WONG TENG CHUN LIM CHOON WAH ALEXANDER CHUNG SIANG YEE LING YUAN MING JILLIAN GOH JOON JIN JULIA SHEN JAYA EVELYN SINUGROHO MASOUD RAMEDANI
0318538 0311265 1003A78541 0318758 0901G69895 0317774 0318217
Introduction
Golden Hills Situated at Cameron Highlands, Golden Hills is an English-inspired commercial and residential project by LBS Bina Group Berhad. The site is strategically located in between two well-developed centres, Tanah Rata and Brinchang. Designed with nature and modernity in harmony, Golden Hills is destined to be the centre of commercial attraction in Cameron Highlands. The expected date of completion is April 2016.
byJiilian
Pic 1: Completed 3-Storey Semi Detached Home
Goh Joon Jin
The location is approximately 5,000 feet above sea level with the road distance estimated of: 205km from Kuala Lumpur 111km from Ipoh 238km from Penang and 543km from Johor Bahru
The following sites were involved in this project analysis as they are currently under development. Barrington Homes: 50 units Barrington Square: 381 units SomerSquare: 412 units Location Plan
Pic 2 : Master Plan for Golden Hills
Location Plan
1
TABLE OF CONTENT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2. SITE AND SAFETY
2 - 9
3. EXTERNAL WORK
10 - 19
4. FOUNDATION
20 - 24
5. SUPER STRUCTURE 1 . FLOORING SYSTEM II . FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, SCAFFOLDING III . WALL IV .STAIRCASE
25 31 41 50
6. DOOR AND WINDOWS
56 - 60
7. ROOF
-
30 40 49 55
61 - 73
8. SUMMARY
74
9. REFERENCE
75
Site
and
Safety
2
The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in building operation and work of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139), and all the regulations made there under.
Safety Equipment Everyone that entering the construction site are required to wear safety equipment to reduce the risk of getting injuries.
Site
and Safety SAFETY EQUIPMENT & SIGNBOARD
By Wong Teng Chun
Signboard Signboards are placed all the place around the construction site to provide the information and reminder to people around.
Safety helmet
Safety signboard is placed at the entrance of the site to remind of the authorised visitors and workers to wear safety equipment before entering and to be caution of the activities inside as it could heavily injure or kills a person.
Safety boot
Safety helmets made of thermoplastics, help to protect people's head from falling object from the top. The safety helmet might not be able to fully protect a person's head but it does reduce the injury on that individual. Safety helmets come in different colours to indicate the roles of individuals that accessing the site. Yellow and blue are commonly worn by workers of the site, white by architects, engineers or visitors and red is by safety agent.
Project signboard shows all information that is involved in the project which includes address of the site, name of the developer's company, architect's company, engineer's company, contractor's company, date approved, beginning and end of construction date and the funders of the project.
3
Site
Construction Site Office A construction site office keeps all the documents and information about every construction methods, specification of materials used and work progress. Every visitor to the site have to report to the constrcution site office to get permission to enter the site.
and Safety CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE By Wong Teng Chun
Samples in the site office
Warehouse
The materials and equipments are sort out by category on the shelft for easier searching when it is in need to use.
Materials can be transport easily by hanging it on the hoist that can be found on the ceiling of the warehouse.
All the equipment and materials are kept in a warehouse that can be found around the construction site and tend to be tidy and organised. Besides that, forklift can be found there which is used to transport heavy materials.
4
Site
and Safety HOARDING , COVERING, WHEEL WASHING & SCAFFOLDING By Wong Teng Chun
Wheel Washing
Hoarding
Temporary fencing or hoarding around the construction site not only to keep out unauthorised people but also ensure the safety of general public and people who pass by the site area.
Trucks or any vehicles that are going out of the construction site are required to undergo washing to ensure the public road to be clean and not polluted by the dirt and dust from the construction site. There is a place where it’s lowered ground for vehicles to wash itself and this system is called drive-through system. The vehicles are drive forward and backward repeatedly washing the wheels until clean before moving to the public road.
Another system for wheel washing is roller where the wheels vehicles are moved on the roller and turn around as like the vehicles is driving while the water are spray on the tire until it is clean.
Covering
Scaffolding Scaffolding provides a temporary barrier that prevent workers from falling off accidentally. It also act as temporary supporting for the materials and rubbish chute for easier way to dispose rubbish and as well as walk way.
Any unused materials that are placed on the site are being covered to prevent rainwater and direct sunlight from reaching it which could damage and distrub the materials’ properties.
5
Plants
and Machinery BACKHOE-LOADER, FORKLIFT & TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES By Wong Teng Chun
Backhoe-loader backhoe
stick
cab
Forklift
tractor loader
Used in digging shallow excavations and trenches, general grading, lifting loads, loading and carry light building materials around the site. The backhoe bucket can be replaced with others such as breaker, grapple, auger or stump grinder
bucket Stabilizer legs
Telescoping-boom Truck Mounted Mobile Cranes Also called mobile crane, is used in lifting and transporting materials around the site by hanging it on the hook. It can lift loads up to 5 storey height. It’s function can be changed by changing the hook into another equipment such as demolition ball, clamshell bucket or dragline. main boom tip (head)
Forklift is used to lift and transport building materials around the site. It is found near warehouse. It is said to be dangerous and to be handle carefully as the lifting of the materials increases the height of centre of gravity together with the speed when transporting causing it to be unstable.
Mast assembly Hydraulic Hose Hose Keepers Tilt Cylinder
hook boom Operator cab
main hoist truck cab
Gauges
Overhead Guard
Fork
6 Driving Wheels
Steering Wheels
Plants
Truck
A big transportation vehicles that used to transport huge amount of excavated materials over a long distance.
and Machinery TRUCK, CONCRETE MIXER TRANSPORT TRUCK, CEMENT MIXER & EXCAVATOR By Wong Teng Chun
Cement Mixer A device used to mix the cement, aggregate and water to form concrete. The cement mixer is portable and can be found at the site as it helps for the workers to apply the concrete before it hardens.
Concrete mixer transport Truck
Excavator
Excavator is a vehicles that used in digging trenches and holes, handling materials and demolition.
Hydraulic Pile Driver
A transportation vehicles that transport readily mixed concrete in a large quantities to the construction site. During the transportation, the drum of the truck rotates continuously to prevent the cement from hardening and maintaining in liquid form with a spiral blade build inside the drum. When the truck pouring the cement, the drum rotates in opposite directions to force the cement flows out from the drum.
drum
arm cylinder arm
bucket cylinder
side cutter bucket
boom boom cylinder
cab
muffler counterweight
It is a device that is used to drive piles into the ground to provide foundation support for the buildings. The weight is raised by hydraulics to the highest point and then released and smashes on the pile to drive into the ground.
7
Plants
and Machinery TRACTOR, BULLDOZER & ROAD ROLLERS By Wong Teng Chun
Tractor
Tractor’s main task in building site is to push or drag. It can be equipped with dozer blades, buckets, hoes and rippers.
Bulldozer
Road Rollers Road roller also sometimes called a roller compactor or roller. The function of this vehicle is to compact the ground with its large and heavy metal tires at the front of the vehicle. It is very useful as it reduces the time of the construction and the labour costs for land flattening. Roller also can be used in landfills, road construction and agriculture.
This vehicle is equipped with a substantial metal plate at the front and is used to push a large quantities of soil, sand or rock during construction. Bulldozer also equipped with continuous track instead of tires which allows the vehicles to go through uneven ground easily.
hydraulic cylinder
roller drum
pushing beam
blade
8
Power Trovel
Power trowel is a device used to apply a smooth and flat finish to concrete slabs. It consists of fan type abrasive blades moving on the surface of the concrete slabs with moving motors. There are two type of power trowel; ride-on power trowel and walk-behind power trowel.
Plants
and Machinery POWER TROVEL, BAR BENDING MACHINE, WATER PUMP & AIR COMPRESSOR By Wong Teng Chun
Water Pump Water pump is used to suck out the water in the construction site, preventing in flooding and channel it outside the site. The flow of water pump can be reversed by turning the fan of the motor in opposite direction.
Ride-on power trowel
Walk-behind power trowel
Bar Bending Machine A machine used to bend rebar according to specifications. It is portable and can be found and move around at the site.
Air Compressor
This devices convert power into kinetics energy by compressing and pressuring air and release it in a quick burst. Air compressor is used filling tires and supply a moderate amount of air pressure for tools and equipment such as jackhammers.
9
External Work By Ling Yuan Ming
EXTERNAL WORKS
10
External Work
EARTHWORK AND SETTLING OUT
By Ling Yuan Ming
EARTHWORK
Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the earth’s surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.
SETTLING OUT Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the ground to indicate the trench and wall positions. Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built “square”. If the diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.
Steps in Settling out : 1. Identify the minimum sizes for foundation 2. Setting out corner profiles 3. Marking out foundation and wall thickness 4. Marking out on the ground from the profiles 5. Excavation of foundation 6. Setting out levels for the height of the concrete 7. Pouring concrete for the strip foundation 8. Compacting and levelling out concrete
11
External Work
SITE LAYOUT 3 storey semidetached townhouse Double storey townhouse
Commercial/ Villa/Hotel
By Ling Yuan Ming
SITE OFFICE Located on an empty land that will future developed not far from the main road. Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data, documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.
Site Office and Labour relation Water Detention and Lake Promenade
Bungalow Lots
Shop Apartment
Shop Apartment
Water Treatment Plant
12
External Work
SITE LAYOUT SITE OFFICE
TOILET
By Ling Yuan Ming
Of the many reasons, containers are used as they are economical, durable, flexible and easy to install. In Cameron Highlands, the containers are arranged in a U-shape forming the site office and is covered by zincalume roof supported by the usual wooden beams.
There are a few temporary toilet around the site. They are constructed just using plywood and also zincalume sheet for a shelter roof. The function of a temporary toilet and any toilets does not differ, only that the latter will be demolished when the construction is done.
*Red box indicating the roof
LABOUR RELATION
Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.
13
External Work
SEWERAGE / WATER TREATMENT
By Ling Yuan Ming
Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.
PROCESS Note that manhole covers are circular, aren’t square or rectangle so that the cover will not have the chance to fall into the main. From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds. Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.
The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient. Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic materials. The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.
14
WATER RETICULATION Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.
External Work By Ling Yuan Ming
There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.
TEMPORARY WATER TANK
PERMANENT WATER TANK
This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.
A larger permanent water tank is built on top of a hill situated more to the front. The purpose of this is to replace the permanent water tank and also supply for the entire residential are in the future, not only for this particular developer.
15
External Work
WATER RETICULATION WATER PUMP STATION
By Ling Yuan Ming This station is available beside both the temporary and also the permanent water tank. There are two types of pump, to suck and to push. The suck type will draw more water from the main pipe to the tank whereas the push type will take water from the tank and deliver it outward. The one in Cameron Highlands belongs to the pushing. Booster pumps are used here so that the water supply can reach over a long distance and still maintaining the water pressure.
The image shows a pressuring reducing valve. This valve will control the water pressure of the water released to prevent high pressure from damaging the certain utilities that cannot handle.
16
External Work
EXTENDED DETENTION DRY BASIN Also known as retarding basin or a detention pond, a detention basin is an excavated area which is connected to rivers or streams. The purpose of detention pond is to protect against flooding or downstream erosion by storing rainwater for a period of time. It also controls some pollutants such as suspended soils.
By Ling Yuan Ming
WALL STRUCTURE The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled gabions tied together with wire. Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the slop and not arranged vertically.
A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.
This arrangement made it strong to perform its function which is to stabilize places like shorelines, stream banks and slopes against corrosion. The strength of the Gabion wall depends on the wire used, no the content. A more commonly used wire is galvanized steel wire but other types such as PVC coated and stainless steel are used too.
17
External Work
STREETLIGHTS Streetlights belongs to one of the final installments in a construction work, therefore they’re not erected yet in the construction but some are available on the road outside, linking the main road and the construction site.
By Ling Yuan Ming
Streetlights are also known as lamp posts and street lamps. They are the sources of light which are raised from the edge of the ground or also between two opposite direction lanes. Their function is to proide light and shine giving a clear vision for road users in bad weather or nighttime. There are a few sources that powers the lights, namely electricity, solar or wind. The electricity powered lights can be further broken down into underground wiring and also the more commonly used, wiring from one to another. In Cameron Highlands, the streetlight belongs to underground wiring to maintain the aesthetic view.
Wiring from one to another
Underground wiring
18
External Work
RETAINING WALL SYSTEM Leucaena seed are used to prevent soil erosion and protect hilly soil.
By Ling Yuan Ming
Contruction of three storey semi detached
These seed are usually planted in horizontal bands which go horizontal with each bands four to 6 metres apart. Each band will then have 2 rows of seeds.
Before
After
It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until it’s big enough to protect the hillside. In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.
19
Foundation.
20
Reinforce Concrete Pile Introduction Precast Concrete Pile are commonly to be constructed in a casting yard and transported to the job site. They are either regularly reinforced or prestressed to resist handling and driving stresses. Precast concrete piles may be manufactured full length or in sections which can be spliced during installation. These piles are suitable as friction piles when driven in sand or clay, or as an end bearing piles when driven through soft materials to firm strata.
Foundation Reinforce Concrete Pile by Evelyn Sinugroho
Piling Process
Before Piling Installation Site Clearing and Locate Piles
Piles shall be positioned as indicated on the approved pile location drawings. Pilings shall be located not more than twelve (12) inches from design location on the Pile Location Drawing, unless approved otherwise by the contractor’s design Engineer. Remove any encountered obstructions, or add/relocate pile and adjacent piles as required by the pile layout designer.
During Piling Installation Drive in Piles
Drive each pile continuously until refusal. Avoid interruptions in the driving process that may cause soil freeze-up resulting in early refusal. In order to allow some time for clay soil to remold without significantly rebounding upward, at Refusal, maintain the hydraulic jack pressure for a minimum period of 5 minutes before removing the jack.
After Piling Installation Pile Caps
After completion of the driving process, temporarily cap and shim off the pile to prevent pile rebound. Install specified pile cap horizontally on top of the driven pile segment and install shims. After all piles are installed, adjust all pile caps and shims as required to correct any shims that may have been dislodged during the driving of adjacent piles to provide full contact bearing at pile locations.
21
Foundation Reinforce Concrete Pile by Evelyn Sinugroho
Extension of pile driving Rock Shoe
PileMaterialandProduction Precast concrete piles : commonly manufactured in square and ranging from about 250 mm to about 450 mm, with a maximum section length of up to about 20 m.
The piles are hammered in one by one until it reaches a certain depth or until it reaches the bed rock. Each pile has a length of the of 20 metres, if needed extension, another pile will be added on top of it. The excess length of the pile will be cut off, then a pile cap will be set on top of it.
They are made of concrete, yams, threads, filaments or the like having a basis of a thermoplastic material CAPACITY OF PILE The maximum allowable structural working load (Safe Working Load) of the pile is calculated in accordance with BS 8004.
22
Pile Cap Detailings Pile Cap Elevation
Reinforced
Foundation Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
Column Floor Slab Crushed Stones
Expansion joint
Pile Cap Construction Process
Pile Cap
1.Shuttering and Reinforcing
Placing the Re-bar inside the frame work before pouring in the cement. The materials used are long twisted steel bars between piles held in shape by thinner tie wires. Pile Pile Cap
Pile Cap Section Reinforce Bar N3
2. Setting up Framework
Once the steel mat is laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the wet concrete mixture.
3.Pouring in the Concrete
The concrete contains an aggregate of small rocks and cement. Once poured, The concrete is stirred to remove any air pockets that might weaken the structure when set. The concrete undergoes an exothermic chemical change as it hardens and this produce a lot of heat.
Reinforce Bar N2 Reinforce Bar N1 Mud Slab Pile N1
N2/N3
Pile Cap Plan
23
Reinforced
Column Load
Foundation Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
Load Bearing Wall
Thikness :3”
Reinforced Concrete Grade
Pile Foundation Elevation
Thickness :6” Thickness may vary from column load
Pile Section
Concrete
Spaced 2’-6” to 4’-0”
Types of Pointed Pile Shoe Reinforce Steel Bar
Standing Pile Foundation Piles depend on the bearing resistance of the rock or soil layer beneath their feet for support
X-pointed shoe: Moderate to hard driving
Fabricated Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driving
Steel Shoe or Rock Shoe
Cast-iron Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driving
Olso Point: Hard Driving
24
Flooring System
25
Flooring System Material & details
by
Masoud Ramedani
Floors are combination of materials in to a horizontal structure. It should support both the live load which are people and furnishing , and dead loads such as the weight of floor it self. The most important thing about floor system is to take the weight and the pressure and than transfer it to the walls or columns. Floors also are important for being sound resistance between the levels and being fire proof
Rebar
Cement/Concrete
Braces
Welded Wires
26
Flooring System Different floor systems
by
Masoud Ramedani
There are 3 different type of floor system , concrete , wood/timber & steel Wood/Timber floor system The wood or timber floor system , usually use in the framing , as an example for the roof and most of the time for top parts they use wood or timber , Wood floor system is easier to use , and at the same time is it faster as well , can also connect them in a faster way with simple tools Here are some examples to show the connection of the wood floor systems and Wood framing method.
Carpet
Steel Bracket
Plywood Filling Felt
Wood Beams
27
Flooring System Construction Method
by
First of all they make a Foundation , after that building the platform framing. Joists, studs, rafters and plates are the members that are used to construct platform framing. After that the sand blinding and the minimum of 100mm concrete will be poured in to the platform.
Masoud Ramedani
Steel Floor System Basically steel frame has some benefits over the others , that’s why now days they try to use steel frame work in their building as floor system method. Steel , is cheaper material and lighter as well , hence even these two reasons can be enough to use this type of method for the floor system to use. But this is not the end, Steel is a recycle material , which means they can use them more times than other materials and even when it was out of work they can sell it because it is a recycle material , which means it is more beneficial. Also steel can be tensioned that is very good to use with the concrete since the concrete has expansion in some cases.
Here are some examples of the Steel frame method Rebar
Girder Steel Bracket
Reinforced Concrete
Stone
Rebar
Steel Column Concrete Slab Steel Deck
Wood Beams
Filler Beams
28
Flooring System by
Concrete Floors For the concrete floor system method , there are two types , either they mix the concrete at the site or they just bring the mixed and ready concrete it and pour it , they mix the cement and sand and other mixtures , they pour into the platform that they made before in the site. After they made it clear and straight surface , than the drying process will start. They also have to cover it , so the rain or dust won’t affect on the quality of the job.
Concrete Floor -Applied on area which frequently exposed to water -More durable smooth concrete.
Parallel Grooved Concrete Floor -Non–Slip and highly wear resistant. -Applied on parking lot -Applied on ramp
Masoud Ramedani
Cement Flooring Cement floors will be used in some other special places as ground levels that they want to put other materials at the top of it as ceramics or tiles. In this type of flooring they pour some sand or stones first and after that they put cement on it and wait for the drying process and after that they finish it with putting some tiles or ceramics at the top.
Ceramic tiles 5cm thickness of cement
Cement Stone or Sand
29
Flooring System by
Masoud Ramedani
Advantages & disadvantages of all three different methods of floor systems Concrete Advantages • • • • •
Abundance Cheap Familiar construction technique Strength Durability
Wood/Timber
Disadvantages • • •
Low in tensile strength Need reinforcement Loses the shape in different temperature
• • • •
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fast Light Quickly assembled High fire resistance rating
• • •
Expensive Only 3times can be used Heavy
Steel Advantages • • • •
Lighter than timber Stronger Easier to join Recyclable
Disadvantages • • •
Hard to find Rare material Expensive material
30
Formwork, Reinforcement,
and
Scaffolding.
31
The temporarystructure required to supportnewlyplaced concrete, includingtheformsandallnecessarysupportingmembers,bracing,and hardware.Boardingorsheetingofwood,metal,plastic,orfiberglassfor containingandgivingadesiredshapetonewlyplacedconcreteuntilitsets andgainssufficientstrengthtobeself-supporting.Thenitwillberemoved to be reuse in most cases.
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Type of formwork.
The formwork appication we've found on our site are woodform work and metal (aluminium) formwork. this is an application of system formwork
Aluminium formwork wall panel
wood formwork wall panel
•
• • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
The formwork is specifically designed to allow rapid construction on all types of architectural layout. ToTal system forms the complete concrete structure. Custom designed to suit project requirements. Unsurpassed construction speed. high quality finish. cost effective. panels can be reused up to 300 times. erected using unskilled labour. environmental friendlier than other systems. higher cost compared to timber formwork. require sepcial tools to assemble and dissemble
Supplier: MPE FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY SDN. BHD.
easier to handle due to its light weight. Custom designed to suit project requirements. an aesthetically pleasing architectural effect can be achieved. lower initial cost than steel formwork higher availbility. panels can be reused up to 3-5 times. with treatment such as paint and oil. highly depending on the quility and treatment to the wood. erected using unskilled labour it requires no special tools..
32
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding
FORM LINER,
material for linning the inside face of a form specially selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to the concrete surface
RELEASE AGENT,
ANY VARIOUS MATERIALS, SUCH AS OIL OR SILICONE, FOR PREVENTING THE BONDING OF CONCRETE TO A SURFACE. ALSO CALLED PARTING COMPOUND. IN OUR SITE, DIESEL OIL ARE APPLIED ONTO THE WOODFORM WORK.
BULKHEAD
A PARTITION CLOSING THE END OF A FOAM OR PREVENTING THE PASSAGE OF NEWLY PLACED CONCRETE AT A CONSTRUCTION JOINT.
SCAFFOLDING
finishing effects
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
BRACING WOOD STUDS, SPREADER
A HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS, AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EMBANKMENT. ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER, RANGER, WALE.
WALER
A HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS, AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EMBANKMENT. ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER, RANGER, WALE.
YOKE
A CLAMPING DEVICE FOR KEEPING COLUMN FORMS OR THE TOPS OF WALL FORMS FROM SPREADING UNDER THE FLUID PRESSURE OF NEWLY
33
Formwork member: BRACE
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding SCAFFOLDING
NAILED TO SOLDIER AND KICKER.
SHUTTER SOLDIIERS NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER
BATTEN
PLYWOOD FORMS CAN BE SMOOTH, OR BE SANDBLASTED OR WIREBRUSHED TO ACCENTUATE THE GRAIN PATTERN OF THE FACE PLY. PICTURE BELOW IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION.
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee Formtie
formtie are required to keep form spreading under the fluid pressure of newly places concrete. while various property fomrs are available, there are two basic type snap ties and she bolts, but only snap ties are used in this site.
Snap ties
it has notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping of the forms. either cones or washers are used to maintain the correct wall thickness
Small, truncated cone of wood, steel, or plastic, attached to form tiesto space and spread wall forms, leave a neatly finished depression in the concrete surface to be filled or left expose
34
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding
Formwork member:
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
STUD PIN
IT IS INSERTED INTO THE BRACING BRACCING STIRRUP TO LINK WALL PANEL TOGETHER.
WALL TIE/BRACE STIRRUP
IT IS INSERTED INTO THE BRACING BRACCING STIRRUP TO LINK WALL PANEL TOGETHER.
INSTALLATION:
A WALL PANEL ARE SET VERTICALLY. THEN, A BOLT ARE INSERTED THROUGH AN OPENING TO A WALL TIE OR BRACE STIRRUP WHICH IS ALLIGN ON THE OTHER END; A STUD WILL SLOT INTO THE OPENING ON THE BOLT TO LOCK THE STUD PIN. THIS METHOD WILL REPEAT UNTIL THE WALL ARE SET INTO THE DESIRED SHAPE.
STRIPPING TOOL
DISMANTLING TOOL THAT REMOVE FORMWORK PANEL AFTER CONCRETE ALBE TO SELF-SUSTAIN.
OTHER APPLICATION
FORMWORK ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT SOME DIFFERENT FORM FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. IN THIS CASE, FORMWORK ARE APPLIED IN ORDER TO CONSTRUCT A PILE CAP.
35
inareinforcedconcrete,steelbars/rebarsresisttensileforcesandshear whileconcreteresistscompressionforce.thereare2typesofrebar:plain ordeformed.deformationimprovethebondbetweensteelandconcrete.
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee DOWELS
IT IS TIES TO A COLUMN TO SUPPORT BEAM AND SLAB. IT IS ALSO USED TO EXTEND OVERLAP VERTICAL BAR EXTEND DOWN INTO FOOTIG OR PILE CAP FAR ENOUGH TO DEVELOP ADEQUATE LENGTH FOR ANCHORAGE.
MILD STEEL REBAR
IT HAS MANYAPPLICATION INSIDE A CONSTRUCTION SIDE. IT IS OFTEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING A COLUMN AND DEFORM INTO DESIRED SHAPE FOR OTHER USAGE. THE FOLLOWING IMAGE ARE SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS.
LATERAL TIES
LATERAL REINFOREMENT RESTRAINS THE VERTICAL REINFORCEMENTAND STRENGTHENS THE COLUMN AGAINST BUCKLING. IMAGE BELOW SHOW THE APPLICATION.
PILE CAP COLUMN FINAL PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN BEND INTO SPECIFICATION.
BAR BENDING MACHINE
IT IS USED TO BEND THE REBAR ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS.
36
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
BRC WIRE MESH
IT IS OFTEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING FLOOR SYSTEM.
37
scaffolding is a temporary structure or platform for supporting workersandmaterialsataheightabovethefloororgroundduriongthe constructionorrepairofabuilding.alsocalledstaging.italsosupport constructionactivirtieslikeconcreting,formworkinstallation.besides,it issettotemporarystructuressuchasrubbishchute,catchplatform,walk way, safety net etc.
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
LGITH SCAFFOLDING
IT IS COMMONLY USED IN THIS SITE. PICTURE ON THE RIGHT SHOWS A SERIES OF SCAFFOLD ARE SUPPORTING WALKING BOARD FOR WORKERS TO WORK ABOVE GROUND LEVEL.
WORKERS ARE TRYING TO HOIST UP THE VERTICAL FRAME FROM GROUND LEVEL TO LEVELABOVE.
38
Formwork, Reinforcement, & Scaffolding
Scaffolding member:
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
JET BASE
IT HAS ADJUSTABKE LEVELING FEATURE WHICH ALLOW THE WORKER TO ADJUST DESIRED HEIGHT. A PIN IS SET INTO THE HOLE OF INNER TUBE, THEN SLIDING THE SCREW POSITION TO CERTAIN LEVEL..
HEAD
IT HAS A CLAMP OR BRACE FOR STRENGTHENING OR HOLDING METAL BAR TO ENABLE WALKING BOARD CAN LAY ON A EVEN SURFACE.
INNER TUBE HEAD
IT HAS A CLAMP OR BRACE FOR STRENGTHENING OR HOLDING METAL BAR. IN THIS CASE IT ACT AS A BASE TO ACCOMODATE THE SITUATION.
JOINT PIN
IT ALLOW VERTICAL FRAME EXTEND ITS HEIGHT BY JOINING ANOTHER FRAME ABOVE IT.
CROSS BRACE
TWO DIAGONAL SUPPORT PLACED IN A X SHAPED MANNER THAT CONNECT VERTICAL FRAME TO EACH OTHER..
39
FALSEWORK
THE TEMPORARY FRAMWORK FOR SUPPORTING A STRUCTURE UNDER CONSTRUCTION THAT IS NOT YET CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING ITSELF. IN THIS CASE, SCAFFOLDING ARE USED AS SUPPORTING MEMBER. THE SCAFFOLDING WILL BE REMOVE ONCE THE STRUCTURE HAS GAIN ENOUGH STREGHT TO SELF-SUPPORT.
40
Wall System.
41
Super Structure
Wall are the vertical construction of a building that enclose seperate, and protect its interior spaces. some wall are constructed as loadbearing structure with combination or fusion of construction that are intend to support loads from slabs to roofs; and some use as partition wall to distinguish one space with other.
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Function of walls: 1. To support vertical load 2. Exteriior wall, able to withstand horizontal wind loading. 3. Serve as shear walls and transfer lateral win and seismic forces to the ground foundation..
Types of wall (at site): 1. concrete wall 2. mansory wall. 3. retaining wall.
retaining wall
concrete wall
mansory wall
42
Super Structure WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Construction of Concrete Wall: 1st step Prepare timber formwork.
2nd step Nailed to side shutter
3rd step Erect formwork
BEAM, OVERHAND CENTILEVER,
SLAB.
4th step
Concrete mix is poured into formwork
5th step
Formwork is removed
6th step
Completed reinforece concrete shear wall
43
Super Structure
Construction of Concrete column:
WALL SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF CONCRETE COLUMNS ARE SIMILAR TO CONCRETE WALL.
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
1ST STEP
4TH STEP
PREPARE TIMBER FORMWORK.
CONCRETE MIX IS POURED INTO FORMWORK
2ND STEP
5TH STEP
NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER
FORMWORK IS REMOVED
3RD STEP
6TH STEP
ERECT FORMWORK
COMPLETED REINFORECE CONCRETE SHEAR WALL
FOR ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SEE TUPIC FORMWORK, REINFORMENT, AND SCAFFOLDING.
44
Mansory wall consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression. In our site, clay brick are commonly use due to its thermal insulation property. Most of the wall (semi-detached house) are non-load bearing except wall that seperate the two house and related wall. There is a wall warranty that cover first 5 years only.
Clay brick.
Super Structure WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Mansory at at top level. Running bond.
commonly used for cavity and veneer walls, is composed of overlapping strechers.
Rowlock.
45
in a reinforced concrete, steel bars/rebars resist tensile forces and shear while concrete resists compression force. there are
2
types of rebar: plain or
deformed. deformation improve the bond between steel and concrete.
Super Structure WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Cement or Mortar
Dowel Bars It is fixed to reinforce concrete wall about every 4 course brickwall.
Chicken Wire mesh or Exmet Reinforcement component that apply to reinforece concrete every 4 course brickwall.
Damp proof Concrete
Ensure the first layer of bricks placed within the damp proof membrane area.
46
Super Structure WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Typical erection at selected site:
4th stage 1st stage
substrate must be clean, and free of surface contaminat. Remove dust, laitance, grease, oils, curing compound, form release agent and all foreign particles by mechanical means. create a floor slab before start laying claybrick.
2nd stage
apply damp proof concrete whence, this site has been using Sika product as their building material.
Start laying brick on top of the slab and apply the mixture to adhensive the following claybrick in a running english order. A manson’s line act as a guide to set bricks in a straight row.
5th stage
Remove the excessive mortar to prepare a clean surface for plastering work.
3rd stage
Gauging method are carried out to ensure that the correct designation of mortar is achieved. In our selected site, cement, lime, sand, are used to construct reinforce concrete wall. This particular type of material, the working quality are guarantee, water retention, and adhesion.
Sika apply inside toilet wall system to prevent water penetration from attacking the material.
47
Super Structure WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee Concrete beading Act a guide or plaster work to straighten the edges, act as a guide line and often use on arc.
Use nylon threat act as a guide line to get straight the beading straight.
Corner beading Act as a reinforce exterior angles of plasterwork. Flexible corner beads may be bent for curve edges. In this case the edge of this wall has used F-reveal at the corner.
In this photograph, a F-reveal also has been applied to the column for plasterwork.
Concrete beading also been use at a curve arc.
48
Brick Wall Extrude inward to create requried degree space of acoustical seperation, and accommodate when necessary the distribution and outlets of mechanical and electrical
This illustration shows a fire alarm box set into the hollow on brickwall afterward.
Super Structure WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Process of Plasterwork: Substrate surface preparation shall provide a clean and sound surface with a finish profile of a CSP-1 to 4 as per ICRI Technical Guidlines. Pre-soak to provide saturated surface dry (SSD) substrate condition before apply coating material.
Apply 2 coats of SikaTop Seal 107 with a stiff bristled brush, broom, notched trowel, or hopper type spray equipment. In this case, the wall has extrude inward to accomodate the electrical system of the building.
49
Staircase
50
Stairs are important links in an overall circulation scheme of a building as it provide means for moving from one level to another. Whether interjecting a two-story volume or rising through a narrow shaft, a stairway takes up a significant space. The most important considerations in the design and placement of stairs are the safety and its ease of travel. To prevent overly complicated framing conditions at the later stages of construction, the landings of a stairway should be logically integrated with the structural system.
Superstructure Stairs by
Jiilian Goh Joon Jin
Terminology Step: The step is composed of the tread and riser. Tread: The part of the stairway which is stepped on. Riser: The vertical portion between each tread on the stair. Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath. Bullnose: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower floor may be wider than the other steps and rounded. Stringer: The structural member that supports the treads and rises. Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to change the direction of the stairs without landings. Trim: Normally applied where walls meet floors and often underneath treads to hide the reveal where the tread and riser meet/ Handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side. Guardrail: Required to protect the open glazed sides of stairways, ramps, porches, and unenclosed floor and roof openings. Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a stopped handrail to a higher handrail on the balcony or landing. Landing: A platform between flights of the stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs.
51
Types of Stair Plans
Straight-Run Stair - A straight-run stair extends from one level to another, absence of turns or winders - Building codes generally limit the vertical rise between landings to 12’ (3660).
Half-Turn Stair - A half-turn stair turns 180̊̊ or through two right-angles at the intervening landing - A half-turn stair is more compact than a single straight-run stair - The two fights connected by the landing may be equal or unequal, depending on the desired proportion of the stairway opening.
Quarter-Turn Stair - A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair makes a right angled turn in the path of travel - The two flights connected by an intervening landing may be equal or unequal, depending on the desired proportion of the stairway opening
Winding Stair - A winding stair is any stairway constructed with winders, as a circular or spiral stair. - Winders can be hazardous since they offer little foothold at their interior corners. Building codes generally restrict the use of winders to private stairs within individual dwelling units.
Pic 1 shows an example of half-turn stair at the construction site. Pic 2 shows a finished winding stair at the semi-detached house.
52 Pic 1
Pic 2
In-Situ Reinforced Concrete Stairs (Construction method) Formwork may vary for different types of reinforced stairs but the basic principles do still apply for all. Timber formwork is observed in the construction site. The solid wooden boards must be load bearing to support the weight of the concrete. Several fixtures are used to join and fasten the riser boards to the lateral structure of the formwork. The reinforcement bars (joist) are installed in the formwork. Simple reinforced concrete steps is based on the following requirements: - concrete mix of M15 (1:2:4) / 20mm aggregate - minimum “cover” to reinforcement 15mm or bar diameter or greater value for 1 hour fire resistance
53
Measurements The rise height or rise of each step is measured from the top of the first tread to the next. The tread depth of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser. The going of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view. The total run or total going of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last riser. Total Run = (No. Risers - 1) x Unit Run The total rise of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is spanning. If there are N steps, the total rise equals N times the rise of each step.
In-situ reinforced Concrete
The slope or pitch of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth, due to the nosing). Headroom is the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.
There are many types of materials use in stairs construction.
Pic 1
Wood They have poor resistance to fire and only used for small residential buildings. They are light-weight and the timber used should be free from fungal decay or insect attack. The wood should be well treated before use. In-Situ Reinforced Concrete (Pic 2)) It is usually designed as an inclined, one way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. It acts as a simple beam if the stair is constructed after the floor beam or wall supports. If it is cast with the beam or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful analysis of load, span, and support conditions. Steel Pre-engineered and prefabricated steel stairs are available. They require regular maintenance in the form of painting to protect from corrosion. Mostly used for spiral stairs and made up of mild steel or cast iron.
54 Pic 2
Standard Requirements: Stairway design is strictly regulated by the building code. The dimensions of the stairway are subjected to the requirements approved by the Department of Standards Malaysia. Risers and Treads - Tread depth: 11” (280) minimum - Riser height: 4” (100) minimum; 7” (180) maximum - Uniform riser and tread dimensions are required to prevent slipping - More than 16 risers per flight are not encouraged - Open risers are not permitted Stairway Width - The occupant load determines the required width of an exit stairway. - 44” (1120) minimum clear width; 36” (915) minimum for stairways serving an occupant load of 49 or less Landings - Landings should be at least as wide as the stairway width and have minimal length of 44” (1120) measured in the direction of travel. Landings in dwelling units may have a minimum length of 36” (915). - When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width by more than 7” (180). Handrails - Required on both sides of the stair. The building code allows exceptions for stairs in individual dwelling units, stairways less than 44” (1120) wide and stairs having less than four risers. - 34” to 38” (865 to 965) height above the leading edge of the stair treads or nosings. - Should be continuous without any obstruction - One handrail should extend at least 12” (305) plus one tread width beyond the bottom riser. The ends should return smoothly to a wall or walking surface, or continue to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.
If there is a door at the landing, the door should swing in the direction of egress and door swing must not reduce the landing to less than one half of its required width. - When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width by more than 7” (180).
Detailed Analysis - The stairs have full landing - Closed risers - Absence of skirting - Treads’ width meets the standard requirements. - Riser’s height meets the standard requirements. - Landings and stairs have equal width - Single handrail as permitted in dwelling units
55
Door
and
Window
56
Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces which is provide access from outside to inside. There are variety types and style of doors that followed by different function. For the installation, there will be some criteria that need to be considered, size, strength and durability, apperance, weather proofing, material, finishing and head of opening. Door
General doors operation
Door DOOR
and
Window
by Julia Shenjaya
Type of door frame on site
Type of door operation and dimension on site 1. Panel door - For the main opening door. - Wood rail and stile doors which consist of a frame of vertical stiles and horizontal rails that hold solid wood. - The tiles and rails are vendered hardwood.
1. The aluminium door frames standard gauge is 14, 16 and 18. This door frame profiles vary with manufacturer and also it reinforced to receive hinges, strike and closer.
1. Rough: The opening of the wall to fiting the doorframe. 2. Head: The uppermost member of door frame. 3. Jambs: Preventing the ingress of moisture from outer leaf to inner leaf. 4. Stop: Projecting part of the door frame against which a door closes. 5. Casing: The trim that finishes the joint between the doorframe and its rough opening. 6. Threshold: The silll of the doorway to prevent weather issues at an exterior door. 7. Door hardware: Adequate lock for security, which include the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets and closers.
2. Sliding door 2. The wood door frame visually appealing, because of the natural appearane and provide excellent insulation.
- For the door that face to the garden. - The function of the door, to have an intetaction from inside to outside. - Material for sliding door is steel frames and normal tinted green glass.
57
Door
Door Conctruction Method
DOOR
and
Window
by Julia Shenjaya
A wood was nailed between two door frames to stabilize it.
1. Before hand, the contractor need to measure the distance between one door to another door. Stand the aluminium door frame and use timber to support the doorway before the wall was built.
Due to the flat surface on the floor, to hold the wood from slipping, the rocks and bricks were used for it.
3. Installing the door leaf to the door frame. Make sure the the opening of the door frame was enough for jamb to slip over. The standard size of the doors opening are 24-36”. For sliding door, make sure to install the bottom track.
The other door Lever on the site
5. Install the lockset and another door hardware such as lockset to the door leaf and door frame.
Lintel
Door cramps or Door frame tie 2. Next step is installing the wall by stacking bricks and there will be a door cramps between one level of brick stacking that used to tie the internal and external wall to door leaf. On the top of doorframe also have a lintel to support the weight of the bricks on top of the doorframe. The lintel that used in the site construction is concrete lintel.
The lockset
4. Nail the Jamb to the door frame at the leg first, next go to the header of the door frame. For sliding door, need to level it and install it by using the punch holes and brush gasket.Make sure the jamb was attached to the door frame. installing the hinge on the jamb. The hinge was avaiable in steel, brass nylon and aluminium.
The hinge that used on site construction
Door strike
58 The Finishing door
Window is the other opening after a door. Windows need to be aesthetically acceptable by Door and Window WINDOW the design of the building and environment. Installation of windows need to follow the minimum requirement, to ensure the function. Windows are designed with such requirement by Julia Shenjaya to resist wind loading,providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing and the vision contact from inside to outside. Window
General windows operation
Type of window frame on site
Type of door operation and dimensionon on site 1. Fixed Window - For the exterior window. - Fixed cannot be open or adjust - 0% ventilating
2. Casement window 1. Head is the uppermost member of door frame 2. Jamb: either two side members of door frame 3. Exterior casing: Not always used. 4. Rough opening : Space require at he top, sides,and bottom for levelling window unit. 5. Casing trim: Finishing trim work around window opening. 6. Sash: movable framework which panes of glass are set. 7. Glazing: sheet of glass set in the sashes of window and offer little resistance to heat flow. 8. Sills: collect the rainwater which has run down the face of the window and shed it clear of the wall bellow.
-For bedroom the windows which faced to the garden. - Can be adjust. -100% ventilating - Material for sliding door is steel frames and normal tinted green glass. 1. Aluminium window frame relatively low in cost, light weight, and resistance to corrosion, water pressure, and air infiltration. Can be using in large scale.
59
Door
Window Conctruction Method
WINDOW
and
Window
by Julia Shenjaya A concrete lintel
A timber
1.Stacking the brick to form half wall and putting the frame on it. Lintel was used to hold the pressure of brick above, so it is not colapse while install the window frame on it or after finish installing whole window. The lintel that used in the site construction is concrete lintel. Timber at middle were used to supporting the windows frame and make sure it is stable.
3. Do the checking of the sub frame before combining the sub frame to the window frame. After that do the plastering on the wall. The sub frame can be cleaned of any dust and debris.
5. The material for the windows is green tinted glass which can break into sharp pieces, and using the double glazing method.
Aluminium wrap by Vinyl
2. .Install the aluminium sub-frame by using Anchor bolt heads and joints to the external wall. Seal the flashing tape or sealant to make it attach to the wall and also to prevent the water to go inside when it is raining. The alluminium was wrapped by the vinyl.
4. Install the window to sub-frame. The finishing casement window.
60
Roof
61
Roof
LAYOUT PLAN
by Lim Choon Wah
LAYOUT PLAN
Gable Roof – Triple Howe Truss
Gable Roof – Triple Howe Truss
Shed Roof – Half Truss Mono
R.C. Slab
Gable Roof – Triple Howe Truss
Shed Roof
- Sloping Flat Truss
Void
62
Roof
TYPE OF ROOF FRAMES & TRUSS
by Lim choon wah
Type Of Roof Frames
Gable Roof Straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a peak or triangle on the side or front facade. The inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.
Mono Pitch Roof Single roof face falling away from the main building. The inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.
Shed Roof
A gabled roof with a single roof falling down from the main building same as mono- pitched roof. The inclination can't exceeding 10 degrees.
Type Of Truss
Triple Howe
A Howe Trusses are meant to span up to 36 feet and a Double Howe is rated for as much as 60 feet. The longest Howe Truss design is the Triple Howe, and it is designed for spans ranging from 54 feet to 80 feet in length.
Half Truss Mono
A mono truss has only one slope as opposed two (half of a common truss).
Sloping Flat
A Sloping Flat Truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling. It may be top or bottom chord bearing. This truss has parallel chords, both of which slope at the same angle, with a vertical post at each end..
63
Roof
METAL ROOF DECKING & INSULATION
Metal Roof Decking
by Lim choon wah If the deck spans are greater than 5', it's required to side-lap fastening at mid span or every 3" but if lesser than 5' is not required.
Metal Deck
Reflecting sun and heat to protect dwelling from damaging ray and weathering.
Aluminum Foil
Use in roofs and wall applications for barn Conversions and for the internal insulation.
Rock Wool
Installed to improve thermal and acoustic performance of roofs.
Chicken Wire Mesh
Lay down on steel rafter to hold the rock wool with high tensile strength and corrosion resistance.
Steel Rafter
To support the roof system which good strength, Rigid , Durable, Light Weight, easy workability, and corrosion protection .
Aluminum Foil
Rock Wool
Chicken Wire Mesh
Aluminum Foil PE (Polyethylene) Kraft Paper Reinforcing Glass Fibre Aluminum Foil Made by multi layer radiant barrier of low emissivity and It will stop as much as 97% of radiant heat transfer.
How Insulation Works
Sisalation Insulated Made from stone wool which are fire resistance, excellent acoustics and thermal control, durable in lifetime , sustainable materials and reduce waste.
Shape of hexagonal wire netting is durability, easy to use, corrosion & rust resistance and longer service life.
Uninsulated
Sisalation sustains a constant and comfortable temperature in a building by preventing heat transfer between indoor and outdoor climates.
64
Roof
INSTALLATION PROCESS
Installation Process
Flat Roof
2) The purlins are installed one by one on the steel rafter which has a 5 degree pitch.
4) The chicken wire mesh then placed on the metal decks for hold the aluminum foil.
1) Installing the steel rafter on the reinforced concrete wall.
by Lim Choon wah
Pitched Roof
3) The metal decks are putting onto the purlins and supported by the purlins.
1)Putting the steel trusses on the reinforced concrete wall with bolts and steel brackets.
2) Install the purlins above the above chord to strength the truss system.
5) The aluminum foil then Installed on the chicken wire mesh to reflect the heat from the sunlight.
3) After that, put the chicken wire mesh above the purlins to hold the rock wool.
4) Than lay the rock wool above the chicken wire mesh for sound and heat insulation. .
6) Putting another layer of fiber glass wool on the aluminum foil for sound and heat insulation.
7) Than add another metal for leaving space for drainage between the decks and the edges.
5) Insert another layer of aluminum foil to reflect the heat.
6) Final put the metal decks above the aluminum foils with bolts.
65
Roof
ROOF TERMINOLOGY
by lim choon wah
Roof Terminology Ridge Gable
Valley Rafter
Common Rafter
Soffits
Jack Rafter
Fascia
Valley Rafter
Internal junction between two roof slopes.
Ridge
Intersection at the top of two slopes in a pitched roof.
Pipe
Gable
Ventilate pipe for exhaust the gases.
The part of a wall that encloses the end of a pitched roof.
Hip Rafter
An exterior angle formed by the junction of two slopes.
Common Rafter
Jack Rafter Verge
The edge of a roof.
Fascia & Soffits
Fascia hangs down below the bottom line of roof tiles. Soffit is the horizontal surface that fit the gap between the bottom of the fascia and the wall for ventilation.
Eaves
The lowest point of a roof where water drains into the gutter. .
66
Roof
TRUSS TERMINOLOGY by lim choon wah
Truss Terminology Apex Top Chord
Purlins
Collar Ties Posts Webs
Bottom Chord
Top Chord
The steel rafter which runs to the top of the truss.
Apex
The highest point of the truss.
Collar Ties
Purlins
Bind with the rafter together to resist uplift when strong winds.
The long horizontal steel lay above the top chord.
Nail Plate Posts
Webs
To resist against lateral wind and seismic forces.
Is a short aluminium which runs from the bottom chord to the top chord.
Wall Plate RC Wall
To support the load of roof structures.
Bottom Chord
Normal Span
Brandering
The length of the bottom beam that spans the wall frames
Splice
The large horizontal member of steel at the bottom of the truss.
Overhang
The top chord which extends from the wall.
67
Roof
Joint
JOINT
Steel Rafter Aluminum Hollow Rectangular Bar
Power Tools
Purlins
by lim choon wah
Aluminum Hat Channel
Aluminum C Channel Aluminum Channel Aluminum Z Channel
Hammer Drill
Screw Gun Aka Nail Gun
Combination of hammer and drilling modes.
Screw
Steel Brackets
Screw guns auto-feed screws from a clip.
L- Shaped of steel brackets.
Square steel brackets.
Showing the screw penetrate the masonry wall and steel rafter.
To show the joint between steel brackets and screw to hold the aluminum channel and onto the masonry bricks. Tapping range up to 10ga mean 0.25cm for aluminum thickness.
Section view of steel brackets and bolts.
How bolts work together with steel brackets to joint the steel rafter and purlins
A screw tapping through the aluminum channel.
Properly driven Driven straight, good penetration and compressed firmly against the surface.
Improperly driven Driven misaligned, overdriven, and under driven which could contribute to leakage and poor engagement.
The fasteners penetrate the metal decks and the steel rafter.
68
Roof
Connection
CONNECTION
Internal Support Connection
by lim choon wah The connection between R.C. beams and bottom chord Bolted together by L-brackets and bolts. The bottom chord, posts and webs are bolt together.
Apex Connection
Posts L-Brackets
X
Bottom Chord
Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mm
Apex Plate
Top Chord King Posts
R.C. Beams
Bottom ChordX
Section X - X
Bottom Chord Connection
End Connection
The overhang of top chord and concrete brick are bolt together by L-brackets.
Top Chord
The top chord are bolt into the brick wall by L-brackets with 8 screws.
The bottom chord are bolt into the R.C beams by L-brackets with 8 screws.
Brick Wall L-Brackets
Upper Beam/ Brick Wall Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mm
SelfDrilling Screw
The apex plat e is apply between the top chord and king posts. Than bolted it with 6 screws.
Posts L-Brackets
Brick Wall
The overhang of bottom chord lay down on gap of bricks than applied concrete to fill it.
Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mm
L-Brackets
Posts L-Brackets
Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mm
Posts Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mm
Bottom Chord
R.C. Beams
Bottom Chord Bottom Chord
R.C. Beams
69
Roof
Bracing Purlin Bracing
BRACING Purlin which bolted above the top chord to limiting any bending movement and the spans for each is 700mm. Top Chord
by lim choon wah
Web Bracing
W Top Chord
Purlin Bracing
Top Chord
Section W - W
Purlin Bracing
The web bracing sometimes required on roof truss are called continuous lateral braces to keep the truss web from buckling and falling over
W
Side View
Bottom Chord Bracing
Plan View
Web Bracing
Posts
Collar Tie
Bottom Chord Front View
Post Bracing Vertical sway bracing must be required between the top and bottom chords of adjacent trusses to provide resistance against lateral Z wind and seismic forces.
Bottom chord braces which bolted below the bottom chord to limiting any bending. Bottom Chord Bottom Chord Bracing Y
Post Bracing
Post Bracing Bottom Chord
Section Y - Y
Y Bottom Chord Bracing
Side View
Collar Tie
Collar Tie
Plan View
Side View
Z Section Z - Z
Front View
70
Roof
MECHANICAL SERVICES, CEILING & WORKER
Mechanical Services
by lim choon wah
Ventilate pipe
Electrical Upper R.C. Beam The electrical wires were applied into the PVC casing and tied with aluminum wire between the bottom chord or R.C. Beam
Ventilation Pipe is an extension of the waste that runs up through the roof to the exterior for venting of exhaust gases and to maintain atmospheric pressure in the waste system.
PVC Casing
Aluminum Wire
L-Bracket
Vent Flashing
Ceiling
Roof Rafter
Water Tank
Wall
Ceiling
Workers The ceiling panels were supported by the bottom chord and the concrete beams by hanging with suspension rod.
Steel Beams Suspension Rod Bracket Suspension Rod Suspension Clip Ceiling Panels
The worker use his right leg step on the top chord with full force to squad down to his work. Tile Hold-Down Clip Main Tee
The worker use his left leg step on the purlins with less force to assist his stability but If full force will cause the purlins bend down.
v
71
Roof
Flashing
FLASHING
Ridge Flashing
by lim choon wah
The steel covering over the ridge to create cover and seal between two slopes to against the rain and wind.
Typical Outside Closure
Screw
Penetrate the bolt though ridge and metal deck.
Ridge Metal deck
Closure
Seal together with outside and inside closure.
Silicone
Using sealant tube to seal it.
Pipe Flashing -Flexible, weather resistant EPDM rubber or silicone -Aluminum base is flexible to conform to any panel profile -Grey EPDM is ozone and ultraviolet resistance -Appropriate pipe size diameter listed on flashing to assure proper fit
Typical Inside Closure
Applied closure to prevent water getting in and seal between the ridge and metal deck .
Material
-EPDM rubber or silicone -Aluminum base
Installation Process
Fastener
- 1/4 -1 x 1-1/8” stainless cap head - Corrosion resistant fasteners - Number of fasteners from 13-30 pieces.
Sealant Tube
Apply on bottom base to assure a proper seal to beware from water getting in. Applied additional sealant can be applied around base after installation.
Ventilate Pipe
Edge Flashing Properties
-Can be stretches to any shape, seals & stays -Large square & round ducts & penetrations -Flash between dissimilar materials & roof profiles -Paintable after installation -Handles vibration & expansion
-Grey TPE
Before flashing on the corner between metal deck roof & R.C. wall
3) Mold the flexible base to the panel contours
4) Faster with 13-30 pieces of self drilling fastener around the base
Installation Process
Material
1) Apply the sealant along the corner
Applications.
-metal roof and wall -concrete or masonry -sealing edges on all surfaces -Splicing, lapping, sealing to all surfaces -termination/joining ends of dekstrip
2) Apply sealant to the bottom of the base to seal up
1) Cut into proper pipe diameter to fit down to the pipe
After flashing on the corner between metal deck roof & R.C. wall
4) Than apply heat to seal edges
2) Apply splice tape on the dekstrip 5) Install the fasteners on the top & bottom edge
3) Than put another dekstip over the tape 6) Apply additional sealant on both fastened edges
72
Roof
Gutter System
GUTTER SYSTEM
by lim choon wah
Gutter & Downspout The gutters are vinyl, galvanized steel, or aluminum. The function is to let rainwater leading to the roof drains or gutters from the roof area.
Metal Decks
Drop Outlet End
Gutter
Joiner Corner
To protect the building from raining and wind.
Purlins
Elbow
To stable the truss and apply the metal decks on it.
Hanger Gutter
Leading the rain water from metal decks to it.
Connector Downspout Downspout Clip
Gutter
135 ° Internal Angle
R.C. Beam
Stop Ends
Made by fiber cement board which water, fire, termite, and weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally friendly. Than leaving a small gap between the soffit and R.C. Beam.
Fascia
A flat horizontal band around a roof's perimeter.
PVC Downspout
Leading the rainwater down from downspout to drainage.
Joint Connector
Gutter 90 ° Internal Angle
Soffit
Fascia Bracket
Scupper
Gutter mounted at low end of roof Leakage common at scupper. which better resistance on leakage.
Internal Drain Potential leakage area at drain same like scupper
73
This project allowed us to undertake an experiential learning opportunity. We have developed an understanding of building construction principles, various kinds of construction sequences, importance of basic detailing, construction joints and material applications. Due to the generosity of the construction site personnel who were willing to guide us along the way, we were exposed to construction technology and methods responding to the site context. The on-going assessments, site visits and discussions were beneficial to our analysis and documentation for this project. Through these weeks, we grasp a good understanding in the construction elements and its components, sequence along with the coordination of the site’s construction.
Summary by
Jiilian Goh Joon Jin
We had the opportunity to communicate with different kinds of people who were involved in the construction of the site, such as the contractor, the engineer and the construction workers. We first approached all aspects of this project with curiosity so that we have a fair understanding of the topics that were involved. Then, we picked a specific topic each and asked questions while sharing the knowledge with the rest of our teammates, in hopes that the discussions that follow through will provide a learning opportunity for everyone. We approached this project as a team so at the end, each of us is able to gain knowledge of how other parts of the buildings are constructed.
We would also like to express our gratitude to LBS Bina Group Bhd for the site visit permission, the site personnel for being patient with us .and lastly our tutor, AR Chin Tuck Heng for guiding us on the right path.
74
Referencing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Asaff, S. (n.d.). Installing Glass Blocks in a Window Frame. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/installing-glass-blocks-window-frame-59657.html Ching, F.D.K. (2012) A visual dictionary of architecture (2nd ed). New Jersey & Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken. Ching, F.D.K.. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Chicken Wire Mesh. (2014, May 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, f rom http://www.indiamart.com/chandratradingcompany/chicken-wire-mesh.html Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2004). Building construction handbook (5th ed., p. 721). London: Routledge. Designing the Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/design/choosing-products/roofing/designingthe-roof Flashings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http://stratco.com.au/products/flashings/types/flashings/flashings.asp Metal Roof Solutions. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://www.trusttrs.com/metalroofing.html Rockwool Twin Roll Loft Insulation. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from http://www.insulationshop.co/rockwool_twin_roll_loft_insulation_200mm.html Sealants. (2013, January 1). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://trianglefastener.com/brands/sealants.asp TH-TRUSS® System. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 22, 2014, from http://www.thunghing.com.my/metal-roof-truss-system.php What Kind of Trusses to Use for Different Roof & Ceiling Shapes. (2014, October 5). Retrieved October 22, 2014, from http://cortezcolorado.net/what-kind-of-trusses-to-use-for-different-roof-ceiling-shapes/
75
