Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate: Standard Test Method for

Designation: C29/C29M − 17a

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Standard AASHTO No.: T19/T19M

Standard Test Method for 1

Bulk Density (“nit ( “nit !eight"# and $oids in %ggregate

This standard is issued under the Þxed designation C29/C29M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of reision, the year of last reision! " number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproal! " superscript epsilon #$% indicates an editorial change since t he last reision or reapproal! This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope*

&!& This tes testt met method hod co coers ers th thee det determ ermina inatio tionn of bul bul' ' density #(unit weight)% of aggregate in a compacted or loose condit con dition ion,, and cal calcul culate atedd oi oids ds bet betwee weenn par partic ticles les in Þne Þne,, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination! This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding &2* mm +* in! in nominal maximum si-e! .T0 &1nit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit olume #more correctly, mass per unit olume or density%!

&!2 The alues stated in either 34 units or inch5pound units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for a spec sp eciÞ iÞca cati tion on wi with th wh whic ichh th this is te test st met metho hodd is us used ed!! "n exception is with regard to siee si-es and nominal si-e of aggregate, in which the 34 alues are the standard as stated in 3peciÞcation 0&& 0&&!! 6ithi 6ithinn the text, inch5pound units are shown in brac'ets! The alues stated in each system may not be exact e7ui e7 uia allen entts; the herref efor ore, e, ea each ch sy syst stem em sh shal alll be us used ed independently of the other! Combining alues from the two systems may result in non5conformance with the standard! &!8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any any,, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. internati rnational onal stand standard ard was dev develop eloped ed in acco accorr&! This inte dance with internationa internationally lly recognized principles on standar standarddizati iza tion on est establ ablish ished ed in the Dec Decisi ision on on ri rinc ncipl iples es fo forr the Development of Internationa Internationall Standards, !uides and "ecommendations issued by the #orld Trade $rganization Technical %arriers to Trade Trade &T%T' (ommittee. (ommittee. & Thi Thiss tes testt met method hod is unde underr the :ur :urisd isdict iction ion of "3TM Com Commit mittee tee C9 on Concrete and Concrete "ggregatesand is the direct responsibility of 3ubcommittee C9!2 on on .ormal .ormal 6eight 6eight "ggregates! "ggregates! Currentt editi Curren edition on appro approed ed "pril &, 2&une 2&
2. Referenced Documents 2 Standards+ 2!& )ST* Standards+ C&2* Terminology Delating to Concrete and Concrete "g5 gregates C&2< Test Method for Delatie Aensity #3peciÞc Eraity% and "bsorption of Coarse "ggregate C&2F Test Method for Delatie Aensity #3peciÞc Eraity% and "bsorption of Gine "ggregate CH< =ractice for =reparing =recision and Iias 3tatements for Test Methods for Construction Materials C<2/C<2M =ractice for Deducing 3amples of "ggregate to Testing 3i-e C&<< =ractice for "gencies Testing Concrete and Concrete "ggreg "gg regate atess for se in Con Constr struct uction ion and Cri Criter teria ia for Testing "gency 0aluation A<*/A<*M =ractice for 3ampling "ggregates "ggregates 0&& 3peciÞcation for 6oen 6ire Test 3iee Cloth and Test 3iees Standard+ 2!2 ))ST$ Standard+ T&9/T& T&9 /T&9M 9M Method of Test for nit 6eight and Joids in "ggregate8

3. Terminology

Definitions ns The 8!& Definitio The terms used in this test method are deÞned in Terminology C&2* C&2*!! of Terms Terms Specific to to This Standard+ Standard+ 8!2 Definitions of voids, ds, ni nin n uni unitt vol volume ume of agg aggre regat gatee , the space 8!2! 8! 2!&& voi between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineral matter!

2 Gor referenced "3TM standards, isit the "3TM website, www!astm!org, or contact "3TM Customer 3erice at sericeKastm!org! Gor )nnual %oo of )ST* Standards olume information, refer to the standardLs Aocument 3ummary page on the "3TM website! 8 "ailab ailable le from "merican "merican "ssoc "ssociation iation of 3tate ighway and Tra Transport nsportation ation fficials #""3T%,  .! Capitol 3t!, .6, 3uite 29, 6ashington, AC 2&, httpB//www!transportation!org!

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C29/C29M & 17a

8!2!&!& Discussion 1J 1Joids oids within particles, particles, either perme5 able or impermeable, are not included in oids as determined by this test method!

T%B' T% B' 2 )e*uire+ents for Measures

!nits

4. Significance and Use

!& This test method is often used to determine bul' density alues alu es th that at ar aree ne nece cess ssar aryy fo forr us usee fo forr ma many ny me meth thod odss of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures!

Thicness of Metal# min

"apacity of Meas&re (ottom

S

+ess than 11 + 11 to * +# incl o0er * to %- +# incl o0er %- to 1$$ +# incl

,.- mm ,.- mm 1-.- mm 1$.- mm

!pper $% mm or 11 ) * in. A of wall

'emainder

*., mm ,.- mm . mm 2. mm

*., mm $.- mm $.% mm ,.- mm

of wall





!2 The bul' density al also may be used for determining mass/olume relationships for conersions in purchase agree5 ments! oweer, the relationship between degree of compac5 tion of aggregates in a hauling unit or stoc'pile and that achieed in this test method is un'nown! Gurther, aggregates in hauling units and stoc'piles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture #the latter affecting bul'ing%, while this test method determines the bul' density on a dry basis! !8 " pro proced cedure ure is is inclu included ded for com comput puting ing the per percen centag tagee of oids between the aggregate particles based on the bul' density determined by this test method! 5. pparatus *!& %alance " balance or scale accurate to within !* 'g

+!& lb or to within !&P of the test load, whicheer is greater, at any point within the range of use! The range of use shall be cons co nsid ider ered ed to to ext exten endd fro from m the the ma mass ss of of the the me meas asur uree empt emptyy to to 8 the mass of the measure plus its contents at &92 'g/m +&2 lb/ft8! *!2 Tamping "od " round, plain steel rod with a diameter of &H H 2 mm +*OF H &O&H in!! The length of the tamping rod shall be at least & mm + in! greater than the depth of the measure or mold in which rodding is being performed, but not greater than <*; mm +8; in! in oerall length #see .ote #see .ote 2%! 2%! The rod shall hae the tamping end, or both ends, rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the t he rod! The rod shall be straight oer its length to to a tolerance of !* P of its length! *easure e " cy *!8 *easur cyli lind ndri rica call cont contai aine nerr made made of of stee steell or ot othe herr suitable me metal that complies with the re7uirements of of this section, preferably proided with handles! The measure shall be watertight and sufficiently sufficiently rigid to retain its its form under rough rou gh usag usage! e! The The meas measure ure sha shall ll hae hae a hei height ght at leas leastt F P and and not more than &* P of the diameter! The capacity of the measure shall conform to the limits in Table & for the aggregate si-e to be tested! The thic'ness of metal in the measure shall be as described in Table 2! 2! The top rim shall be smooth and plane T%B' T%B ' 1 Ca,a-ity of Mea sures A

"apacity of Meas&re

Nominal Ma5im&m Si6e of Aggregate mm

in .

1*.,

1

*,.$2.,

) *

1 11 ) *

$

m 7 7+ +8

$

ft

-.--*%7*.%8

1

-.--9$ 79.$8 -.-1 718

1

1 ) 1-

) $ ) *

1

2, $ -.-*% 7*%8 1 1- -.-2- 72-8 *1 ) * $1 ) * 1*, , -.1-- 71--8 A The indicated si6e of meas&re shall 4e &sed to test aggregates of a nominal ma5im&m si6e e&al to or smaller than that listed. The act&al 0ol&me of the meas&re shall 4e at least 9,  of the nominal 0ol&me listed.

$

nch3 po&nd

+ess than -. ft $ $ -. ft to 1., ft # incl $

o0er 1., to *.% ft # incl $

o0er *.% to .- ft # incl

-.*- in. -.*- in. -.- in.

-.1- in. -.*- in. -.*, in.

-.1- in. -.1* in. -.1, in.

-.,- in.

-.$- in.

-.*- in.

A

The added thicness in the &pper portion of the wall may 4e o4tained 4y placing

a reinforcing 4and aro&nd the top of the meas&re.

within !8 mm +!& in! and shall be parallel to the bottom within wit hin !* !*NN #see #see .ote .ote 2%! 2%! The interior wall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface! .T0 21The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a ;!85mm +;!;&5in! feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of H5mm +&O5in! or thic'er plate glass laid oer the measure! The top and bottom are satisfactorily parallel if the slope between pieces of plate glass in contact with the top and bottom does not exceed !F< P in any direction!

*!8!& Measures larger than nominal 2F ? +& ft8 capacity shal sh alll be be made made of st stee eel! l! *! Shovel or Scoop " shoel or scoop of conenient si-e for Þlling the measure with aggregate! *easuring 1olume 1olume of *easure+ *easure+ *!* /0uipment for *easuring *!*!& late !lass " piece of plate glass, at least H mm + &O in! thic' and at least 2* mm +& in! larger than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated! *!*!2 !rease " supply of water5pump, chassis, or similar grease! *!*!8 Thermometer " thermometer haing a range of at least & to 82 NC +* to 9 NG and that is readable to at least !** NC ! NC +& NG NG! ! *!*! %alance " balance as described in *!& *!&!! !. Sampling

H!& bt btain ain the sam sample ple in acco accorda rdance nce with with =ra =racti ctice ceA<*/ A<*/ A<*M,, and reduce to test sample si-e in accordance with A<*M =ractice C<2/C<2M C<2/C<2M!! ". Test Test Sample





C29/C29M & 17a #. Determination of $olume of %easure

F!& Aetermine the olume of the measure upon initial use and subse7uently at a fre7uency not to exceed twele months, or wheneer there is reason to 7uestion the accuracy of the olumetric capacity of the measure! 4f re7uired, retain a record of olume determination in accordance with =ractice C&<< C&<
;<

1,. 1%.$ *1.1 *$.*$.9 *.2 *9.

, 22$. 2, %%,

g/m

$

999.-1 99%., 992.92 992., 992.$* 99.,9 99,.%$

l4/ft

$

*.$ *.$$ *.$-1 *.*2 *.*1 *.*1 *.1

F!< Calculate Calculate the olume, 1 , of the measure! "lternatiely, calculate the factor, G, for the measure! .T0 1Gor the calculation of bul' density, the olume of the measure in 34 units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factor as &/m8! oweer, for conenience the si-e of the measure may be expressed in litres! &. 'rocedure

9!& Aetermine and record the mass of the empty measure to the nearest !* 'g +!& lb! 9!2 To determine the compacted bul' density of aggregates haing a nominal maximum si-e of 8
gate with the Þngers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight pro:ections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger oids in the surface below the top of the measure! 9!2!&!2 4n rodding the Þrst layer, do not allow the rod to stri'e str i'e the bot bottom tom of the mea measur suree for forcib cibly ly!! 4n rod roddin dingg the second and third layers, use igorous effort, but not more force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the preious layer of aggregate! .T0 *14n rodding the larger si-es of coarse aggregate, it may not be possible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with angular aggregates! The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if igorous effort is used! %2igging+ 9!2!2 *ethod %2igging+ 9!2!2!& Gill the measure in three approximately e7ual layers as described in 9!2!&!& 9!2!&!&,, compacting each layer by placing the measure on a Þrm base, such as a cement5concrete Qoor, raising the opposite sides alternately about * mm +2 in!, and allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a shar sh arp, p, sl slap appi ping ng bl blow ow!! Th Thee ag aggr greg egat atee pa part rtic icle les, s, by th this is procedure, will arrange themseles in a densely compacted condition! Compact each layer by dropping the measure * times in the manner described, 2* times on each side! ?eel the surface of the aggregate with the Þngers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight pro:ections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger oids in the surface below the top of the measure! (Shoveling+ 9!2!8 *ethod (Shoveling+ 9!2!8!& Gill the measure to oerQowing by means of a shoel or scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed * mm +2 in! aboe the top of the measure! 0xercise care to pre preent, ent, so far as poss possible, ible, segregation segregation of the parti particle cle si-es of which the sample is composed! ?eel the surface of the aggregate with the Þngers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight pro:ections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggreg agg regate ate app approx roxima imatel telyy bal balanc ancee the lar larger ger oi oids ds in the surface below the top of the measure! 9!8 Aetermine and record the mass of the measure plus its contents to the nearest !* 'g +!& lb! 1(. )alculation

&!& %ul Density Calculate Calculate the bul' density as followsB * * R ! 2 T S /1 #&% or * * R ! 2 T S 8 3 #2% whereB M  bul' density of the aggregate, 'g/m8 +lb Oft8, !  mass of the aggregate plus the measure, 'g +lb, T  mass of the measure, 'g +lb,





C29/C29M & 17a where: M SSD

A

+ere,

+ere,

11. Report





*ssd * * K && R )/&;;S V

#8%

 bul' density in 33A condition, 'g/m8 +lb Oft8, and  P ab abso sorp rpti tion on,, det deter ermi mine nedd in in acc accor orda dance nce wi with th Tes estt Method C&2< or Test Method C&2F C&2F!! &!2 1oid (ontent Calculate Calculate the oid content in the aggre5 gate using the bul' density determined by either the rodding, :igging, or shoeling shoeling procedure, as followsB

P 1 oids oids * &;; K R S 8 8 # S 2 * V /R S 8 8 # S

*

#%

 bul' density of the aggregate, 'g/m8 +lb Oft8,

tween the two test methods! The data are based on the analyses of more than & paired test results from  to & laborato5 ries!

&2!2 (oarse )ggregate &bul density'+ &2!2!& Single-$perator recision The The single5operator standard deiation has been found to be & 'g/m8 +!FF lb/ft8 #&s%! Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar material should not differ by more than  'g/m8 +2!* lb/ft8 #d2s%! *ultilaboratory tory rec recision ision The &2!2!2 *ultilabora The multilaboratory standard deiation has been found to be 8 'g/m8 +&!F< lb/ft8 #&s%! Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from

two different laboratories on similar material should not differ in by more than F* 'g/m8 +*!8 lb/ft8 #d2s%! &2!2!8 These numbers represent, respectiely, the #&s% and #d2s% limits as described in =ractice CH< CH<!! The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of "MD? proÞ5 &!8 1olume of *easure Calculate Calculate the olume of a mea5 ciency sample data for bul' density by rodding of normal sure as followsB weight aggregates haing a nominal maximum aggregate si-e 8 & 1 * R # 2 * S / D D #*% of 2*! mm +& in!, and using a &5? + O25ft  measure! &2!8 3ine )ggregate 3 * D/R # 2 * S )ggregate &bul density'+ density'+ #H% &2!8!& Single-$perator recision The The single5operator standard deiation has been found to be & 'g/m8 +!FF lb/ft8 8 8 1  olume of the measure, m +ft  #&s%! Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the #  mass of the water, water, plate glass, and measure, 'g +lb same operator on similar material should not differ by more *  mass of the plate plate glass and measure, 'g +lb than  'g/m8 +2!* lb/ft8 #d2s%! D  density of the water for the measured temperature, &2!8!2 *ultilabora The multilaboratory *ultilaboratory tory rec recision ision The 'g/m8 +lb/ft8, and 8 8 3  factor for the measure, &/m 8 +& Oft 8 standard deiation has been found to be  'g/m +2!
)"od&&!2!&& Joid &&!2! oidss in aggre aggregat gatee consoli consolidat dated ed by *ethod )"odding , P, or %2ig&&! &!2! 2!22 Joi oids ds in in aggr aggreg egat atee conso consoli lida date tedd by *ethod %2ig ging , P, or &&!2!8 Joids in loose aggregate by *ethod (Shoveling , P! 12. 'r 'recis ecision ion and -ias

&2!& The fo following es estimates of of pr precision fo for th this te test method are based on results from the ""3T Materials Deference ?aboratory #"MD?% =roÞciency 3ample =rogram, = rogram, with testing conducted using this test method and ""3T Method T &9 OT&9M! There are no signiÞcant differences be5

oweer, as the oid content in aggregate is calculated from bul' density and bul' speciÞc speciÞc graity, graity, the precision of the oids content reQects the precision of these measured param5 eters gien in &2!2 and &2!8 of this test method and in Test Methods C&2< and C&2F C&2F!! &2!* %ias The The procedure in this test method for measuring bul' density and oid content content has no bias because the alues for bul' density and oid content can be deÞned only in terms of a test me method! 13. eyords

&8!& aggregates; bul' density; coarse aggregate; density; Þne aggregate; unit weight; oids in aggregates







&6' "dded
accordingly%!

9, & &,, and && &&!!

Committee C9 has identiÞed the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue, C29/C29M @ &H, that may impact the use of this test method! #"pproed >an! &, 2&
&5' Deised F!& F!&!!

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any p atent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsiility. This standard is su!ect to revision at any time y the responsile technical committee and must e reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. "our comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should e addressed to ASTM International #ead$uarters. "our comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting meeti ng of the responsile responsile technical committee, committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM %ommittee on Standards, at the address shown elow. This standard is copyr copyrighted ighted y ASTM Inter Internationa national, l, &'' (arr #aror )rive, *+ (ox %'', -est %onshohocken, %onshohocken, *A &/012 03, United States. Individual reprints 4single or multiple copies5 of this standard may e otained y contacting ASTM at the aove address or at 6&'21702313 4phone5, 6&'21702333 4fax5, or service8astm.org 4e2mail59 or through the ASTM wesite 4www.astm.org5. *ermission rights to photocopy the standard may also e secured from the %opyright %learance %enter, 000 :osewood )rive, )anvers, MA '&07, Tel; 415 6/6206''9 http;<

Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate: Standard Test Method for

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