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BRIOLOGÍA
Briología en el INECOL
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Clasificación de las briofitas or with email Name
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Las hepáticas, los antocerotes y los musgos son comúnmente referidos como briofitas y tradicionalmente se clasificaban como un solo grupo, División Di visión Bryophyta (Margulis y Schwartz 1988, Raven, Evert y Eichhorn 1986). Estos tres grupos juntos no constituyen un grupo taxonómico formal.
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Los tres grupos son un conjunto morfológicamente muy similar, pero no forman un grupo monofilético, aunque Sign Up With Facebook sin duda son los más basales entre las embriofitas. Los resultados de Garbary et al (1993) colocaron a los musgos, hepáticas y antoceros como monofiléticos. Sin embargo, ellos sugirieron que esta agrupación podría Sign Up With Google ser anómala debido a que muchos de los caracteres de ultraestructura del aparato motil de los gametos masculinos pueden estar funcionalmente correlacionados. or with email Name
Los tres grupos de briofitas ciertamente comparten similitudes, pero hay evidencia en aumento de que juntos no forman un grupo monofilético (Mishler y Churchill 1984, Bremer 1985, Kenrick y Crane 1991, Lewis et al 1997). Email
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Sign Up Análisis recientes son consistentes con la naturaleza parafilética de los tres grupos de briofitas y la colocación de los musgos como hermanos de las plantas vasculares (Polysporagiomorpha, sensu Kenrick y Crane 1997). By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Aun es incierto si las hepáticas o los antoceros son el linaje basal entre las plantas terrestres (Duff y Nickrent Terms ofson Service andmas Privacy Policy 1999). Algunos análisis filogenéticos han mostrado que los musgos están más relacionados con las plantas vasculares que con las otros dos grupos de briofitas. Already have an account? Sign in
El esporofito no ramificado y con un solo esporangio de los musgos es comparable con los esporofitos ramificados y con tres esporangios en Horneophython y Aglaophyton (Rhynia) major. Otras características comparables entre los musgos y las plantas vasculares son los estomas, la forma de los gametangios, especialmente los arquegonios en forma de botella, la cutícula, y las células conductoras internas (Mishler and Churchill 1984, Mishler, Lewis et al 1994). Las relaciones filogenéticas entre los tres linajes de briofitas permanece como una de las grandes preguntas sin resolver en la biología evolutiva evolutiv a de las plantas (Goffinet 2000, Mishler et al 1994, Shaw y Renzaglia 2004). REFERENCIAS
Bremer K. 1985. Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification. Cladistics 1: 369-385. Duff R. J. y Nickrent D. L. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of land plants using mitochondrial small- subunit rDNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 86(3): 372 –386.
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Garbary D. J., Renzaglia K. S. y Duckett J. G. 1993. The phylogeny of land plants: a cladistic cladistic analysis based on Sign Up With Facebook male gametogenesis. Pl. Syst. Evol. 188: 237-269.
Sign Up With Goffinet B. 2000. Origin and phylogenetic relationships of theGoogle Bryophyta. En: Shaw A. J. y Goffinet B. (eds) Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press. 124-149 p. or with email
Kenrick P. y Crane P. R. 1991.Name Water-conducting cells of early fossil land plants: Implications for the early evolution of tracheophytes. Bot. Gaz. 152: 335-345. Kenrick P. y Crane P. R. 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Smithsonian Email Institution Press, Washington. Lewis L. A., Mishler B. D. y Vilgalys R. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of the liverworts (Hepaticae), (Hepaticae), a basal Password embryophyte lineage, inferred (at from nucleotide sequence data of the chloroplast gene rbcL. Mol. Phyl. Evol. least 6 characters) 7:377 –393. Show
Margulis L. y Schwartz, V. 1988. Five Kingdoms: An illustrated guide to th e phyla of life on earth. W. H. Freeman Send me updates from Scribd y Company, New York. Mishler B.D. y Churchill S.P. 1984. A cladistic cladistic approach the phylogeny of bryophytes. bryophytes. Brittonia 36: 406-424. SigntoUp Mishler B.D, Lewis L.A., RenzagliaByK.S., Garbary D.J., Delwiche C.F., Zechman F.W., Kantz T. S. y Chapman R. registering a Scribd account, you agree to our L. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the green algae and Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 81: 451-483. Terms of Service and bryophytes. Privacy Policy Raven P. H., Evert R. F. y Eichhorn S. E. 1986. Biology of Plants. Worth Publishers Inc., NY. 775 pp. Already have an account? Sign in
Renzaglia KS, Schuette S, Duff RJ, Ligrone R, Shaw AJ, et al. (2007) Bryophyte phylogeny: Advancing the molecular and morphological frontiers. The Bryologist: Vol . 110, No. 2 pp. 179 –213. Abstract. Revolutionary new concepts of bryophyte relationships have emerged from molecular phylogenetic
analyses conducted since the onset of the 21st century. For example, sequence data contradict the historical notion that isophylly in leafy liverworts is plesiomorphic and that simple thalloid liverworts are monophyletic. Also contrary to traditional traditional views are the concepts concepts that Leiosporoceros Leiosporoceros is genetically distinct distinct from other hornworts and that Oedipodium is sister to the peristomate mosses. Subs tantial increases in ultrastructural and anatomical data likewise have provided new insights on interrelationships. Because of this recent deluge in evolutionary studies on bryophytes, it is an opportune time to co -examine contemporary morphological knowledge and novel molecular hypotheses. An understanding of bryophyte evolution and biology is essential to identify structural innovations that accompanied early land colonization and to illuminate the evolution of more complicated body plans in tracheophytes. In this review, we examine the progress that has been made m ade since the 1999 International Botanical Congress in clarifying the evolutionary history of the three groups of bryophytes. The state of our knowledge on interrelationships is discussed, with poorly-known, genetically divergent taxa illustrated for each group. Our review of bryophyte evolution includes a r eëvaluation of the evolution of sperm cells, sporogenesis,
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stomata, symbioses, conducting cells and chloroplast ultrastructure in hornworts. We explore the prospects for Sign Up With Facebook future discoveries and advances with an emphasis on fundamental evolutionary problems that remain and the challenges that must be met to resolve them. Sign Up With Google Shaw J. y Renzaglia K. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of Bryophytes. Am J. Bot. 91 (10): 1557-1581. or with email
Namethree phyla of embryophytes that are well established to occupy the first Abstract. The bryophytes comprise
nodes among extant lineages in the land-plant tree of life. The three bryophyte groups (hornworts, liverworts, mosses) may not form a monophyletic clade, but they share life history features including dominant free-living Email gametophytes and matrotrophic monosporangiate sporophytes. Because of their unique vegetative and reproductive innovations and their critical position in embryophyte phylogeny, studies of bryophytes are crucial to understanding the evolution of land plant morphology and genomes. This review focuses on phylogenetic relationships within each of the Password three divisions of bryophytes and relates morphological diversity to new insights least 6 characters) about those relationships. Most(atprevious work has been on the mosses, but progress on understanding the phylogeny of hornworts and liverworts is advancing at a rapid pace. Multilocus Show multi genome studies have been successful at resolving deep relationships within the mosses and liverworts, whereas single-gene analyses have me updates from Scribd advanced understanding of hornwortSend evolution. Las plantas terrestres
Filogenia y clasificación de los musgos
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Typification, taxonomy and distribution of Braunia squarrulosa (Hedwigiaceae) in Mexico and Central Am erica E De Luna. Luna. 2009 The Bryologist 112 (1), 202-207Password (at least 6 characters)
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Phylogenetic relationships of the Thuidiaceae and the non-monophyly of the Thuidiaceae and the Leskeaceae Send me updates from Scribd based on rbc L, rps 4 and the rps 4-trn S intergenic spacer D García-Avila, E De Luna, AE Newton. Newton. 2009 The Bryologist 112 (1), 80-93 Sign Up
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by Efrain De Luna are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Mexico License. License.
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BRIOLOGÍA
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Briología en el INECOL
Los Musgos
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Los musgos
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Como linaje, los musgos son un grupo histórico crucial en el entendimiento de la transición de la vida a la Email tierra y la vascularizacion. Los gametofitos retienen algunas características de las algas verdes ancestrales (clorofila a y b, almidón, espermátidas con dos undulipodios). En cambio, los esporofitos despliegan innovaciones clave para la vida fuera del agua como: estomas, un eje simple de células conductoras en un Password esporofito no ramificado, y esporas liberadas al aire producidas en un esporangio sencillo apical. (at least 6 characters)
El esporofito de los musgos con un solo esporangio es el nivel estructural mas simple entre todas las plantas Show terrestres. El siguiente nivel estructural se encuentra en dos grupos fósiles: Horneophythopsida y Aglaophyton Send me updates from Scribd (Rhynia) major, donde el esporofito es ramificado y produce varios esporangios apicales. El esporofito muestra la organización estructural mas compleja en las traqueofitas.
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Clasificación Reino Chlorobiota Subreino Streptobionta Infrareino Embryobiotes Superdivision Bryomorpha División Bryophyta (Musgos).
Sign up to download Briología 1. ¿Qué es el grupo?
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Los musgos tanto fósiles como actuales consisten en por lo menos unas un as 10 000 especies. Entre los géneros Sign Up With Google más conocidos se encuentran: Sphagnum, Andreaea, Polytrichum, Funaria, Bryum y Thuidium. or with email
2. Caracteres del grupo. Name
i) Hojas en el gametofito (filidios). ii). Rizoides multicelulares. iii). Columnela. Esta es una sinapomorfía ho moplásica pues también se presenta en Anthocerophyta. homoplásica Email Sphagnopsida, 3. Relaciones filogenéticas.
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Se reconocen cuatro niveles de organización entre los musgos: Show Sphagnopsida, es el grupo más basal. Andreaeopsida es un grupo grupo pequeño intermedio. Send me updates from Scribd Takakiopsida. La briofita interesante Takakia merece una nota aparte. Inicialmente se consideraba como hepática, pero ahora se clasifica entre los musgos por el reciente descubrimiento de plantas con anteridios y Signgenes. Up esporofitos y las similitudes en las secuencias de varios El grupo más distal incluye a tresBy Clases de musgos con peristoma: registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy Polytrichopsida Tetraphidopsida, y Bryopsida Already have an account? Sign in La gran mayoría de especies de musgos constituyen tres grupos informales de Ordenes de la Clase Bryopsida: 1. Diphysciales, Funariales, Timmiales, Encalyptales, 2. Grimmiales, Dicranales, Pottiales, Fissidentales, 3. Orthotrichales, Splachnales, Hedwigiales, Bryales, Rhizogoniales, Hookeriales e Hypnales. 4. Lecturas adicionales. Bold, Alexopoulos y Delevorias. 1987. Cap.12. Delgadillo y Cárdenas.1990. Manual de Briofitas. Cuaderno 8. Instituto de Biología. UNAM. Kenrick y Crane 1997. Cap. 3 p. 43-44. Sharp, Crum y Eckel 1994. Moss Flora of Mexico. Schofield 1985. Caps.2 al 10. REFERENCIAS Crosby M. R., Magill R. E., Allen B. y He S. 2000. A checklist of the mosses. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, website: www.mobot.org/MOBOT/tropicos/most/checklist.shtml.
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Mishler B.D. y Churchill S.P. 1984. A cladistic approach to the phylogeny of bryophytes. Brittonia 36: 406-424. Sign Up With Facebook Shaw J. y Renzaglia K. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification di versification of Bryophytes. Am J. Bot. 91 (10): 1557-1581. Sign Up With Google or with email Name
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BRIOLOGÍA
Las Hepáticas
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Las Hepáticas
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Este grupo de briofitas es muy diverso (más o menos 8 000 especies), pues incluye tanto las formas talosas como las foliosas. Password (at least 6 characters)
La diversidad se ha clasificado en seis ordenes: Jungermaniales, Marchantiales, Metzgeriales, Monocleales, Show Calobryales y Sphaerocarpales. Send me updates from Scribd
Algunos de los géneros más conocidos son: Marchantia, Plagiochila, Frullania Frullania y Metzgeria.
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Marchantia chenopoda
Clasificación: Reino Chlorobiota Subreino Streptobionta Infrareino Embryobiotes Superdivision Marchantiomorpha Divi sión Marchantiophyta Caracteres del grupo. i. Cuerpos de aceite (oleosomas) en las células del gametofito. ii. Eláteres entre las esporas. iii. La presencia de ácido lunulárico se ha interpretado como una sinapomorfia para las Marchantiophyta, pero queda la duda si este compuesto también t ambién está presente en algunas algas verdes, las cuales no se han estudiado (Kenrick y Crane 1997. p. 69).
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Las relaciones filogenéticas entre los seis subgrupos de hepáticas son muy inciertas. Únicamente se ha podido Sign Up With (talosas Googlesimples) y Jungermaniales (foliosas). Las reconocer la relación de grupos hermanos entre Metzgeriales relaciones entre los otros cuatro órdenes y éste último grupo aún no están resueltas. or with email
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Marchantia chenopoda
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REFERENCIAS Kenrick P. y Crane P. R. 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C., USA. Goremykin, V. V. & F. H. Hellwig. 2005. Evidence for the most basal split in land plants dividing bryophyte and tracheophyte lineages. Plant Systematics and Evolution 254: 93-103. Abstract The problem of relationships among the major basal living groups of land plants is long standing, yet the uncertainty as to the phylogenetic affinity of these lines persists in the literature. Molecular and modern cladistic studies of the phylogenetic relationships of the above groups resulted in a large number of conflicting topologies. However, with the exception of the cladistic analyses of spermatogenesis, suggesting monophyly of extant bryophytes, these studies agree the paraphyletic bryophyte grade is basal within the embryophyte tree. Here we would like to present analyses on the basis of the concatenated datasets of nucleotide and aminoacid sequences of 57 protein-coding genes common to 17 chloroplast genomes of land plants and an d a charophyte alga Chaetosphaeridium globosum. Character-wise, these are the l argest datasets currently
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available to address the problem of basal relationships within embryophytes. Main lineages of bryophytes, i.e Sign Up With Facebook liverworts, hornworts and mosses are represented in our alignments with a single taxon, whereas 14 taxa represent the tracheophytes. With our data, phylogeny with liverwort basal appears to be and artifact related Sign Up With Google to high and unequal A+T contents among the sequences analysed. Reducing this compositional bias and applying methods developed to counter it, we recovered an alternative, strongly supported topology wherein or with email both bryophytes and tracheophytes are monophyletic. Within W ithin bryophytes, hornworts are basal and liverworts l iverworts Name are sister to mosses. Keywords Bryophytes - chloroplast chloroplast genomes - molecular evolution Email
Lewis LA, BD. Mishler & R Vilgalys. 1997. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Liverworts (Hepaticae), (Hepaticae), a Basal Embryophyte Lineage, Inferred from Nucleotide Sequence data of th e Chloroplast Gene rbcL. Molecular Phylogenetics and and Evolution 7: Password 377-393. (at least 6 characters)
Abstract. Sequence data from the chloroplast-encoded generbcL were obtained basal Show for 24 liverworts, a basal group of embryophytes. Maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of these data, along with data from other major green plant lineages, confirm hypotheses basedfrom o n morphological on data, such as the paraphyly of Send me updates Scribd bryophytes, and the basal position of liverworts. Molecular data corroborate the deep separation between the complex thalloid and leafy/simple thalloid liverworts implied by morphological data, but the monophyly of Sign Up liverworts could not be rejected. The effects of accounting for site-to-site rate heterogeneity in these data were examined using maximum likelihood methods. Comparison of trees obtained with and without rate By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Termsfor ofheterogeneity Service and Privacy heterogeneity showed that simply allowing had aPolicy greater improvement on likelihood score than optimization of transition/transversion bias. Incorporation of site-to-site rate heterogeneity in the larger analysis, however, did not necessarily change which topology was favored. Properties ofrbcL sequences from Already have an account? Sign in the two liverwort groups were compared. Significantly differe nt substitution rates were found foun d between leafy/simple thalloid and complex thalloid liverwort taxa, with rates ofrbcL sequence evolution in leafy/simple thalloid taxa being higher and more indicative of those of vascular plants, and with those of complex thalloid taxa (such asMarchantia) being slower. Codon usage inrbcL in complex thalloid liverworts was biased toward NNU and NNA, compared to the leafy/simple thalloid liverworts. l iverworts. Although base composition and relative substitution rates differed between the two groups, no significant differences were detected within each of the two groups of liverworts. The signal present in first and second codon sites versus third codon sites was compared. While the third codon positions inrbcL across this taxon sampling are highly variable (with only 15 constant sites of 439), the trees obtained were in general agreement with trees from the entire data set and with trees obtained from independent sources of data. The presence of signal in third codon positions across greater than 400 MY of plant evolution means that definitions of saturation based on pair-wise comparisons of sequences inadequately assess phylogenetic signal. Wheeler JA. 2000. Molecular Phylogenetic Reconstructions of the Marchantioid Liverwort Radiation. The Bryologist: Vol. 103, No. 2 pp. 314 –333
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Abstract Molecular phylogenies phylogenies of the complex-thalloid liverworts (Marchantiales) (Marchantiales) were reconstructed using Sign Up With Facebook independent nuclear and plastid data sets to explore relative age, relationships, and character evolution in this ancient group. The sample includes 10 carpocephalate taxa and 24 acarpocephalate taxa (emphasizing Riccia) Sign Up With Google within Marchantiales sensu stricto. In addition, Monoclea, Sphaerocarpos, Riella, thr ee Metzgeriales (Fossombronia, Pellia, and Blasia), the hornwort Anthoceros, or with emailfour mosses, and outgroup Coleochaete are also sampled. Two nucleotide sequence alignments were used 1) partial nuclear -encoded Large Subunit rDNA (LSU Name rDNA) for all 48 taxa and 2) the plastid-encoded trnL-F region for the marchantioids and outgroup Blasia. Alignment-ambiguous regions of each alignment were culled. A combined matrix matrix consisting of concatenated nuclear and plastid culled alignments was assembled for marchantioids and Blasia. The two alignments were Email utilized in four analyses: 1) nuclear LSU rDNA for all taxa, 2) nuclear LSU rDNA for marchantioids + Blasia, 3) plastid trnL-F region for marchantioids plus Blasia, and 4) combined nuclear and plastid data for marchantioids plus Blasia. Selected pairwise comparisons reveal significant rate h eterogeneity in the nuclear LSU rDNA data; Password metzgerioid liverworts, hornworts mosses evolve significantly slower than other taxa relative to (atand leastprimitive 6 characters) the outgroup Coleochaete. The LSU rDNA genes of some marchantioid taxa and sampled bryalean mosses are Show apparently evolving relatively fast. Rate heterogeneity is also documented within Marchantiales. Lunularia positions as the most basal of sampled Marchantiopsida; Sphaerocarpales, Marchantia, and Corsinia represent Send me updates from Scribd early diverging lines. A monophyletic Aytoni aceae, Cleveaceae, and Riccia are indicated. Topologies imply t hat extant acarpocephalate taxa are derived from carpocephalate forms. Monoclea positions well within Sign Up Marchantiales sensu stricto. A well-supported long branch (Decay Index = 19) unites all sampled Marchantiopsida and isolates this clade from other liverworts and bryophytes. This long branch may suggest By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our extensive extinction of proto- and eomarchantioid formsand that led toPolicy modern taxa. A recurring theme in the Terms of Service Privacy topologies presented here is the unresolved marchantioid polytomy that follows well-supported basal nodes. A similar polytomy results from either independent data set and may correspond to a rapid radiation of have Targionia, an account? Sign in and riccioids) coincident with marchantioid forms (e.g., Aytoniaceae,Already Cleveaceae, Monoclea, extreme conditions and ecological reorganizations of th e Permo-Triassic. The origin of Marchantiopsida probably occurred long before; amidst, perhaps, a series of long-extinct Blasia-like ancestors that colonized and innovated on any of various xeric surfaces (either cool or warm) that were available throughout embryophyte history in the Paleozoic.
Galería de Marchantiophyta de Marchantiophyta
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BRIOLOGÍA
Briología en el INECOL
Los Antoceros Este es un grupo pequeño de más o menos 100 especies, clasificados entre 5 o 9 géneros. Algunos grupos de géneros se han clasificado al nivel de familia, aunque aunque Notothylas se ha propuesto a nivel de orden. Los géneros más conocidos son: Anthoceros, Megaceros y Phaeoceros.
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Already have an account? Sign in Clasificación: Reino Chlorobiota Subreino Streptobionta Infrareino Embryobiotes Superdivision Anthoceromorpha División Anthocerophyta
Caracteres del grupo. i. Célula apical cuneada. ii. Pirenoides divididos por una membrana en cuerpos pirenoidales. En las algas el pirenoide no está dividido. iii. Células mucilaginosas en el talo gametofítico. iv. Cavidad con mucilago en la cara ventral del talo. v. Simbiontes de Nostoc. vi. Anteridios endógenos. vii. Arquegonios sumergidos en el talo. viii. Ultraestructura del espermatozoide, bilateralmente simétrica con los cuerpos basales similares y de inserción adyacente (Fig. 22, Carothers y Duckett 1979. Bryophyte S ystematics p. 439).
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x. Pseudoeláteres en el esporangio.
Sign Up With Google xi. Columnela. Hay una columna central de tejido estéril en el esporofito en los antoceros y en los musgos. Esta estrucctura satisface el criterio de similitud y de conjunción pero no la prueba de congruencia. Esta or with email sinapomorfia por tanto es homoplásica en esos dos grupos de briofitas. Relaciones dentro del grupo.
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El grupo Anthocerophyta, contiene alrededor de 100-150 especies escasamente descritas. Los conceptos de las interrelaciones de los antoceros basado en la l a morfología, y los esquemas e squemas de clasificación resultante, Email muestran que no hay consenso en los niveles de orden, familia y género (Hyvönen y Piipo 1993, Shaw y Renzaglia 2004). Password
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Stech,M., D. Quandt & F. Wolfgang. 2003. Molecular circumscription of the hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) based on the chloroplast DNA trnL –trnF region. Journal of Plant Research Research 116:389-398. 116:389-398. Abstract In phylogenetic trees generated from partial trnLUAA intron sequences, the hornworts (represented
by nine species from the genera Anthoceros, Dendroceros, Megaceros, Notothylas and Phaeoceros) are resolved as a monophyletic group and are separated from the clades of mosses, liverworts and tracheophytes. A secondary structure of the trnLUAA intron of Anthoceros agrestis is presented, presented, displaying the arrangement of the stem-loop regions P1 –P9. Compensatory base-pair changes (coevolutionary sites) are detected in regions P4/5 and P9 within the hornwort sequences. The original homology of the most variable region, P8, cannot be detected anymore due to the extremely fast divergent evolution of this segment in the major land plant groups. Similarly, a high sequence divergence occurs in the trnL –trnF intergenic spacer. Apart from synapomorphic substitutions in the trnLUAA intron, t he hornworts are characterised by a large l arge P6 region consisting of many repetitive elements. The molecular data therefore support the hornworts as representing an independent land plant lineage (Anthocerotophyta). Although relationships between hornworts and the other land plant groups remain unresolved in the trnLUAA intron trees, it is rather unlikely that bryophytes are monophyletic in their traditional circumscription, i.e. comprising hornworts, mosses and liverworts.
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Keywords Anthocerotophyta - Chloroplast – –DNA relationship - Group I intron secondary structure - Molecular
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BRIOLOGÍA
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Briología en el INECOL
Filogenia y Clasificación de los Ordenes de musgos La clasificación que aquí se presenta deriva de análisis cladísticos recientes basados en datos morfoló gicos y moleculares. Varios estudios filogenéticos han cubierto la diversidad de los musgos al nivel de ordenes y se basan en la investigación de los últimos años en la que se incrementaron las unidades de muestreo y los genes secuenciados. Los primeros estudios obviamente incorporaron pocos representantes de todos los musgos (Hedderson et al 1996, Newton et al 2000). Otros estudios han incrementado la cobertura, de manera que al menos unos representantes de todos los ordenes ya han sido incluidos en algún análisis cladístico.
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El linaje mas basal es el de la Clase Sphagnopsida (1). Este grupo es hermano del clado grande del resto de los musgos, dentro del cual la clase Andreaeopsida (3) es posiblemente el linaje basal. Password
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A este nivel la posición y categoría taxonómica de Takakiopsida son inciertos. Unos análisis cladísticos colocan Show a Takakia como grupo hermano de Andreaeopsida, pero otros estudios encuentran que es hermano de Sphagnopsida. En cualquier caso, su reconocimiento taxonómico puede considerarse tentativamente al nivel Send me updates from Scribd de clase. Takakiopsida (2) entonces incrementa el numero de clases a cinco. El grupo de los musgos con peristoma pe ristoma incluye tres Sign linajesUp principales: Polytrichopsida (4) con peristomas nematodontos. El segundo grupo es de musgos con peristomas artrodontos que contiene a Tetraphidopsida. El By registering account, you agree to Shaw our y Goffinet (2000) excluyen tercero es Bryopsida (5). Sin embargo, en la aclasificación clScribd asificación presentada por Terms of Service and Privacy Policy Tetraphidopsida y colocan el orden Tetraphidales dentro de Polytrichopsida. Varios factores han hecho posible posible esta nueva visión en las relaciones filogeneticas dentro dentro de los musgos. Already have an account? Sign in Nuevos datos empíricos se han acumulado de la morfología, anatomía, ontogenia, ultraestructura y secuencias del DNA. Aunque la mayoría de los estudios recientes se basan en datos moleculares, el elemento mas importante del progreso reciente ha sido el uso de métodos cladísticos para la interpretación de esos tipos de evidencia. Un marco formal de las relaciones re laciones de los musgos esta disponible ahora que reemplaza las estimaciones intuitivas de relaciones y clasificación fundamentadas mayormente en conceptos de similitud general y escenarios evolutivos ad hoc. Clasificación de los musgos (Shaw y Goffinet 2000, Buck et al 2004)
Reino Chlorobiota, Subreino Streptobionta, Infrareino Embryobiota, Superdivisión Br yomorpha, Division Bryophyta
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Clase 2 Takakiopsida
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Orden 3 Takakiales
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Clase 3 Andreaeopsida
Orden 4 Andreaeales Already have an account? Sign in Orden 5 Andreaeobryales Clase 4 Polytrichopsida
Orden 6 Polytrichales Orden 7 Tetraphidales
Polytrichum (Polytrichopsida)
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Subclase 2 Funariidae or with email Name 9 Funariales Orden Orden 10 Timmiales Orden Email 11 Encalyptales
Subclase 3 Dicraniidae
Orden 12 Grimmiales Password (at least 13 6 characters) Orden Seligeriales Grimmia (Bryopsida, Dicraniidae) Show Orden 14 Archidiales Orden 15 Pottiales Send me updates from Scribd Orden 16 Dicranales Sign Up
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Orden 17 Orthotrichales
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Orden 18 Splachnales Orden 19 Hedwigiales Orden 20 Bryales
Bryum (Bryopsida, Bryidae)
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Orden 21
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Hookeria (Bryopsida, Bryidae)
REFERENCIAS
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Buck W. R., Cox C. J., Shaw A. J. y Goffinet B. 2004. Ordinal relationships of pleurocarpous mosses, with special emphasis on the Hookeriales. Syst. Biod. Bio d. 2 (2): 121 –145. Hedderson T. A., Chapman R. L. y Rootes W. L. 1996. Phylogenetic relatioships of Bryophytes inferred from nuclear encoded rRNA gene sequences. Pl. Syst. Evol. 200:213-224. Newton A. E., Cox C. J., J., Duckett J. G., Wheeler J., Goffinet B., Hedderson T. A. y Mishler B. D. 2000. 2000. Evolution of the major moss lineages: li neages: Phylogenetic analyses based on multiple gene sequences and morphology. The Bryologist Bryol ogist 103:187-211. Shaw A.J. y Goffinet B. (eds). 2000. Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Galería de Bryophyta
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Briofitas de México / Bryophytes of Mexico Hypopterygium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Brid. Email
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Hypopterygium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Brid. Jardín Botánico Clavijero, Xalapa, Ver
Sign up to download Briología Anthoceros sambesianus Steph.
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Sign Up By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy face of spore with a ce ntral wart 1,a: One chloroplast per cell without a central pyrenoid, proximal
in each of the triangular areas ................ ................ > NO! A. tristanianus 1,b: Proximal face of spore withoutAlready a central wart.....................> wart............ have an account?.........> Sign in2 2, a:. Dehiscent capsules >10 mm long, distal spore surface with spines forming a differentiated reticulum ................... ....................3 .3 No! 2, b: Dehiscent capsules ≤10 mm long, distal spore surface with spiny tubercles not forming a differentiated reticulum -------> A. sambesianus!
Clave para los Anthoceros de Mexico La diversidad del genero Anthoceros en México se ha estudiado poco. Recientemente se registraron seis especies. Aqui se reproduce la primera clave para las especies, tal como aparece en la publicación de Ibarra-Morales A, ME Muñiz & S. Valencia. 2015. The Genus Anthoceros (Anthocerotaceae, Anthocerotophyta) in Central Mexico. Phytotaxa 205 (4): 215 -228. Preview -228. Preview
Key to the species of Anthoceros in central Mexico
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1. One chloroplast per cell without a centr al pyrenoid, proximal face of spore with a ce ntral wart in Sign Up With Facebook each of the triangular areas ................ ................ A. tristanianus - One chloroplast per cell with a central pyrenoid, proximal face of spore without a central Sign Up With Google wart.........................2 or with email Name 2. Dehiscent capsules >10 mm long, distal spore surface with spines forming a differentiated reticulum .................... ....................3 3
- Dehiscent capsules ≤10 mmEmail long, distal spore surface with spiny tubercles not formin g a differentiated reticulum ......................................................................................................................................... A. sambesianus Password (at least 6 characters)
3. Proximal spore surface smooth or with scarce verrucae .................... .............................. ...................... ...................... ...................... .............. .. A. lamellatus
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- Proximal spore surface not as above .................... ............................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... .......... 4
Sign Up 4. Thalli with dorsal lamellae scarce or absent, proximal spore surface not foveolate .................... ............................ ........ A. hispidus By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
- Thalli with dorsal lamellae regular to abundant, proximal spore surface foveolate or incompletely foveolate ........ 5 Already have an account? Sign in 5. Proximal spore surface with subglobose tubercles, distal surface spinose not foveolate .................... ........................ .... A. scariosus - Proximal spore surface without subglobose tubercles, distal surface spinose with a foveolate reticulum .... A. punctatus
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BRIOLOGÍA
Briología en el INECOL
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sitio web del Jardín Botánico
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Los musgos son abundantes en dos de las principales secciones Sign del Jardín Up Botánico: el jardín formal y la zona de bosque. La mayor diversidad se By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our
localiza enTerms los ambientes del Santuario del Bosque of Service and Privacy Policy de Niebla, al norte de los edificios del INECOL.
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sección de la zona de bosque
plano del JBC
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¿Donde encuentro los musgos?
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- en el suelo
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- sobre rocas y piedras al lado de los caminos
or with email - sobre la base de arbustos y arboles Name - en la corteza de los troncos - arriba en las ramas de arboles
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La lista de especies conocidas se basa en colecciones de E. De Luna, C. Delgadillo, A.E. Newton y Lärs Hedenäs, principalmente. Las especies se presentan en el orden de la clasificación según Shaw y Goffinet (2000) y Buck et al (2004). Los ejemplares están depositados en el herbario XAL.
Las fotografías son de E. De Luna. La lista incluye 51 géneros. El primer objetivo es al menos presentar una foto por género.
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Musgos del Jardín Botánico Up With Facebook SignClavijero Sign Up With Google or with email Name
Email Orden Pottiales Orden Dicranales
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Orden Orthotrichales Orden Bryales Orden Rhizogoniales Orden HookerialesSend me updates from Scribd Orden Hypnales
Orden Polytrichales, Polytrichaceae
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Atrichum muelleri, 4389, 4403 Terms of Service and Privacy Policy Atrichum oerstedianum 4390 Pogonatum comosum / subflexuosum 4404 Already have an account? Sign in Atrichum (Polytrichaceae)
Orden Pottiales Pottiaceae Calymperaceae
Leptodontium viticulosoides var sulphureum 4394 Streptopogon concavifolium 4305 Syrrhopodon parasiticus 4412 Syrrhopodon prolifer var scaber 4571
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Orden Dicranales
Dicranaceae
Campylopus Dicranum 4402 Fissidens polypodiodes 4393 Leucobryum albidum 4395
Fissidentaceae Leucobryaceae
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Fissidens (Fissidentaceae)
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Leucobryum (Leucobryaceae)
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Orden Orthotrichales Orthotrichaceae
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Macrocoma tenue tenue var sullivantii 4410, CD 4216 4216 Sign Up With Google Macromitrium ?richardii 4565 Macromitrium cirrosum/longifolium 4391 or with email Macromitrium richardii 4392 Name Schlotheimia rugifolia 4564, 4585B
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Send me updates from Scribd Bryum densifolium 4362, 4388
Mnium 4310
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Bryum (Bryaceae)
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Rhizogoniaceae
Rhizogonium spiniforme 4397, LH B48434
Racopilaceae
Racopilum tomentosum, LH B48435,
Rhizogonium (Rhizogoniaceae)
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Racopilum (Racopilaceae)
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Hookeria acutifolia 4379
Hypopterigiaceae
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Hypopterygium tamariscinum 4251
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Leucomiaceae
Rhyncostegiopsis flexuosa 4400 By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Pilotrichaceae
Hookeria (Hookeriaceae)
Rhyncostegiopsis tunguraguana 4568
Cyclodictyon albicans 4361Already have an account? Sign in Lepidopilum falcatulum 4563 Lepidopilum integrifolium 4303 (new to Mexico) Lepidopilum pringlei 4409 Hypopterygium (Hypopterygiaceae)
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Orden Hypnales Amblystegiaceae
Amblystegium varium 4385
Anomodontaceae
Anomodon attenuatus AN 4301, 4415, LH B48427
Sign up to download Briología Herpetineuron toccae Brachytheciaceae
4580
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Aerolindigia capillacea 4584
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Brachythecium ? 4398 Isothecium
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Meteoridium remotifolium Name 3855, 3864, 4254, LH B48439, Rhynchostegiella capillacea, LH B15204 Rhyncostegium semiscabrum 4414, Email Zelometeorium patulum 4399, LH B48430 Cryphaeaceae
Cryphaea 4312
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Cryphaea (Cryphaeaceae)
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Schoenobryum 4577 Send4306, me updates Schoenobryum concavifoluim 4566 from Scribd
Schoenobryum gardneri, LH B48448, Entodontaceae
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Entodon macropodus 3860,
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Erythrodontium longisetum 4282B, LH B48436 Hypnaceae
Already have an account? Sign in Mittenothamnium reptans, LH B48442,
Lembophyllaceae
Pilotrichella flexilis 4585A, LH B48438
Entodon (Entodontaceae)
Pilotrichella rigida, LH B48428 Leucodontaceae
Leucodon sp. 3862
Meteoriaceae
Barbella 4255 Meteo Barbella cubensis 4567, 4579, LH B48431 Barbella pendula 4570, 4696, LH B48440 Meteorium illecebrum 4582 Meteorium teres
3861, LH B48449
Papillaria deppei 3858, 4256, 4396, 4694, LH B48436
Neckera (Neckeraceae)
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Papillaria imponderosa 4574, 4581
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Papillaria nigrescens 4417, LH B48447
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Myriniaceae
Helicodontium capillare 4578, LH B48444 or with email
Neckeraceae
Name Homalia glabella 4309 Neckera 4253
Email Neckera angustifolia 3859 Papillaria (Meteoriaceae)
Neckera urnigera 4572, LH B48426, Password
(at least 6 characters) Porotrichodendron superbum, LH B48443,
Porotrichum cavifolium ? 4411 Porotrichum cobanense
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Porotrichum longirostre 4573, 4575, 3857, Sign4252, Up 4281, LH B48441, By registering a Scribd account, you agree to our
Pterobryaceae
Hildebrandtiella guyanensisTerms 3863 of Service and Privacy Policy Pterobryon densum 3856, 4250, 4401, 4413, Already have an account? Sign in
Sematophyllaceae
Pterobryon (Pterobryaceae)
Heterophyllum affine? 4693 Sematophyllum caespitosum, LH B48429, LH B15206
Stereophyllaceae
Entodontopsis leucostega 4583
Thuidiaceae
Thuidium 4282A Thuidium tomentosum 4387, 4569
Thuidium (Thuidiaceae)
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Briófitas
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Son plantas relativamente pequeñas, en general no superan los 20 cm de altura. Son abundantes en lugares húmedos donde se encuentran gran variedad de especies. Email
Son vegetales autótrofos, con clorofila a, b y carotenoides, paredes celulares de celulosa, celulosa, carecen de lignina. Password
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Carecen de tejidos vasculares especializados: xilema y floema. Por lo tanto,
estrictamente hablando, carecen de hojas, tallo y raíces (términos que se Send me updates from Scribd definen, en parte, por la presencia de tejidos vasculares). vasculares). Esta característica es lo que limita la altura de la planta. Presentan clara alternancia de generaciones: generacion Sign Up es: el gametofito haploide es la generación dominante mientras que el esporofito está reducido y es dependiente (desde del gametofito, al revés el puntoa Scribd de vista nutricional) By registering account, you agree to our
of Service and Privacy de lo que sucede en lasTerms restantes grupos de Policy plantas, donde el esporofito es la planta verde y dominante. En las Briófitas lo que se ve a simple vista es el gametofito, verde. Poseen espermatozoides espermatozoides biflagelados, por lo que algún Already have an account? Sign in momento de su ciclo precisan del agua para la fecundación.
Conocephalum conicum (Licopodios)
Sematophyllum demissum (musgo)
Imagenes tomadas de http://home.clara.net/adhale/bryos/phframe.htm
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El gametofito puede ser un talo extendido poco diferenciado provisto de rizoides Sign Up With Facebook en la cara inferior (briófitos talosos), estos rizoides son tubos alargados uni- o pluricelulares, más parecidos a los pelos radicales que a las raíces de las plantas Sign Up With Google vasculares. or with email Otros gametofitos pueden pueden tener un tallito reptante o erecto provisto de hojitas y Name carecen de tejidos vasculares, algunas especies ya rizoides. Este tallito y hojitas tienen tejidos primitivos que sirven para la conducción: hidroides (conducción de agua) y leptoides (floema primitivo). Email
Distribución y modo de vida A excepción de del mar y los desiertos extremos, el resto de la tierra está colonizada por Briófitos.Password Son los únicos habitantes vegetales de regiones boreales y (at least 6 characters) australes, pueden vivir en lugares de temperaturas muy extremas como rocas expuestas al sol o en lugares muy secos durante años, Show siendo capaces de recuperarse rápidamente rápidamente al ser mojados. Send me updates from Scribd
Su mayor desarrollo se da en lugares húmedos, la absorción y pérdida de agua se produce por TODA la planta, y son capaces capaces de retener grandes cantidades de agua, Sign Up contribuyendo contribuyendo al mantenimiento mantenimiento del balance hídrico especialme especialmente nte en los bosques. By xerofíticos registering a Scribd account, you agree to our Los briófitos de ambientes (secos) poseen gran resistencia a la Terms of Service and Privacy Policy desecación. En Turtula muralis se comprobó que mantiene la capacidad de revivir luego de 14 años sin agua.
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También son capaces de resistir temperaturas extremas: crecen tanto sobre rocas del nivel de nieve permanente del Ártico y Antártida, como en lugares donde la roca alcanza 70º al sol. Requieren menor intensidad lumínica que las restantes plantas, por lo que son los habitantes del interior de las cuevas, viviendo con solo 0,1 % de intensidad lumínica. Toleran un amplio rango de pH: los Sphagnum de las turberas viven a pH 3 - 4, los musgos de la toba caliza están a pH 7- 8,5.