BTJ-2009-Full

TECHNOLOGY PAPERS

Bechtel Technology Journal December 2009

Volume 2, No. 1

Contents Foreword

v

Editorial

vii CIVIL

Managing Technological Complexity in Major Rail Projects Siv Bhamra, PhD; Michael Hann; and Aissa Medjber Measuring Carbon Footprint in an Operational Underground Rail Environment Elisabeth Culbard, PhD

3

11

COMMUNICATIONS Intermodulation Products of LTE and 2G Signals in Multitechnology RF Paths Ray Butler, Andrew Solutions; Aleksey A. Kurochkin; and Hugh Nudd, Andrew Solutions

21

Cloud Computing—Overview, Advantages, and Challenges for Enterprise Deployment Brian Coombe

33

Performance Engineering Advances to Installation Aleksey A. Kurochkin

45

MINING & METALS (M&M) Environmental Engineering in the Design of Mining Projects Mónica Villafañe Hormazábal and James A. Murray

57

Simulation-Based Validation of Lean Plant Configurations Robert Baxter; Trevor Bouk; Laszlo Tikasz, PhD; and Robert I. McCulloch

67

Improving the Hydraulic Design for Base Metal Concentrator Plants José M. Adriasola; Robert H. Janssen, PhD; Fred A. Locher, PhD; Jon M. Berkoe; and Sergio A. Zamorano Ulloa

81

OIL, GAS & CHEMICALS (OG&C) Plot Layout and Design for Air Recirculation in LNG Plants Philip Diwakar; Zhengcai Ye, PhD; Ramachandra Tekumalla; David Messersmith; and Satish Gandhi, PhD, ConocoPhillips Company

ii

99

Wastewater Treatment—A Process Overview and the Role of Chemicals Kanchan Ganguly and Asim De

109

Electrical System Studies for Large Projects Executed at Multiple Engineering Centres Rajesh Narayan Athiyarath

119

Bechtel Technology Journal

Contents Foreword

v

Editorial

vii CIVIL

Managing Technological Complexity in Major Rail Projects Siv Bhamra, PhD; Michael Hann; and Aissa Medjber Measuring Carbon Footprint in an Operational Underground Rail Environment Elisabeth Culbard, PhD

3

11

COMMUNICATIONS Intermodulation Products of LTE and 2G Signals in Multitechnology RF Paths Ray Butler, Andrew Solutions; Aleksey A. Kurochkin; and Hugh Nudd, Andrew Solutions

21

Cloud Computing—Overview, Advantages, and Challenges for Enterprise Deployment Brian Coombe

33

Performance Engineering Advances to Installation Aleksey A. Kurochkin

45

MINING & METALS (M&M) Environmental Engineering in the Design of Mining Projects Mónica Villafañe Hormazábal and James A. Murray

57

Simulation-Based Validation of Lean Plant Configurations Robert Baxter; Trevor Bouk; Laszlo Tikasz, PhD; and Robert I. McCulloch

67

Improving the Hydraulic Design for Base Metal Concentrator Plants José M. Adriasola; Robert H. Janssen, PhD; Fred A. Locher, PhD; Jon M. Berkoe; and Sergio A. Zamorano Ulloa

81

OIL, GAS & CHEMICALS (OG&C) Plot Layout and Design for Air Recirculation in LNG Plants Philip Diwakar; Zhengcai Ye, PhD; Ramachandra Tekumalla; David Messersmith; and Satish Gandhi, PhD, ConocoPhillips Company

ii

99

Wastewater Treatment—A Process Overview and the Role of Chemicals Kanchan Ganguly and Asim De

109

Electrical System Studies for Large Projects Executed at Multiple Engineering Centres Rajesh Narayan Athiyarath

119


POWER Options for Hybrid Solar and Conventional Fossil Plants David Ugolini; Justin Zachary, PhD; and Joon Park

133

Managing the Quality of Structural Steel Building Information Modeling Martin Reifschneider and Kristin Santamont

145

Nuclear Uprates Add Critical Capacity Eugene W. Thomas

157

Interoperable Deployment Strategies for Enterprise Spatial Data in a Global Engineering Environment Tracy J. McLane; Yongmin Yan, PhD; and Robin Benjamins

165

SYSTEMS & INFRASTRUCTURE Site Characterization Philosophy and Liquefaction Evaluation of Aged Sands Michael R. Lewis; Ignacio Arango, PhD; and Michael D. McHood

177

Evaluation of Plant Throughput for a Chemical Weapons Destruction Facility Christine Statton; August D. Benz; Craig A. Myler, PhD; Wilson Tang; and Paul Dent

193

Investigation of Erosion from High-Level Waste Slurries at the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant Ivan G. Papp and Garth M. Duncan

205

TECHNICAL NOTES Effective Corrective Actions for Errors Related to Human-System Interfaces in Nuclear Power Plant Control Rooms Jo-Ling J. Chang and Huafei Liao, PhD

215

Estimatin g the Pressure Drop of Fluids Across Reducer Tees Estimating Krishnan Palaniappan and Vipul Khosla

219

The BTJ is also available on the Web at www.bechtel.com/. (Click on Services  Engineering & Technology  Technical Papers)

© 2009 Bechtel Corporation. All rights reserved. Bechtel Corporation welcomes inquiries concerning the BTJ. For further information or for permission to reproduce any paper included in this publication in whole or in part, please e-mail us at [email protected]. Although reasonable efforts have been made to check the papers included in the BTJ, this publication should not be interpreted as a representation or warranty by Bechtel Corporation of the accuracy of the information contained in any paper, and readers should not rely on any paper for any particular application of any technology without professional consultation as to the circumstances of that application. Similarly, the authors and Bechtel Corporation disclaim any intent to endorse or disparage any particular vendors of any technology.

December 2009 • Volume 2, Number 1

iii

Bechtel Technology Journal Volume 2, Number 1

ADVISORY BOARD

TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thomas Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Vice President and

All brand, product, service, and feature names and trademarks mentioned in this Bechtel Technology Journal are the property of their respective owners. Specifically:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate Manager of Engineering Benjamin Fultz . . . . . . . . . Chief, Materials Engineering Technology,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil, Gas & Chemicals; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chair, Bechtel Fellows Jake MacLeod . . . . . Principal Vice President, Bechtel Corporation;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chief Technology Officer, Communications; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bechtel Fellow Justin Zachary, PhD . . . . . . . . . Assistant Manager of Technology,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power; Bechtel Fellow

are trademarks of Amazon Web Services LLC in the US and/or other countries. Apache and Apache Hadoop are trademarks of The Apache Software

Foundation. AutoDesk and AutoCAD are registered trademarks of AutoDesk, Inc.,

and/or its subsidiaries and/or af filiates in the USA and/or other countries. Bentley, gINT, and MicroStation are registered trademarks and Bentley Map

is a trademark of Bentley Systems, Incorporated, or one of its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Corel, iGrafx, and iGrafix Process are trademarks or registered trademarks

Justin Zachary, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Editor-in-Chief

Siv Bhamra, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jake MacLeod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Amazon Web Services, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, Amazon EC2, Amazon Simple Storage Service, Amazon S3, and Amazon SimpleDB

Civil Editor

Communications Editor

of Corel Corporation and/or its subsidiaries in Canada, the United States, and/or other countries. Dell Cloud Computing Solutions is a trademark of Dell Inc. ESRI and ArcGIS are registered trademarks of ESRI in the United States,

the European Union, or certain other jurisdictions.

William Imrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining & Metals Editor

ETAP is a registered trademark of Operation Technology, Technology, Inc.

Cyrus B. Meher-Homji . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil, Gas & Chemicals Editor

Flexsim is a trademark of Flexsim Software Products Inc.

Sanj Malushte, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Google is a trademark of Google Inc.

Power Editor

Farhang Ostadan, PhD . . . . . . . . . Systems & infrastructure Editor

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation

EDITORIAL TEAM Barbara Oldroyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hewlett-Packard, HP, and Flexible Computing Services are trademarks of

in the United States.

Coordinating Technical Editor

IEEE is a registered trademark of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, Incorporated.

Richard Peters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Technical Editor

Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvald.

Teresa Baines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Technical Editor

Mac OS is a trademark of Apple, Inc., registered in the United States and

other countries.

Ruthanne Evans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Editor Brenda Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Editor Ann Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Editor

MapInfo Professional is a registered trademark of Pitney Bowes Business

Insight, a division of Pitney Bowes Software and/or its af filiates. Mentum Planet is a registered trademark owned by Mentum S.A. Merox is a trademark owned by UOP LLC, a Honeywell Company.

Angelia Slifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Editor Bruce Curley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Editor

Microsoft, Excel, and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its af filiates.

GRAPHICS/DESIGN TEAM Keith Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Graphic Design

Matthew Long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Graphic Design

Mary L. Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Graphic Design

John Connors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Graphic Design

Diane Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desktop Publishing

iv

Salesforce.com is a registered trademark of salesforce.com, inc. Simulink is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. Sun Microsystems is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.,

in the United States and other countries. TEAMWorks TEAM Works is a trademark of Bechtel Corporation. Tekla is either a registered trademark or a trademark of Tekla Corporation

in the European Union, the United States, and other countries. ULTIMET is a registered trademark owned by Haynes International, International, Inc.


Foreword

W

elcome to the Bechtel Technology Journal! The papers contained in this annual compendium highlight the broad spectrum of Bechtel’s innovation and some of the technical specialists who represent Bechtel as experts in our business. As can be seen from the variety of topics, Bechtel’s expertise is truly diverse and represents numerous industries, disciplines, and specialties. The objective of the BTJ is to share with our clients, fellow employees, and select industry and university experts a sampling of our technical and operational experiences from the various industries that Bechtel serves. The papers included have been written by individuals from all of the major business units within our company. In some cases, our customers have also made significant contributions as co-authors, and we thank them for that! The authors, advisory board, editorial board, editorial team, and graphics/design team who have made this publication possible can be truly proud of the outcome. To each go my personal thanks. As you will see when reading the selected papers, Bechtel does represent innovation in our approaches to both solving engineering challenges and managing technical complexity. I, too, am proud to be a small part of this effort and am confident that this Bechtel Technology Journal provides a better understanding of how Bechtel applies our best practices to our work.

Sincerely,

Benjamin Fultz Chief, Materials Engineering Technology Bechtel Oil, Gas & Chemicals Chair, Bechtel Fellows


v

Editorial

F

ollowing our successful publication of the inaugural issue of the Bechtel Technology Journal in 2008, and with much appreciation for the interest it generated in various industry sectors, we are pleased to offer our second annual issue.

The BTJ provides a window into the innovative responses of Bechtel’s leading specialists to the diverse technical, operational, regulatory, and policy issues important to our business. We are confident that this collection of papers, selected from a substantial number of worthy submissions, offers useful and interesting information and presents solutions to real problems. The editorial staff invites your comments or questions germane to the BTJ’s content. Please send them to me at [email protected].

We wish you enjoyable reading!

Dr. Justin Zachary Assistant Manager of Technology, Bechtel Power Editor-in-Chief Bechtel Fellow


vii

Civil Technology Papers

3

Managing Technological Complexity in Major Rail Projects Siv Bhamra, PhD Michael Hann Aissa Medjber

11

Measuring Carbon Footprint in an Operational Underground Rail Environment Elisabeth Culbard, PhD

JNP Secondment A pair of Piccadilly line trains rest in Acton Town station, part of the project to renovate three historic lines of the London Underground— Jubilee, Northern, and Piccadilly.

MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY IN MAJOR RAIL PROJECTS Issue Date: December 2009

Abstract—This paper discusses the common technical issues that may arise during the execution of large projects and presents a structured approach to managing the technological complexity of delivering major rail projects that comply with customer requirements. The major Crossrail Project in London is used as a case study for the application of the approach. Keywords—integration, rail projects, systems engineering, technology, validation

INTRODUCTION

R

ecent decades have seen a continued increase in the demand for railway passenger and freight services in most regions of the world. This is particularly true in Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and the Far East, where major investments are now underway to improve railway service performance, safety, and reliability in response to a demand for higher capacity and performance. Advanced technologies and shrinking design times are increasingly being seen as a means to assist in responding more quickly to growing customer requirements in a commercially competitive environment.

Siv Bhamra, PhD [email protected]

Michael Hann [email protected]

Aissa Medjber [email protected]

As the demand grows for safer, more efficient, operationally flexible, and higher performance railway systems that are well integrated with other forms of transport, customer requirements can be met only through the carefully controlled application of emerging technology. Additional industry challenges arise from the fact that rail projects are often spread over long geographic distances, crossing different communities and even countries, leading to cultural and behavioural issues that prevent technology alone from delivering solutions. The globalisation of system solutions has given rise to a wideranging number of reference sites within the rail industry. This paper discusses some of the recent trends in the growth of technological complexity and examines root causes for the risks that can interfere with meeting customer requirements and expectations. Using a case study example, the paper then sets out means to control and

© 2009 Bechtel Corporation. All rights reserved.

reduce the project risks involved in the design, implementation, and final handover of a major rail project. These risk reduction means are accomplished via the structured provision of assurance evidence combined with continuous validation against requirements. This approach ensures close and continuous adherence to customer requirements, builds confidence in the end product, and counteracts the risk of not meeting final delivery for commercial operation.

BACKGROUND Increasing the Performance of Railways

Railways have grown and expanded throughout many parts of the world since their invention in the UK two centuries ago. In many areas, trains have become faster and more frequent in response to growth in demand. In fact, since the 1950s this demand for rail service in some countries has exceeded the performance levels provided by traditional mechanical i nterlockings to maintain safe distances between trains and has driven the need to develop more sophisticated technology without compromising safety standards. At the same time, as trackforms have improved and rolling stock has become more resilient, the ability to run at ever-higher speeds has become a viable commercial proposition. Advanced computer-based signalling and train control technologies are increasingly being specified by customers around the world who seek to gain maximum performance from both existing and future infrastructure. In addition, alternative systems for traction power,

3

ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND TERMS

The increasing complexity of

CPFR

Crossrail Project Functional Requirements

IM

infrastructure manager

LU

London Underground

NR

Network Rail

PDP

Project Delivery Partner

RAMS

reliability, availability, maintainability, safety

SMS

safety management system

rail technologies now requires a systems engineering approach for successful integration.

ventilation, communications, passenger information, automatic fare collection, stations, and railway operational control centres are becoming critical requirements on new projects. The commercial, political, and environmental restrictions encountered in providing new rail corridors, particularly i n heavily populated urban environments, have contributed to making more intense use of existing routes the most beneficial way of delivering improved performance. Business Drivers for Technology Application

The use of ever-more-sophisticated and complex technology in rail applications has arisen principally as a result of the need to:

Development Phase

Baselines

Systems Engineering Management Systems Engineering Process

Integrated Teaming

Life-Cycle Planning

Life-Cycle Integration

• Enhance service capacity by increasing the number and speed of trains to accommodate the growing passenger and freight usage demand • Meet increasing passenger expectations regarding service quality and punctuality • Comply with commercial targets for improving operational and maintenance efficiencies and environmental performance and keeping railways affordable for passengers whilst minimising the burden for state subsidies • Improve safety, reliability, and availability by minimising the frequency and impact of equipment failures • Integrate new security provisions to protect passengers, staff, and assets against the threat of malicious activity DEFINING THE PROCESS Managing Complexity

The increasing complexity of rail systems and the need to ensure their integration into the surrounding infrastructure have created a need for a systems engineering approach. This emerging discipline has become essential to projects around the globe. Failure to manage the integration of a complex system results in significant problems not only at its handover to the operator but also during its operational life. In this context, complexity encompasses not only engineering technology, but also the human organisation and the wider business and environmental fields within which major rail projects are now delivered. A simplified diagram of systems engineering activities is shown in Figure 1. The figure illustrates how systems engineering management needs to sit at the heart of a project. During a project’s development phase, it is necessary for the parties involved to come to agreement regarding the life-cycle planning and baselines that eventually lead to project acceptance. This agreement is particularly important when dealing with customers that are inexperienced or are new to the delivery organisation. Reaching agreement is the first, and perhaps the most important, step in building the confidence that is so vital when seeking final handover. In dealing with complex systems, it has become necessary to develop a systems engineering process that uses a robust suite of tools capable

Figure 1. Systems Engineering Activities

4


Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Requirements Management

Design

Verification and Validation

Stage 1

Customers/ Stakeholders Input

Leadership and Integration

Rail projects Key Personnel Appointment

Team Integration

Requirements Identification

Requirements Validation

Engineered Designs

Life-Cycle Risks Definition

require earlier and continuous engagement of

Figure 2. Simplified Four-Stage Process

of capturing project requirements and managi ng organisational interfaces. Baselines establish the agreed-upon project development stages, and life-cycle planning for system integration starts at the development phase. At the heart of all activities is proactive, highly competent systems engineering management. Process Overview

The systems engineering approach was originally developed and successfully applied in the United States defence and space industries. It has been progressively applied in other industries, and the basic approach is now being increasingly adopted on complex rail projects, with emphasis on four broad stages: • Stage 1—Leadership and Integration • Stage 2—Requirements Management

operators, maintainers, and other stakeholders in project development. Systems engineering is the systematic process that includes reviews and decision points intended to provide visibility into the process and encourage early and regular stakeholder involvement. Their participation provides stakeholders the opportunity to contribute to the steps in the process where their input is needed. Stage 2— Requirements Management

Stage 2 comprises two sub-functions: • Requirements Identification: Definition, documentation, modelling, and optimisation of the proposed new railway as it is expected to operate after construction and handover • Requirements Validation: Robust analytic support to the requirements, design, and verification functions

• Stage 3—Design

Stage 3—Design

• Stage 4—Verification and Validation

Stage 3 generates the engineered designs from the customer requirements. These designs are used for follow-on procurement and construction activities and provide a detailed definition of all project life-cycle risks, along with proposed measures for their control.

Stage 1—Leadership and Integration

Stage 1 manages the concurrent input from all participating customer functions (railway operations, maintenance, regulators, finance, legal, etc.) to optimise the railway project’s definition and capital investment objectives. Therefore, the appointment of key personnel to the leadership team who are both managerially and technically competent in the task at hand is critical. The management team must have the ability to define clear work processes and understand and integrate inputs of the key people. Successful rail projects require early and continuous involvement of the customer, railway


the customer.

Stage 4— Verification and Validation

Stage 4 interactively validates the outputs from the other functions throughout the design and execution phases of the project to ensure that customer requirements have been achieved and that risk to project execution and future users of the operational railway has been managed to the extent practicable. Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of the four stages.

5

BTJ-2009-Full

Recommend Documents