BUILDING DRAWINGS DRAWINGS A.
Introduction Plans which provide builders with the information needed to construct buildings in which people live, work and play are called architectural architectural drawings.
The ability to read and interpret architectural drawings is essential to those in the building industry such as carpenters, bricklayers, electricians and plumbers. It is also useful for workers in timber yards, yards, hardware and building supply stores. In this course we will use the term building drawings instead of architectural drawings. B.
Clas Classi sifi fica cati tion on of draw drawin ings gs !" !"trac tracte ted d fr fro# SAB SABS S $%& $%&' ' ( %)) %))&* &* Information about a project project is normally given both on drawings and on written or printed sheets. To facilitate the presentation and to enable information to be found quickly, a drawing is classified according to the particular type of information to be communicated, and generally contains only that information which is appropriate appropriate to its category. Do not give information in a drawing that could be better included in a schedule, specification, or information sheet. S+etch drawings These are preliminary drawings, sketches, or diagrams that show the general intentions of the designer. These drawings may be done done freehand.
Design drawings These are amplified amplified sketch drawings by the designer designer that are sufficiently sufficiently dimensioned dimensioned and co ordinated to enable contract documents to be prepared if required, and to enable other members of the professional team concerned to complete their similar drawings. These drawings may may be done freehand. Wor+ing drawings These These are made up of localit locality y plans, plans, site plans, plans, and layout layout drawings drawings !which !which are unique unique", ", and component ranges, component details, and assembly drawings !which could be standardi#ed". Localit, -lan ig. %* $ locality plan is a plan that identifies the site and locates the outline of a building in relation to a town plan or other wider conte%t.
ig. %
1
Site -lan ig. /* $ site plan is a plan that indicates the si#e and features of a site and locates the positions of buildings in relation to them. It also contains other information required by the authority concerned, e.g. building lines, etc. &sually drawn to a scale of '()**.
ig. / La,out drawing ig. '* $ layout layout drawing drawing is a drawing drawing !including !including plans, plans, elevation, elevation, and sections" that shows the positions in a building occupied by the various spaces+ the general construction of the building+ the location of principal elements+ the components. components.
ig. ' 2
Co#-onent drawings0 a* Co#-on Co#-onent ent range range ig ig.. &* &* This is a drawing that shows the basic si#es and the system of reference for a set of components, e.g. windows, doors, etc.
W1
W2
W3
TIMBER WINDOW FRAME UNITS
ig. & b* Co#-on Co#-onent ent det detail ail ig ig.. 1* This is a drawing that shows all the information necessary for the manufacture of a component.
WINDOW FRAME UNIT SECTION A-A
ig. 1
3
c* Asse#b Asse#bl, l, drawin drawings gs ig. ig. 2* These are drawings that show in detail the construction of building, junctions in and between elements, between elements and components, and between components. components.
ig. 2 C.
Building -lans nce a design has been settled upon, the designer may now commence with full working drawings. drawings. $t this stage, the client will assist the designer by specifying specifying what types of finishes finishes will be required and these will be included included on the working drawings. drawings. Itemising Itemising even the smallest and most insignificant insignificant item will reduce the margin of error when construction begins.
-inal working drawings are e%tremely detailed and show elevations of the building from the north, south, east and west. west. Drawings will include sections and roof layouts, as well as a detailed floor floor plan with electrical and plumbing layouts. $ comprehensive set of working drawings should be provided to ensure that the contractor does not misinterpret plans. efore any structure can be built, the drawings or plans of the proposed structure with all relevant details must be submitted to the local authority for their approval. Plans are to be submitted submitted for( $ny wall ',) m or higher • Drainage • /wimming pools • $ny structure with a roof • $ny structure !when built" which deviates from the original plan must be resubmitted. •
4
loor -lan ig. 3* The floor plan shows the house as it would look from above, without the roof. &sually drawn to a scale of '('**.
ig. 3 4ertical sections ig. 5* 0ertical sections are used to show constructional details such as, roof construction, ceilings, walls, floors, floors, foundations, foundations, fillings, fillings, etc. /ections /ections also show the height from the floor floor to the ceiling, ceiling, doors and windows windows in section, foundation foundation walls and damp proof proof courses. It is usually drawn to a scale of '('** or '()*.
SECTION A-A
5
ig. 5 !le6ations ig. )* $n elevation is a drawing of of one side of a house. house. $ house usually has four sides. Thus there are four elevations elevations which can be shown shown on the plan 1 the front, back and end elevations. elevations. This is usually usually enough enough to show what the buildin building g will look like. -ig. -ig. 2 shows shows two elevation elevationss of a dwelling. The one is the north elevation !that will be the side facing north" and the other view is the west elevation.
3levation drawings show all the detail on the outside of a dwelling, like wallfinishing, door and window si#es, pitch of the roof, gutters, downpipes, ground level, steps, etc. &sually drawn to a scale of '('**.
NORTH ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION
ig. ) D.
Scales fo for different t, t,-es of of dr drawings 4T3( The The table is based on I/ '*56.
7,-e of drawing • •
/ketch drawings Design drawings
7orking drawings
8ocality plan /ite plan 8ayout drawing( !Plans+ sections and elevations" :omponent drawings( !;anges+ details+ assembly"
Scale /cales will vary but it is recommended that preference be given to scales below ' ( ' *** or smaller ' ( )** ' ( 9** ' ( 9** ' ( '** ' ( )* ' ( )* '() ' ( 9* '(9 ' ( '* '(' 6
!.
8ini 8ini#u #u# # re9 re9ui uire re#e #ent ntss to to be be inc inclu lude ded d on on a set set of of wor wor+i +ing ng draw drawin ings gs00 Site -lan /cale /tand number and surrounding stand numbers /tand dimensions 4orth point uilding lines and servitudes Distance from structure to stand boundaries 3%isting and
. • • •
Bibliogra-h, =russendorff, 8.>.7. '226. '226. uilding Drawing 4'. 8e%icon Publishers $le%ander, ?. /outh $frican @omes A Plans. 37$ Publishing /$/ *'5B. '225. uilding Drawing Practice. /$/
7
8
