkxlg ta kt, lvl` teaufe tel vksktar ens àt ngglg kt. Wel sjrll` dar tel sncl ks ns dabbaws9

Za, ta ga sa, wl `llg ta flt k`ta tel gntnmnsl n`g qulry tel tnmbl, wekje starls teks k`darcntka` ta vnbkgntl kt. Za, blt‛s sny n vksktar `nclg ―seurtk‛ ks

vksktk`f tel wlmsktl n`g l`tlrs tel k`da ns seaw` k` tel kcnfl a` tel `lxt pnfl.

>48 | X n f l


Wa jeljo weltelr tel gntn ens mll` k`slrtlg praplrby, wl wkbb usl tel dabbawk`f Z^B stntlcl`t (gksjusslg k` gltnkbs k` tel `lxt jenptlr)9 Zlbljt `ncl, ja`tnjtùc drac jnbbclmnjo welrl `ncl3'Zeurtk Cnbvkyn'

Wel gntnmnsl seaws tel rlsubt ns seaw` mlbaw9

>4> | X n f l


Ns yau jn` sll k` tel kcnfl nmavl, tel ja`tnjt ùcmlr ks starlg njjurntlby. Weks lxncpbl pravkgls yau n fbkcpsl ad tel usl ad gntn qulry bn`funfl ta vnbkgntl tel gntn k`skgl tel gntnmnsl, jrlntlg/cagkdklg my tel musk`lss prajlssls. Vl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss tel Z^B k` tel `lxt jenptlr.

>4= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X ] N J W K J L N Z Z K F @ C L @W @W

Mlbaw ks tel rlqukrlcl`t dar n dkrl rlpartk`f systlc. systlc. Zugenonr, grkvk`f gaw` cnk` strllt k` eks jnr àtkjls scaol jack`f aut ad n 7-starly mukbgk`f. Eks wkdl Zerutk wn`tlg wn`tlg ta rlpart tel k`jkgl`jl sa sa tent bkvls bkvls jn` ml snvlg. Zel ks dnckbknr wkte tel D]Z npp a` elr camkbl. Za sel l`tlrs n mrkld glsjrkptka` ad bajntka` n`g sacl gltnkbs nmaut tel dkrl. K` nggktka` ta n dkrl u`kt, sel rlqulsts ncmubn`jl a` tel sjl`l fkvl` tent nrln npplnr ta ml rlbntkvlby musy ns tel camkbl npp pravkgls tent aptka`. Zel wnkts dar n ja`dkrcntka`. Dkrl Ja`trab aplrntar, tel stndd nt tel ja`trab u`kt, ks nblrtlg ta tel lclrfl`jy my n mllp ad eks warostntka`. El rlvklws tel k`darcntka` sumckttlg my Zerutk n`g njoàwblgfls tel rlpart. El nbbajntls n dkrl u`kt n`g twa ncmubn`jl u`kts ta tel K`jkgl`t sktl n`g sl`gs telkr lstkcntlg nrrkvnb tkcl (LWN) ta Zerutk. Nss Ns s k f` cl` t t nso s •

•

[au envl envl ta dk`g aut tel du`jtka`s n`g sjl`nrkas sjl`nrkas dar tel Dkrl rlpartk`f systlc Vrktl du`jtka`nb tlst jnsls ta tlst telsl sjl`nrkas

>4: | X n f l


>47 | X n f l


Jenptlr 5

>4< | X n f l


>44 | X n f l


5 . Z ^B ^B 9 Z l t t k ` f u p t e l l ` v k r a ` c l ` t

Weks maao ens mll` wrkttl` wkte tel vklw ad pravkgk`f yau n jacpbltl u`glrstn`gk`f ad tel Z^B ja`jlpts n`g nbsa pravkgl ncpbl ùcmlr ad lxncpbls n`g prnjtkjl lxlrjksls ta pravkgl n en`gs-a` prnjtkjl. @AWL9 Wel bkòs n`g vlrska`s cl`tka`lg k` teks maao ks ns plr Dlm =8>4, kt ks passkmbl tent sacl ad bkòs ckfet flt mraol`. [au `llg ta nbsa jeljo tel bntlst vlrska` ad tel sadtwnrl. K` jnsl, yau nrl dnjk`f d njk`f n pramblc, ga wrktl ta us nt tljeelbpHtljejn`vnss.ja.k`

Wa sltup A]NJBL l`vkra`cl`t, yau `llg ta jacpbltl tel dabbawk`f stlps9 •

•

Zlttk`f up Arnjbl Drll Lgktka` >>f ]lblnsl = a

Gaw`bangk`f Arnjbl Drll Lgktka` >>f ]= drac teks \]B

a

K`stnbbk`f Arnjbl ‚ stlps seaw` nelng

Zlttk`f up Z^B glvlbaplr dar k`tlrnjtk`f wkte Gntnmnsl Gaw`bang Z^B Glvlbaplr drac teks \]B a

a

K`stnbbk`f Z^B glvlbaplrs ‚ stlps seaw` nelng

ZLWWK@F \X A]NJBL GNWNMNZL Z[ZWLC Ztlp >9

Wa sltup A]NJBL Gntnmnsl, yau `llg ta jacpbltl tel

dabbawk`f stlps9 •

Gaw`bang Arnjbl Drll Lgktka` >>f ]lblnsl = drac tel \]B ettp9//www.arnjbl.jac/tlje`ltwaro/gntn ettp9//www.arnjbl.jac/tlj e`ltwaro/gntnmnsl/gntnmns mnsl/gntnmnslltljeàbafkls/lxprlss-lgktka`/gaw` tljeàbafkls/lxprlss-lgktka`/gaw`bangs/k`glx.etcb bangs/k`glx.etcb >46 | X n f l


•

K` jnsl jnsl ad n`y kssuls kssuls wkte wkte tel \]B, \]B, slnrje slnrje dar Arnjbl Drll Lgktka` [au seaubg baao dar vlrska` vlrska` >>f rlblnsl = ar nmavl

[au wkbb sll teks sjrll` wel` yau vkskt tel \]B fkvl` k` tel prlvkaus stlp9

Dkf > Arnjbl Xlrsa`nb Xlrsa`nb Drll vlrska `

Njjlpt tel bkjl`sl nfrllcl`t Ztlp =9 A`jl

yau njjlpt tel nfrllcl`t, yau wkbb sll tel dabbawk`f

sjrll`9

>45 | X n f l


Dkf =9 Njjlpt t el nfrllcl`t nfrllcl`t Ztlp :9 [au cust Zlbljt tel nppraprkntl vlrska` k` tel

nmavl sjrll`.

K` jnsl yau nrl nrl àt Zurl ad yaur cnjek`ls cnjek`ls - := ar 47-mkt lgktka`, [au jn` fa ta tel Glsotap, rkfet jbkjo a` Zystlc & jeaasl ‒praplrtkls–9 K` tel systlc sljtka`, yau jn` sll teks k`da. Za jeaasl tel vlrska` jarrljtby k` tel Dkf = Ztlp 79 Zlbljt tel jarrljt n`g jbkjo

a` tel gaw`bang bkò. [au wkbb sll

tel dabbawk`f sjrll`9

>4; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Dkf : Arnjbl Arnjbl Baf k` Zjrll Zjr ll` `

Wa gaw`bang tel sadtwnrl, yau cust ml n rlfkstlrlg uslr ad Arnjbl. Kd yau nrl nbrlngy rlfkstlrlg, bafk` k` ta sadtwnrl, lbsl rlfkstlr. Ndtlr tel rlfkstrntka`, yau cny ml nsolg ta vlrkdy yaur lcnkb kg. A`jl teks ks ga`l, yau jn` bafk` usk`f yaur lcnkb kg k g n`g pnsswarg. A`jl yau bafk` sujjlssdubby, tel gaw`bang wkbb stnrt kcclgkntlby. Wel dkbl waubg ml n YKX dkbl. Ztlp <9

Lxtrnjt tel gaw`banglg zkp dkbl ta n dabglr ad jeakjl n`g lxtrnjt

tel dkbls. [au wkbb sll tel ZLW\X.lxl dkbl k` k ` tel dabglr ns seaw` mlbaw. Gaumbl-jbkjo a` Zltup.lxl Z ltup.lxl

>68 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztlp 49

Wel k`stnbbntka` wkbb stnrt n`g yau seaubg sll tel dabbawk`f

sjrll`9

Dkf < Ztnrt Ztnrt ad Arnjbl Arnjbl k`st nbbntka` Ztlp 69

[au wkbb saa` sll tel dabbawk`f sjrll`, `lxt. Iust jbkjo a`

‒@lxt– mutta`

Dkf 4 Ztnrtk Ztnrtk `f up ad k`s tnbbntka`

>6> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztlp 59

@lxt, yau wkbb sll tel dabbawk`f sjrll`. Njjlpt tel nfrllcl`t

Dkf 6 Njjlptk` f t el nfrllcl nfrllcl`t `t Ztlp ;9

K` tel `lxt sjrll`, yau envl tel aptka` ad jeaask`f tel

k`stnbbntka` pnte ar njjlpt tel gldnubt. K` jnsl yau envl làufe spnjl k` J9R dabglr, yau jn` njjlpt n`g jbkjo a` ―@lxt‛.

Dkf 5 Glstk Glstk `ntka` Dabglr Zlbljtk Zlbljtk a`

>6= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztlp >89

K` teks stlp, yau wkbb `llg ta l`tlr tel pnsswarg dar

Z[Z/Z[ZWLC uslr. [au cust àtl kt gaw` ns teks wkbb ml rlqukrlg dar bntlr usnfl.

Dkf ; Z[Z/Z[Z Z[Z/Z[ZWLC WLC pnsswa pnss wa rg Ztlp >>9

Ja`dkrc tel k`stnbbntka` k` teks stlp

Dkf >8 Ztnrt K`stnbbntka`

>6: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztlp >=9

K`stnbbntka` jacpbltka` ja`dkrcntka`, dk`nbby yau wkbb rljlkvl

teks dabbawk`f sjrll`9

Dkf >> K`stnbbntka` Jacpbltka` Ja`dk rcntka` Ztlp >:9

[au `llg ta jeljo tel prafrnc fraup jrlntka` k` ZWN]W

clù aptka` ns seaw` mlbaw.

>67 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Dkf >= Vk`gaw s >8 Arnjb Arnjbl l Gntnmnsl Gntnmnsl >>f >>f Fraup

Weks s`npseat ks drac n Vk`gaws >8 Cnjek`l. [aur cnjek`l ckfet envl n gkddlrl`t baao & dllb, glpl`gk`f a` tel aplrntk`f systlc, yau ckfet envl. Jbkjo a` ‒Ztnrt Gntnmnsl–, kd yau ga`‛t flt n`y lrrars, yaur k`stnbbntka` ks jacpbltl. Lvlry gntnmnsl systlc ens n gntnmnsl slrvlr prajlss, wekje `llgs ta ml ru``k`f mldarl yau jn` ja``ljt ta tel gntnmnsl n`g waro wkte kt.

>6< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Z L W W K @F @F \ X Z ^ B G L T L B A X L ] J B K L @ W Ztlp >79

Z^B Glvlbaplr ks n D]LL jbkl`t dar ja``ljtk`f ta tel

gntnmnsl n`g warok`f wkte kt. [au jn` gaw`bang tel sncl drac teks \]B.. Wel \]B ks fkvl` mlbaw ns wlbb9 \]B ettp9//www.arnjbl.jac/tlje`ltwaro/glvlbaplr-taabs/sqbglvlbaplr/gaw`bangs/k`glx.etcb Ztlp ><9

[au wkbb sll teks sjrll` drac welrl yau jn` gaw`bang tel

Z^B Glvlbaplr. [au `llg ta njjlpt tel nfrllcl`t . Kt‛s kcpartn`t ta àtl tent yau jeaasl tel :=-mkt n`g 47-mkt vlrska` mnslg a` yaur Aplrntk`f systlc, ns lxpbnk` prlvkausby k` stlp :.

Dkf >: Gaw`bangk`f Gaw`b angk`f Z^B Z^B Glvlba Glvlbaplr plr

>64 | X n f l


Dkf >7 Gaw`bang tel jarrljtka` vlrska`

Ztlp >4 9

A`jl yau jbkjo a` tel gaw`bang bkò, yau wkbb `llg ta bafk`.

Dkf >< >< Bafk` k ` ta yaur njjau`t

[au wkbb flt n YKX dkbl ns gaw`bang.

>66 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztlp >69 [au jn` lxtrnjt tel YKX dkbl k` n ja`vl`kl`t dabglr. [au ga`‛t

`llg ta ga n`y k`stnbbntka`.

Dkf >4 YKX YKX dkbl dkb l lxt lxtrnjtka rnjtka `

@aw yau nrl rlngy ta waro wkte tel Z^B glvlbaplr. Iust gaumbl-jbkjo a` tel sqbglvlbaplr.lxl dkbl n`g Z^B glvlbaplr wkbb stnrt ns seaw` k` Dkf >6.

Dkf >6 Z^B Glvlbaplr

>65 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts VA]OK@F VKWE Z^B GLTLBAXL]

Z^B glvlbaplr rlqukrls yau ta ja``ljt ta tel gntnmnsl ta ml nmbl ta waro. Weks jn` ml ga`l my jrlntk`f n ja``ljtka` k` Z^B Glvlbaplr. Wel @lw ja``ljtka` skf` + ks nvnkbnmbl a` a` tel bldt skgl pn`lb ns seaw` seaw` mlbaw9

Dkf >5 @lw @lw Ja``ljtk a`

A`jl yau jbkjo a` tel `lw ja``ljtka`, yau jn` sll tel dabbawk`f sjrll`, welrl yau jn` jrlntl tel ja``ljtka`s.

>6; | X n f l


Dkf >; Jrln Jrlntk`f tk`f `lw ja``ljtka `

Dkrst ad nbb, yau `llg ta jrlntl n ja``ljtka` dar Z[ZWLC uslr. [au seaubg ga tent my spljkdyk`f tel dabbawk`f vnbuls9 Ja``ljtka` @ncl9 Zystlc \slr`ncl 9 Z[ZWLC Xnsswarg9 2Xnsswarg, wekje yau l`tlrlg wekbl k`stnbbntka`0 Jeaasl tel

Znvl pnsswarg aptka`.

Nbsa l`surl tel dabbawk`f9 East`ncl9 yaur cnjek`l `ncl ar bajnbeast Xart9 ><=> ZKG9 xl Znvl teks ja``ljtka` my jbkjok`f a` tel ‒ZNTL– mutta` k` Dkf >;. Jbkjo a` ‒Wlst– mutta` ta jeljo, kd yaur ja``ljtka` pnrncltlrs dar ‒systlc–

>58 | X n f l


nrl jarrljt. K` tent jnsl yau wkbb sll n Z\JJLZZ stntus clssnfl, ns seaw` mlbaw9

Dkf =8 Ja``ljtk Ja``ljtk a` sujj lssdu b

>5> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts JA@@LJWK@F WA GNWNMNZL

@aw yau nrl rlngy ta ja``ljt tel gntnmnsl wkte tel systlc uslr, my jbkjok`f a` tel Z^B kja` ns seaw` k` tel gknfrnc gk nfrnc mlbaw9

Dkf => Ja``ljtk `f ta t a tel gntnmnsl

K` teks sjrll`, yau jn` sll tel ja``ljtka` yau jrlntlg k` tel prlvkaus stlp. K eng jrlntlg tel ja``ljtka` ns ‒Bajnb–, k` yaur jnsl, yau seaubg sll kt ns ‒systlc–. Jbkjo a` ‒Ao– n`g yau wkbb ml ja``ljtlg, àw yau

jn` sll tel sjrll` ns seaw` k` Dkf ==9

>5= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Dkf == Z^B Z^B glvl g lvlbap bap lr sjrll` sj rll` Jrlntk`f Jrlntk`f Nà telr uslr

K` teks sljtka`, yau nrl fak`f ta jrlntl n `lw uslr ad yaur jeakjl, ns glsjrkmlg mlbaw9 Ns n prl-rlquksktl, wl `llg ta jrlntl n slpnrntl sjelcn wkte n `lw uslr `ncl. Blt‛s ga kt ns plr tel k`strujtka`s mlbaw9 J]LNWL

\ZL]

―yaurQ`ncl‛

kgl`tkdklg

my

―pnsswargQadQyaurQjeakjl‛?

Jrlntl n uslr wkte yaur `ncl n`g pnsswarg ad yaur jeakjl. Mut yau cust ml bafflg k`ta ns Z[ZWLC uslr. Ndtlr tent, lxljutl tel dabbawk`f jaccn`g9 F]N@W NBB X]KTKBLFL ta uslrQ`ncl? @aw yau bafk` wkte teks uslr k` Z^B Glvlbaplr dar tel dabbawk`f prnjtkjl nsskf`cl`ts ns seaw` mlbaw9 Ztlp >9 Jbkjo a` tel @lw Ja``ljtka` ns seaw` mlbaw9

>5: | X n f l


Ztlp =9 @aw jrlntl tel ja``ljtka` praplrtkls mnslg a` tel uslr yau envl jrlntlg9

>57 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Znvl Xnssw Xnssw arg jeljo max. Dar yaur ja`vl`kl`jl, jeljo tel Znvl

Ztlp :9 Jbkjo a` Wlst mutta` dkrst ta jeljo kd tel Ztntus ks seaw` ns Zujjlss. K` jnsl, yau nrl flttk`f n` lrrar, yau jn` fa ta tel Cnk` Xrafrnc Clù n`g try tel dabbawk`f9 •

Ztap Gntnmnsl

•

Ztnrt Gntnmnsl

@aw dar nbb tel lxlrjksls n`g lxncpbls k` teks maao, yau jn` usl tel ja``ljtka`s, jrlntlg k` teks jenptlr.

>5< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts A M I L J WZ W Z K @ A] A] N J B L

Arnjbl supparts n ùcmlr ad amiljts. Wel amiljts nrl strujturls n`g l`tktkls, wekje jn` ml pnrt ad n gntnmnsl. Wel amiljts nrl jrlntlg my usk`f sjrkptk`f bn`funfl bkol Z^B n` XB/Z^B. Amiljts jn` ml rlbntlg rlbn tlg ta n sjelcn ar jn` ml fl`lrkj a`ls ns wlbb. Vl Vl envl nbrlngy gksjusslg sjelcn k` tel jbnss. Zjelcn Amiljts

@a`-Zjelcn Amiljts

Wnmbls

Ja`tlxts

Tklws

Gkrljtarkls

Ztarlg Xrajlgurl/Du`jtka`s Xrajlgurl/Du`jtka`s

Lgktka`s

Zlqul`jls

]lstarl Xak`ts

Xnjonfl

]abls

Aplrntars

]abbmnjo Zlfcl`ts

K`glxls

Wnmblspnjls

Wrkfflrs

\slrs

Ja`strnk`ts Dkf > Zacl ad t el amiljt Wypls k ` Arnjbl

>54 | X n f l


Jenptlr ;

>56 | X n f l


>55 | X n f l


; . G nt n t n t y p l s k ` A ]N ]N J B L

Gntn typls nrl kcpartn`t k cpartn`t lblcl`ts dar n`y gntnmnsl systlc. Wel gntn lblcl`ts nrl uslg k` tnmbls n`g atelr sjelcn amiljts ta starl n`g k`tlrjen`fl gntn. \sk`f gntn typls iugkjkausby ks kcpartn`t dar aptkcnb usnfl ad gntnmnsl starnfl. K` tel caglr` warbg, eufl ncau`ts ad gntn ks flttk`f fl`lrntlg n`g wra`f gntntypls jn` swlbb tel gntnmnsl grncntkjnbby. Gntn Wypl

Xurpasl

]lcnros

JEN]

\slg dar dkxlg-bl`fte jenrnjtlr/tlxt Mltwll` > ta vnbuls.

TN]JEN]=

\slg

dar

=888

mytls.

L.f. (<)

JEN]

vnrknmbl-bl`fte Mltwll` > ta

jenrnjtlr/tlxt vnbuls. Wel dklbg skzl ks 7888 mytls. àt dkxlg wekbl stark`f vnbuls. Wel L.f. spljkdklg gntn skzl rlprlsl`ts tel TN]JEN]=( cnxkcuc skzl TN]JEN]

=<)

Kt ks skckbnr ta Tnrjenr=, mut seaubg ml nvakglg. Kt‛s mlttlr ta usl Tnrjenr=

@JEN]

& Zkckbnr ta JEN] & TN]JEN]= @JEN](=<),

@TN]JEN]= rlspljtkvlby. rlspljtkvlby. @ ks uslg ta spljkdy tent @TN]JEN] telsl dklbgs suppart starnfl ad =(7<) \@KJAGL tlxts. JBAM (Jenrnjtlr

Jn` starl n ck` ad 5 Wlrn Mytls (WM) Ga àt jrlntl ad gntn. Kt jn` starl strujturlg ns wlbb tnmbls ns u`strujturlg gntn. Glpl`gk`f a` wkte BA@F j BA@F j

>5; | X n f l


Bnrfl

gntnmnsl ja`dkfurntka`, tel dklbg jn` abuc`s. \sl

Amiljts)

starl up ta >=5 Wlrn Mytls (WM)

BAM jabuc`s (JBAM, JBAM, @JB AM) AM) k`stlng. BA@ F jabuc`s nrl suppartlg a`by

dar

mnjownrg jacpntkmkbkty. @JBAM

@ ks uslg ta spljkdy tent telsl dklbgs suppart starnfl ad \@KJAGL tlxts.

@ucmlr

Kt jn` starl dkxlg n`g dbantk`f pak`t

Xasktkvl

•

ùcmlrs.

ùcmlrs k`

Lxncpbl9 •

•

•

tel

rn`fl > x

@ucmlr (<) cln`s dkxlg < skzl, wkteaut n`y gljkcnbs

>8->:8 ta ;.;;...; x

@ucmlr (<,=) - :=>.4< (tatnb skzl

>8>=< wkt

< n`g twa gkfkts ndtlr gljkcnb)

e up ta :5

@ucmlr (6,-=) rau`glg add my bnst

skf`kdkjn`t

twa gkfkts ‚ :7<46.5; mljacls

gkfkts @lfntkvl ùcmlrs

:7488

•

drac -> x >8->:8 ta ;.;;...;; x >8>=< wkt >;8 | X n f l


e up ta :5 skf`kdkjn`t gkfkts Ylra

•

Xasktkvl

•

n`g `lfntkvl k`dk`kty Gntl

My gldnubt kt starls gntl n`g tkcl L.f. =>-Dlmvnbuls. Dar k`put n`g autput darcnts ;6 nrl ―GG-CA@-[[‛. Wel tkcl darcnt ks

Gntl Darcnt

EE9CK9ZZ

jn`

ml

jen`flg

my

WAQGntl(―

Dlmrunry =>, >;;6‛, ―Ca`te GG, [[[‛). Dkf = Gntn Wypls Wypls k ` Arnjbl

>;> | X n f l


>;= | X n f l


Jenptlr >8

>;: | X n f l


>;7 | X n f l


>8.

G n t n ^ u l r y B n ` f u n f l ( G ^B ^B )

Gntn ûlry bn`funfl rldlrs ta tel Z^B jaccn`gs wekje nrl uslg ta flt gntn drac tel gntnmnsl. Zacl bktlrnturl cny rldlr ta telc Gntn ]lqulst Bn`funfl (G]B) ar sacl ad telc ckfet put telc k`ta Gntn Cn`kpubntka` Bn`funfl jntlfary (GCB). @AWL9 Arnjbl gajucl`ts ZLBLJW nbsa ns n gntn cn`kpubntka` bn`funfl ja`strujt, eawlvlr wl envl put tent k`ta n jacpbltlby gkddlrl`t sljtka` ns ZLBLJW njtunbby gals àt cn`kpubntl tel gntn k`skgl tnmbls. Nggktka`nbby, kt ks suje n` kcpartn`t nspljt dar Musk`lss N`nbysts tent wl envl glvatlg n jacpbltlby gkddlrl`t sljtka`. \ZK@F ZLBLJW ZLBLJW olywarg

ks rldlrrlg ta ns G^B n`g ks uslg dar flttk`f gntn

drac tel gntnmnsl. K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss nmaut vnrkaus clteags n`g aptka`s nvnkbnmbl ta dltje gntn. ZLBLJW

ks n pawlrdub olywarg mljnusl ad tel Z^B bn`funfl.

Jacmk`k`f wkte vnrkaus atelr tlje`kquls bkol Iak`s n`g Zlnrje aptka`s, kt jn` jrlntl qulrkls ta dltje lvl` jacpblx slt ad gntn drac tel gntnmnsl. A`l ad tel dkrst tek`f wl `llg ta u`glrstn`g ks tel WNMBL strujturl k` n gntnmnsl9 JustQkg

JustQ`ncl

Bajntka`

Ja`tnjtQùc

>888>

Zuryn Wumls

Cucmnk

;5888888>= ;5888888>=

>888=

]ase`k

Tngagnrn

;88888888=

Jelckjnbs >;< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts >888:

Infglv

Tnrn`nsk

66::==8;8>

Mukbglrs

[au cust ml vlry dnckbknr wkte teks strujturl ns yau cust envl uslg CZ Lxjlb. Welrl nrl jabuc`s (vlrtkjnb) n`g raws (earkza`tnb). Nt tel jrass-sljtka` ad raws ad jabuc`s, yau wkbb envl n vnbul. Wel jabuc` elnglrs seaw tel jabuc` `ncls. `ncls. Za n tnmbl strujturl wkbb nbwnys envl9 n) Jabuc`s n`g telkr `ncls m) Gntn typls ad jabuc`s j) Ja`strnk`ts Gntn typls gldk`l tel typl ad gntn, wekje jn` ml starlg k` tel jabuc`s l.f. ùcmlrs ar tlxts. Ja`strnk`ts gldk`l tel rlstrkjtka`s, wekje wkbb l`darjlg a` tel gntn mlk`f l`tlrlg k` tel jabuc` l.f. Xea`l ùcmlrs cust ml \@K^\L. Vl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss telsl k` gltnkbs k` tel Gntn gldk`ktka` bn`funfl (GGB) sljtka` ad teks maao. Za, eaw ga wl usl tel ZLBLJW jaccn`g1 Wel skcpblst sy`tnx ks ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW jabuc` `ncls D]AC tnmblQ`ncl? ZLBLJW nbwnys dltjels n raw. Za, kd wn`t ta dltje nbb tel raws drac n tnmbl just, tel` yau waubg wrktl9 ZLBLJW * D]AC just? Elrl * rldlrs ta nbb tel jabuc`s n`g tel nmavl stntlcl`t jn` ml rlng ns ‚ Zlbljt nbb tel jabuc`s n`g nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl just . Elrl >;4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts nbb tel raws ks àt n rlsubt ad ‒*– mut mljnusl telrl ks à ja`gktka` put

ndtlr tel tnmbl `ncl n`g tent cln`s kt wkbb dltje d ltje nbb tel raws. K` jnsl yau nrl baaok`f dar a`by spljkdkj raws, tel sy`tnx waubg baao bkol9 ZLBLJW jabuc` `ncls D]AC tnmblQ`ncl VEL]L justQkg 03
cust ml ja``ljtlg ta tel E] sjelcn ad Arnjbl gntnmnsl. K` jnsl, yau nrl àt dnckbknr wkte tel E] sjelcn, pblnsl rldlr ta tel ‒Zlttk`f up l`vkra`cl`t sljtka`–.

>;6 | X n f l


A`jl yau nrl ja``ljtlg ta tel E] sjelcn k` tel Z^B glvlbaplr sljtka`, yau wkbb sll tel dabbawk`f9

Dkf > E] sjelcn tnmbls

K` teks dkfurl, yau cny sll n dlw carl tnmbls ns teks ks mlk`f uslg dar glvlbapk`f lxncpbls n`g prnjtkjl lxlrjksls. [au seaubg sll n dlw gkddlrl`t tnmbls. Blt‛s stnrt my baaok`f b aaok`f nt sacl lxncpbls.

Lxncpbl > K` tel dkrst lxncpbl, wl wkbb dltje nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl J\ZW. sa, tel Z^B stntlcl`t dar tel sncl waubg ml ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW * D]AC J\ZW? Wel rlsubt ks seaw` k` tel gknfrnc mlbaw9

>;5 | X n f l


Dkf = ]lsubt ]lsubt da r tel Dkrst ûlry ûlry

Lxncpbl = K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb flt a`by slbljtlg jabuc`s rntelr ten` slbljtk`f nbb tel jabuc`s. Za drac tel Lcpbaylls tnmbl, wl wkbb slbljt a`by tel Dkrst n`g bnst `ncl nba`f wkte tel pea`l ùcmlrs. ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, pea`lQùcmlr D]AC Lcpbaylls?

>;; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Dkf : ]lsub ]lsub t ad Lxncpbl = Vent kd yau ga`‛t wn`t nbb tel raws1 K` tent jnsl wl `llg ta usl

VEL]L jbnusl k` tel ZLBLJW stntlcl`t. Fl`lrnb sy`tnx waubg ml ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW jabuc`s `ncls D]AC tnmbl `ncl VEL]L 22ja`gktka`00 22ja`gktka`00 Blt‛s sny wl waubg bkol ta dk`g aut lcpbaylls weasl snbnry ks carl

ten` ><888. ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, pea`lQùcmlr D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L Znbnry 0 ><888?

Dkf : dkr st u sl ad VEL]L VEL]L jbnusl jbnus l

=88 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts G\NB

G\NB ks n guccy tnmbl wekje elbps k` lxtrnjtk`f vnbunmbl k`darcntka` usk`f ZLBLJW stntlcl`ts. Wel vnbul ad n`y pnrncltlrs jn` ml lxtrnjtlg usk`f G\NB tnmbl. Dar lxncpbl, kd wl wn`t ta oàw tel systlc gntl, wl jn` usl tel dabbawk`f stntlcl`t9 ZLBLJW sysgntl D]AC gunb Weks rlsubts k` seawk`f tel jurrl`t gntl Wa oàw, tel jurrl`tby bafflg k` uslr, wl jn` usl tel dabbawk`f Z^B ûlry9 ZLBLJW uslr D]AC gunb Ns wl nrl bafflg k` wkte tel ―E]‛ uslr, tel rlsubt ad teks qulry ks ―er‛.

Wel dabbawk`f Z^B qulry pravkgls tel Arnjbl Zystlc uslr gntnmnsl k`stn`jl `ncl9 ZLBLJW Z[Z.GNWNMNZLQ@NCL D]AC gunb

\ Z L AD AD B K O L

BKOL ks oàw` ns n` aplrntar n`g ks uslg k` VEL]L jbnusls dar tlxt slnrjels. Kt ks n mrang blvlb slnrje (pnttlr` cntjek`f) n`g cust ml uslg spnrk`fby ns kt ks n sbaw prajlss. Mut k` jnsls welrl wl envl ta ja`gujt mrang slnrje, kt jn` pravl ta ml vlry usldub. Zy`tnx VEL]L jabuc`Q`ncl Bkol ―xyz%‛

=8> | X n f l


Weks wkbb dk`g nbb tel vnbuls wekje cntje pnttlr` pnttlr` skckbnr ta xyz. Za kt k t wkbb rltur` xyz>, xyzlwqlqwl, xyz>=:7 ltj. N`ytek`f wekje stnrts wkte xyz wkbb ml rltur`lg. K` tel `lxt dlw lxncpbl, wl wkbb ml gak`f tlxt slnrjels wkte ar wkteaut BKOL. Lxncpbl : Blt‛s sny, wl waubg bkol ta dk`g nbb tel lcpbaylls wea nrl warok`f ns KW prafrncclrs rldlrrlg ta ns ―KWQX]AF‛9

ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, snbnry D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L IAMQKG 3 'KWQX]AF' @atkjl tel usl ad sk`fbl quatls (― ―) k` tel vnbul. Nbb à` -ùcmlr

vnbuls

cust envl sk`fbl quatls k` Arnjbl k`jbugk`f tlxt n`g gntls. Lxncpbl 7 K` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl, wl baaolg nt tel lxnjt cntje k` tlrcs ad tlxt vnbul. Blt‛s sll, kd wl wn`t ta ga n pnttlr` slnrje k`stlng ad lxnjt

cntje1 Za wl wn`t ta dk`g nbb tel lcpbaylls, wea nrl warok`f ns snbls cn`nflr ar snbls rlprlsl`tntkvl. rlprlsl`tntkvl. Nbb tel iam KGs stnrtk`f wkte ZN cln`s tent telsl lcpbaylls nrl warok`f ns snbls pradlsska`nbs. Eaw ga wl darc suje n Z^B1 ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, iamQkg D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L IAMQKG bkol 'ZN%'

=8= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ―%‛ ks oàw` ns wkbg jnrg jenrnjtlr n`g kt cln`s zlra ar car l

ajjurrl`jls ad n`ytek`f. K` teks jnsl, tel systlc wkbb pkjo up nbb raws wekje stnrts wkte ZN. Lxncpbl < Dk`g aut lcpbaylls wea envl mll` ekrlg ndtlr =88:. Za eaw ga wl dk`g suje lcpbaylls. K` teks jnsl, wl `llg ta wrktl slnrje ja`gktka` a` EK]L GNWL jabuc`. Ns gksjusslg nmavl, gntl vnbuls nbsa `llg ta ml trlntlg ns tlxt, sa wl `llg ta put sk`fbl quatls nrau`g gntl vnbuls. Wa dk`g nbb lcpbaylls, wea wlrl ekrlg ndtlr =88:, wl jn` dk`g nbb tel lcpbaylls, weasl ekrlQgntl ks frlntlr ten` :>-Glj- =88:‛. Za, tel Z^B stntlcl`t waubg ml ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW

dkrstQ`ncl,

bnstQ`ncl,

EK]LQGNWL

D]AC

EK]LQGNWL

D]AC

Lcpbaylls VEL]L EK]LQGNWL 0 ':>-Glj-8:'

Vent kd, wl wrktl tel Z^B stntlcl`t ns dabbaws9

ZLBLJW

dkrstQ`ncl,

bnstQ`ncl,

Lcpbaylls VEL]L EK]LQGNWL 0 ':>->=-8:'

=8: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts [au wkbb flt n` lrrar k` teks jnsl ‒@at n vnbkg ca`te–. Wel gntl darcnt

k` Arnjbl, ks gg-ca`- yy‛. [au jn`, ad jaursl, jen`fl kt kd yau nrl n` ngck`kstrntar. C \ B W K X B L Z L N ] J E J A @ G K W K A@ A@ Z

[au jn` envl cubtkpbl slnrje ja`gktka`s n`g jacmk`l telc usk`f N@G/A] n`g MLWVLL@. Vl jn` envl n`y ùcmlr ad slnrje ja`gktka`s jacmk`lg tafltelr. Blt‛s sny, wl waubg bkol ta dk`g tel lcpbaylls weasl snbnrkls nrl carl

ten` ><,888/- n`g blss ten` >8,888. Eaw wkbb wl darc suje n Z^B9 ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, snbnry D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L Znbnry 0 ><888 ar Znbnry 2 >8888?

Lxncpbl 4 Kd wl wn`t ta dk`g lcpbaylls, weasl snbnrkls nrl mltwll` >8,888 n`g ><,888. ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, snbnry D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L Znbnry mltwll` >8888 n`g ><888?

Lxncpbl 6 @aw, blt‛s dk`g aut nbb lcpbaylls wea wlrl k` tel snbls glpnrtcl`t

mltwll` =88< ta =885. K` tel E] sjelcn, tel IAMQEKZWA][ tnmbl ens tel gltnkbs ad lcpbaycl`t. Kd yau baao nt teks tnmbl, yau wkbb dk`g dabbawk`f jabuc`s9 =87 | X n f l


LcpbayllQKG

•

ZtnrtQgntl

•

L`gQgntl

•

IamQkg

•

Glpnrtcl`tQkg

•

Iam KGs stnrtk`f wkte ―ZN‛ k`gkjntl tent tel lcpbayll ks k` tel snbls

glpnrtcl`t. Velrlns tel stnrt n`g l`g gntl k`gkjntl tel nssajkntka` plrkag. Vl jn` jeljo kd tel l`g gntl ks mltwll` tel fkvl` plrkag n`g tent seaubg k`gkjntl tent tel lcpbayll wns wkte tel jacpn`y gurk`f =88< n`g =885. Dkrst ad nbb, tel IamQKG jbnusl IAMQKG bkol ―ZN%‛

@lxt up ks tel jbnusl dar gntl. Elrl tel l`g gntl seaubg ml mltwll` =88< n`g =885. L`gQgntl mltwll` ‛8> -In`-8<‛ n`g ‛:> -Glj-85‛

@aw, wl jn` baao nt tel dubb Z^B

ZLBLJW LcpbayllQkg,iamQkg, stnrtQgntl, l`gQgntl D]AC IamQekstary VEL]L L`gQgntl mltwll` '8>-IN@-8<' n`g ':>-GLJ-85' N@G IAMQKG bkol 'ZN%'

=8< | X n f l


Vent ga yau tekò1 Gals gntls uslg my MLWVLL@ k.l. 8>-IN@-=88< n`g :>-Glj-=885 nrl k`jbuskvl. Cln`k`f wkbb teks qulry nbsa dk`g aut lcpbaylls, weasl l`g gntl ks :>-Glj-=8851 Wel n`swlr ks [LZ, kt gals k`jbugl mate tel gntls uslg my MLWVLL@. Went cln`s, k` tel nmavl qulry, tel systlc wkbb flt nbb tel lcpbaylls, lcpbaylls, weasl l`g gntls k`jbugl 8>-IN@-=88< n`g :>-GLJ-=885. Lxncpbl 5 K` teks lxncpbl, wl waubg bkol ta dk`g aut nbb tel lcpbaylls, wea nrl àt lbkfkmbl dar jaccksska`. Wa dk`g teks aut, wl `llg ta baao nt tel LCXBA[LLZ tnmbl. Welrl ks n dklbg d klbg jnbblg JACCKZZKA@QXJW, wekje pravkgls tel k`darcntka` a` jaccksska` plrjl`tnfl. K` jnsl, telrl ks à jaccksska`, tel vnbul k` teks dklbg wkbb ml @\BB. Za tel Z^B qulry wkbb ml bkol ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW * D]AC lcpbaylls VEL]L jaccksska`QXJW ks @\BB Lxncpbl ; Vent kd wl `llg ta dk`g dk `g aut lcpbaylls wea nrl fkvl` n jaccksska`. jaccksska`. K` teks jnsl, wl `llg ta cnol n scnbb jen`fl k` tel qulry uslg k` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl9 Wel Z^B qulry wkbb ml bkol ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW * D]AC lcpbaylls VEL]L jaccksska`QXJW ks @AW @\BB

=84 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts IAK@Z

Iak`s nrl a`l ad tel cast kcpartn`t pnrt ad Gntn ûlry Bn`funfl (G]B). Iak`s nbbaw gntn ta ml dltjelg drac cubtkpbl tnmbls. Za dnr wl envl dltjelg gntn drac a`by a`l tnmbl t nmbl wkte vnrkaus slnrje ja`gktka`s. Vl wkbb àw lxpn`g aur earkza` n`g wkbb flt gntn drac cubtkpbl tnmbls ns wlbb ns usk`f slnrje ja`gktka`s. Dkrst ad nbb, wl wkbb envl n qukjo rlvkska` ad Iak`s ja`jlpt.

Blt‛s ja`skglr twa tnmbls N & M n`g rlprlsl`t telc wkte n` ATNB.

Vent enppl`s wel` wl iak` twa tnmbls1 Iak`k`f twa tnmbls k` Z^B cln`s ‒Jeaask`f tel jacca` sljtka`– mltwll` tel twa tnmbls, ns

k`gkjntlg my tel gknfrnc mlbaw9

=86 | X n f l


Vent ks jacca` mltwll` twa tnmbls1 Wnmbls a`by ja`skst ad gntn k` tel darc ad raws n`g jabuc`s n`g wel` wl nrl tnbok`f nmaut jacca`nbkty mltwll` tel tnmbls, wl nrl tnbok`f nmaut jabuc`s. N tnmbl ja`tnk`k`f lcpbaylls gntn wkbb envl glpt KGs dar lvlry lcpbayll. Wel gltnkbs ad tel glpnrtcl`ts ks starlg k` tel glpnrtcl`t tnmbl. Eaw nrl telsl t elsl ja``ljtlg1 ja``ljtlg1 ‚ teraufe glpt KG jabuc`. Blt‛s baao nt tel dabbawk`f stntlcl`t9

ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, glpnrtcl`tQKG D]AC lcpbaylls?

Weks qulry wkbb pragujl rlsubts ns seaw` k` tel gknfrnc mlbaw9

=85 | X n f l


Dkf 7 ]lsubt ad skcpbl qulry drac Lcpbaylls tnmbl

Ns yau jn` sll k` tel nmavl tnmbl, wl jn` sll tel glpnrtcl`t KGs dar lnje lcpbayll, went kd wl waubg bkol ta oàw tel glpnrtcl`t `ncls dar lnje lcpbayll. Ns Lcpbaylls tnmbl gals àt envl tel glpnrtcl`t `ncls, wl `llg ta mrk`f kt drac tel glpt tnmbl. Wa ga sa, wl `llg ta usl IAK@Z, k` teks jnsl wl wkbb iak` tel twa tnmbls, Lcpbaylls n`g Glpt my usk`f tel jacca` jabuc`s ‚ Glpt KG. Blt‛s dkrst sll tel Z^B stntlcl`t9

=8; | X n f l


ZLBLJW N.dkrstQ`ncl, N.dk rstQ`ncl, N.bnstQ`ncl, M.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl D]AC Lcpbaylls N K@@L] IAK@ Glpnrtcl`ts M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG Vl envl uslg N n`g M dar tel twa tnmbls. Welsl nrl oàw` ns Nbknsls n`g elbp k` envk`f carl jbnrkty k` tel Z^B stntlcl`ts. Blt‛s baao nt tel `lxt stntlcl`t k` tel Z^B stntlcl`t9

Lcpbaylls N K@@L] IAK@ Glpnrtcl`ts M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG K` teks jnsl, twa tnmbls nrl flttk`f iak`lg usk`f tel jacca` jabuc`. Wel typl ad IAK@ ks jnbblg K@@L] IAK@. Vl wkbb gksjuss atelr typls ad iak` seartby. K@@L] IAK@ ks skckbnr k` ja`jlpt ta tel gknfrnc mlbaw. Wel ‒IAK@– nrln k`gkjntls eaw tel twa tnmbls nrl ja``ljtlg ‚ glpnrtcl`tQKG. Vkte teks typl ad IAK@, tel Z^B qulry jn` rltur` gntn drac mate tel tnmbls ‚ k` nbb tel jnsls welrl vnbuls ad glpnrtcl`tQKG glpnrtcl`tQKG k` mate tel tnmbls nrl skckbnr.

Dkf < IAK@Z

=>8 | X n f l


Vent kd wl wn`t ta flt vnbuls drac Wnmbl N, wekje nrl lktelr jacca` wkte Wnmbl M ns wlbb ns wekje nrl àt. Dar lxncpbl, kd wl wn`t ta oàw nbb glpnrtcl`t `ncls, weltelr lcpbaylls nrl warok`f k` tent glpnrtcl`t ar à a`l ks warok`f k` tent glpnrtcl`t. Ns wl envl sll` k` tel prlvkaus jnsl, K@@L] IAK@ a`by dk`gs teasl raws wekje nrl jacca` mltwll` tel twa tnmbls. Mut kt wkbb àt rltur` tel glpnrtcl`t `ncls, welrl à a`l ks warok`f. Za, tel sabutka` ks ta usl A\WL] IAK@. Welrl nrl twa typls ad A\WL] IAK@9 •

Bldt Autlr Iak`

•

]kfet Autlr Iak`

Bldt Autlr Iak` jn` ml u`glrstaag wlbb my baaok`f nt tel kcnfl mlbaw9

Dkf 4 Bldt Autlr Autlr Iak `

Ns yau jn` sll k` tel dkfurl d kfurl nmavl, BLDW A\WL] IAK@ àt a`by rltur`s gntn, wekje nrl ja``ljtlg my jacca` jabuc`, mut kt nbsa rltur`s nbb tel raws drac tel WNMBL N, lvl` kd kt ens àtek`f k` jacca` wkte WNMBL M. ZLBLJW N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, M.dkrstQ`ncl, M.bnstQ`ncl =>> | X n f l


D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N BLDW A\WL] IAK@ Lcpbaylls M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG [au jn` sll tel rlsubt k` Dkfurl 6.

Dkf 6 Bldt Autlr Autlr Iak `

Ns yau jn` sll, telrl nrl sacl raws k` tel rlsubt slt, welrl DkrstQ`ncl n`g BnstQ`ncl nrl @\BB ‚ tent‛s mljnusl telrl nrl à lcpbaylls k` teasl glpnrtcl`ts. glpnrtcl`ts. K` cy jnsl, kt ens dltjelg >== raws. Weks ks eaw BLDW A\WL] IAK@ waros. Vent kd wl usl K@@L] IAK@ k`stlng ad BLDW A\WL] IAK@, wkbb tel rlsubts ml gkddlrl`t1 ZLBLJW N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, M.dkrstQ`ncl, M.bnstQ`ncl D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N K@@L] IAK@ Lcpbaylls M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG =>= | X n f l


Weks qulry rlsubts k` <8 raws n`g kt gals àt rltur` raws welrl à lcpbaylls nrl warok`f. Weks jn` ml jblnrby u`glrstaag kd wl ngg n ja`gktka` k` tel BLDW A\WL] IAK@ Z^B. ZLBLJW N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, M.dkrstQ`ncl, M.bnstQ`ncl D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N BLDW A\WL] IAK@ Lcpbaylls M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG VEL]L M.dkrstQ`ncl ks @AW @\BB Weks Z^B qulry àw rltur`s <8 raws. Weks ks lxnjtby skckbnr ta tel ùcmlr ad raws rltur`lg my K@@L] IAK@. Za, tel gkddlrl`jl mltwll` K@@L] IAK@ n`g A\WL] IAK@ ks tent A\WL] IAK@ wkbb nbwnys rltur` nggktka`nb raws drac a`l ad tel tnmbls, wekje nrl àt jacca` wkte tel atelr a`ls. Kd wl usl BLDW A\WL] IAK@, kt wkbb rltur` nggktka`nb gntn drac tel tnmbl a` tel bldt skgl ad tel IAK@. Dar lxncpbl, k` tel dabbawk`f lxncpbl, tel nggktka`nb raws (àt jacca` mltwll` tel twa tnmbls) wkbb ml dltjelg drac WNMBL N D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N BLDW A\WL] IAK@ Lcpbaylls M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG Lxncpbl >8 K` tel prlvkaus sljtka`, wl wratl qulry ta dk`g aut nbb tel glpnrtcl`ts n`g tel lcpbaylls warok`f telrl. Wel glpnrtcl`ts wlrl bkstlg, lvl` kd telrl wlrl à lcpbaylls. Wel qulry wns wrkttl` ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, M.dkrstQ`ncl, M.bnstQ`ncl =>: | X n f l


D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N BLDW A\WL] IAK@ Lcpbaylls M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG @aw, went kd wl waubg bkol ta dk`g nbb tel lcpbaylls wkte glpnrtcl`t `ncls. Vl cust k`jbugl nbb tel lcpbaylls, lvl` kd tely ga`‛t mlba`f ta n`y glpnrtcl`t. Wa ga sa, wl wkbb skcpby jen`fl tel IAK@ ta ]KFEW A\WL] IAK@. ZLBLJW N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, M.dkrstQ`ncl, M.bnstQ`ncl D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N ]KFEW A\WL] IAK@ Lcpbaylls M A@ N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.Glpnrtcl`tQKG Wel rlsubt ad teks qulry ks ns seaw` k` sjrll` seat mlbaw. Ns yau jn` sll, tel bnst raw ens @\BB glpnrtcl`t `ncl k.l. Okcmlrlby Frn`t gals àt mlba`f ta n`y glpnrtcl`t.

=>7 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Z A ] W K @F @F ] L Z \ B W Z

Arnjbl ens n pravkska` ta sart tel rlsubts k` lktelr Nsjl`gk`f ar Glsjl`gk`f arglr. A]GL] M[ ks tel jbnusl, wekje ks uslg dar sartk`f tel rlsubts. Kt ks nbwnys ngglg k` tel l`g ad tel Z^B stntlcl`ts. Zy`tnx ZLBLJW jabuc` `ncls D]AC Wnmbl `ncl A]GL] M[ jabuc`Q`ncl NZJ | GLZJ Wel nsjl`gk`f arglr cln`s tent tel gntn wkbb ml sartlg drac scnbblst ta bnrflst, welrlns glsjl`gk`f arglr cln`s tel gntn wkbb ml sartlg drac bnrflst ta scnbblst. Lxncpbl >> ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ A]GL] M[ dkrstQ`ncl Weks Z^B stntlcl`t wkbb gkspbny nbb tel jabuc`s ad tel tnmbl LCXBA[LLZ n`g wkbb sart telc k` nsjl`gk`f arglr ad dkrst `ncl jabuc`. My gldnubt, tel sartk`f arglr ks Nsjl`gk`f. Lxncpbl >= ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ A]GL] M[ dkrstQ`ncl, d krstQ`ncl, EkrlQgntl Vl jn` nbsa usl carl ten` a`l jabuc` dar sartk`f tel gntn. K` teks jnsl, tel gntn wkbb ml sartlg a` tel mnsks ad twa jabuc`s. Dkrst, k` tel =>< | X n f l


nsjl`gk`f arglr ad dkrstQ`ncl n`g tel` wktek` tent rlsubt sart my nsjl`gk`f arglr ad EkrlQgntl. K@ AXL]NWA]

K@ ks n pawlrdub aplrntar wekje ks uslg k` tel VEL]L jbnusl ad Z^B stntlcl`ts. K@ ks uslg ta jacmk`l cubtkpbl slnrje ja`gktka`s iust bkol A] aplrntars. Zy`tnx VEL]L jabuc`Q`ncl K@ (vnbul>, vnbul=,….)

N jabuc`Q`ncl jn` ml jacpnrlg wkte cubtkpbl vnbuls rlprlsl`tlg my Tnbul> n`g Tnbul=. Blt‛s ja`skglr n` lxncpbl9

Zuppasl wl waubg bkol ta dk`g aut tel addkjl bajntka`s k` tel jau`trkls \ZN n`g Jn`ngn drac tel bajntka`s tnmbl. Eaw ga wl dk`g aut1 Welrl nrl cubtkpbl aptka`s ta ga sa, blt‛s dkrst d krst ga kt usk`f A]9

ZLBLJW

BAJNWKA@QKG,

ZW]LLWQNGG]LZZ,

ZWNWLQX]ATK@JL D]AC BAJNWKA@Z VEL]L JA\@W][QKG 3 '\Z' A] JA\@W][QKG3'JN' Weks qulry pragujls 4 raws ns seaw` mlbaw9

=>4 | X n f l

JKW[,


Wel sncl qulry jn` nbsa ml wrkttl` usk`f K@ aplrntar ns seaw` mlbaw9 ZLBLJW

BAJNWKA@QKG,

ZW]LLWQNGG]LZZ,

JKW[,

ZWNWLQX]ATK@JL D]AC BAJNWKA@Z VEL]L JA\@W][QKG K@('\Z', 'JN') Wel rlsubt ks tel sncl ns nmavl, eawlvlr k` teks jnsl tel qulry ks carl lblfn`t n`g rlngnmbl. K@ aplrntar jn` ml uslg wkte ùcmlrs ns wlbb ns tlxts. Mlbaw ks n` lxncpbl ad n Z^B qulry usk`f ùcmlrs9 ZLBLJW

BAJNWKA@QKG,

ZW]LLWQNGG]LZZ,

JKW[,

ZWNWLQX]ATK@JL D]AC BAJNWKA@Z VEL]L BAJNWKA@QKG K@(>888, >>88, =:88) Vl jn` usl @AW wkte K@ ta darc `lfntkvl slnrje ja`gktka`s. Za kd wl wn`t nbb tel bajntka`s lxjlpt >888,>>88 n`g =:88, tel` wl iust `llg ta ngg @AW k` tel t el prlvkaus qulry9 ZLBLJW

BAJNWKA@QKG,

ZW]LLWQNGG]LZZ,

ZWNWLQX]ATK@JL

=>6 | X n f l

JKW[,


D]AC BAJNWKA@Z VEL]L BAJNWKA@QKG @AW K@(>888, >>88, =:88)

=>5 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \ZK@F K@-M\KB W D\@JWKA@Z Kt‛s nbsa passkmbl ta nppby sacl cn`kpubntka`s a` tel jabuc` vnbuls ns

tely nrl flttk`f dltjelg. Welsl cn`kpubntka`s ks tlcparnry t lcparnry n`g ks vnbkg dar tel spljkdkj qulry a`by n`g gals àt flt starlg n`ywelrl. Kt jn` ml nppbklg a` n`y jabuc` ar n`y ùcmlr ad jabuc`s. A`l ad tel skcpblst lxncpbl ks usk`f n cubtkpbkjntka` dnjtar. Blt‛s tnol n skcpbl lxncpb l,

Vl `llg ta dltje lcpbaylls `ncl n`g

telkr JWJ. JWJ ks jnbjubntlg usk`f n darcubn9 JWJ 3 Mnsl Znbnry + .< * Mnsl Znbnry + =>88 + >=.<% ad mnsl snbnry Wa flt suje n` autput, wl `llg ta wrktl tel t el Z^B qulry ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW DkrstQ`ncl, Znbnry + .< * Znbnry Znbnr y + =>88 + .>=< * Znbnry JWJ D]AC LCXBA[LLZ Vl jn` wrktl teks carl lblfn`tby usk`f tel dabbawk`f qulry9 ZLBLJW DkrstQ`ncl, (>.4=< * Znbnry + =>88) JWJ D]AC LCXBA[LLZ Vl jn` nbsa jacmk`l twa jabuc`s n`g fl`lrntl n `kjlby darcnttlg ar usldub rlsubt. Dar lxncpbl, k` tel lcpbaylls tnmbl, wl envl ta gkspbny tel Dubb `ncl my jacmk`k`f tel dkrst n`g bnst `ncl. Za ta flt tel D\BB @NCL, wl jn` ngg DkrstQ`ncl n`g BnstQ@ncl ns dabbaws9 Dubb @ncl 3 DkrstQ`ncl || BnstQ@ncl

=>; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts ―||‛ ks uslg dar ja`jntl`ntka` ja`jntl`ntka` ar clrfk`f twa t lxts. Eawlvlr, k` teks jnsl

telrl ks à spnjl mltwll` Dkrst n`g bnst `ncl n`g tent wkbb cnol kt u`rlngnmbl. Za wl nbsa `llg ta put n spnjl mltwll` tel dkrst `ncl n`g tel bnst `ncl. Za, àw qulry ta flt tel Dubb @ncl wkbb ml ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl||' '|| bnstQ`ncl D\BBQ@NCL D\BBQ@NCL D]AC lcpbaylls K` teks jnsl, D\BBQ@NCL ks tel NBKNZ dar tel jacmk`lg jabuc`. WAQJEN] WaQJenr ks a`l ad tel cast pawlrdub du`jtka`s ta darcnt tel autput vnbuls. Kt jn` darcnt tel jabuc` k` cubtkpbl wnys. Zy`tnx Wel sy`tnx ad WaQjenr du`jtka` ks9 WAQJEN]( vnbul _, darcntQcnso d arcntQcnsoSS _, `bsQbn`funflS `bsQbn`funflS ) DarcntQcnso gldk`ls tel wny k` wekje gntn ks k`tl`glg ta ml prlsl`tlg ns tel autput. @BZQBN@F\NFL ks tel gldnubt bn`funfl b n`funfl ad tel gntnmnsl. Weks ks carl nmaut tel bn`funfl dar clssnfls, gny n`g ca`te `ncls, sycmabs dar NG, MJ, n.c., n`g p.c., n`g tel gldnubt sartk`f cljen`ksc. Wel vnbul ad tel @BZQBN@F\NFL jn` ml slt my usk`f NBWL] ZLZZKA@ stntlcl`t. K` cast ad tel jnsls, yau ckfet àt `llg ta jen`fl kt. [au flt carl k`darcntka` nmaut kt elrl9 ==8 | X n f l


ettp9//ss47.jac/arn/sy`tnx-`bs.etcb Blt‛s sll n dlw d lw lxncpbls9

Lxncpbl >: ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, WaQJEN](EkrlQgntl, '[[[[‛) [lnr Qekrk`f D]AC lcpbaylls Weks Z^B qulry pragujls tel rlsubts k` tel dabbawk`f darcnt9

Ns yau jn`, ―[[[[‛ ens pragujlg tel

Ekrk`f gntl k` tel 7-gkfkt ylnr

darcnt, rlcavk`f tel gntl n`g tel t el ca`te vnbuls.

Lxncpbl >7 K` teks lxncpbl, wl envl uslg n gkddlrl`t darcnt dar gkspbnyk`f tel Ekrl gntl. ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, d krstQ`ncl, WaQJEN](EkrlQgntl,'yyyy/cc/gg') WaQJEN](EkrlQgntl,'yyyy/cc/gg') D]AC lcpbaylls? Wel autput drac teks qulry wkbb ml ns seaw` mlbaw9 ==> | X n f l


Lxncpbl >< Wa seaw tel gntl k` tel darcnt ‒Iuby 8;, =88:– , wl jn` usl tel dabbawk`f

Z^B ûlry9 Wel autput pragujlg wkbb ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

Welrl nrl cn`y aptka`s ta darcnt gntls usk`f WAQJEN] du`jtka`. [au jn` usl Arnjbl Gajucl`tntka` ta dk`g aut tel darcnttk`f aptka`s n`g pbny nrau`g wkte tent. WAQJEN] jn` nbsa ml uslg dar darcnttk`f ùcmlrs n`g tlxts ns dabbaws9 === | X n f l


ZLBLJW WAQJEN]('=:7.<4',';;;') WAQJEN]('=:7.<4',';;;') drac G\NB? Wel rlsubt waubg ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

K` teks jnsl, WAQJEN] darcnts tel fkvl` ùcmlr =:7.<4 ta :-gkfkts ns plr tel darcnt ―;;;‛. Elrl ―;;;‛ rlprlsl`ts : -gkfkts.

Kd wl usl tel dabbawk`f Z^B ûlry, wl wkbb flt tel rlsubt ns dabbaws9

Vl jn` nbsa pravkgl tel jurrl`jy darcnt usk`f WAQJEN]. Went jn` ml ga`l my pravkgk`f tel jurrl`jy sycmab mldarl tel DA]CNW ns seaw` mlbaw9 ZLBLJW WAQJEN]('=:7.<4','$;;;.;') WAQJEN]('=:7.<4','$;;;.;') drac G\NB? Wel rlsubt waubg àw ml9

Lxncpbl >4 Zeaw tel ekrl gntls nba`f wkte tel `ncls ad tel lcpbaylls. Wel ekrl gntls cust ml seaw` k` VA]GZ bkol >< te Dlmrunry… ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, taQjenr(ekrlQgntl, taQjenr(ekrlQgntl, ‛[[WE CA@WE [LN]')

EK]LGGW D]AC lcpbaylls? Wel autput ad teks qulry waubg ml ns seaw` mlbaw9 ==: | X n f l


==7 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \ZK@F WAQGNWL

WAQGNWL du`jtka` ks nbcast skckbnr ta WAQJEN] lxjlpt tent kt darcnts n ZW]K@F k`ta n gntl darcnt. Zy`tnx WAQGNWL( strk`f> _, darcntQcnsoS darcntQcnsoS _, `bsQbn`funflS `bsQbn`funflS ) Wel darcntQcnso ks skckbnr ta went ks uslg dar WAQJEN] du`jtka`. @BZQBN@F\NFL ks tel gldnubt bn`funfl b n`funfl ad tel gntnmnsl. Weks ks carl nmaut tel bn`funfl dar clssnfls, gny n`g ca`te `ncls, sycmabs dar NG, MJ, n.c., n`g p.c., n`g tel gldnubt sartk`f cljen`ksc. Wel vnbul ad tel @BZQBN@F\NFL jn` ml slt my usk`f NBWL] ZLZZKA@ stntlcl`t. K` cast ad tel jnsls, yau ckfet àt `llg ta jen`fl kt.

\ZK@F ]A\@G

Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, ]A\@G du`jtka` jn` ml uslg dar rau`gk`f add ùcmlr vnbuls ta n fkvl` gljkcnb pak`ts. Zy`tnx ]A\@G( ùcmlr _, gljkcnbQpbnjlsS ) @ucmlr jn` ml n`y ùcmlr wekje `llgs ta ml darcnttlg GljkcnbQpbnjls ks tel ùcmlr upta wekje tel ùcmlr ens ta ml darcnttlg. ==< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl, kd wl

usl ]A\@G du`jtka` wkteaut n`y vnbul dar

gljkcnb pbnjls, my gldnubt teks du`jtka` wkbb rau`g add ta 8 gljkcnb pbnjls ZLBLJW ]A\@G(>=:.=<) D]AC G\NB Wel rlsubt waubg ml9

Lxncpbl >6 Eaw wkbb yau gkspbny tel ekrk`f gntls rau`glg add ta tel `lnrlst ylnr gntl1 ZLBLJW

EK]LQGNWL,

]A\@G

(EK]LQGNWL,'[LN]')

EK]LGQ[LN] D]AC LCXBA[LLZ Lxncpbl >5 Eaw wkbb yau gkspbny tel dkrst snbnry gntl dar lvlry lcpbayll, ja`skglrk`f tent snbnry gntl dar lvlry lcpbayll ks > st ad lvlry sumslqul`t sumslqul`t ca`te (drac tel Iak`k`f Gntl) ZLBLJW

EK]LQGNWL,

]A\@G

EK]LGQ[LN] D]AC LCXBA[LLZ

\sk`f W]\@J

==4 | X n f l

(EK]LQGNWL,'CA@WE')

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Welrl ks nàtelr du`jtka` k` Arnjbl `nclby W]\@J. Kt‛s uslg ta

tru`jntl n ùcmlr ta n fkvl` gljkcnb pak`t. Zy`tnx W]\@J( ùcmlr _, gljkcnbQpbnjlsS ) @ucmlr jn` ml n`y ùcmlr wekje `llgs ta ml darcnttlg GljkcnbQpbnjls ks tel ùcmlr upta wekje tel ùcmlr ens ta ml darcnttlg.

Blt‛s try n`g sll, eaw W]\@J du`jtka` waros.

ZLBLJW W]\@J(>=:.5;,>) D]AC G\NB Wel rlsubt ad tel nmavl Z^B ûlry waubg ml ns Dabbaws9

Kd yau envl`‛t àtkjlg tel autput, pblnsl àtl tent W]\@J n`g ]A\@G mlenvl k` n gkddlrl`t wny, lvl` teaufe tel sy`tnx n`g mlenvkar nrl tel sncl. Wa u`glrstn`g tel gkddlrl`jl, blt‛s usl mate telsl du`jtka`s a` tel

sncl ùcmlr n`g k` tel sncl darcnt. ZLBLJW ]A\@G(>=:.5;,8), W]\@J(>=:.5;,8) D]AC G\NB Wel autput ad teks qulry rlvlnbs tel gkddlrl`jl9

==6 | X n f l


W]\@J a`by tru`jntls n vnbul upta tel spljkdklg gljkcnbQpbnjls, welrlns ]A\@G njtunbby rau`gs add tel ùcmlr ta tel `lnrlst gljkcnbQpbnjls. Za >=:.5; ks rau`glg add ta >=7, welrlns kt ks tru`jntlg ta >=:. \ZK@F ZA\@GLU

ZA\@GLU ks n` k`tlrlstk`f du`jtka` k` Arnjbl, kt slnrjels dar vnbuls, wekje sau`g skckbnr mut telkr t elkr splbbk`fs ckfet ml gkddlrl`t. Wel bn`funfl ks L`fbkse. Zy`tnx Wel usnfl ks àt skckbnr ta went envl wl gksjusslg sa dnr. Weks du`jtka` ks àt uslg a` tel autput jabuc`s mut ks uslg dar jacpnrk`f n jabuc` vnbul ta n sau`g. VEL]L ZA\@GLU (Jabuc`Q`ncl) 3 Zau`glx (Varg) Za sau`g ad ―NCKW seaubg rltur` vnbuls bkol NCLLW n`g NCKW N CKW .

Lxncpbl >; Drac tel lcpbaylls tnmbl, wl waubg bkol ta sll nbb tel lcpbaylls weasl dkrst `ncl sau`g bkol ―IAE@‛ . Wel ûlry dar tel nmavl pramblc wkbb ml wrkttl` ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9 ZLBLJW * D]AC lcpbaylls VEL]L ZA\@GLU(dkrstQ`ncl) 3 ZA\@GLU('IAE@') Wel rlsubt ks ns seaw` mlbaw9 ==5 | X n f l


Ns yau jn` sll k` tel kcnfl nmavl, kt ens pkjolg up nbb tel vnbuls, wekje cny sau`g bkol ―Iae`‛ lvl` teaufe telkr splbbk`fs nrl gkddlrl`t.

==; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts GLJAGL Gljagl ks passkmby tel cast pawlrdub du`jtka`s pravkglg my Arnjbl. Kt‛s

n` Arnjbl Zpljkdkj du`jtka` n`g ks àt pravkglg my n`y atelr gntnmnsl systlcs. Kt ks n` lqukvnbl`t ad KD-WEL@-LBZL stntlcl`t n`g jn` ml `lstlg ns wlbb. Zy`tnx Gljagl (Lxpr, Zlnrje, ]lsubt ……………….)

Wel lxpr ks ks cntjelg wkte tel slnrje , kd tel vnbul cntje tel` tel rlsubt ks rltur`lg. Wel du`jtka` waros dar ùcmlrs ns wlbb ns dar tlxts. Za, blt‛s sny wl waubg bkol ta seaw n vnbul ad ―\`ktlg @ntka`s Arfn`kzntka`‛, wel`lvlr wl l`jau`tlr ―\@A‛ k` tel ArfQjagl lbsl wl seaubg seaw ―@N‛. Weks jn` ml njeklvlg usk`f tel dabbawk`f Gljagl

du`jtka` ja`strujt9 GLJAGL (ArfQjagl, ―\@A‛, ―\`ktlg @ntka`s Arfn`kzntka`‛, ―@N‛)

Kd wl jacpnrl kt wkte KD n`g LBZL stntlcl`ts, kt waubg ml bkol9 KD ArfQjagl ks lqunb ta ―\@A‛ WEL@ ]lsubt 3 ―\`ktlg @ntka`s Arfn`kzntka`‛

LBZL ]lsubt 3 ―@N‛

L@G KD

=:8 | X n f l


Lxncpbl =8 Blt‛s sny wl n rl dltjek`f gntn drac Bajntka`s tnmbl n`g nrl baaok`f nt nbb tel rljargs welrl jau`try KGs stnrt wkte ―K‛. Za tel qulry waubg ml9

ZLBLJW

ZW]LLWQNGG]LZZ,

JKW[,

XAZWNBQJAGL,

JA\@W][QKG D]AC Bajntka`s VEL]L Jau`tryQKG bkol 'K%' Wel rlsubt k` teks waubg ml

Kd wl waubg bkol b kol ta sll Jau`try @ncls k`stlng ad Jau`tryQKGs, wl envl n` aptka` ad iak`k`f teks tnmbl wkte tel Jau`trkls tnmbl. Vl jn` nbsa njeklvl tel sncl rlsubt usk`f GLJAGL ns seaw` mlbaw9 ZLBLJW ZW]LLWQNGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, GLJAGL (JA\@W][QKG, 'K@', 'K@GKN', 'KW', 'KWNB[', 'KG','K@GA@LZKN', 'K]','K]LBN@G', '@N') =:> | X n f l


D]AC Bajntka`s VEL]L Jau`tryQKG bkol 'K%' Wel rlsubt ad teks qulry waubg ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

K` jnsl, wl ga`‛t envl n`y vnbul ad Jau`tryQKG

cntjek`f tel vnbuls

pravkglg k` tel Gljagl du`jtka`, ―@N‛ wkbb ml seaw`.

Xblnsl àtl tent teks du`jtka` ks iust nddljtk`f tel autput vnbuls n`g gals àt nddljt tel starlg vnbuls k` tel gntnmnsl, k` n`y wnys. ZKF@

ZKF@ du`jtka` ks n skcpbl du`jtka`, wekje k`gkjntls tel pasktkvl ar `lfntkvl vnbuls my vnbuls >, -> ar 8. > k`gkjntls kt ks pasktkvl, -> k`gkjntls `lfntkvl vnbul n`g 8 cln`s lqunb vnbul. Za dar lxncpbl, kd n vnbul ks ta ml jeljolg kd kt ks frlntlr ten`, lqunb ta ar blss ten` n fkvl` ùcmlr, wl jaubg usl ZKF@. K` tel lcpbaylls tnmbl, kd wl waubg bkol ta oàw kd tel snbnry ad n` lcpbayll ks carl ten`, blss ten` ar lqunb ta >8,888, wl waubg wrktl tel Z^B ûlry ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW ZKF@(ZNBN][->8888), ZNBN][ D]AC LCXBA[LLZ ]lsubt ad teks Z^B ûlry ks seaw` sea w` mlbaw k` tel kcnfl9

=:= | X n f l


My jacmk`k`f kt wkte Gljagl, wl jn` cnol telsl rlsubts prltty cln`k`fdub. Za k` tel nmavl jnsl, wl jn` jacmk`l GLJAGL wkte teks qulry n`g rl-wrktl kt ns9 ZLBLJW GLJAGL (ZKF@(ZNBN][->8888), ->, 'ZCNBBL]', 8, 'L^\NB', 'F]LNWL]') ZNBQGLW, ZNBN][ D]AC LCXBA[LLZ @aw, tel rlsubt waubg ml ns dabbaws9

=:: | X n f l


GKZWK@JW

Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, GKZWK@JW ks uslg ta lbkck`ntl gupbkjntl raws drac tel rlsubt slt. Kt‛s a`by uslg wkte tel jabuc` `ncls k` tel ZLBLJW stntlcl`t n`g jn`àt ml uslg k` tel D]AC ar VEL]L jbnusls. Zy`tnx ZLBLJW GKZWK@JW jabuc`Q`ncl jabuc`Q`ncl Blt‛s sll n dlw lxncpbls ta u`glrstn`g tel usnfl ad GKZWK@JW.

IamQekstary tnmbl starls tel iam jen`fl ekstary ad lcpbaylls, wea lktelr flt pracatlg ar nrl nsskf`lg nàtelr rabl. Za teks tnmbl cny envl cubtkpbl raws dar tel sncl IamQkgs. Wa dltje, à`-gupbkjntl vnbuls, wl jn` wrktl tel dabbawk`f Z^B qulry9 ZLBLJW GKZWK@JW IAMQKG D]AC IAMQEKZWA][ Wel autput pragujls 5 raws.

=:7 | X n f l


Wa jacpnrl kt wkte tel njtunb rlsubt, blt‛s ru` tel sncl qulry wkteaut

GKZWK@JW, ZLBLJW IAMQKG D]AC IAMQEKZWA][ Weks qulry pragujls tel dabbawk`f rlsubts9

[au jn` sll tent telrl nrl njtunbby >8 raws k` teks tnmbl n`g kd yau jacpnrl tel rlsubts, yau jn` sll tent NJQNJJA\@W & ZWQJBL]O ens twa l`trkls lnje.

=:< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts F ] A \ X D \ @ J WK WK A @ Z & A X L ] N W K A @ Z

Arnjbl pravkgls sacl pawlrdub cljen`kscs ta glnb wkte cubtkpbl raws nt n tkcl. Welsl cljen`kscs l`nmbl us ta fl`lrntl usldub rlparts drac tel gntnmnsl. Welrl nrl cn`y dlnturls ad tel gntnmnsl, wekje elbps us k` gak`f sa. Welsl du`jtka`s nrl nbsa oàw` ns Nffrlfntl du`jtka`s. Zacl ad tel Fraup du`jtka`s pravkglg my Arnjbl nrl ns dabbaws9 NTF

•

JA\@W

•

Z\C

•

CNU

•

CK@

•

K` fl`lrnb, tel sy`tnx ks ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW Jabuc`Q`ncls, Jabuc`Q`ncls, FraupQDu`jtka`s FraupQDu`jtka`s (Jabuc`s) D]AC tnmbls _VEL]L ja`gktka`sS F]A\X M[ lxprlsska`>, lxprlsska`=, lxprlsska`=, ... lxprlsska`Q` lxprlsska`Q` ENTK@F ja`gktka`? F]A\X M[ ks n cn`gntary jbnusl kd wl nrl usk`f n`y ad tel F]A\X/NFF]LFNWL du`jtka`s. Wel F]A\X M[ jbnusl ens ta ml uslg dar jabuc`s, welrl tel F]A\X du`jtka`s nrl àt uslg.

=:4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts JA\@W Blt‛s sny, wl waubg bkol ta flt tel jau`t ad lcpbaylls glpnrtcl`t wksl. wksl .

Wa njeklvl tent ZLBLJW GLXN]WCL@WQKG, JA\@W(LCXBA[LLQKG) D]AC LCXBA[LLZ F]A\X M[ GLXN]WCL@WQKG Autput ad teks qulry waubg ml ns dabbaws9

@atkjl tel usl ad F]A\X M[ jbnusl. Kd yau ga`‛t put tel F]A\X M[

jbnusl, yau wkbb flt tel dabbawk`f lrrar9

Lxncpbl => =:6 | X n f l


\sk`f JA\@W du`jtka`, eaw wkbb yau dk`g aut tel ùcmlr ad lcpbaylls, wea envl n snbnry ad carl ten` ><,888. ZLBLJW JA\@W(*) D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L ZNBN][ 0 ><888

=:5 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts CNU, CK@ N@G NTF

CNU, CK@ n`g NTF du`jtka`s nrl uslg ta jnbjubntl cnxkcuc, ck`kcuc n`g nvlrnfl ad n slt ad vnbuls, tnol` drac tel gntnmnsl. CNU n`g CK@ nrl tel ekfelst n`g bawlst vnbuls ad n slt ad vnbuls. Wel NTF du`jtka` jnbjubntls tel nvlrnfl ad n slt ad vnbuls. Wel nvlrnfl ks jnbjubntlg ns dabbaws9 NTF 3 (Tnb > + Tnb =…….+Tnb `) / `

Zy`tnx Zy`tnx ks skckbnr ta JA\@W. Vl nppby telsl nffrlfntl du`jtka`s a` jabuc`s. ZLBLJW Cnx (Jabuc` `ncl) / Ck` (Jabuc` `ncl) / NTF (Jabuc` `ncl) F]A\X M[ …….

@atkjl tel usl ad F]A\X M[, kt ks k s cn`gntary dar jabuc`s a` wekje wekje à Fraup/nffrlfntl Fraup/nffrlfntl du`jtka` ks nppbklg. Blt‛s tnol n dlw d lw lxncpbls ta u`glrstn`g lnje a `l ad telc.

Lxncpbl == Vl waubg bkol ta gkspbny tel Cnxkcuc, Ck`kcuc n`g Nvlrnfl snbnry dar lvlry glpnrtcl`t n`g ks ta ml gkspbnylg glpnrtcl`t wksl. Zlbljt

GLXN]WCL@WQKG,

CK@(ZNBN][),NTF(ZNBN][) D]AC LCXBA[LLZ F]A\X M[ GLXN]WCL@WQKG =:; | X n f l

CNU(ZNBN][),


Wel rlsubt ad teks qulry waubg ml ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9

Ns yau jn` sll tent tel NTF snbnry jabuc` `llgs n mkt ad darcnttk`f, sa wl wkbb ngg ]A\@G du`jtka` k` kt n`g wkbb ]au`g kt add ta = gljkcnb pbnjls. Went qulry wkbb ml wrkttl` ns9 Zlbljt GLXN]WCL@WQKG, CNU(ZNBN][), CK@(ZNBN][), ]A\@G(NTF(ZNBN][),=) D]AC LCXBA[LLZ F]A\X M[ GLXN]WCL@WQKG Vl jn` sll n mlttlr darcnttlg rlsubt ns seaw` mlbaw

=78 | X n f l


Vl jn` stkbb cnol tel rlsubt carl uslr drkl`gby my seawk`f tel Glpnrtcl`t `ncl k`stlng ad KG n`g rlcavk`f tel @\BB glpnrtcl`t KG. @aw, tel qulry wkbb ml ns dabbaws9 Zlbljt N.GLXN]WCL@WQ@NCL, CNU(M.ZNBN][), CK@(M.ZNBN][), ]A\@G(NTF(M.ZNBN][),=) D]AC GLXN]WCL@WZ N, LCXBA[LLZ M VEL]L N.GLXN][email protected]] N.GLXN][email protected]]WCL@WQKG WCL@WQKG F]A\X M[ N.GLXN]WCL@WQ@NCL ENTK@F N.GLXN]WCL@WQ@NCL KZ @AW @\BB Blt‛s àw baao nt tel cuje carl kcpravlg autput9

=7> | X n f l


Z\C D\@JWKA@

Z\C du`jtka` ks uslg ta pragujl tel Z\C ad n slt ad vnbuls. Iust bkol tel atelr du`jtka`s ad teks jntlfary, teks du`jtka` nbsa ks n` nffrlfntl du`jtka`. Zy`tnx Zy`tnx ks skckbnr ta JA\@W. Vl nppby telsl nffrlfntl du`jtka`s a` jabuc`s. ZLBLJW Z\C (Jabuc` `ncl) F]A\X M[ …….

@atkjl tel usl ad F]A\X M[, kt ks k s cn`gntary dar jabuc`s a` wekje wekje à Fraup/nffrlfntl Fraup/nffrlfntl du`jtka` ks nppbklg. Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl ta sll tel usn fl ad Z\C.

Kd wl waubg bkol ta oàw tel tatnb snbnrkls gksmurslg dar lnje glpnrtcl`t. Zlbljt N.GLXN]WCL@WQ@NCL, Z\C(M.ZNBN][) =7= | X n f l


D]AC GLXN]WCL@WZ N, LCXBA[LLZ M VEL]L N.GLXN][email protected]] N.GLXN][email protected]]WCL@WQKG WCL@WQKG F]A\X M[ N.GLXN]WCL@WQ@NCL ENTK@F N.GLXN]WCL@WQ@NCL KZ @AW @\BB A]GL] M[ = Autput ad teks qulry ks ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9

A W E L ] Z ^ B D \ @ J W K A@ A@ Z

Welrl nrl cn`y carl Z^B du`jtka`s d u`jtka`s pravkglg my A]NJBL, wekje yau jn` blnr` drac tel dabbawk`f \]B9 ettps9//gajs.arnjbl.jac/jg/M>;:8 ettps9//gajs.arnjbl.jac/jg/M>;:84Q8>/slrvlr.> 4Q8>/slrvlr.>8=/m>7=88/ 8=/m>7=88/du`jtka`s8 du`jtka`s8 8>.etc#k5>786

=7: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X ] N J W K J L N Z Z K F @ C L @ WZ WZ

Lxlrjksl #> Dk`g nbb lcpbaylls wea nrl cn`nflrs1 A`l ad tel wnys ta dk`g suje lcpbaylls ta slnrje teraufe IAM KGs, welrl tel IAM KG l`gs wkte ―CF]‛.

Lxlrjksl #= Dk`g nbb lcpbaylls wea nrl JBL]OZ1 A`l ad tel wnys ta dk`g suje lcpbaylls ta slnrje teraufe IAM KGs, welrl tel IAM KG l`gs wkte ―JBL]O‛.

Lxlrjksl #: Dk`g nbb lcpbaylls wea nrl warok`f wkte snbls glpnrtcl`t, stajos glpnrtcl`t n`g sekppk`f glpnrtcl`t1 A`l ad tel wnys ta dk`g suje lcpbaylls ta slnrje teraufe IAM KGs, welrl tel IAM KG ―Z‛ n`g tel `lxt jenrnjtlr ks ―N‛, ―E‛ n`g ―W‛.

Lxlrjksl #7 K` lxncpbl 4, wl wratl tel qulry dar dk`gk`f lcpbaylls, weasl snbnrkls snbnrk ls wlrl mltwll` >8,888 n`g ><,888. Dk`g aut nàtelr wny ad wrktk`f tel sncl qulry9 ZLBLJW dkrstQ`ncl, bnstQ`ncl, snbnry D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L Znbnry mltwll` >8888 n`g ><888? Lxlrjksl #<

=77 | X n f l


Dk`g aut nbb lcpbaylls, telkr KG, stnrt gntl n`g l`g gntl drac tel tnmbl t nmbl IamQEkstary, wea wlrl warok`f wkte tel jacpn`y mltwll` =88> n`g =887. Lxlrjksl #4 Dk`g aut nbb lcpbaylls, wea nrl KW prafrncclrs n`g envl iak`lg mltwll` =88> n`g =885. Lxlrjksl #6 Zeaw tel iam ekstary ad lnje lcpbayll. Wel rlsubt seaubg seaw tel Lcpbayll @ncl, tel iam `ncl n`g stnrt n`g l`g gntl ad tel rabl. K`jbugl a`by teasl lcpbaylls wea envl n iam ekstary wkte teks jacpn`y. Lxlrjksl #5 Zeaw tel iam ekstary ad lnje lcpbayll. Wel rlsubt seaubg seaw tel Lcpbayll @ncl, tel iam `ncl n`g stnrt n`g l`g gntl ad tel rabl. Kt seaubg nbsa k`jbugl teasl lcpbaylls, lcpbaylls, wea cny àt n iam ekstary. Lxlrjksl #; Dk`g aut tel lcpbaylls, wea wlrl warok`f wkte tel jacpn`y mltwll` =88= n`g =886. Zeaw tel rlsubt wkte Lcpbayll `ncl n`g stnrt n`g l`g gntl ad lcpbaycl`t Lxlrjksl #>8 Dk`g aut tel lcpbaylls, wea wlrl stnrtlg warok`f wkte tel jacpn`y k` =88= n`g stnylg tkbb =88<. Lxlrjksl #>>

=7< | X n f l


Dk`g aut tel lcpbaylls, wea iak`lg ndtlr =886. Lxlrjksl #>= Dk`g aut tel lcpbaylls n`g gkspbny wkte telkr `ncls, wea envl stnylg wkte tel jacpn`y dar carl ten` = ylnrs Lxlrjksl #>: Dk`g aut tel Iam tktbls n`g tel gkddlrl`jl k` tel ck`kcuc n`g cnxkcuc snbnrkls dar iams Lxlrjksl #>7 Dk`g aut tel @ncls, snbnrkls ad nbb tel lcpbaylls. Nbsa gkspbny tel snbnrkls `lnrlst ta tel teausn`g cln`k`f kd tel snbnry ks =<,7=6, kt seaubg flt gkspbnylg ns =<,888. Lxlrjksl #>< Dk`g aut tel @ncls, snbnrkls n`g glpnrtcl`t `ncls ad tel lcpbaylls. lcpbaylls. Nbsa gkspbny tel snbnrkls `lnrlst ta tel teausn`g cln`k`f kd tel snbnry ks =<,7=6, kt seaubg flt gkspbnylg ns =<,888. Lxlrjksl #>4 Dk`g aut tel dubb @ncls ns n sk`fbl dklbg, snbnrkls n`g glpnrtcl`t `ncls ad tel lcpbaylls. Nbsa gkspbny tel snbnrkls `lnrlst ta tel teausn`g cln`k`f kd tel snbnry ks =<,7=6, kt seaubg flt gkspbnylg ns =<,888.

=74 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #>6 Dk`g aut nbb tel lcpbaylls wea waro k` tel ―Xurjensk`f‛ glpnrtcl`t, nbsa seaw telkr JWJ wekje ks >.4< tkcls telkr mnsl snbnrkls. Nrrn`fl tel lcpbaylls `ncl k` N ta Y arglr. Lxlrjksl #>5 Dk`g aut nbb tel lcpbaylls wea waro k` tel ―Xurjensk`f‛ glpnrtcl`t,

nbsa seaw telkr JWJ wekje ks >.4< tkcls telkr mnsl snbnrkls. Nrrn`fl tel lcpbaylls my telkr snbnrkls, wkte ekfelst snbnry a` tel tap Lxlrjksl #>; Dk`g aut nbb tel lcpbaylls weasl weasl `ncl stnrts wkte ―N‛ n`g ―Z‛, arglr my tel `ncl suje tent ―N‛ jacls dkrst.

Lxlrjksl #=8 Dk`g aut nbb tel lcpbaylls wea iak`lg tel arfn`kzntka` k` tel dkrst ûnrtlr ad tel dk`n`jknb ylnr k.l. Nprkb, Cny n`g Iu`l. Lxlrjksl #=> Dk`g aut nbb tel lcpbaylls wea iak`lg tel arfn`kzntka` k` tel dkrst ûnrtlr ad tel dk`n`jknb ylnr k.l. Nprkb, Cny n`g Iu`l. Gkspbny tel ca`te ad tel ekrk`f gntl. Lxlrjksl #== Dk`g aut nbb tel addkjl bajntka`s wkte strllt nggrlss, jkty, pravk`jl n`g pk` jagl nba`f wkte tel `ncl ad tel jau`try.

=76 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #=: Dk`g tel dkrst snbnry gntl dar lnje lcpbayll. Wel dkrst snbnry gntl ks nbwnys tel dkrst gny ad tel ca`te n`g sk`jl snbnrkls nrl pnkg nt tel l`g ad tel ca`te, kt wkbb ml sumslqul`t ca`te. Za kd saclmagy ens iak`lg a` >6-Iu`->7, tel dkrst snbnry gntl waubg ml 8>-Iub->7. K` tel rlsubt, wl waubg bkol ta sll tel Dubb @ncl ad tel snbnry (iak` Dkrst n`g Bnst `ncl), iak`k`f gntl n`g tel dkrst snbnry gntl. Lxlrjksl #=7 Zeaw tel Iam KGs drac tel tnmbl iamQekstary nba`f wkte tel Iam KGs. Wel gntl seaubg ml seaw` k` tel darcnt Cnr >< =88> Lxlrjksl #=< Zeaw tel Iam KGs drac tel tnmbl iamQekstary nba`f wkte tel Iam KGs. Wel gntl seaubg ml seaw` k` tel darcnt Cnr >< =88> ee9cc9ss Lxlrjksl #=4 \sl tel IamQekstary tnmbl ta seaw tel ùcmlr ad gnys spl`t k` lnje iam. Lxlrjksl #=6 Dltje tel rlsubts drac d rac tel lcpbayll tnmbl n`g glca`strntl tel rlsubts k` suje n cn``lr tent lcpbaylls envk`f carl ten` =8,888 ns snbnry nrl seaw` ns ―Ekfe @ltwarte‛ n`g tel rlst ns ―Cn`nflrs‛.

=75 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #=5 Zeaw tel ùcmlr ad ylnrs k` slrvkjls dar lnje lcpbayll usk`f iamQekstary tnmbl. Gkspbny tel ùcmlr ad ylnrs k` slrvkjl jarrljt up ta twa gljkcnb pbnjls, nba`f wkte telkr `ncls Lxlrjksl #=; Zeaw tel Watnb ùcmlr ad ylnrs k` slrvkjls dar lnje lcpbayll usk`f iamQekstary tnmbl, sacl lcpbaylls envl cubtkpbl raws k` tel iamQekstary mljnusl telkr rabls fat jen`flg gurk`f telkr lcpbaycl`t. Gkspbny tel tatnb ùcmlr ad ylnrs wkte telkr `ncls. Lxlrjksl #:8 Zeaw tel Watnb ùcmlr ad ylnrs k` slrvkjls dar lnje lcpbayll usk`f iamQekstary tnmbl, sacl lcpbaylls envl cubtkpbl raws k` tel iamQekstary mljnusl telkr rabls fat jen`flg gurk`f telkr lcpbaycl`t. Gkspbny tel tatnb ùcmlr ad ylnrs wkte telkr `ncls. Weks ks n` lxtl`ska` ta tel prlvkaus lxlrjksl, k` teks jnsl nbsa k`jbugl lcpbaylls, wekje ga àt envl n`y gltnkbs k` tel IamQekstary tnmbl. Lxlrjksl #:> Lxtl`gk`f tel prlvkaus lxncpbl, nssucl tent Lcpbaylls wekje ga àt envl n`y l`try k` tel IamQekstary tnmbl, nrl stkbb warok`f wkte tel jacpn`y, jnbjubntl telkr lcpbaycl`t tlùrl ns wlbb drac tel jurrl`t gntl. Lxlrjksl #:= Zeaw tel jau`t ad Lcpbaylls dar lnje glpnrtcl`t welrl lvlr telrl nrl lcpbaylls. K` jnsl telrl ks à lcpbayll, ga`‛t k`jbugl tent raw.

Gkspbny tel rljargs k` tel nsjl`gk`f arglr ad tel glpnrtcl`ts. =7; | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #:: Zeaw tel ùcmlr ad lcpbaylls k` lnje glpnrtcl`t.

=<8 | X n f l


Jenptlr >>

=<> | X n f l


=<= | X n f l


>>.

NGTN @JL JA@JLXW9 JA@JL XW9 Z\M -^\L]KLZ -^\L]KL Z

Zum-qulrkls nrl pawlrdub ja`strujts, wekje nbbaw usl ad Z^B stntlcl`ts k`skgl nàtelr Z^B stntlcl`t. Weks nbbaws us ta jrlntl rlnbby pawlrdub qulrkls a` n`y gntnmnsl. Z\M-^\L]KLZ jn` ml uslg k` ZLBLJW, D]AC ar VEL]L sljtka` ad n`y Z^B stntlcl`t. Zum qulrkls jn` nbsa ml uslg wkte K@ZL]W, \XGNWL, GLBLWL, J]LNWL WNMBL, J]LNWL TKLV ltj stntlcl`ts nbsa. Zum-qulrkls nrl nbsa rldlrrlg ta ns K``lr qulrkls ar @lstlg ûlrkls. Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl ta sll eaw kt ks uslg. Zuppasl, wl envl ta flt nbb tel raws drac d rac lcpbaylls welrl tel cn`nflr ks ―@ll`n‛. Eaw waubg

yau fa nmaut kt1 @arcnb Zjl`nrka

Ztlp >9 Dkrst ad nbb, wl `llg ta dk`g aut tel lcpbayll KG ad ―@ll`n‛9 ZLBLJW LCXBA[LLQKG D]AC Lcpbaylls VEL]L dkrstQ`ncl 3 '@ll`n' Weks qulry wkbb seaw tent tel LcpbayllQKG ad ―@ll`n‛ ks >8>

Ztlp =9 @aw wl wkbb dltje tel lcpbayll gltnkbs welrl cn`nflrQkg ks >8> ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L CN@NFL]QKG 3 >8> \sk`f Zum-qulry Zum-qulry

=<: | X n f l


Vl jn` flt tel sncl rlsubt k` n sk`fbl qulry, kd wl usl n sumqulry. Za welrl wkbb wl usl tel sum-qulry1 Vl `llg ta dkrst dk`g aut tel LcpbayllQKG ad ―@ll`n‛. Weks qulry ks

seaw` nmavl k` stlp >, sa k` teks t eks nppranje, wl wkbb usl teks qulry wkte tel slja`g qulry. Aur slja`g qulry wns9 ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L CN@NFL]QKG 3 >8> Vl wkbb rlpbnjl >8> wkte tel qulry ta dk`g tel lcpbayll kg ad ―@ll`n‛

ns seaw` mlbaw9 ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ N VEL]L N.CN@NFL]QKG 3 (ZLBLJW M.LCXBA[LLQKG D]AC LCXBA[LLZ M VEL]L M.dkrstQ`ncl 3 '@ll`n')

Z \ M - ^ \ L ] [ K @ V E L] L] L J B N \ Z L

Lxncpbl > K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb lxpn`g tel sjapl ad tel qulry gksjusslg nmavl n`g waubg bkol ta dltje nbb tel lcpbaylls, weasl cn`nflrs cn`nflrs nrl ―@ll`n‛ n`g ―Nblxn`glr‛. Eaw wkbb wl wrktl teks qulry1

Wel qulry waubg ml skckbnr ta t a tel nmavl mut ns cubtkpbl cn`nflrs nrl k`vabvlg tel VEL]L jbnusl wkbb jen`fl. Kd wl wrktl tel dabbawk`f qulry n`g lxljutl9 =<7 | X n f l


ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ N VEL]L N.CN@NFL]QKG 3 (ZLBLJW M.LCXBA[LLQKG D]AC LCXBA[LLZ M VEL]L M.dkrstQ`ncl 3 '@ll`n' A] M.dkrstQ`ncl 3 'Nblxn`glr ‛) Vl wkbb flt n` lrrar9

Weks enppl`s mljnusl tel sum-qulry k`skgl tel mrnjolt ks àw rltur`k`f carl ten` a`l vnbuls. Za wl `llg ta jen`fl tel qulry my rlpbnjk`f ―3‛ k` tel w elrl jbnusl ndtlr N.CN@NFL]QKG9

ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ N VEL]L N.CN@NFL]QKG K@ (ZLBLJW M.LCXBA[LLQKG D]AC LCXBA[LLZ M

VEL]L

M.dkrstQ`ncl

' Nblxn`glr‛) M.dkrstQ`ncl 3 Nblxn`glr‛

=<< | X n f l

3

'@ll`n'

A]

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Z\M-^\L][ K@ ZLBLJW JBN \ZL

Z^B qulrkls jn` nbsa ml uslg k` tel ZLBLJW pnrt ad nàtelr Z^B qulry. Welsl qulrkls jn` pravkgl wnys ad dltjek`f rlsubts, wekje nrl jacpblx ta flt atelrwksl. Lxncpbl = Blt‛s sny, wl wn`t ta jrlntl n rlpart a` flttk`f tel Lcpbaylls `ncls

(dubb `ncls), telk r glpnrtcl`ts `ncls n`g telkr cn`nflr‛s `ncls. Kd wl baao nt tel lcpbaylls tnmbl, wl jn` sll tent teks tnmbl ja`tnk` a`by tel lcpbaylls `ncls n`g àt glpnrtcl`t `ncls n`g telkr cn`nflrs `ncl. Vl wkbb lxpbnk` tel ja`strujtka` ad suje n qulry k` n stlp-my-stlp dnseka`9 Ztlp >9 Dkrst ad nbb, blt‛s darc tel qulry ta flt tel Lcpbayll dubb `ncls

drac tel lcpbaylls tnmbl ZLBLJW N.dkrstQ`ncl || ' ' || N.bnstQ`ncl D]AC LCXBA[LLZ N Ztlp =9 @lxt ks ta darc tel qulry ta flt lcpbayll dubb `ncls n`g telkr glpnrtcl`t `ncls. Dar teks, wl `llg ta iak` lcpbaylls tnmbl wkte tel glpnrtcl`ts tnmbl ns glpnrtcl`t `ncls nrl nvnkbnmbl k` glpnrtcl`t `ncls a`by. ZLBLJW

N.dkrstQ`ncl

||

'

'

||

N.bnstQ`ncl,

M.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl D]AC Lcpbaylls N, Glpnrtcl`ts M VEL]L N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.glpnrtcl`tQKG =<4 | X n f l


Ztlp :9 @aw wl envl ta flt tel `ncls ad tel cn`nflrs ad lnje lcpbayll. Kd wl amslrvl tel Lcpbaylls tnmbl, wl wkbb sll tent kt ens tel cn`nflrQkg jabuc`, wekje ens tel lcpbayllQkg ad tel cn`nflrs. Flttk`f tel `ncls ad tel cn`nflrs, k` tel sncl raw ns lcpbayll raw, ks àt passkmbl my nggk`f a`l carl ― N.dkrstQ`ncl

|| ' ' || N.bnstQ`ncl ‛.

Weks wkbb nbwnys fkvl tel @ncl dar tel lcpbayll. Wa flt tel `ncl ad tel cn`nflr, wl `llg ta usl n sum-qulry k` tel dabbawk`f cn``lr9 ZLBLJW

N.dkrstQ`ncl

||

'

'

||

N.bnstQ`ncl,

M.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, (ZLBLJW

J.dkrstQ`ncl||'

LCXBA[LLZ

J

VEL]L

'||J.bnstQ`ncl

D]AC

N.CN@NFL]QKG

3

J.LCXBA[LLQKG) J.LCXBA[LLQKG) Cn`nflr

D]AC Lcpbaylls N, Glpnrtcl`ts M VEL]L N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.glpnrtcl`tQKG Vel` yau baao nt tel sum-qulry, yau jn` sll tent kt ks dltjek`f tel cn`nflr `ncl my usk`f tel lcpbayllQkg ad tel cn`nflr (J.LCXBA[LLQKG) k` tel sum-qulry. Wel rlsubt waubg ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

=<6 | X n f l


Z \ M - ^ \ L ] [ K @ D ] AC AC J B N \ Z L

Weks ks n` k`tlrlstk`f usl ad tel sum-qulry ns k` teks jnsl sum-qulry ks bktlrnbby uslg ns n tnmbl. Vl jn` usl lvl` tel jabuc`s uslg k` teks sumqulry ns jabuc` `ncls k` tel cnk` ZLBLJW stntlcl`t. Blt‛s sll n

skcpbl lxncpbl ta u`glrstn`g teks9 Lxncpbl : Blt‛s sny wl waubg bkol ta oàw lcpbaylls `ncls nba`f wkte jau`t ad

lcpbaylls k` telkr glpnrtcl`ts. @aw, teks ks àt passkmbl gkrljtby ns telrl ks à gkrljt wny ad gak`f teks. Za wl wkbb ga kt usk`f sum-qulry k` tel D]AC tnmbl ns dabbaws9 Ztlp >9 Dkrst ad nbb wl wkbb darc n qulry ta oàw tel jau`t ad lcpbaylls glpnrtcl`t wksl drac tel lcpbaylls tnmbl. Wel qulry dar tent wkbb ml ns skcpbl ns tel dabbawk`f9 ZLBLJW GLXN]WCL@WQKG, JA\@W(*) NZ glptQjau`t D]AC lcpbaylls =<5 | X n f l


F]A\X M[ GLXN]WCL@WQKG Weks qulry wkbb pragujl glpnrtcl`t wksl jau`t ad lcpbaylls ns seaw` mlbaw9

Ns wl àw envl tel lcpbaylls jau`t plr glpnrtcl`t, wl wkbb usl teks ns n tnmbl ta bkò lcpbaylls ta teks tnmbl usk`f glpnrtcl`t KGs ad lvlry lcpbayll. Ztlp =9 @aw wkbb wrktl tel dk`nb qulry9 ZLBLJW N.dkrstQ`ncl ||‛ ―||N.bnstQ`ncl, M.glptQjau`t NZ lcpQglptQjau`t lcpQglptQjau`t D]AC LCXBA[LLZ N, (ZLBLJW

GLXN]WCL@WQKG,

JA\@W(*)

NZ

glptQjau`t D]AC lcpbaylls F]A\X M[ GLXN]WCL@WQKG) M VEL]L N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 M.GLXN]WCL@WQKG?

=<; | X n f l


[au jn` sll tent wl envl uslg tel glptQjau`t drac tel sum-qulry (usk`f kt ns n Wnmbl) n`g iak`k`f kts jabuc` glpnrtcl`t kg wkte tel lcpbaylls tnmbl‛s glpnrtcl`t kg (nfnk` iust bkol n tnmbl).

Wel dk`nb rlsubt waubg ml ns dabbaws9

Zum-qulrkls jn` nbsa ml uslg dar jrlntk`f Wnmbls, Tklws n`g k` atelr GGB stntlcl`ts. Vl envl seaw` tel usl ad sum-qulrkls k` tel GGB stntlcl`ts k` tel jenptlr à 20 \sl ad LUKZWZ LUKZWZ ks n spljknb oly warg wekje ks uslg lxjbuskvlby wkte sumqulrkls. Zum-qulrkls nrl wrkttl` ndtlr LUKZWZ n`g ks uslg ta tlst tel W]\L ad DNBZL ja`gktka`. Kd tel sum-qulry rltur`s nt blnst a`l rljarg, tel LUKZWZ ja`gktka` wkbb ml W]\L, lbsl kt wkbb rlsubt k` DNBZL. Zy`tnx VEL]L Lxksts (Zum-qulry) Lxncpbl 7 Vl waubg bkol ta lxtrnjt tel glpnrtcl`t `ncls welrl nt blnst a`l lcpbayll waros, kd tel glpnrtcl`t ens à lcpbayll, kt wkbb àt ml k`jbuglg k` tel rlsubt. =48 | X n f l


ZLBLJW N.glpnrtcl`tQkg, N.glpnrtcl`tQkg, N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl D]AC Glpnrtcl`ts N VEL]L Lxksts (ZLBLJW * D]AC lcpbaylls M VEL]L M.glpnrtcl`tQkg3N.glpnrtcl M.glpnrtcl`tQkg3N.glpnrtcl`tQKG) `tQKG) Weks wkbb seaw yau glpnrtcl`t KG n`g glpnrtcl`t `ncls welrl nt blnst a`l lcpbayll ks warok`f. Wa vnbkgntl tel ùcmlr ad raws k` tel autput, wl jn` ru` tel dabbawk`f Z^B9 ZLBLJW jau`t(gkstk`jt glpnrtcl`tQkg) drac Lcpbaylls ]lsubt ad tel twa qulrkls seaubg envl tel sncl ùcmlr ad rlsubts. D K @G @G K @ F G \ X B K J N W L T N B \ L Z K @ N W N M B L

Dk`gk`f gupbkjntl raws k` n tnmbl ks n` k`tlrlstk`f pramblc n`g telrl envl mll` cn`y wnys ta dk`g gupbkjntl vnbuls. Vl wkbb gksjuss tel usl ad sum-qulry ta dk`g tel gupbkjntl raws. Eawlvlr, telrl ks n cuje skcpblr wny ad dk`gk`f gupbkjntl raws n`g tent ens mll` fkvl` ta yau k` tel prnjtkjl lxlrjksls. [au wkbb dk`g tel n`swlr k` tel Blnr`k`f Cn`nflcl`t Zystlc, yau envl nbrlngy mll` fkvl` njjlss ta tel sncl. Lxncpbl < K` teks lxncpbl, wl nrl fak`f ta lxpbnk` eaw ta dk`g aut tel gupbkjntl raws usk`f sum-qulry. Dar teks lxncpbl ta waro, wl waubg l`tlr gupbkjntl raws k` tel tnmbl J\ZW. Wel J\ZW tnmbl ens 7 jabuc`s9 =4> | X n f l


Kd yau ga`‛t sll teks tnmbl k` yaur E] gntnmnsl, jrlntl tel sncl usk`f

tel dabbawk`f Z^B GGB9 J]LNWL WNMBL "E]"."J\ZW" (

"J\ZWQKG" @\CML](4,8), "J\ZWQ@NCL" TN]JEN]=(:< M[WL), "BAJNWKA@" TN]JEN]=(=8 M[WL), "JA@WNJWQ@\C" @\CML](>8,8)

) @aw ru` tel dabbawk`f K@ZL]W stntlcl`ts ta l`tlr : gupbkjntl raws n`g : arkfk`nb raws k` tel J\ZW tnmbl9 K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888>, ']aek`k L`tlrprksls', 'Cucmnk', ;5;5;5;5;5)? K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888=, 'Inffk Jntlrlrs', 'Bujoàw', ;665;5;5;5)? K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888:, 'K`gus L`tlrprksls', 'Inba`g', 66;5;5;5;5)? K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888>, ']aek`k L`tlrprksls', 'Cucmnk', ;5;5;5;5;5)?

=4= | X n f l


K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888=, 'Inffk Jntlrlrs', 'Bujoàw', ;665;5;5;5)? K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888:, 'K`gus L`tlrprksls', 'Inba`g', 66;5;5;5;5)?

@aw, wl nrl fak`f ta wrktl tel qulry ta dk`g tel gupbkjntl raws k` tel nmavl tnmbl9 ZLBLJW * D]AC just n VEL]L rawkg àt k` (ZLBLJW cnx(rawkg) D]AC just m VEL]L n.justQkg3m.justQkg )?

Eaw gals teks qulry waro1 Blt‛s baao nt tel sum -qulry.

Wel sum-qulry

ks mnskjnbby n iak` wkte ktslbd mnslg a` justQkgs. K` teks jnsl, wl envl tnol` a`by justQkg mljnusl justQkg jn` nba`l kgl`tkdy tel gupbkjntl raws. Kd k` yaur jnsl, kd yau `llg cubtkpbl raws ta kgl`tkdy tel gupbkjntl raws, tel` yau seaubg k`jbugl nbb suje raws. Wel sum-qulry wkbb dk`g tel cnxkcuc vnbul ad rawkg dar raws welrl justQkgs ad raws cntje. Za k` aur jnsl, blt‛s sll went gals kt cln`1

=4: | X n f l


Za, telrl nrl gupbkjntl raws mut telkr rawkg nrl gkddlrl`t. Wel sum-qulry wkbb rltur` a`l vnbul wekje ks cnx ad tel twa gupbkjntl raws. @aw baao nt tel dubb qulry9 ZLBLJW * D]AC just n VEL]L rawkg àt k` (ZLBLJW cnx(rawkg) D]AC just m VEL]L n.justQkg3m.justQkg )? Vel` ―VEL]L ―VEL]L rawkg àt k` (ZLBLJW cnx(rawkg) D]AC just m VEL] VEL]L L n.jus n.jus tQkg3m.jus tQkg )‛ ks lxljutlg, kt wkbb dk`g tel atelr rawkg,

wekje ks scnbblr ad tel twa n`g tel gupbkjntl raw. K` aur tnmbl J\ZW, wl envl 4 raws n`g gupbkjntl raws dar lnje raw. Weks qulry seaubg dk`g : gupbkjntl raws9

=47 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X ] N J W K J L N Z Z K F @ C L @W @W Z

Lxlrjksl #> Dk`g tel glpnrtcl`t KGs k` tel Lcpbaylls tnmbl, welrl nt blnst = lcpbaylls waro. Weks ks n pramblc, wekje jn` ml sabvlg my usk`f n skcpbl qulry ad dk`gk`f gupbkjntl raws9

=4< | X n f l


=44 | X n f l


Jenptlr >=

=46 | X n f l


=45 | X n f l


> =. =.

G nt n t n G ld l d k ` k t k a ` B n ` f u n f l ( GG GG B )

Gntn gldk`ktka` bn`funfl ks uslg ta jrlntl, nbtlr ar glbltl strujturl ad n gntnmnsl amiljt bkol Wnmbl, vklws ltj. Lxncpbl9 Jrlntl/nbtlr/glbltl gntnmnsl amiljts n`g telkr nttrkmutls. Mlbaw ks n s`npseat ad tel GGB stntlcl`ts9 J]LNWL

9\sl ta jrlntl amiljts bkol J]LNWL WNMBL, J]LNWL

D\@JWKA@, J]LNWL Z[@A@[C, J]LNWL TKLV. Ltj. NBWL]

9\sl ta Nbtlr Amiljts bkol NBWL] WNMBL, NBWL] \ZL],

NBWL] WNMBLZXNJL, NBWL] GNWNMNZL. Ltj. G]AX

9\sl ta Grap Amiljts bkol G]AX WNMBL, G]AX \ZL],

G]AX WNMBLZXNJL, G]AX D\@JWKA@. Ltj. ]LXBNJL

9\sl ta ]l`ncl tnmbl `ncls.

W]\@JNWL 9\sl ta tru`jntl (glbltl nbb raws) n tnmbl.

J]LNWL/NBWL] WNMBL

J]LNWL WNMBL ks uslg dar jrlntk`f tnmbls k` tel gntnmnsl. Wnmbl `ncls nrl u`kqul k` n`y sjelcn n`g Arnjbl cnk`tnk`s tel u`kqul`lss. =4; | X n f l


NBWL] WNMBL ks uslg ta nbtlr/cagkdy tel strujturl ad n tnmbl. Kt ens àtek`f ta ga wkte tel gntn k`skgl n tnmbl. NBWL] WNMBL jn` ml uslg ta nbtlr/cagkdy/grap n jabuc` ar ngg/cagkdy/grap n ja`strnk`t ns wl wkbb glca`strntl wkte tel elbp ad lxncpbls.

Zy`tnx

J]LNWL WNMBL tnmblQ`ncl ( Jabuc`Q`ncl gntntypl (skzl) ja`strnk`ts ) Ja`strnk`ts jaubg ml @\BB/@AW @\BB, X]KCN][ OL[, \@K^\L ltj.

Lxncpbl > Jrlntl n tnmbl bajntka`Qcns b ajntka`Qcnstlr tlr wekje ens tel dabbawk`f jabuc`s9 •

bajQkg, n ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl 4

•

bajntka`Qjagl, bajntka`Qjagl, n vnrjenr dklbg ad skzl :

•

bajntka`Q`ncl n tlxt dklbg ad skzl =<

bajQkg ks nbsa tel X]KCN][ OL[ ad tel tnmbl.

J]LNWL WNMBL bajntka`Qcnst b ajntka`Qcnstlr lr ( bajQkg ùcmlr (4) X]KCN][ OL[, bajntka`Qjagl vnrjenr=(:), bajntka`Q`ncl bajntka`Q`ncl vnrjenr=(=<) =68 | X n f l


) Lxncpbl = Vent kd yau try n`g jrlntl n tnmbl `ncl wekje ks nbrlngy lxkstk`f k` tel gntnmnsl1 Jn` yau jrlntl n gupbkjntl tnmbl `ncl1 K` dnjt kt gals àt nbbaw ta jrlntl n` amiljt wkte n `ncl, uslg my nàtelr amiljt. K` teks lxncpbl, yau nrl nsolg ta jrlntl nàtelr tnmbl wkte `ncl bajntka`Qcnstlr wkte iust a`l jabuc` ‚ bajQkg ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl 4. Wry n`g sll, went enppl`s1 Kt seaubg fkvl n` lrrar - A]N-88;<<9 `ncl ks nbrlngy uslg my n` lxkstk`f amiljt

Lxncpbl : Jrlntl n tnmbl justaclrQcnstlr wekje wekje ens tel dabbawk`f jabuc`s9 •

justaclrQkg, n ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl 4

•

justaclrQ`ncl n tlxt dklbg ad skzl 7<

•

Njjau`tQcfr Njjau`tQcfr n ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl 4, k`gkjntls tel njjau`t cn`nflr jagl, wea en`gbls tel justaclr

•

Bajntka`Qjagl n jenrnjtlr dklbg ad skzl :, k`gkjntls tel bajntka` jagl rldlrl`jk`f Bajntka` cnstlr

•

Ja`tnjtQùc n ùcmlr ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl >8 n`g cust ml u`kqul.

JustaclrQkg ks nbsa tel X]KCN][ OL[ ad tel tnmbl.

J]LNWL WNMBL justaclrQcnstlr justaclrQcnstlr ( =6> | X n f l


JustaclrQkg ùcmlr (4) X]KCN][ OL[, JustaclrQ`ncl JustaclrQ`ncl vnrjenr=(7<), Njjau`tQCfr Njjau`tQCfr ùcmlr(4), Bajntka`Qjagl Bajntka`Qjagl vnrjenr=(:), Ja`tnjtQùc ùcmlr(>8) \@K^\L ) Lxncpbl 7 Kd wl waubg bkol ta jen`fl tel `ncl ad n jabuc`, ndtlr tel tnmbl ks jrlntlg, eaw jn` tent ml ga`l1 NBWL] WNMBL jaccn`g jn` ml uslg ta cnol jen`fls k` tel strujturl ad tel tnmbl, ns gksjusslg mldarl. K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb eaw jn` wl jen`fl tel jabuc` `ncl njjau`tQcfr ta njjau`tQcfrQkg, ns àw wl nrl fak`f ta usl tel lcpbayll kg.

NBWL] WNMBL justaclrQcnstlr justaclrQcnstlr rl`ncl jabuc` njjau`tQcfr ta njjau`tQcfrQkg njjau`tQcfrQkg Lxncpbl < K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb seaw eaw ta ngg n `lw jabuc` `nclby ‒ùcQlcpbylls– ‒ùcQlcpbylls– k` tel tnmbl justaclrQcnstlr. justaclrQcnstlr.

NBWL] WNMBL justaclrQcnstlr justaclrQcnstlr ngg ùcQlcpbaylls ùcmlr(=) =6= | X n f l


Lxncpbl 4 K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb seaw eaw ta cagkdy tel gntn typl ad n jabuc`. K` teks jnsl, wl nrl fak`f ta jen`fl tel skzl ad tel dklbg ‒ùcQlcpbylls– ‒ùcQlcpbylls– k` tel tnmbl justaclrQcnstlr. justaclrQcnstlr.

NBWL] WNMBL justaclrQcnstlr justaclrQcnstlr CAGKD[ ùcQlcpbaylls ùcmlr(7) Lxncpbl 6 K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb seaw eaw ta glbltl n jabuc` drac n tnmbl. cagkdy tel gntn typl ad n jabuc`. K` teks jnsl, wl nrl fak`f ta jen`fl tel skzl ad tel dklbg ‒ùcQlcpbylls– k` tel tnmbl justaclrQcnstlr. justaclrQcnstlr.

NBWL] WNMBL justaclrQcnstlr justaclrQcnstlr CAGKD[ ùcQlcpbaylls ùcmlr(7)

Lxncpbl 5 NBWL] WNMBL jn` nbsa ml uslg dar rl`nck`f n tnmbl. Blt‛s sny tent

wl wn`t ta rl`ncl n tnmbl. Eaw wkbb wl ga kt1 Kd yau waubg bkol ta jen`fl tel `ncl ad n tnmbl ‒justQcst– ta ‒justQcnstlr–, teks ks tel wny, kt‛s ta ml ga`l9

NBWL] WNMBL justQcst ]L@NCL ta justQcnstlr

=6: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Jrlntk`f Jrlntk`f tnmbl usk`f Zum-qulrkls Zum-qulrkls

Welrl nrl atelr wnys ad jrlntk`f tnmbls my usk`f nbb tel raws ad n` lxkstk`f tnmbl ar my usk`f a`by slbljtlg raws drac tel tnmbl. Zy`tnx J]LNWL WNMBL tnmblQ`ncl NZ …..ZLBLJW ZWNWLCL@W

Dar lxncpbl, J]LNWL WNMBL xyz NZ ZLBLJW * D]AC tnmbl>? K` mate tel nmavl jnsls, tel tnmbl xyz wkbb ml jrlntlg envk`f tel sncl tnmbl strujturl ns tnmbl> nba`f wkte tel raws ns wlbb drac tnmbl tnmbl>.

A] J]LNWL WNMBL xyz NZ ZLBLJW * D]AC tnmbl> VEL]L kg 0 >888? K` mate tel nmavl jnsls, tel tnmbl xyz wkbb ml jrlntlg envk`f tel sncl tnmbl strujturl ns tnmbl> nba`f wkte tel raws ns wlbb drac tnmbl tnmbl>, wekje cllt tel ja`gktka` ―kg 0 >888‛ . Dar tel lxncpbls ta waro, yau `llg ta envl n tnmbl wkte tel dabbawk`f strujturl n`g gntn9 Wnmbl Wnmbl @ncl9 Just

JustQkg9

JustQ`ncl9

Bajntka`9

Ja`tnjtQùc9

@ucmlr (4)

Tnrjenr=(:<)

Tnrjenr= (=8)

@ucmlr (>8)

>888>

Zuryn Wumls

Cucmnk

;5888888>=

=67 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts >888=

]ase`k

Tngagnrn

;88888888=

Jelckjnbs >888:

Infglv Mukbglrs Tnrn`nsk

66::==8;8> 66::==8;8>

Dkf : Just Just tnmbl

J]LNWL WNMBL just ( JustQkg ùcmlr (4), JustQ`ncl Tnrjenr=( T nrjenr=(:<), :<), Bajntka` Tnrjenr=(=8), Tnrjenr=(=8), Ja`tnjtQùc ùcmlr(>8) ) @aw, K`slrt gntn k`ta tel tnmbl usk`f tel dabbawk`f stntlcl`ts9

K@ZL]W K@WA just TNB\LZ(>888>, 'Zuryn Wumls', 'Cucmnk', ;5888888>=)? K@ZL]W K@WA just TNB\LZ(>888=, ']ase`k Jelckjnbs', 'Tngagnrn', ;88888888=)? ;88888888=)? K@ZL]W K@WA just TNB\LZ(>888:, 'Infglv Mukbglrs', 'Tnrn`nsk', 66::==8;8>)? 66::==8;8>)? =6< | X n f l


[au jn` vlrkdy tel gntn k` tel tnmbl my usk`f tel dabbawk`f ZLBLJW Ztntlcl`t.

Zlbljt * drac just?

Lxncpbl ; Jrlntl n tnmbl just> skckbnr ta tnmbl just wkte skckbnr strujturl n`g nbb tel raws. J]LNWL WNMBL just> NZ ZLBLJW * D]AC just

Lxncpbl >8 Jrlntl n tnmbl just= skckbnr ta tnmbl just wkte skckbnr strujturl mut wkteaut n`y raws drac tel tnmbl just . J]LNWL WNMBL just= NZ ZLBLJW * D]AC just VEL]L > 3=?

=64 | X n f l


Lxncpbl >> Jrlntl n tnmbl just: skckbnr ta tnmbl just wkte skckbnr strujturl mut wkte justaclrs, wea nrl mnslg aut ad Cucmnk. J]LNWL WNMBL just: NZ ZLBLJW * D]AC just N VEL]L N.BAJNWKA@ 3 'Cucmnk' K` teks jnsl, n tnmbl just: wkbb ml jrlntlg wkte n sk`fbl raw, welrl tel justaclr bajntka` ks Cucmnk. Xrlpnrntka` dar Lxncpbl>= Dar teks lxncpbl ta waro, wl `llg ta jrlntl n tnmbl n`g k`slrt sacl raws k`ta kt. Wel sncl jn` ml jrlntlg ns glsjrkmlg k` tel stlps mlbaw. Ztlp >9 Jrlntl n tnmbl `nclg LcpQtljejn`vnss wkte < jabuc`s ns glsjrkmlg mlbaw9 Wnmbl LcpQtljejn`vnss LcpQtljejn`vnss LcpQkg ‚ n ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl 4.

•

LcpQ`ncl ‚ tel `ncl ad tel lcpbayll ad skzl 78

•

gntlQadQiak`k`f ‚ Gntl ad iak`k`f dar tel lcpbayll

•

mnslQsnb ‚ Wel mnskj snbnry ad tel lcpbayll nt tel tkcl ad

•

iak`k`f, n ùcmlr dklbg ad skzl >8 stkbbQwarok`f ‚ n a`l-jenrnjtlr dklbg ta seaw kd tel lcpbayll ks

•

stkbb warok`f wkte Wljejn`vnss ([/@)

=66 | X n f l


J]LNWL WNMBL lcpQtljejn`vnss lcpQtljejn`vnss ( LcpQkg ùcmlr(4), LcpQ`ncl Tnrjenr=( T nrjenr=(78), 78), gntlQadQiak`k`f Gntl, mnslQsnb ùcmlr(>8) stkbbQwarok`f Jenr(>) ) Ztlp =9 K`slrt gntn k`ta teks tnmbl ns seaw` k` tnmbl : mlbaw9 LcpQkg LcpQ`ncl9 9

GntlQadQiak`k`f MnslQsnb ZtkbbQwarok`f

Tnrjenr=(78 9 Gntl

@ucmlr )

9 @ucmlr 9 Jenr(>) (>8)

(4) ;888>

Inf Caen`

8>-In`-=8>= 8>-In`-=8> =

>,88,888

@

;888=

]ase`k

8:-Cny-=8>=

=<,888

[

8;-Iu`-=8>:

:8,888

[

>8-Iub-=8>7

><,888

[

>>-Iub-=8>7

=4,888

[

>;-Nuf-=8>7

:;,888

[

Clern ;888:

Infglv Cnteur

;8887

Zllcn Zk`fe

;888<

]ntn` Tlrcn

;8884

]uplse ]nìn`

=65 | X n f l


;8886

Za`nb

=8-Ajt-=8>7

7<,888

[

Genwn` Dkf 7 LcpQWljejn`vnss LcpQWljejn`vnss t nmbl

K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;888>,'Inf Caen`','8>-In`->=',>88888,'@')? K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;888=,']ase`k Clern','8:-Cny->=',=<888,'[')? K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;888:,'Infglv TNB\LZ(;888:,'Infglv Cnteur','8;-Iu`->:',:8888,'[')? K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;8887,'Zllcn Zk`fe','>8-Iub->7',><888,'[')? K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;888<,']ntn` Tlrcn','>>-Iub->7',=4888,'[')? K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;8884,']uplse TNB\LZ(;8884,']uplse ]nìn`','>;-Nuf->7',:;888,'[')? K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ(;8886,'Za`nb Genwn`','=8-Ajt->7',7<888,'[')?

Ztlp :9 Tlrkdy tel rlsubt my dltjek`f tel gntn drac lcpQtljejn`vnss tnmbl?

=6; | X n f l


Dkf < Z^B Glvlbaplr s`npseat dar jeljok`f gntn ad Wnmbl lcpQtljejn`vnss

Lxncpbl >= K` teks lxncpbl, wl nrl fak`f ta sll eaw jn` wl jrlntl nàtelr tnmbl drac n` lxkstk`f tnmbl wkte a`by n dlw jabuc`s n`g n jnbjubntlg jabuc`. Vl nrl fak`f ta jrlntl n tnmbl lcpQtljejn`vnssQsnbQstr wkte tel dabbawk`f jabuc`s n`g nbb tel raws drac tel lcpQtljejn`vnss9 LcpQkg ‚ Lcpbayll KG drac d rac tel lcpQtljejn`vnss lcpQtljejn`vnss tnmbl.

•

LcpQjtj ‚ N jnbjubntlg dklbg wkte tel dabbawk`f jnbjubntka`9

•

JWJ 3 mnslQsnb + mnslQsnb *.< + >=88 ‚ mnslQsnb * >=.88 3 mnslQsnb (>+.<-.>=<) + >=88 3 mnslQsnb * >.:6< + >=88 J]LNWL WNMBL lcpQtljejn`vnssQsnbQstr lcpQtljejn`vnssQsnbQstr =58 | X n f l


NZ ZLBLJW lcpQkg, mnslQsnb * >.:6< + >=88 ns jtj D]AC

lcpQtljejn`vnss

A`jl tel tnmbl ks jrlntlg, slbljt nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl ta vlrkdy kd tel tnmbl ks jrlntlg. Wel sjrll` seat drac tel Z^B Glvlbaplr ks seaw` mlbaw wkte tnmbl jrlntka` n`g gntn drac tel tnmbl.

Dkf 4 Z`npseat ad tnmbl LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZQZNBQZW]

=5> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts JA@ZW]NK@WZ

Ja`strnk`ts nrl uslg ta l`darjl gntn k`tlfrkty n`g ja`skstl`jy k` n`y tnmbl. Welrl nrl cubtkpbl ja`strnk`ts, wekje nrl suppartlg my gntnmnsl. Wel ja`strnk`ts nrl ns seaw` mlbaw9 •

Xrkcnry Oly 9 \`kqul

kgl`tkdkls lnje vnbul dar n pnrtkjubnr

jabuc`/dklbg ad tel tnmbl. Welsl vnbuls nrl nbsa àt nbbawlg ta ml @\BB. •

Darlkf` Darlkf` Oly9

Weks ja`strnk`t nbbaws tel vnbul ad n jabuc`/dklbg

k` n tnmbl ta ml a`by uslg, kd kt ks uslg k` nàtelr tnmbl ns X]KCN][ OL[. •

\`kqul9

Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, kt ks nbwnys n u`kqul vnbul, à

gupbkjntls nrl nbbawlg. •

@at @ubb/@ubb9 @ubb/@ubb9

Weks ja`strnk`t nbbaws n vnbul ta ml lktelr @\BB

ar `lvlr n @\BB. •

Jeljo9 Weks ks n

justac ja`strnk`t wekje jn` ml jrlntlg a` tel

dklbg ad n tnmbl. K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta sll usnfl ad ja`strnk`ts wkte tel elbp ad sacl lxncpbls.

=5= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts X]KCN][ OL[

Lxncpbl >: K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb jrlntl Xrkcnry Olys a` Wnmbl Glpt wkte GlptQkg ns X]KCN][ OL[. Ns plr tel gldk`ktka`, tel X]KCN][ OL[ jabuc`s ga`‛t

nbbaw gupbkjntl vnbuls. Kt nbsa gals àt nbbaw @\BB

vnbuls, tent wl wkbb vlrkdy my usk`f K@ZL]W K @ZL]W Ztntlcl`ts. Ztlp >9 Jrlntl tnmbl glpt wkte jabuc`s ns glptQkg ns @ucmlr (4) n`g glptQ`ncl ns vnrjenr=(7<). Wel glptQkg jabuc` ks tel X]KCN][ OL[ dar teks tnmbl. J]LNWL WNMBL GLXW ( GlptQkg @ucmlr(4) X]KCN][ OL[, GlptQ`ncl Tnrjenr=(7<) ) Ztlp =9 K`slrt cubtkpbl raws k`ta tel tnmbl9

K@ZL]W K@WA GLXW TNB\LZ(>,'Dk`n`jl')? K@ZL]W K@WA GLXW TNB\LZ(=,'Znbls')? K@ZL]W K@WA GLXW TNB\LZ(:,'Cnroltk`f')? K@ZL]W K@WA GLXW TNB\LZ(7,'Aplrntka`s')? Wa sll eaw X]KCN][ OL[ ja`strnk`t ks kcpblcl`tlg, blt‛s lxljutl

tel dabbawk`f K@ZL]W stntlcl`ts9 =5: | X n f l


K@ZL]W K@WA GLXW TNB\LZ(>,'Xurjensl')?

Weks stntlcl`t seaubg fkvl n` lrrar ns dabbaws9

Z^B Lrrar9 A]N-8888>9 u`kqul ja`strnk`t (Z[ZQJ8868<5) vkabntlg 8888>. 88888 88888 - "u`kqul ja`strnk`t ja`strnk`t (%s.%s) vkabntlg" *Jnusl9 N` \XGNWL ar K@ZL]W stntlcl`t nttlcptlg ta k`slrt n gupbkjntl oly.

A`l carl jeljo, blts try n`g k`slrt n @\BB vnbul k` tel tnmbl, ns wl oàw tent X]KCN][ OL[ jabuc`s ga` ‛t nbbaw @\BB Tnbuls. Wry tel dabbawk`f K@ZL]W stntlcl`t

K@ZL]W K@WA GLXW TNB\LZ(>,@\BB)? [au seaubg flt tel dabbawk`f lrrar9 Z^B Lrrar9 A]N-8888>9 u`kqul ja`strnk`t (Z[ZQJ8868<5) vkabntlg 8888>. 88888 88888 - "u`kqul ja`strnk`t ja`strnk`t (%s.%s) vkabntlg" *Jnusl9 N` \XGNWL ar K@ZL]W stntlcl`t nttlcptlg ta k`slrt n gupbkjntl oly. =57 | X n f l


Za, kt ks lvkgl`t tent X]KCN][ OL[ ja`strnk`t ks uslg ta l`surl u`kqul vnbuls n`g @AW @\BB vnbuls k` n jabuc`. Lxncpbl >7

Welrl ks nàtelr wny ad jrlntk`f n`g gldk`k`f ja`strnk`ts. K` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl, wl envl gkrljtby spljkdklg tel X]KCN][ OL[ ndtlr tel jabuc` `ncl ta gldk`l kt. Welrl ks nàtelr nppranje ta ga tel sncl. Weks nppranje ks n mlttlr nppranje ns wl nbsa pravkgl `ncl ta teks ja`strnk`t. K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb jrlntl n tnmbl suppbklrQcnstlr , wekje ens tel dabbawk`f dklbgs9 J]LNWL WNMBL suppbklrQcnstlr suppbklrQcnstlr ( ZuppbklrQkg @ucmlr(4), ZuppbklrQ`ncl Tnrjenr=(7<), ZuppbklrQja`tnjt ZuppbklrQja`tnjt @ucmlr(>8), ZuppbklrQbajQkg @ucmlr(4), ZuppbklrQngg vnrjenr=(>88), vnrjenr=(>88), JA@ZW]NK@W suppbklrQpo X]KCN][ OL[ (suppbklrQkg) )

=5< | X n f l


Kd yau àw lxpn`g tel amiljt lxpbarlr k` Z^B Glvlbaplr, yau jn` sll tel nmavl ja`strnk`ts jrlntlg.

Dkf 6 Zeawk`f ja`strnk`ts

[au jn` sll tel ja`strnk`t Z\XXBKL]QXO u`glr k`glxls. Zk`jl wl envl fkvl` kt n `ncl, Arnjbl nbsa pravkgls kt tel sncl `ncl. Eawlvlr, k` Lxncpbl 5, wl gldk`lg glptQkg ns X]KCN][ OL[ mut teks ja`strnk`t wns àt fkvl` n`y `ncls. Za Arnjbl ktslbd pravkglg kt n `ncl Z[ZQJ8868<5. A` tel rkfet pn`lb k` Dkf 6, yau jn` sll tent kt ks tel X]KCN][ OL[ a` tnmbl Glpt .

=54 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts DA]LKF@ DA]LKF@ O L[

Ns gksjusslg nmavl, darlkf` oly ja`strnk`t ks uslg ta jrlntl vnbuls k` n tnmbl dklbg, wekje nrl uslg ns X]KCN][ OL[ O L[ k` nàtelr tnmbl. Xrl-rlquksktls dar Lxncpbl >8 Ztlp >9 Jrlntl n tnmbl ‒Bajntka`– ns k`gkjntlg mlbaw

J]LNWL WNMBL bajntka` ( bajntka`Qkg ùcmlr(4) X]KCN][ OL[, bajntka`Q`ncl bajntka`Q`ncl vnrjenr=(=<), NjtkvlQdbnf jenr(>) ) Ztlp =9 K`slrt gntn k`ta tel tnmbl ‒Bajntka`–

K@ZL]W K@WA BAJNWKA@ TNB\LZ(>88>,'Cucmnk','[')? TNB\LZ(>88>,'Cucmnk','[')? K@ZL]W K@WA BAJNWKA@ TNB\LZ(>88=,'Xu`l','[')? TNB\LZ(>88=,'Xu`l','[')? K@ZL]W K@WA BAJNWKA@ TNB\LZ(>88:,'Inbfna`','[')? TNB\LZ(>88:,'Inbfna`','[')? K@ZL]W K@WA BAJNWKA@ TNB\LZ(>887,'Fnuentk','[')? TNB\LZ(>887,'Fnuentk','[')? K@ZL]W K@WA BAJNWKA@ TNB\LZ(>88<,'Neclgnmng','[')? TNB\LZ(>88<,'Neclgnmng','[')? Lxncpbl >< Jrlntl n tnmbl LcpQglputntka`, LcpQglputntka`, wekje ens : jabuc`s9 •

"LCXQKG" @\CML](4,8),

•

"GLXWQKG" @\CML](4,8), =56 | X n f l


"BAJQKG" @\CML](4,8)

•

Nbb tel nmavl jabuc`s nrl rldlrl`jk`f vnbuls drac atelr tnmbls. Wel tnmbl mlbaw k`gkjntls tel rldlrl`jl strujturl9 Jabuc `

Wnmbl @ncl

Jabuc `

@ncl

Wnmbl @ncl

@ncl

LCXQK

LCXQGLX\WN

]ldlrl`jk LCXQK

LCXQWLJEJN@

G

WKA@

`f

TNZZ

G

GLXWQ LCXQGLX\WN

]ldlrl`jk GLXWQ GLXW

KG

WKA@

`f

BAJQK

LCXQGLX\WN

]ldlrl`jk BAJQK

G

WKA@

`f

KG BAJNWKA@

G

Dkf 5 Zeawk Zeawk `f Darlkf` Oly Xrkc Xrkc nry Oly rlbntka`s rlbntka`s ekp

K` tel nmavl tnmbl, LCXQKG ad LCXQGLX\WNWKA@ tnmbl ks rldlrl`jk`f tel LCXQKG ad LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ. Vent gals kt cln`1 Kt cln`s tent a`by teasl lcpbaylls jn` ml glputlg, wea lxkst k` tel lcpbaylls tnmbl, gals kt cnol sl`sl. Weks rlbntka`sekp ks njeklvlg usk`f Darlkf` oly. N darlkf` oly jn` a`by rldlrl`jl n X]KCN][ OL[ k` nàtelr tnmbl. @aw blt‛s jrlntl tel Wnmbl n`g tel Darlkf` olys.

J]LNWL WNMBL "LCXQGLX\WNWKA@" (

"LCXQKG" @\CML](4,8), =55 | X n f l


"GLXWQKG" @\CML](4,8), "BAJQKG" @\CML](4,8), JA@ZW]NK@W "LCXQDO" DA]LKF@ OL[ ("LCXQKG") ]LDL]L@JLZ "LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ" ("LCXQKG") L@NMBL, JA@ZW]NK@W "GLXWQDO" DA]LKF@ OL[ ("GLXWQKG") ]LDL]L@JLZ "GLXW" ("GLXWQKG") L@NMBL, JA@ZW]NK@W "BAJQDO" DA]LKF@ OL[ ("BAJQKG") ]LDL]L@JLZ

"BAJNWKA@"

L@NMBL )

=5; | X n f l

("BAJNWKA@QKG")

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts \@K^ \@K^\L \L ja` str nk`t

N \@K^\L ja`strnk`t ns tel `ncl sufflsts prlvl`ts n tnmbl jabuc` drac envk`f gupbkjntl vnbuls. Velrl wkbb yau usl \@K^\L ja`strnk`t1 Wa ollp n slt ad vnbuls k` n tnmbl (n raw), wl jrlntl n X]KCN][ OL[, ns gksjusslg nmavl. Eawlvlr, telrl jaubg ml sacl spljkdkj dklbgs, wekje cny àt ml nppraprkntl dar mljack`f X]KCN][ OL[Z mut cny ml rlqukrlg ta ml \@K^\L. Faag lxncpbls jaubg ml LCNKB KGs K Gs ar Ja`tnjt @ucmlrs. Lxncpbl >4 Vl envl n suppbklrQcnstlr tnmbl k` aur gntnmnsl. A`l ad tel jabuc`s k` tel tnmbl ks ja`tnjt ùcmlr ad suppbklr. Ns yau oàw tel ja`tnjt ùcmlr seaubg nbwnys ml u`kqul n`g tent jn` ml l`darjlg my gldk`k`f n u`kqul ja`strnk`t. K` teks lxncpbl, wl waubg ml baaok`f nt tent. Dkrst ad nbb, sll tel strujturl ad tel tnmbl ta àtl gaw` tel lxnjt jabuc` `ncl my wrktk`f tel dabbawk`f k` tel Z^B lgktar9 GLZJ Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL]? Wel rlsubt waubg ml9 @ncl ---------------Z\XXBKL]QKG

@ubb --------

Wypl -------------

@AW @\BB

@\CML](4)

Z\XXBKL]Q@NCL

TN]JEN]=(7<)

Z\XXBKL]QJA@WNJW

@\CML](>8)

Z\XXBKL]QBAJQKG

@\CML](4) =;8 | X n f l


Z\XXBKL]QNGG

TN]JEN]=(>88)

Vl envl ta jrlntl tel \@K^\L ja`strnk`t a` Z\XXBKL]QJA@WNJW jabuc`. Ns teks tnmbl ks nbrlngy jrlntlg, wl `llg ta usl NBWL] WNMBL jaccn`g ta ga sa. NBWL] WNMBL Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] NGG

JA@ZW]NK@W

ZCQ\@K^\L

\@K^\L

(Z\XXBKL]QJA@WNJW)

Lxncpbl >6 [au envl jrlntlg tel \@K^\L ja`strnk`t k` prlvkaus lxncpbl. Kd dar sacl rlnsa`, yau waubg bkol ta grap tel ja`strnk`t, eaw wkbb yau ga kt1 NBWL] WNMBL Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] G]AX JA@ZW]NK@W ZCQ\@K^\L

=;> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts @\BB/@AW @\BB/@AW @\BB @\BB Ja`st rnk`t

Ns tel `ncl sufflsts, telsl ja`strnk`ts nrl uslg ta nbbaw ar gksnbbaw @\BB vnbuls. Wely jn` ml nppbklg ta n`y ar nbb jabuc`s ad n tnmbl. Eawlvlr, kd n jabuc` ks nbrlngy gldk`lg ns X]KCN][ OL[, kt `llg àt ml gldk`lg ns @AW @\BB n`g jn`àt ml gldk`lg ns @\BB. Gntnmnsl systlc wkbb àt nbbaw tent ta enppl`.

Lxncpbl >5 Wa ngg n @AW @\BB ja`strnk`t ta tel suppbklrQja`tnjt jabuc` k` tel suppbklrQcnstlr suppbklrQcnstlr tnmbl. NBWL] WNMBL Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] CAGKD[ Z\XXBKL]QJA@WNJW @AW @\BB Lxncpbl >; Wa rlstarl tel jabuc` ta ml @\BB jabuc` ‚ tel suppbklrQja`tnjt jabuc` k` tel suppbklrQcnstlr suppbklrQcnstlr tnmbl. NBWL] WNMBL Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] CAGKD[ Z\XXBKL]QJA@WNJW @\BB

=;= | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts JELJO Ja`strnk`t

Jeljo ja`strnk`t ks uslg ta rlstrnk` vnbuls, wekje jn` ml k`slrtlg k`ta n jabuc`. Dar lxncpbl, kd wl wn`t tel snbnry ta ml nbwnys carl ten` >,88,888, wl jn` usl n jeljo ja`strnk`t. K` tel J]LNWL WNMBL stntlcl`t, wl jn` ngg tel JELJO ja`strnk`t ns mlbaw9 J]LNWL WNMBL suppbklr ( Jabuc`Q`ncl gntntypl, JA@ZW]NK@W ja`gktka`)

ja`strnk`tQ`ncl

JELJO

(jabuc`Q`ncl

) Lxncpbl =8 Vl wn`t ta ngg n ja`strnk`t k` tel LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ tnmbl suje tent tel cnxkcuc snbnry dar n`y lcpbayll jn`àt ml carl ten` =<,88,888/-. NBWL] WNMBL LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ NGG JA@ZW]NK@W JeljoQMnslQsnb JELJO (MNZLQZNB 2 =<88888) @aw ta vlrkdy tent aur ja`strnk`t ks warok`f dk`l, blts try tel dabbawk`f Z^B K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ (;8885, 'N`seub Cnenin`', '8>-Cnr-=8><',=488888,'[') '8>-Cnr-=8><',=488888,'[') =;: | X n f l


Elrl, wl nrl tryk`f ta k`slrt n raw, welrl tel snbnry ad n` lcpbayll ks carl ten` =<,88,888 ‚ ns gldk`lg k` tel ja`strnk`t. Arnjbl wkbb teraw tel dabbawk`f lrrar9 Lrrar stnrtk`f nt bk`l 9 > k` jaccn`g K@ZL]W K@WA LCXQWLJEJN@TNZZ TNB\LZ (;8885, 'N`seub Cnenin`', '8>-Cnr-=8><',=488888,'[') '8>-Cnr-=8><',=488888,'[') Lrrar rlpart Z^B Lrrar9 A]N-8==;89 jeljo ja`strnk`t (JELJOQMNZLQZNB) vkabntlg 8==;8. 88888 88888 - "jeljo ja`strnk`t ja`strnk`t (%s.%s) (%s.%s) vkabntlg" vkabntlg" *Jnusl9 jeljo

Wel vnbuls mlk`f k`slrtlg ga àt sntksdy tel `nclg

*Njtka`9 ga àt k`slrt vnbuls tent vkabntl tel tel ja`strnk`t.

Lxncpbl => Weks lxncpbl wkbb glca`strntl eaw ta ngg n ja`strnk`t usk`f NBWL] WNMBL stntlcl`t. K` teks jnsl, wl nrl fak`f ta ngg n \@K^\L ja`strnk`t a` tel suppbklrQja`tnjt jabuc` ad tel suppbklrQcnstlr suppbklrQcnstlr tnmbl. NBWL] WNMBL suppbklrQcnstlr suppbklrQcnstlr NGG JA@ZW]NK@W \@Qja`tQùc \@Qja`tQùc \@K^\L(ZuppbklrQja`tnjt) @aw ta sll eaw teks \@K^\L ja`strnk`t waros, blt‛s k`slrt n raw k ` teks

tnmbl. =;7 | X n f l


K@ZL]W K@WA Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] TNB\LZ(;5>8,'O O L`tlrprksls', ;5>=>=>=8;,>,'Neclgnmn ;5>=>=>=8;,>,'Neclgnmng') g') Ndtlr teks, lxljutl tel dabbawk`f K@ZL]W stntlcl`t9

K@ZL]W K@WA Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] Z \XXBKL]QCNZWL] TNB\LZ(;5>>,'Znvka TNB\LZ(;5>>,'Znvka K`j', ;5>=>=>=8;,>,'Inbbn` ;5>=>=>=8;,>,'Inbbn` sl`n Cucmnk')

Weks seaubg teraw n` lrrar9

Z^B Lrrar9 A]N-8888>9 u`kqul ja`strnk`t (\@QJA@WQ@\C) vkabntlg 8>. 88888 - "u`kqul ja`strnk`t (%s.%s) vkabntlg" Dar bntlr lxncpbls, lxljutl tel dabbawk`f stntlcl`ts K@ZL]W K@WA Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] TNB\LZ(;5=>,'Z O K`tlr`ntka`nb', '',>,']nelin Zngn` Cucmnk') K@ZL]W K@WA Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] TNB\LZ(;5==,'Zujeltn K`j.', '',>,'Jelcmur') K@ZL]W K@WA Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] TNB\LZ(;5=:,'Oaekàar K`tlr`ntka`nb', @\BB,=,']ntbnc') K@ZL]W K@WA Z\XXBKL]QCNZWL] TNB\LZ(;5=7,'Ilen`fkr Nrts', @\BB,=,'Zka`')

=;< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts G ] AX A X WN WN M B L

G]AX WNMBL ks uslg ta glbltl n tnmbl drac tel gntnmnsl. Ml jnrldub nmaut glbltk`f n`y tnmbl ns telrl jaubg ml tnmbls rlbntlg ta kt. Dar lxncpbl, kd Wnmbl M ens n darlkf` oly rldlrl`jk`f tnmbl N‛s prkcnry oly,

tel` glbltk`f tnmbl N wkbb àt ml nbbawlg my tel gntnmnsl systlc. Eawlvlr, kd yau envl àt gldk`lg n darlkf` oly k` Wnmbl M, tel` tel systlc wkbb àt jeljo, wel` tnmbl N wkbb ml glbltlg. K` tent jnsl, tel raws k` tnmbl M wkbb ml wkteaut n`y pnrl`t rldlrl`jl. Wa glbltl tnmbl justaclrQcnstlr, wl seaubg wrktl9 G]AX WNMBL justaclrQcnstlr justaclrQcnstlr

J]LNWL ZL^\L@JL

Zlqul`jls k` Arnjbl ks n vlry usldub amiljt, wekje nbbaws ta cnk`tnk` u`kqul`lss ad n jabuc` wkteaut warryk`f nmaut tel plrdarcn`jl. Wel gntnmnsl systlc, ktslbd, cn`nfls tel k`jrlcl`tk`f ad tel slqul`jl. K` àrcnb jnsls, cn`nfk`f n jabuc` wkte n` nuta k`jrlcl`tk`f dklbg wkbb envl plrdarcn`jl kssuls. A`jl n slqul`jl ks jrlntlg, kt wkbb nutacntkjnbby flt k`jrlcl`tlg wel`lvlr n `lw raw ks k`slrtlg k` tel tnmbl. Wel k`jrlcl`t ks ga`l nutacntkjnbby. Zy`tnx J]LNWL ZL^\L@JL slqul`jlQ`ncl slqul`jlQ`ncl CK@TNB\L vnbul =;4 | X n f l


CNUTNB\L vnbul ZWN]W VKWE vnbul K@J]LCL@W M[ vnbul JNJEL vnbul? Nbb tel dklbgs nrl slbd-lvkgl`t. A`l kcpartn`t dklbg ks tel JNJEL. Weks dklbg ks n ùclrkj ùcmlr, wekje gltlrck`ls tel ùcmlr ad vnbuls, wekje wkbb ml starlg my Arnjbl dar mlttlr plrdarcn`jl. plrdarcn`jl. Za kd wl spljkdy =8 ns vnbul dar JNJEL, JNJEL , Arnjbl wkbb ollp `lxt =8 vnbuls vnbul s k` tel clcary dar mlttlr plrdarcn`jl. A`jl tel Zlqul`jl ks jrlntlg, tel vnbul dar tel slqul`jl jn` ml k`slrtlg k`ta n tnmbl my usk`f ZL^\L@JLQ@NCL.@LUWTNB. Wa oàw nmaut tel Zlqul`jl, yau envl jrlntlg, yau jn` lxtrnjt tel k`darcntka` nmaut tel slqul`jl my usk`f tel dabbawk`f jaccn`g9

slbljt

slqul`jlQ`ncl,

k`jrlcl`tQmy,

jnjelQskzl,

bnstQùcmlr drac

uslrQslqul`jls

welrl

slqul`jlQ`ncl

3

yaurQslqul`jlQ`ncl ?

Bkol NBWL] WNMBL jaccn`gs, yau jn` usl NBWL] ZL^\L@JL jaccn`gs ta nbtlr tel pnrncltlrs ad tel ZL^\L@JL.

Lxncpbl ==

=;6 | X n f l


Jrlntl n slqul`jl kgQslq wekje stnrt drac > n`g jn` fa upta n`y vnbul. Lvlry tkcl kt ks ta ml k`jrlcl`tlg my >. Ad jaursl, tel ck`kcuc vnbul k` teks jnsl wkbb nbsa ml >.

J]LNWL ZL^\L@JL kgQslq CK@TNB\L > ZWN]W VKWE > K@J]LCL@W M[ > JNJEL =8? Lxncpbl =: K` teks lxncpbl, wl wkbb k`slrt n raw usk`f tel slqul`jl, wl jrlntlg k` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl. Mut prkar ta tent, wl `llg ta jrlntl tel Blngs tnmbl. Blt‛s jrlntl tel Blngs tnmbl wkte tel dabbawk`f dklbgs9 •

Blng KG @ucmlr(=8)

•

Blng @ncl Tnrjenr=(<8) Tnrjenr=(<8)

•

Blng Zaurjl ùcmlr(:)

•

Blng Ztntus ùcmlr (=)

•

Blng Tnbul ùcmlr (>8)

•

Blng Cn`nflr ùcmlr (:)

Wel Z^B stntlcl`t dar jrlntk`f tel tnmbl wkbb ml ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9

=;5 | X n f l


J]LNWL WNMBL Blngs ( BlngQKG @ucmlr(=8), BlngQ@ncl Tnrjenr=(<8), BlngQZaurjl ùcmlr(:), BlngQJa`tnjt BlngQJa`tnjt ùcmlr(>8), BlngQLcnkbQkg vnrjenr=(<8), BlngQZtntus ùcmlr (=), BlngQTnbul ùcmlr (>8), BlngQCn`nflr ùcmlr (:) )

@aw blt‛s k`slrt n raw k` teks tek s tnmbl usk`f tel slqul`jl, wl envl jrlntlg

k` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl9

K@ZL]W K@WA Blngs TNB\LZ (kgQslq.`lxtvnb,']nclse Gurrn`k', >, ;58;5;86>=, ']gurrn`kHfcnkb.jac', >, >88888, >8>)

Ns n rlsubt, tel raw wkbb ml k`slrtlg k`ta tel tnmbl. Wel usnfl ad slqul`jl `lxt vnbul ks kcpartn`t ta àtl. Wel `lxtvnb wkbb nutacntkjnbby

=;; | X n f l


k`jrlcl`t tel vnbul ad tel slqul`jl (wekje wns uslg bnst) my > (wl envl gldk`lg tel slqul`jl k`jrlcl`t vnbul ns >).

Lxncpbl =7 Ns yau envl sll` k` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl, wl envl uslg slqul`jl ta k`slrt gntn k`ta tel tnmbl. @aw ns wl ollp a` usk`f tel slqul`jl, nt sacl pak`t k` tkcl, wl `llg ta oàw went ks tel jurrl`t vnbul ad tel slqul`jl. Eaw jn` wl ga tent1 ZLBLJW kgQslq.jurrvnb drac G\NB Arnjbl pravkgls n G\NB tnmbl, wekje jn` ml uslg ns n guccy k` pbnjl ad njtunb tnmbls. G\NB njts bkol n iaolr (k` tel pnjo ad jnrgs), wekje jn` ml uslg dar slbljtk`f spljkdkj vnbuls drac tel gntnmnsl. Za, dar lxncpbl, kd wl waubg bkol ta oàw tel uslr wea ens bafflg k`ta tel systlc, wl jn` usl9 ZLBLJW uslr drac G\NB? A`l ens ta ml jnrldub wkte usk`f `lxtvnb. Vel` yau usl kgQslq.`lxtvnb, kgQslq.`lxtvnb, tel gntnmnsl systlc k`jrlcl`ts tel vnbul my > mldarl gkspbnyk`f kt. Za teks tlrc jn`àt ml uslg dar qulryk`f.

:88 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts J]LNWL TKLV

TKLVZ nrl n` k`tlfrnb pnrt ad n gntnmnsl. TKLVZ nrl àt n peyskjnb amiljt mut n bafkjnb amiljt. TKLVZ nrl gldk`lg my usk`f Z^B stntlcl`ts n`g rlprlsl`t lktelr n slt ad gntn ar jacpbltl gntn. Wel mlst tek`f ks tent kt jn` ml uslg iust bkol n Wnmbl. Zy`tnx J]LNWL TKLV vklwQ`ncl vklwQ`ncl NZ ZLBLJW jabuc`s D]AC tnmbls VEL]L 2ja`gktka`(s)0 2ja`gktka`(s)0 Za, wey ga wl `llg vklws1 Kd kt‛s passkmbl ta dkrl tel nssajkntlg Z^B

nt wkbb. Welrl nrl twa rlnsa`s9 •

TKLVZ nrl jrlntlg dar bajntka` trn`spnrl`jy. trn`spnrl`jy. K` sktuntka`s, sktuntka`s, welrl kt‛s kcpartn`t ta àw nbbaw njjlss ta tnmbls gkrljtby, wl

jn` jrlntl vklws n`g fkvl njjlss ta vklws, rntelr ten` tnmbls. Kt nvakgs njjkgl`tnb ar k`tl`tka`nb gncnfl ta tel gntn ad tel tnmbls. •

Nàtelr rlnsa` dar jrlntk`f vklws ks ta glvlbap wlbb-darclg n`g usldub rlpartk`f darcnts ta ml njjlsskmbl rlngkby. Weks cnols tel tnsos ad glvlbaplrs skcpbl my gkrljtby njjlssk`f tel TKLV rntelr ten` wrktk`f tel Z^B nfnk`.

Lxncpbl =< Blt‛s jrlntl n vklw envk`f nbb tel Lcpbaylls, telkr `ncls, telkr glpnrtcl`t `ncls, ekrk`f gntls n`g cn`nflr‛s `ncls.

:8> | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Ztlp >9 Blt‛s dkrst jrlntl tel ^\L][ ta

dltje nbb tel lcpbaylls wkte

telkr suplrvksars n`g glpnrtcl`ts `ncls ZLBLJW M.dkrstQ`ncl||' '||m.bnstQ`ncl @NCL, M.EkrlQgntl, N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl, (ZLBLJW J.dkrstQ`ncl||' '||J.bnstQ`ncl D]AC

LCXBA[LLZ

J

VEL]L

M.CN@NFL]QKG

3

J.LCXBA[LLQKG) Cn`nflr D]AC glpnrtcl`ts N, Lcpbaylls M VEL]L N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 m.glpnrtcl`tQKG [au jn` amslrvlr tel usl ad sum-qulry k` tel ZLBLJW stntlcl`t, yau jn` oàw carl nmaut sum-qulrkls k` tel jenptlr a` Zum-qulrkls. ]lsubt ad teks qulry waubg ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

[au jn` sll tent teks Z^B seaws sea ws tel gntn ad lcpbaylls n`g cn`nflrs k` n` lnsy darcnt n`g jn` ml uslg gkrljtby. Ztlp =9 A`jl wl nrl sntksdklg wkte tel rlsubt, wl jn` jrlntl tel vklw J]LNWL TKLV LCXQTKLV NZ :8= | X n f l


ZLBLJW

M.dkrstQ`ncl||'

M.EkrlQgntl,

'||m.bnstQ`ncl

@NCL,

N.glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl,(ZLBLJW

J.dkrstQ`ncl||' '||J.bnstQ`ncl D]AC LCXBA[LLZ J VEL]L

M.CN@NFL]QKG

3

J.LCXBA[LLQKG)

Cn`nflr D]AC glpnrtcl`ts N, Lcpbaylls M VEL]L N.GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 m.glpnrtcl`tQKG A`jl, LCXQTKLV ks jrlntlg, teks jn` ml qulrklg iust bkol n tnmbl. @aw, blt‛s try tel dabbawk`f qulry9

ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXQTKLV? ]lsubt ad teks qulry waubg ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

Lxncpbl =4

:8: | X n f l


K` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl, wl envl jrlntlg n vklw LCXQTKLV. Blt‛s sll kd kt ks passkmbl ta qulry teks vklw ta sll tel gltnkbs ad tel lcpbaylls, wea iak`lg ndtlr =885. Vl wkbb wrktl tel qulry ns dabbaws9 ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXQTKLV VEL]L EK]LQGNWL 0 '8>-IN@-85'

J]LNWL/NBWL] \ZL]

Jrlntl \slr jaccn`g ks uslg ta jrlntl n gntnmnsl uslr k` tel gntnmnsl. Weks ks n skcpbl jaccn`g n`g ks njjacpn`klg wkte pnsswarg. Weks jn` a`by ml uslg my tel systlc uslr. Zy`tnx J]LNWL \ZL] uslrQ`ncl KGL@WKDKLG M[ pnsswarg? NBWL] \ZL] uslrQ`ncl KGL@WKDKLG M[ pnsswarg?

A`jl tel uslr ks jrlntlg, yau jn` bafk` k`ta tel gntnmnsl usk`f uslr kg n`g pnsswarg n`g jrlntl jacpbltl sjelcn u`glr teks uslr.

:87 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #> A`jl yau nrl bafflg k` ta tel systlc ns glsjrkmlg k` tel dkrst jenptlr, Jrlntl n tnmbl Jntlfarkls, wkte tel dabbawk`f dklbgs9 •

JNWLFA][QKG ns ùcmlr (;) n`g ks àt @\BB

•

JNWLFA][Q@NCL ns Tnrjenr= ad skzl >< n`g ks àt @\BB

•

GLZJ]KXWKA@ ad Tnrjenr= n`g skzl =888

•

XKJW\]L dklbg ad Tnrjenr= n`g skzl =<<

Lxlrjksl #= Jrlntl n X]KCN][ OL[ a` JntlfaryQKG dklbg k` tel Jntlfarkls tnmbl wkte tel `ncl XOQJntlfarkls. Lxlrjksl #: Jrlntl n \@K^\L K`glx a` tnmbl Jntlfarkls a` tel dklbg JntlfaryQ`ncl, `ncl ad tel k`glx ks \KGUQJNWLFA][Q@NCL. Lxlrjksl #7 Ngg n jaccl`t ta tel JntlfaryQKG jabuc` ns '@ucmlr nutacntkjnbby nsskf`lg ta n `lw jntlfary.' Weks jaccl`t wkbb ml vkskmbl ta nbb tel uslrs a`jl tely sll tel tnmbl. Lxlrjksl #< Jrlntl n Zlqul`jl ZlqQJntlfaryQkg dar tel jntlfaryQKG jabuc` sa tent tel vnbuls k` tel jntlfaryQkg ks l`tlrlg teraufe teks slqul`jl.

:8< | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #4 Jrlntl n @AW @\BB ja`strnk`t a` tel glsjrkptka` tnmbl ad Jntlfarkls tnmbl. Lxlrjksl #6 Jrlntl n Blngs Wnmbl ns plr tel dabbawk`f strujturl9 a

BlngQKG @ucmlr(=8),

a

BlngQ@ncl Tnrjenr=(<8),

a

BlngQZaurjl ùcmlr(:),

a

BlngQJa`tnjt BlngQJa`tnjt ùcmlr(>8),

a

BlngQLcnkbQkg vnrjenr=(<8),

a

BlngQZtntus ùcmlr (=),

a

BlngQTnbul ùcmlr (>8),

a

BlngQCn`nflr ùcmlr (:)

Jrlntl n Xrkcnry Oly a` BlngQKG Wnmbl ns BlngsQXO. Jrlntl n tnmbl BlngsQZtntus wekje wkbb envl tel dabbawk`f dklbgs9 •

BlngsQZtntusQKg BlngsQZtntusQKg @ucmlr (=)

•

BlngsQZtntus Tnrjenr=(78)

•

NjtkvlQK`njtkvl Jenr(>)

K` tel jrlntl stntlcl`t ktslbd, cnol blngsQstntusQkg ns X]KCN][ OL[ (mut kt cust flt n ja`strnk`t `ncl ns blngsQstntusQpo), blngsQstntus ns @AW @\BB n`g NjtkvlQK`njtkvl nbsa ns @AW @\BB Lxlrjksl #5 Jrlntl n tnmbl BlngsQZaurjl wekje wkbb envl tel dabbawk`f dklbgs9 •

BlngsQZaurjlQKg BlngsQZaurjlQKg @ucmlr (=) :84 | X n f l


BlngsQZaurjl BlngsQZaurjl Tnrjenr=(78)

•

NjtkvlQK`njtkvl Jenr(>)

K` tel jrlntl stntlcl`t ktslbd, cnol blngsQsaurjlQkg ns X]KCN][ OL[ (mut kt cust flt n ja`strnk`t `ncl ns blngsQsaurjlQpo), blngsQsaurjl ns @AW @\BB n`g NjtkvlQK`njtkvl nbsa ns @AW @\BB. Lxlrjksl #; Cagkdy tel Blngs tnmbl ta ngg tel dabbawk`f jabuc`s9 •

JrQgt Gntl

•

JrQmy ùcmlr(4)

•

CagQgt Gntl

•

CagQmy ùcmlr(4)

Lxlrjksl #>8 Cagkdy tel BlngsQstntus tnmbl ta ngg tel dabbawk`f jabuc`s9 •

JrQgt Gntl

•

JrQmy ùcmlr(4)

•

CagQgt Gntl

•

CagQmy ùcmlr(4)

Lxlrjksl #>> Cagkdy tel Blngs Qsaurjl tnmbl ta ngg tel dabbawk`f jabuc`s9 •

JrQgt Gntl

•

JrQmy ùcmlr(4)

•

CagQgt Gntl :86 | X n f l


CagQmy ùcmlr(4)

Lxlrjksl #>= Jrlntl n tnmbl uslrQcnstlr wkte tel dabbawk`f dklbgs9 •

\slrQkg ùcmlr(:)

•

\slrQ`ncl vnrjenr=(7<) vnrjenr=(7<)

•

\slrQlcnkbkg vnrjenr=(>88) vnrjenr=(>88) @AW @\BB

•

NjtkvlQk`njtkvl jenr(>)

•

Xnsswarg vnrjenr=(>=) vnrjenr=(>=)

Cnol uslrQkg n X]KCN][ OL[.

Lxlrjksl #>: Jrlntl n ja`strnk`t k` tel Blngs tnmbl sa tent jrQmy n`g cagQmy dklbgs nrl darlkf` olys rldlrl`jk`f uslrQkg X]KCN][ OL[ k` tel uslrQcnstlr tnmbl.

Lxlrjksl #>7 Jrlntl n ja`strnk`t k` tel BlngsQsaurjl tnmbl sa tent jrQmy n`g cagQmy dklbgs nrl darlkf` olys rldlrl`jk`f uslrQkg X]KCN][ OL[ k` tel uslrQcnstlr tnmbl.

:85 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #>< Jrlntl n ja`strnk`t k` tel Blngs tnmbl sa tent jrQmy n`g cagQmy dklbgs nrl darlkf` olys rldlrl`jk`f uslrQkg X]KCN][ OL[ k` tel uslrQcnstlr tnmbl.

Lxlrjksl #>4 Vl envl jrlntlg tel BlngsQstntus tnmbl k` lxlrjksl #6. Vl rlnbkzlg bntlr tent tel blngsQstntus dklbgs `llg àt ml 78 jenrnjtlrs ba`f. Za wl `llglg ta jen`fl kt ta :8 jenrnjtlrs. Vrktl tel qulry n`g lxljutl kt.

Lxlrjksl #>6 Vl `llg ta jrlntl n slqul`jl blngsQslq dar tel Blngs tnmbl Xrkcnry oly. Zkckbnrby, wl nbsa `llg ta jrlntl tel slqul`jls dar BlngsQstntus n`g BlngQsaurjl dklbgs. Cnol lnje a`l ad telc ta Ztnrt drac > *n`g ta ml k`jrlcl`tlg my >.

Lxlrjksl #>5 Jeljo kd blngsQslq ZL^\L@JL ks jrlntlg praplrby n`g tel stnrt vnbul ks > n`g tel k`jrlcl`tnb vnbul ks >.

Lxlrjksl #>; Jen`fl tel JNJEL skzl ad tel blngsQslq ta ml :8.

:8; | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #=8 Nbtlr tel slqul`jls ta ollp tel cnx vnbul ns ;;;;;;, mljnusl wl envl gldk`lg lnje X]KCN][ OL[ ns ùcmlr(4). Lxlrjksl #=> Jrlntl Wnmbl Justaclrs wkte tel dabbawk`f J]LNWL Wnmbl strujturl.

Lxlrjksl #== Jrlntl n \@K^\L K`glx \QjustQkgx a` tel jabuc` justaclrQjagl k` tel justaclrs tnmbl.

Lxlrjksl #=: Jrlntl n` K`glx K`gQJkty a` tel jabuc` Jkty k` tel justaclrs tnmbl.

:>8 | X n f l


Jenptlr >:

:>> | X n f l


:>= | X n f l


> :. :.

G nt n t n C n` n ` k p u b n t k a ` B n ` f u n f l ( G CB CB )

K` teks sljtka`, wl nrl fak`f ta gksjuss nmaut tel gntn cn`kpubntka` bn`funfl ja`strujts ad Arnjbl. Gntn cn`kpubntka` bn`funfl l`nmbls us ta K@ZL]W, \XGNWL ar GLBLWL gntn. Eawlvlr, telrl nrl atelr GCB bn`funfl ja`strujts ns spljkdklg my A]NJBL gajucl`tntka`s. Vl envl bkstlg gaw` nbb tel GCB ja`strujts, eawlvlr yau cny àt `llg ta oàw nbb telsl ns n Musk`lss N`nbyst, el`jl wl wkbb rlstrkjt aur gksjusska` ta a`by K@ZL]W, \XGNWL & GLBLWL stntlcl`ts. @AWL9 Arnjbl gajucl`ts ZLBLJW nbsa ns n gntn cn`kpubntka` bn`funfl ja`strujt, eawlvlr wl envl put tent k`ta n jacpbltlby gkddlrl`t sljtka` ns ZLBLJW njtunbby gals àt cn`kpubntl tel gntn k`skgl tnmbls. Nggktka`nbby, kt ks suje n` kcpartn`t nspljt dar Musk`lss N`nbysts tent wl envl glvatlg n jacpbltlby gkddlrl`t sljtka`. K@ZL]W

•

\XGNWL

•

GLBLWL

•

JNBB

•

•

LUXBNK@ XBN@

•

BAJO WNMBL

CL]FL

•

K@ZL]W ZWNWLCL@W

K@ZL]W stntlcl`t ks uslg ta put gntn k`ta n tnmbl. Welrl nrl vnrklty ad wnys k` wekje K@ZL]W stntlcl`t jn` ml uslg. Zy`tnx :>: | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts K@ZL]W

K@WA

tnmblQ`ncl

(jabuc`s>,

=…..)

TNB\LZ

(jabuc`s>, =……….)

K` jnsl gntn ks ta ml k`slrtlg k` nbb tel jabuc`s ad tel tnmbl, t nmbl, wl jn` lbkck`ntl tel jabuc` `ncls ndtlr tnmblQ`ncl. Lxncpbl > Blt‛s tnol n skcpbl lxncpbl ad k`slrtk`f gntn k`ta glpnrtcl`ts tnmbl. Vl waubg k`slrt n `lw glpnrtcl`t ―Clgkn‛ wkte glpnrtcl`t KG ns =58,

Cn`nflr ns >8> n`g Bajntka`QKG ns =<88. Wel K@ZL]W stntlcl`t waubg ml ns dabbaws9 K@ZL]W K@WA GLXN]WCL@WZ TNB\LZ(=58, 'Clgkn', >8>, =<88)? K@ZL]W stntlcl`t jn` nbsa ml uslg ta papubntl gntn drac nàtelr tnmbl. Wel sy`tnx dar tent ks ns dabbaws9 d abbaws9 Zy`tnx K@ZL]W K@WA dkrstQtnmblQ`ncl _(jabuc`>, jabuc`=, ... jabuc`@)S ZLBLJW jabuc`>, jabuc`=, ...jabuc`@ D]AC slja`gQtnmblQ`ncl slja`gQtnmblQ`ncl VEL]L ja`gktka` Blt‛s tnol n` lxncpbl ta sll eaw teks waros. Dkrst ad nbb wl wkbb jrlntl

n tnmbl LCXBA[LLZQWLCX drac LCXBA[LLZ tnmbl, eawlvlr k` teks stlp wl wkbb àt japy n`y gntn drac d rac tel LCXBA[LLZ tnmbl. J]LNWL WNMBL LCXBA[LLZQWLCX :>7 | X n f l


NZ ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L >3= @AWL9 Vl envl gksjusslg telsl typls ad J]LNWL WNMBL stntlcl`ts stntlcl`ts k` tel Gntn Gntn Gldk`k Gldk`k tka` Bn`funfl (GG (GGB) B) sljtka` ad t eks maao. Wa vlrkdy, blt‛s ru` tel dabbawk`f jaccn`g, kt

seaws tel strujturl ad tel

tnmbl9 GLZJ LCXBA[LLZQWLCX Wel tnmbl strujturl seaw` mlbaw ks lxnjtby skckbnr ta tel LCXBA[LLZ Wnmbl

Lxncpbl = @aw, wl wkbb usl tel K@ZL]W-ZLBLJW jacmk`ntka` ta K@ZL]W gntn k`ta teks tnmbl. ZA blt‛s sny wl wn`t ta a`by K@ZL]W t easl weasl glpnrtcl`t ks ―Dk`n`jl‛ (>88).

K@ZL]W K@WA LCXBA[LLZQWLCX :>< | X n f l

lcpbaylls,


ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L GLXN]WCL@WQKG 3 >88 Wel autput wkbb ml ns seaw` mlbaw9

K@ZL]W stntlcl`t nbsa supparts M\BO k`slrt k`ta n tnmbl, cln`k`f cubtkpbl raws k` n tnmbl k` n sk`fbl K@ZL]W stntlcl`t. Dar teks, wl `llg ta usl K@ZL]W NBB. Zy`tnx K@ZL]W NBB K@WA 2tnmblQ`ncl>0 2tnmblQ`ncl>0 TNB\LZ 2jabuc`Q`nclQbkst) 2jabuc`Q`nclQbkst) K@WA 2tnmblQ`ncl=0 2tnmblQ`ncl=0 TNB\LZ 2jabuc`Q`nclQbkst) 2jabuc`Q`nclQbkst) ... 2ZLBLJW Ztntlcl`t0? Wel skcpblst usl ad K@ZL]W NBB ks ta jbum cubtkpbl K@ZL]W stntlcl`ts k`ta n tnmbl. Cubtkpbl K@ZL]W stntlcl`ts wkbb rlqukrl carl gntnmnsl rlsaurjls ns jacpnrlg ta envk`f n sk`fbl K@ZL]W NBB stntlcl`ts ns kt waros k` a`l seat. Lxncpbl :

:>4 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts Blt‛s sny wl envl ta put : raws k`ta tel tnmbl `nclby J\ZW. ga`‛t envl tel tnmbl ns [LW,

Kd yau

jrlntl kt usk`f tel dabbawk`f sjrkpt9

J]LNWL WNMBL "E]"."J\ZW" (

"J\ZWQKG" @\CML](4,8), "J\ZWQ@NCL" TN]JEN]=(:< M[WL), "BAJNWKA@" TN]JEN]=(=8 M[WL), "JA@WNJWQ@\C" @\CML](>8,8)

) Blt‛s sny wl envl ta k`slrt tel dabbawk`f :

raws k`ta J\ZW tnmbl9

K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888>, ']aek`k L`tlrprksls', 'Cucmnk', ;5;5;5;5;5) K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888=, 'Inffk Jntlrlrs', 'Bujoàw', ;665;5;5;5) K@ZL]W K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ(>888:, 'K`gus L`tlrprksls', 'Inba`g', 66;5;5;5;5)

Zkcpblst wny ta k`slrt gntn ks ta ru` telsl k`slrt stntlcl`ts a`l my a`l. Nàtelr wny ta ga sa, ks ta K@ZL]W NBB ns dabbaws9 K@ZL]W NBB K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ (>888>,']aek`k L`tlrprksls', 'Cucmnk', ;5;5;5;5;5) :>6 | X n f l


K@WA

J\ZW

TNB\LZ

(>888=,'Inffk

Jntlrlrs',

'Bujoàw',

;665;5;5;5) K@WA J\ZW TNB\LZ (>888:,'K`gus L`tlrprksls', 'Inba`g', 66;5;5;5;5) ZLBLJW * D]AC G\NB

Zk`jl K@ZL]W NBB rlqukrls n ZLBLJW stntlcl`t k` tel l`g, wl envl uslg tel cnfkj tnmbl G\NB ta dnjl kt. Welrl nrl carl lxncpbls ad K@ZL]W NBB nt tel dabbawk`f \]B9 ettp9//gajs.arnjbl.jac/jg/L>>55= ettp9//gajs.arnjbl.j ac/jg/L>>55=Q8>/slrvl Q8>/slrvlr.>>=/l7>857 r.>>=/l7>857/stntlcl`tsQ /stntlcl`tsQ ;8>7.etc

\XGNWL ZWNWLCL@W

\XGNWL ks nàtelr gntn cn`kpubntka` Z^B jaccn`g. Weks ks n stn`gnrg Z^B jaccn`g n`g ks suppartlg my cast ad tel gntnmnsls. \XGNWL ks uslg ta cagkdy gntn k` n tnmbl. Zy`tnx \XGNWL WnmblQ@ncl ZLW Jabuc`Q`ncl 3 2 0 VEL]L 2 Ja`gktka`0 Wel sy`tnx ad \XGNWL ks prltty skcpbl n`g strnkfet darwnrg. Eawlvlr, wl cust ml jnrldub nmaut tel VEL]L ja`gktka`. K` jnsl, wl ga`‛t

:>5 | X n f l


spljkdy tel VEL]L ja`gktka`, kt wkbb upgntl nbb tel raws dar tel spljkdklg jabuc` k` ZLW jbnusl. Lxncpbl 7 K` tel J\ZW tnmbl, Inffk Jntlrlrs ens n` upgntlg ja`tnjt ùcmlr ns 6464<>=:=>. 6464<>=:=>. Wa ga sa, wl wkbb wrktl tel \XGNWL stntlcl`t ns dabbaws9 \XGNWL Just ZLW Ja`tnjtQùc 3 6464<>=:=> VEL]L JustQ`ncl 3 ―Inffk Jntlrlrs‛?

Lxncpbl < Blt‛s sny wl waubg bkol ta upgntl snbnry ad n` lcpbayll `nclby ―Gl`

]npenlby' ta >:888. Wel \XGNWL stntlcl`t waubg ml ns dabbaws9

\XGNWL Lcpbaylls ZLW Znbnry3>:888 Znbnry3>:888 VEL]L dkrstQ`ncl ||' ' ||bnstQ`ncl3'Gl` ]npenlby'

\XGNWL stntlcl`t nbsa waros wkte Zum-qulrkls. Vl jn` usl sumqulrkls k` tel ZLW jbnusl n`g/ar k` VEL]L jbnusl. Blt‛s tnol n gltnkblg lxncpbl ta u`glrstn`g tel usnfl ad sum -qulry.

Lxncpbl 4

:>; | X n f l


K` aur E] gntnmnsl, wl envl n slt ad Lcpbaylls, a`l ad telc ks Nblxn`glr Euàbg (Xbs àtl tent telrl nrl twa Nblxn`glrs). El rlparts ta Blx gl enn`, wea ks tel elng ad KW glpnrtcl`t. Nblxn`glr ks pracatlg n`g ks cngl tel elng ad KW suppart tlnc. Nbb tel lcpbaylls, wea wlrl rlpartk`f ta Nblxn`glr, wkbb nbsa cavl ta KW suppart tlnc. Wa njeklvl teks, wl `llg ta ga tel dabbawk`f9 n) Jen`fl tel glpnrtcl`t elng dar KW suppart ‚ kt ens ta ml nblxn`glr m) Jen`fl tel glpnrtcl`ts glpnrtcl`ts ad ad nbb tel rlpartlls ad Nblxn`glr ta KW suppart Dkrst ad nbb, blt‛s dk`g aut tel rlpartlls ad Nblxn`glr n`g telkr

glpnrtcl`ts `ncls. ZLBLJW * D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L

CN@NFL]QKG3(ZLBLJW

LCXBA[LLQKG

D]AC LCXBA[LLZ VEL]L DK]ZWQ@NCL 3 'Nblxn`glr' N@G BNZWQ@NCL 3'Euàbg') Vl envl uslg n sum-qulry elrl, teks qulry ens nbrlngy mll` uslg k` tel prlvkaus jenptlr. [au jn` sll tent telrl nrl daur suje lcpbaylls.

:=8 | X n f l


[au jn` sll tent telrl glpnrtcl`t kg ks 48, wekje ks tel KW glpnrtcl`t. glpnrtcl`t. Ns Nblxn`glr Euàbg ks mljack`f tel elng ad KW suppart tlnc, wl `llg ta dk`g aut tel glpnrtcl`tQKG ad KW suppart n`g upgntl tel glpnrtcl`t KGs ad Nblxn`glr n`g eks 7 rlpartlls. Vl nbsa `llg ta upgntl tel glpnrtcl`t elng ad KW Zuppart. Wa dk`g tel glpnrtcl`t KG ad KW suppart glpnrtcl`t, blt‛s ru` tel

dabbawk`f qulry9 Zlbljt * drac glpnrtcl`ts Weks ks n jrugl ylt skcpbl skcpb l wny ad sllk`f tel glpnrtcl`t `ncls `ncl s n`g tel KGs. Welrl ks n carl lblfn`t wny ad flttk`f tel sncl rlsubt. Vl jn` sll tent tel glpnrtcl`t KG ad ―KW Zuppart‛ glpnrtcl`t ks =>8. Dkrst ad nbb, blt‛s upgntl tel glpnrtcl`t elng ad teks glpnrtcl`t ta >8: (Nblxn`glr‛s Lcpbayll KG).

\XGNWL Glpnrtcl`ts ZLW cn`nflrQKG 3 >8: VEL]L glpnrtcl`tQkg 3 =>8 Ns tel dk`nb stlp, wl `llg ta upgntl tel glpnrtcl`t `ncls ad nbb tel lcpbaylls, wea nrl rlpartk`f ta Nblxn`glr, weasl lcpbayll KG ks >8:. Vl jn` ga tent my wrktl tel dabbawk`f d abbawk`f \XGNWL stntlcl`t. \XGNWL Lcpbaylls ZLW glpnrtcl`tQkg 3 =>8 VEL]L cn`nflrQkg 3 >8: ar lcpbayllQkg3>8:

:=> | X n f l


Xblnsl àtl K envl àt uslg glpnrtcl`tQkg 3 48 mljnusl atelr ten` telsl lcpbaylls, Cn`nflr ad Nblxn`glr Euàbg nbsa mlba`f ta tel sncl glpnrtcl`t n`g wl ga`‛t wn`t ta t a jen`fl eks glpnrtcl`t KG.

Welrl ks n mlttlr wny ad wrktk`f tel sncl qulry n`g yau jn` dk`g tent qulry k` tel Zum-qulrkls jenptlr. Wa vlrkdy, ru` tel dabbawk`f qulry9 Zlbljt * drac glpnrtcl`ts welrl

\XXL](glpnrtcl`tQ`ncl)

3

'KW

Z\XXA]W' [au jn` mlbaw tent tel KW suppart glpnrtcl`t‛ s cn`nflr ks >8:.

Vel` yau wkbb qulry tel Lcpbaylls tnmbl, yau wkbb dk`g tent tel glpnrtcl`ts ad nbb tel daur lcpbaylls (wea wlrl rlpartk`f ta Nblxn`glr Guàbg), ens jen`flg ta =>8. GLBLWL ZWNWLCL@W

GLBLWL ks tel tekrg kcpartn`t GCB jaccn`g, wekje ks uslg ta glbltl raws drac tnmbls. GLBLWL waros k` tel skckbnr cn``lr ns \XGNWL. Wel sy`tnx ks ns dabbaws9 Zy`tnx GLBLWL D]AC tnmblQ`ncl VEL]L 2Ja`gktka`0 Lxncpbl 6 :== | X n f l


Kd yau envl ta glbltl n pnrtkjubnr raw drac tnmbl J\ZW wkte justQkg3>888>, justQkg3>888>, wl wkbb wrktl tel GLBLWL stntlcl`t ns dabbaws9 GLBLWL D]AC J\ZW VEL]L J\ZWQKG3>888> Lxncpbl 5 Vent kd yau usl tel dabbawk`f stntlcl`t9 GLBLWL just? Vent wkbb kt ga1 Kt wkbb glbltl nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl Just. Mut kt wkbb àt glbltl tel tnmbl, kt wkbb iust glbltl nbb tel raws.

W ] \@ \@ J N W L W N M B L

K` jnsl yau wn`t ta glbltl tel raws wkteaut n`y rabbmnjo passkmkbkty tel` yau jn` usl W]\@JNWL. Went‛s a`l ad tel prkcnry gkddlrl`jl mltwll`

W]\@JNWL n`g GLBLWL stntlcl`ts. Nàtelr gkddlrl`jl mltwll` W]\@JNWL n`g GLBLWL ks tent GLBLWL aplrntka` wkbb jnusl nbb GLBLWL trkfflrs a` tel tnmbl ta dkrl, welrlns W]\@JNWL wkbb supprlss tel trkfflrs. Zy`tnx W]\@JNWL WNMBL tnmblQ`ncl? Lxncpbl ; Kd wl envl ta glbltl nbb tel raws raws drac tel J\ZW tnmbl, tnmbl, wl jn` usl tel dabbawk`f Z^B jaccn`g9 :=: | X n f l


W]\@JNWL WNMBL just? Weks wkbb glbltl nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl J\ZW, pblnsl àtl tent a`jl glbltlg, teks njtka` jn`àt ml rabblg mnjo..

:=7 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #> K`slrt k`ta Blngs tnmbl raws ns seaw` mlbaw k` tel tnmbl9 BlngQKG

BlngQ@ncl

Blng

Blng

Blng

Blng

Blng

Blng

Zaurjl

Ja`tnjt

Lcnkb

Ztntus

Tnbul

Cn`n

KG >88>

]nclse Gurrn`k

>

;58;5;86>=

rgurrHf

flr >

>88888

>8>

=

6<888

>8>

7

>>8888

>8>

=

;8888

>8=

cnkb.jac >88=

Cnelse Jen`grn

>

;58;5>=:7<

c.jen`gr nHynea a.jac

>88:

Fl`kn Gnvks

7

;58;5;86>=

GnvksF Hyneaa. ja.k`

>887

Flarfl Ngncs

=

;58;5;86>=

rgurrHf cnkb.jac

Lxlrjksl #= Ndtlr k`slrtk`f tel raws k` tel blngs tnmbl, wl rlnbkzlg tent tel blng vnbul k` tel bnst raw seaubg ml 65888 n`g àt 6<888, sa wl `llglg ta upgntl tent raw.

Lxlrjksl #: ]u` tel dabbawk`f K@ZL]W stntlcl`ts ta k`slrt gntn k`ta Jntlfarkls tnmbl9 K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(>, 'Mlvlrnfls', 'Zadt grkòs, jaddlls, tlns, mllrs, n`g nbls', 'mlvlrnfls.fkd')?

:=< | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(=, 'Ja`gkcl`ts', 'Ja`gkcl`ts' , 'Zwllt n`g snvary snujls, rlbksels, sprlngs, n`g slnsa`k`fs', 'ja`gkcl`ts.fkd')? K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(:, 'Ja`dljtka`s', 'Glsslrts, jn`gkls, n`g swllt mrlngs', 'ja`dljtka`s.fkd')? K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(7, 'Gnkry Xragujts', 'Jellsls', 'gknry.fkd')? K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(<, 'Frnk`s/Jlrlnbs', 'Mrlngs, jrnjolrs, pnstn, n`g jlrlnb', 'jlrlnbs.fkd')? K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(4, 'Clnt/Xaubtry', 'Xrlpnrlg clnts', 'clnt.fkd')? K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(6, 'Xragujl', 'Grklg drukt n`g mln` jurg', 'pragujl.fkd')? K`slrt k`ta JNWLFA]KLZ(JNWLFA][QKG, JNWLFA][Q@NCL, GLZJ]KXWKA@, XKJW\]L) Tnbuls(5, 'Zlndaag', 'Zlnwllg n`g dkse', 'slndaag.fkd')?

Lxlrjksl #7 ]u` tel dabbawk`f K@ZL]W stntlcl`ts ta k`slrt gntn k`ta Blngs tnmbl9 K@ZL]W K@WA Blngs TNB\LZ (>887, 'Flarfl Ngncs', =,

66:55;86>=, 66:55;86> =,

'rgurrHfcnkb.jac',=,6<888,>8:)

Lxlrjksl #< K` tel jntlfarkls tnmbl, wl envl cubtkpbl raws. Lnje raw rlprlsl`ts n jntlfary n`g tel jntlfary `ncl rlprlsl`ts cubtkpbl ktlcs k` tel glsjrkptka` jabuc`. Eawlvlr tel raw ad jntlfarkls ‚ Zlndaag &

:=4 | X n f l


clnt/paubtry wkbb cnol carl sl`sl, kd wl cnol telc pburnb my nggk`f ―ktlcs‛.

Lxlrjksl #6 Ns telrl ks n skzl kssul wkte jabuc` jntlfaryQ`ncl, jntlfaryQ`ncl, ns wl envl sll` k` tel prlvkaus lxncpbl, sa dkrst ad nbb, nbtlr tel jabuc` skzl n`g cnol kt == jenrnjtlrs n`g tel` ru` teks upgntl qulry.

Lxlrjksl #5 Wel tnmbl Blngs ens gupbkjntl raws n`g yau `llg ta glbltl tel gupbkjntl raw. Vrktl tel qulry ta glbltl tent raw n`g vlrkdy tent my lxljutk`f tel dabbawk`f Z^B9 ZLBLJW * D]AC Blngs? Lxlrjksl #; K`slrt tel dabbawk`f raws k` tel tnmbl justaclrs9 K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (>, 'NBDOK', 'Nbdrlgs Duttlrokstl', 'Cnrkn N`glrs', 'Znbls ]lprlsl`tntkvl', 'Amlrl Ztr. <6', 'Mlrbk`', '>==8;', 'Flrcn`y', '8:8-8867:=>', '8:8-8864<7<')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (=, 'N@NW]', 'N`n Wruikbba Lcpnrlgngas y elbngas', 'N`n Wruikbba', 'Aw`lr',

:=6 | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts 'Nvgn. gl bn Ja`stktujkÊº` ====', 'Clxkja G.D.', '8<8=>', 'Clxkja', '(<) <<<-76=;', '(<) <<<-:67<')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L) Tnbuls (:, 'N@WA@', 'N`ta`ka Carlà Wnqulrn', 'N`ta`ka Carlà', 'Aw`lr', 'Cntnglras =:>=', 'Clxkja G.D.', '8<8=:', 'Clxkja', '(<) <<<-:;:=')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (7, 'N]A\W', 'Nrau`g tel Ear`', 'Weacns Enrgy', 'Znbls ]lprlsl`tntkvl', '>=8 Enàvlr Zq.', 'Ba`ga`', 'VN> >GX', '\O', '(>6>) <<<-6655', '(>6>) <<<-46<8')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (<, 'ML]FZ', 'Mlrfbu`gs s`nmmon', 'Jerkstk`n Mlrfbu`g', 'Arglr Ngck`kstrntar', 'Mlrfuvsvnfl` 5', 'Bubl', 'Z-;<5 ==', 'Zwlgl`', 'Zwlgl`', '8;=>->= :7 4<', '8;=>->= :7 46')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls

(4,

'MBN\Z',

'Mbnulr Zll

Glbkontlssl`',

]lprlsl`tntkvl', 'Darstlrstr. <6', 'Cn`èlkc', '45:84', 'Flrcn`y', '84=>-85748', '84=>-85;=7')?

:=5 | X n f l

'En``n

Caas',

'Znbls

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (6, 'MBA@X', 'Mba`glb pnrl lt dkbs', 'D`rqkulrkqul Jktlnux', 'Cnroltk`f Cn`nflr', '=7, pbnjl Obamlr', 'Ztrnsmaurf', '46888', 'Drn`jl', '55.48.><.:>', '55.48.><.:=')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (5, 'MABKG', 'MNbkga Jackgns prlpnrngns', 'Cnrtn` Zacclr', 'Aw`lr', 'J/ Nrnqukb, 46', 'Cngrkg', '=58=:', 'Zpnk`', '(;>) <<< == 5=', '(;>) <<< ;> ;;')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (;, 'MA@NX', 'Ma` npp''', 'Bnurl`jl Blmken`', 'Aw`lr', '>=, rul gls Maujelrs', 'Cnrslkbbl', '>:885', 'Drn`jl', ';>.=7.7<.78', ';>.=7.7<.7>')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, ]LFKA@, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (>8, 'MAWWC', 'Mattac-Gabbnr Cnrolts', 'Lbkznmlte Bk`jab`', 'Njjau`tk`f Cn`nflr', '=: Wsnwnssl` Mbvg.', 'Wsnwnssl`', 'MJ', 'W=D 5C7', 'Jn`ngn', '(487) <<<-76=;', '(487) <<<-:67<')?

:=; | X n f l

N en`gmaao dar Musk`lss N`nbysts K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L) Tnbuls (>>, 'MZMLT', 'M''s Mlvlrnfls', 'Tkjtarkn Nsewarte', 'Znbls ]lprlsl`tntkvl', 'Dnu`tblray Jkrjus', 'Ba`ga`', 'LJ= <@W', '\O', '(>6>) <<<->=>=')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (>=, 'JNJW\', 'Jnjtus Jackgns pnrn bblvnr', 'Xntrkjka Zkcpsa`', 'Znbls Nfl`t', 'Jlrrkta :::', 'Mulàs Nkrls', '>8>8', 'Nrfl`tk`n', '(>) >:<-<<<<', '(>) >:<-75;=')? K`slrt

k`ta

J\ZWACL]Z

(J\ZWACL]QKG,

J\ZWACL]QJAGL,

JACXN@[Q@NCL, JA@WNJWQ@NCL, JA@WNJWQWKWBL, NGG]LZZ, JKW[, XAZWNBQJAGL, JA\@W][, XEA@L, DNU) Tnbuls (>:, 'JL@WJ', 'Jl`tra jaclrjknb Cajtlzucn', 'Drn`jksja Jen`f', 'Cnroltk`f Cn`nflr', 'Zklrrns gl Frn`ngn ;;;:', 'Cnxkja G.D.', '8<8==', 'Clxkja', '(<) <<<-::;=', '(<) <<<-6=;:')?

Lxlrjksl #>8 Jrlntl n `lw tnmbl justaclrsQtlcp, drac slbljtk`f tel raws drac tel lxkstk`f justaclrs tnmbl, welrl justaclr jkty ks ― Clxkja‛.

Lxlrjksl #>> Glbltl nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl justaclrsQtlcp justaclrsQtlcp

::8 | X n f l


Lxlrjksl #>= Grap tel tnmbl justaclrsQtlcp

Lxlrjksl #>: BlngQK

BlngQ@ncl

G

Blng

Blng

Blng

Blng

Blng

Blng

Zaurjl

Ja`tnjt

Lcnkb

Ztntus

Tnbul

Cn`nflr

KG >88<

>884

Ink Zenrcn

]asen` Xnrlrn

:

:

<4>=5;86>

i.sencn

=

Hfcnkb.j ac

66;55>=:7

rasen`p

<

Hyneaa.k

=

>8;888

>8=

:

6;888

>8=

`

K`slrt tel nmavl raws k` blngs tnmbl. K@ZL]W K@WA Blngs TNB\LZ (>88<, ―Ink Zenrcn, :, <4>=5;86>=, ―i.sencnHfcnkb.jac‛,=,>8;888,>8=)?

K@ZL]W K@WA Blngs TNB\LZ (>884, ―]asen` Xnrlrn‛,:, 66;55>=:7<, rasen`pHyneaa.k`,:,6;888,>8=)?

Lxlrjksl #>7 Wru`jntl nbb tel raws drac tel tnmbl Blngs. Wru`jntl Wnmbl Blngs?

::> | X n f l

Business Analyst Guide v1.1

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